International Journal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 3 Issue 4, July-Aug 2017

RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS

Performance comparison of four-wave mixing (FWM) in a single

semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) based all-optical up/down
wavelength converter for advanced modulation formats (CSRZ,
DBRZ and MDBRZ) on the basis of power penalties
Inderjeet kaur1, Karamdeep Singh2, Shivinder Devra3, Gagandeep kaur4
1,2,3
Department of Electronics Technology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar,
4
Department of Electrical & Instrumentation Engineering, Thapar University, Patiala,

Abstract:
In this article, the bit error rate (BER) analysis of four-wave mixing (FWM) in semiconductor optical amplifier
(SOA) based wavelength converter is carried out for various modulation formats such as carrier suppressed return to-
zero (CSRZ), duo binary return to-zero (DBRZ) and modified duo binary return to-zero (MDBRZ). The performance
analysis is performed at following bit rates: 10 Gbps, 20 Gbps and 40 Gbps. The power penalty of each format is
determined. Lower the power penalty better is the performance. It has been noticed that CSRZ gives better performance
at 10 Gbps while at 20 Gbps DBRZ performs better than the other and again at 40 Gbps line rates, CSRZ exhibits better
performance as compared to two advanced modulation formats.

Keywords — Wavelength conversion, Four Wave Mixing (FWM), Modulation Format, CSRZ, DBRZ, MDBRZ.

1. Introduction figure, inverted signal at the output in comparison to

Wavelength Conversion is a method of enhancing input signal etc [6].
network properties eg. Re-configurability, non- As an alternate, the XPM method can be utilized to
blocking capability and wavelength reuse [1]. overcome disadvantage of XGM, by placing one or
Wavelength conversion techniques are needed in more SOA’s in an interferometric type of
increasing the flexibility and efficiency of optical configuration. Further these two (XGM, XPM) don’t
networks by using dynamic reallocation of optical offer transparency to bit rate and modulation format.
channels. Furthermore Wavelength Conversion This disadvantage can be removed using the other
techniques have gained much attention as they can nonlinearity i.e. FWM which has become one of the
play a vital role in future WDM optical networks. favorable methods of wavelength conversion,
Till the time, various methods have been proposed offering numerous benefits such as transparency to
and demonstrated based on different type of bit rate and modulation format and preserves both the
propagation media and devices such as SOA, HNLF, phase and amplitude information [7].
PPLN, NOLM etc. [2, 3, 4]. Yu, J. et al. (2000) realized wavelength conversion
The function of a Wavelength converter as suggested technique which was based on an NOLM at 40 Gbps
by its name is to convert an injected signal of light and they investigated the walk off effect when the
from one wavelength to a desired wavelength in a NOLM was used as a wavelength converter [8].
network. The SOA based wavelength converter Gurkan, D.et al.(2003) presented the demonstration
usually exploit 3rd order nonlinearities which are of all-optical simultaneous label swapping and
mainly of four types: cross gain modulation (XGM), wavelength conversion of multiple independent
cross-phase modulation (XPM), self-phase wavelength-division multiplexed (WDM) channels
modulation (SPM) and four wave mixing (FWM). with the use of periodically poled lithium niobate
Based on exploiting these nonlinearities, different (PPLN) waveguides working as wavelength
wavelength conversion exhibit different advantages converters. Here the experimental results were
and disadvantages. For example, using XGM (XGM presented with 2 WDM data channels at 10 Gbps for
is a non-linear phenomena usually observed in SOA, label swapping. Guard time of 400ps was introduced
in which gain of signal centered at one wavelength between payload and the label and power penalty
can be affected by signal at other wavelength due to observed was less than 3dB.It has been claimed that
carrier density changes taking place in SOA) [5], the the method presented could potentially accommodate
advantage is simplistic configuration, high 10 WDM channels simultaneously over the 40nm –
conversion efficiency and the high bit rate shifting bandwidth of PPLN waveguides in C-band
capabilities (up to 40Gbps), But it also suffers from [9].
many drawbacks such as requirement of large Vegas Olmos, J. J. et al. (2005) reported the
amount of input power to saturate SOA, high noise experimental demonstration of wavelength

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 International Journal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 3 Issue 4, July-Aug 2017

multicasting to three different channels of a signal been demonstrated based on exploitation of various
simultaneously at a bit rate of 10 Gbps with the use 2nd order and 3rd order non-linear effects utilizing a
of FWM (four wave mixing) in a highly nonlinear variety of mediums such as SOA, HNLF, PPLN etc.
fiber (HNLF). The channel spacing was noted to be However, it has been observed that there is still
200GHz in C-band and the power penalty was scope of research in evaluation of FWM in single
observed to be less than 2.5 dB. At that time SOA based wavelength converter for various types
multicasting capability was a new feature requested of advanced modulation formats such as CSRZ,
to the physical wavelength converter [10]. DBRZ and MDBRZ. So, in this article, we have
Jansen, S. L. et al. (2005) presented the evaluated the performance of a FWM in a single
demonstration of a compact integrated all-optical SOA based up/down wavelength converter for
wavelength converter based on an asymmetric different advanced modulation formats such as
sagnac loop. It gave the idea of how a 40 Gbps non- CSRZ, DBRZ and MDBRZ in terms of power
return-to-zero data signal could be converted over penalties.
the entire C-band employing an asymmetric Sagnac This article is organized as follows: In section 1 a
loop. A receiver sensitivity power penalty of near brief introduction is provided about the wavelength
about 2.1 dB was measured for both down and up- conversion and the studies that have reported so far
conversion cases [11]. related to field of wavelength converters. Then next in
Zhang, J. et al. (2008) demonstrated flexible section 2, the non-linearity that has been exploited for
wavelength conversion practically. The scheme implementation i.e. for wave mixing (FWM) has been
presented was based on cascaded χ (2) process in a described briefly. In section 3, the wavelength
periodically poled MgO doped LiNbO3 of 20 nm. In conversion and its types have been discussed. In
this scheme, the input signal wavelength could be section 4, the simulation setups of wavelength
directly converted to output wavelengths within conversion have been discussed for various
second harmonic bandwidth (up to 25 nm) [12]. modulation formats. In section 5, Results and
Wu, X. et al. (2009) realized the tunable optical discussion have been elaborated. Conclusions have
wavelength conversion of 10 Gbps signal which was been addressed in section 6.
RF (radio frequency) tone assisted OFDM
(orthogonal frequency-division-multiplexing) signal, 2. 2. Four Wave Mixing
by means of PPLN (periodically poled lithium The terms linear and nonlinear in optics mean
niobate) waveguide. It provided approximated 5 dB intensity independent and intensity-dependent
conversion efficiency over approximated tuning phenomenon respectively. Nonlinear effects in
range of 30nm in C-band. Subcarriers up to 360 and optical fibers happen due to change in the refractive
16 QAM was demonstrated and for that the power index of the medium with optical intensity and
penalty obtained was less than 3dB [13]. inelastic scattering phenomena [17]. FWM (four
Stamatiadis, C. et al. (2011-12) presented an optical wave mixing) is one among them and is a third (χ3)
wavelength conversion of ultra-high speed using a type of non-linearity, which involves wave mixing
hybrid integrated photonic circuit on a silicon-on- process i.e. in this, three signals are injected in a non-
insulator substrate. The chip completed the linear medium and they get mixed under phase
performance for inverted and non-inverted matching condition. As a result of their interaction, a
wavelength conversions up to a bit rate of 160 Gbps forth signal is obtained at the receiver side. There are
along with power penalty of about 4.6dB [14]. mainly two types of FWMs: Degenerate and Non-
Ahmad, H. et al. (2011) reported the demonstration degenerate. In a degenerate FWM, two signals i.e.
of FWM (four wave mixing) generation system pump signal at a particular wavelength (ωpump) and a
experimentally in a 100 m highly nonlinear fiber data signal (ωsignal) are sent to a 3rd order non-linear
(HNLF). Ring configuration was used efficiently for device which can be either HNLF (highly non-linear
the demonstration and it was the first of this kind. fiber) or SOA (Semiconductor Optical amplifier) etc.
The conversion efficiency was measured to be If phase matching conditions are satisfied, then a
approximate -4dB [15]. new signal is generated whose wavelength is
Ji, H. et al. (2012) demonstrated the wavelength determined by the energy conservation rule [18]. i.e.
conversion at 80 Gbps to two copies experimentally. ωconverted1 =2 ω pump – ω signal
This was done by taking out the red-shifted and blue- (1)
shifted sidebands from cross phase modulation
(XPM) in a silicon nanowire simultaneously. Bit It can be said that the converted signal is a copy if its
error rate for both the sidebands was measured to be original signal. The only difference is that it is phase
10-9 and the power penalty of approximate 2 dB was conjugated and its wavelength is converted from that
observed. The power penalty observed was just of the original signal. The degenerate FWM signal
negligible (i.e. < 0.3dB at a bit error rate of 10-3) does not keep the phase of original signal and not
[16]. even the intensity shape [19].
It has been observed from the study of available
literature that various wavelength converters have

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 International Journal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 3 Issue 4, July-Aug 2017

Fig. 1 De-generate and non-degenerate FWM [18]

Non-degenerate FWM is the case where two pump optical wave could be obtained and hence it could be
signals are taken as shown in Fig. 1 (whereas in case used for the compensation of chromatic dispersion
of degenerate FWM only one pump signal was and for efficient high bit rate communication [20].
there). The two pump signals having wavelength There are various wavelength conversion techniques.
ωpump1 and ωpump2 are sent to non-linear device along They are categorized mainly in three types:
with the data signal of wavelength ωsignal, and hence
when the phase matching conditions are met then as 1. OE-EO type in which optical signal is first
a result of their interactions the mixing products converted to an electrical signal i.e. received by
(converted signals) are obtained i.e. [18] a photo-detector and then it is amplified
reshaped and retimed to put it on different
ωconverted1 = 2ωpump1 − ωsignal wavelength [20].
(2) 2. The second type is optical gating wavelength
convertor which includes cross gain modulation
ωconverted2 = ωpump1 + ωpump2 − ωsignal (XGM) or cross phase modulation (XPM)
(3) nonlinearity’s. Here modulation occurs at lasing
wavelength. XGM provides the inverted
ωconverted3 = ωsignal + ωpump2 − ωpump1 waveform at the output after wavelength
(4) conversion. Further, in this type NOLM
Here, simultaneous interactions occur in both pump configuration can also be used, it uses non-
signals, so both phase conjugating and non-phase linearity of optical fiber [21].
conjugating wavelength conversion takes place in case 3. The third type of technique is coherent mixing
of non-degenerate FWM [18]. of wave signals to generate a third wavelength
eg. FWM and difference frequency generation
3. Wavelength conversion (DFG) [20]. Comparing the latter two
techniques, FWM is simpler because phase
As described above, wavelength conversion is a matching requirement is not that severe in this as
technique which is used to put the data of one compared to DFG.
particular signal wavelength over another wavelength
so as to enhance the efficiency of optical networks. If 4. System Setup
a signal can be converted to a desired wavelength in a
transmission bandwidth, it can be used to perform A generalized simulation setup utilized for the power
many tasks eg. ADM (add drop multiplexing). penalty measurement of FWM in a single SOA based
Further, if coherent non-linear process could be used wavelength converter is shown in Fig. 2 as follows:
for wavelength conversion process, phase conjugated

Fig. 2 Generalized simulation setup for wavelength converter based on FWM exploitation in SOAs

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Fig. 2 represents wavelength converter based on FWM = 1502 nm. These CW wavelengths are then further
exploitation in SOAs. The transmitter includes one filtered with the help of Butterworth optical filter and
inetensity modulated pump signal cneterd at 1548 nm are then fed to optical receiver section comprising of
which has one of suitable modulation format (CSRZ or PIN diode, low-pass filter and a BER analyzer.
DBRZ or MDBRZ) and is kept constant for a particuler Further, as elucidated before, three types of transmitters
observation. The other arm has CW laser centerd at having respective modulation formats have been
1525 nm which serves as probe signal. The optical considered in the presnet study. Fig. 3, 4, 5 show
amplifiers deployed in each branch amplify bith pump transmitter for DBRZ, MDBRZ & CSRZ modulation
and probe signals and then both signals are further fed formats, respectively.They all make use of various
to power combiner (PC). PC combines the two signals components like continuous wave laser, mach-zehnder
and further injectes both signals into SOA. The SOA modulator (MZM) , RZ or NRZ pulse generator etc.
parmeters used in the presen study are elucidated in Firstly, the Duo binary modulation is a format for
Table 1 as follows: sending R bits/sec exploiting less than R/2 Hz of
bandwidth. Duo binary signaling, also known as
Table 1. SOA physical parameter values correlative coding, was initially developed in the period
of electronic communications as a proficient way for
SOA Physical reaching the Nyquist limit [23]. DBRZ transmitter
Value
parameter comprises of different sub-blocks PRBS i.e. pseudo
Injection current (I) 600 mA random binary sequence is the very first block of
Amplifier length (L) 300 µm transmitter which is used to generate PRBS sequence
Active region width (w) 1 µm (difficult to predict and exhibits statistical behavior)
Active region thickness and its output is sent to not gate. After being inverted
0.1 µm
(t) from not gate, the output goes to Duo pre-coder, Duo
Optical confinement pre-coder is basically a technique which uses transmit
0.4
factor (Γ) diversity by weighing the information stream. It
Differential gain (Ag) 2.78×10-20 m2 processes the signal and sends it to at two output unit
Transparency carrier i.e. NRZ generator which generates the non-return to
1.4×1024 m3 zero pulse train and duo binary pulse generator. From
density (N0)
Linear recombination here, output branch proceeds to MZM i.e. one output
1.43×108 s-1 directly goes and the other one encounter electric gain
coefficient (Anr)
Bimolecular of -1 unit. At MZM, a third input i.e. the pump signal
recombination 1×10-16 m3 s-1 wavelength also gets included whose data has to be put
coefficient (Bsp) on a different wavelength for wavelength conversion
Auger recombination purpose. The second block of mach zender modulator
3×10-41 m6 s-1 receives one direct sine wave signal and one sine wave
coefficient (Ca)
Initial carrier density (N) 3×1024 m-3 signal with gain of -1 and after being processed, the
output proceeds towards the SOA block. Duo binary
Due to injection of pump and probe signals at Modulation is an effective method in high speed optical
appropriate wavelengths inside above said SOA, FWM transmission systems to improve spectral efficiency
process takes place which gives rise to new FWM [23].
idlers at frequencies ωconverted1 = 1571 nm and ωconverted2

Fig. 3 Transmitter circuitary for DBRZ format

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In MDBRZ transmitter, Pseudo random binary electric delay. From the combiner, again two output
sequence (PRBS) generators having the ability to branches rise and reaches the mach zender
generate 27-1 long sequences are used to produce modulator (one output directly and other through
binary data streams [24] and it has two outputs, one electric gain) where a third input from continuous
is return to zero coder and the other one is duo pre- wave laser is added and the merged product walks
coder which weighs the input signal for security off to next mach zender block where two inputs
purpose and further a NRZ coder converts the from sine generator (working at 20 GHz) are
signal to non return to zero format and give two inserted and the further output is processed by SOA
outputs which gets combined i.e. one directly goes [24].
to combiner and the second one after encountering

Fig. 4 Transmitter circuitry for MDBRZ format

In CSRZ transmitter, the initial block i.e. PRBS generated by continuous wave laser is added and the
generates pseudo random bit sequence which upon combined output is received by second mach-
going to NRZ block get converted to a non return to zehnder modulator, this modulator receives two more
zero sequence and the two outputs from here meets inputs from sine generator (one straight and one
at mach zehnder modulator one is directly proceeded again encountering electric gain) this merged output
to that and the other one encounter electric gain. At is processed by the further blocks of wavelength
MZM another input called ‘pump wave signal’ converter to provide suitable output.

Fig.5 Transmitter circuitry for CSRZ format

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4. Result and discussion modulation format (DBRZ, MDBRZ & CSRZ). This
The BER calculations have been conducted for back- whole procedure is repeated at 10, 20 and 40 Gbps
to-back signals for each modulation format (DBRZ, line rates. The power penalties in each case have
MDBRZ & CSRZ). Further, BER estimations of been calculated at log (BER) = -9 level. The BER
both up/down converted signals obtained by utilizing results obtained at 10 Gbps line rates are presented in
FWM in a single SOA converter, have been done for Fig. 6 as follows:
each

BER analysis 10 Gbps

0
duo b to b
duo up conv.
-1
CSRZ b to b
CSRZ up conv.
-2
CSRZ down
MD DUO b to b
M in . L o g o f B it E r r o r R a te

-3
MD DUO up
MD DUO down
-4

-5

-6

-7

-8

-9

-10
-24 -22 -20 -18 -16 -14 -12 -10
Recieved Power
Fig. 6. Bit error rate analysis at 10 Gbps
At 10 Gbps, as shown in Fig. 6, the power penalty is CSRZ down converted and approximated 6 dB for
observed to be approximately, 1.5 dB for DBRZ, CSRZ up converted signal. Further, The BER results
4.4dB for MDBRZ up converted signal, 9.2 dB for obtained at 20 Gbps line rates are presented in Fig. 7
MDBRZ down converted signal and 1.3 dB for as follows:

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BER analysis 20Gbps

0
duo b to b
duo up conv.
-1
CSRZ b to b
CSRZ up conv.
-2
MD DUO b to b
MD DUO up
-3
M in. Log of Bit Error Rate

MD DUO down

-4

-5

-6

-7

-8

-9

-10
-22dBm -20dBm -18dBm -16dBm -14dBm -12dBm -10dBm -8dBm
Recieved Power
Fig. 7 Bit error rate analysis at 20 Gbps

At bit rate of 20 Gbps, as depicted in Fig. 7, dB. It can be noticed from BER calculations at 20
power penalties are observed to be approximately Gbps that DBRZ gives the best performance at 20
2.2 dB for up conversion and 9.6 dB for down Gbps line rates. Additionally, the BER results
conversion for MDBRZ format and it reaches to a obtained at 40 Gbps line rates are presented in Fig.
value 1.1 dB for duo binary up converted signal. 8 as follows:
CSRZ up conversion has a power penalty of 2.7

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BER analysis 40 Gbps

-2
duo b to b
-4 duo up conv.
duo down conv.
CSRZ b to b
-6
CSRZ up conv.
Min. Log of Bit Error Rate

-8

-10

-2

-4

-6

-8

-10
-22dBm -20dBm -18dBm -16dBm -14dBm -12dBm -10dBm
Received Power
Fig. 8 Bit error rate analysis at 40Gbps
Here, when the observations are taken at 40 Gbps as CSRZ signals, respectively are most suitable
shown in Fig. 8, it can be observed that CSRZ modulation formats.
provides a receiver power penalty of approximate 8
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