15 - Chapter 5 PDF

CHAPTER- 5
ETHNOVETERINARY REMEDIES: PLANTS, ANIMAL AND

ANIMAL PRODUCTS & MINEALS
5.1 INTRODUCTION:-
Plants help us in preserving the erosion of soil, attract the water laden clouds,
retention of subterranean water and provide us timber, wood and medicine also. Man
from the beginning has had a tendency to draw material from nature for his use. The
identification of plants useful to man from among natural stands, commenced in pre-
historic times. Several of these plants catering to basic human needs, such as food,
fodder, fiber, medicines etc were domesticated.
The biological environment in which the man live have bearing on the
evolution of above and it also sustain the cultural, spiritual and economic needs of
indigenous people. In other words, the plants are the part of human life from birth to
death. This interrelationship has evolved over generation of experience and
practices.
Animal comprise a major part of agriculture practice and economy of

shekhawati region. The people of this region depend upon plants for curing various
veterinary ailments of their domestic animals. Plants of ethnoveterinary significance
have been identified by the folk through the process experience over hundred of
years. Plants used in veterinary diseases of India are published by Jain, S.K (1999).
During ethnoveterinary survey of shekhawati area a large number of practioners and
traditional knowledge bearer man and women were intervied who are using wild
plants for remedies to cure their cattle suffering from diseases. The data presented
here are based on first hand information collected from practioners of veterinary
medicine and the owners of the cattle and through the personel observation on the
use of remedies for different animal diseases. The data was further verified, cross
checkeh and was considered valid if the author was satisfied with the efficacy of the
remedies.
The potentiality of such folk knowledge has also been considered crucial to
During the ethnoveterinary survey of the study area, folk user of about 265
ethnoveterinary herbs have been documented. In the following account, plants are
arranged alphabetically by botanical names followed by their families in paranthesis,
local name in italics, brief botanical description, ecology, flowering and fruiting, In
respectof details regarding ethnoveterinary uses, plant part(s) used form of
preparation, method of administration, and dosages of herbal drugs used in the
treatment of animal diseases.
5.2 ENUMERATION
5.2.1. Abrus precatorius (Plate 6)

Family: Fabaceae Local
name :Chirmi, Ratti, Charmoli, Chanboi
Locality: Mansa Mata
Twigging shrubs,with 10-20 pairs of leaflets and pink or white flowers

having 9 stamens, pods 3 to 5 seeded; seeds red with black blotch around the
hilum. Common among the clump of trees and shrubs throughout the state; Frequent
on the hilly tracts in dense forests.
F1. & Fr.: August – January.
Methodology of dose consumption :
Paste of two to three soaked seeds is given to treat constipation and

expelling of retained placenta. extract of 2 to 3 seeds is given to animal with chapati
for 3 to 5 times a day for oestrus induction. Paste of root is applied over mammary
glands of animals to treat mastitis. Leaf extract is mixed with starch of rice and given
orally to treat anthrax. Leaves are roated with milk of goat and given orally to treat
insect bite.
5.2.2 Abutilon indicum (plate 1)
Family:-Malvaceae
Local name:-Kanghi, Jhumka

Locality: Chirana
Shrub; leaves simple, petiolate, cordate, nearly entire or irregulary

toothed, surface rough with closely felted white hairs, stipules deflexed; flowers
axillary predunculate; fruits of ripe carpels separating from the axis. Common in
wastelands, gardens and neglected corners of the cultivated fields.
F1. & Fr.: August – December.
Methodology of dose consumption:
Paste of about 20 gm seeds is given orally once in a day for relief from
constipation. About 500 gm leaves are given to the animal along with fodder to treat
haematuria. Leaves are roated with milk and given orally to treat dysentery.
5.2.3 Acacia catechu (plate 4)
Family:-Mimosaceae
Local name:-Katha, Khair
Locality: Bola ki dhani
Tree, up to 10 m in height; bark dark grayish brown, 2.25 cm thick;

spikes axillary, cylindrical; flowers small, sessile, pale creamy white; fruits flat, pods
brown, spiny with a triangular beak at the apex and narrowed at the base; seeds 3-
10 per pod. Grow in abundance in drier region.
F1. & Fr: May- September.
Young leaves and flowers are fed to the animal to induce labour pain.
5.2.4 Acacia concinna (plate 1)
Family:-Mimosaceae
Local name:-Sikakai, kochi

Locality: Aravali Hills
A common, prickly, scandent shrub; leaves bipinnate; flowers in yellow,

globose, auxillary heads; pods brown, wrinkled and notched when dry; seeds 6-10 in
a pod. Occur in tropical forest throughout India.
F1. & Fr.: May – October.
Seeds are crushed with buttermilk and given orally to treat food poisoning.
5.2.5 Acacia leucophloea
Family:-Mimosaceae
Local name:-khar, Safedkikar, Rijua
Locality: Mandrella
Deciduous tree; leaves alternate, compound, stipules spiny; heads

yellow, small, not more then 0.62 cm in diameter, flowers small; pods sessile, 10-12
cm in length, sub indehiscent, clothed with pale brown or grey persistent tomentum.
Gorws in arid, desertic and semidesertic areas with typical xerophytic characters.
F1. & Fr.: August – February.
Decoction of about 50gm roots is given once in a day for 8 days for the
treatment of fractured bone. Pods are given to animals along with fodder for oestrus
induction.
5.2.6 Acacia nilotica
Family:-Mimosaceae
Local name:-Kikar, Babul,Desi-babul
Locality: Pilani
Tree, branchlets straight, finely grey downy; leaves bipinnate, leaf
rachis downy with several glands; peduncle short, densely grey downy, profusely
bracteates; heads yellow; pods rigid coriaceous, subindehiscent, persistently grey-
downy, 8 to 12 seeded. Xerophyte, growing scatteredly in crop fields in the drier
region of Rajasthan and along roads, avenues etc.
F1. & Fr.: September- March.
Combination of bark, jiggery, seeds of Trachyspermum ammi andVernonia

cinera is given to the animal twice a day upto one month as a tonic to remove overall
weakness. Infusion of bark has cooling effect on animal body. Decoction of 2 to 3
years matured thorns is given to the animal for removal of retained placenta after
delivery. Pods are given with fodder during pregnancy and after delivery to increase
lactation. Decoction of bark is applied over hooves twice a day to treat foot and
mouth disease. About 1 kg. immature pods are given to the animal every morning
and evening to increase the lactation. Decoction of stem bark act as antiseptic and
applied on wounds.
5.2.7 Acacia pennata
Family:-Mimosaceae
Local name:-Cheela
Locality: Beed of jhunjhunu
Large, scandent bush or liana with polished bark; prickles slightly

recurved; pinnae 8-10 pairs, with glands between the upper ones; leaflets 40-50
pairs; flowers creamy – white or pale – yellow; pods -oblong, glabrous. Rare, in
mixed dry deciduous forests.stalked, linear
F1. & Fr.: September-February.
Extract of root bark is given orally once in a day to treat rheumatism.

5.2.8 Achyranthes aspera
Family:-Amaranthaceae
Local name:-Andhijhara, Kanta, Undhokanto, Modokanto, Kharia
Locality: Bibasar
Herb,20-45 cm height.leaves petioles, branched; leaves simple, very variable,

generally thick, young tomentose on both surface; solid spike, lengthening during
fruiting as much as 60 cm; flowers numerous, greenish white, sharply reflexed
against the stout pubescent inflorescence axis; achene with oblong or ovate utricle,
enclosed in the hardened perianth; seeds oblong brown. Common weed, occur in
dry sandy localities.
FI & Fr.: August-November
Decoction of about 100 g roots and 50 g rhizomes of Curcuma longa prepared

in 200 ml urine of child is given to camel to treat stomachache. Half cup of root
extract is given to animal to increase lactation. It acts as lactogogue. Root extract is
also given to animal as a tonic. Decoction of the whole plant is given for removal of
retained placenta after delivery. Leaf extract is used as eye drops for treating opacity
of cornea. Seed powder is given to animal to treat dysentery.
5.2.9 Adhatoda zeylanica (plate 5)
Family:-Acanthaceae
Local name: - Adusa, Aduaa
Locality: Lohagal
Gregarioous shrub, sometime arborescent, growing upto 7 m. high; leaves

simple, petiolate, minutely pubescent; spikes terminal, often several together; flowers
bracteates, bracteolate, white, 1.25 cm broad; capsule 1.8 cm long, pubescent, 4
seeded; seeds glabrous. Commonly occurs on foot hills.
FI & Fr.: October- March
Extract prepared from the mixture of two to four leaves of this plant, one pod
of Cassia fistula and five leaves of Holarrhena antidysenterica, is given to animal by
drenching tube to treat throat infection (Dhansi). 100 ml decoction of leaves is given
to animal two to three times a day to fever and cough (Dhansa) while herbal bath of
this is given to animal for removal of ectoparasites and also other skin diseases.
Paste prepared from boiled leaves, jiggery and tuber powder of Curcuma longa is
given orally to treat abscess or septic-mia. Paste prepared from equal amount of
bark of Bombax ceiba and Adhadota zeylanica is given to the animal drenching tube
to treat diarrhoea.
5.2.10 Aegle marmelos ( plate 1)
Family:-Rutaceae
Local name: - Bel, Bel- Patra, Beely
Locality: Ardawata college
Deciduous tree armed with spines; leaves trifoliate; flowers creamy white in
axillary panciles; fruits globose with stony rind and mucilaginous pulp. Sparsely
scattered in mixed deciduous forests of the Aravallis; often planted in gardens.
FI & Fr.: January-July
The spine is pricked in the tail of the animal for 9 days to treat its
degeneration. Poultice of leaves grinded with butter is tied to treat fractured bone.
Fruit pulp is applied locally to treat mouth diseases.
5.2.11 Aerva lanata (plate 2)
Family:-Amarantheaceae
Local name:-Kali Bui, Choti-bui

Locality: Churu
A small herbaceous plant; leaves suborbicular to lanceolater; flowers

bisexual, in axillary spike passing into long leafy inflorescence; fruits rotund,
compressed. Mostly in wasteland; locally abundant in arable and fallow fields.
FI & Fr.: August- March.
Decoction prepared by mixing roots and fruits of Citrullus colocynthis is given

to the animal to treat constipation. Roots are crushed and given orally as an antidote
in snake bite.
5.2.12 Aerva javanica (plate 2)
Local name:-Bui, Safed bui
Locality: Malsisar
Hairy- tomentose shrub; linear to suborbiular leaves, upto 6 mm broad;

flowers woolly, in dense, naked sessile spike; fruits rotund, compressed. Commonly
found in gregarious patches in association with Leptadenia pyrotechnica, Calotropis
procera, and Saccharum benghalense on sand dunes.
FI.& Fr.: August-January.
Decoction of flower and leaves is given to the animal to treat digestive

disorders and also to promote the discharge of urine in dysuria. Decoction of roots is
given orally and paste of roots is applied on foot and mouth to treat foot and mouth
disease. Extract of the whole plant is given to the animal when he/she start eating
soil. Decoction of inflorescence is used to wash hooves of animal to treat foot and
mouth disease.
5.2.13 Aerva pseudotomentosa

Local name:-Bui, Safed bui
Locality: Malsisar
Hairy- tomentose shrub; linear to suborbicular leaves, upto 6 mm broad;

flowers woolly, in dense, naked sessile spike; fruits rotund, compressed. Commonly
found in gregarious patches in association with Leptadenia pyrotechnica, Calotropis
procera, and Saccharum benghalense on sand dunes.
FI. & Fr.: August-January.
Decoction of flowers and leaves is given to animal to treat digestive disorders

and to promote urination. Decoction of roots is given orally and paste of roots is
applied on foot to treat foot and mouth disease. Extract of plant is given to animal
when he/she start eating soil. Poultice of inflorescence is tied to treat swelling due to
muscular injury in camel.
5.2.14 Aeschynomene aspera
Family:-Fabaceae
Local name:-Dhadoom
Locality: Khetari
Annual herb, upto 1.5 m high; stem and rachis of leaves warty; leaves long,
flowers in 1 to 4 – flowered, axillary, viscid racemes, yellow; pods straight flat,
muricated, indented on the lower sututre; seeds black.. Common in low- lying areas,
near ponds and in rice field.
FI. & Fr.: August- November.

Mature pods are crushed and given to cows and buffaloes for oestrus
induction.
5.2.15 Agave Americana (plate 5)
Family:-Agavaceae
Local name:-Jangli-gawar-patha
Locality: Ajit sagar Bandh
Perennial herb with rhizome; leaves simple, alternate, large densely crowded
in massive rosettes, thick, fleshy, coated with wax, apex spiny; flowers come after
many (5 to 68 sometime 100) years of existence; gigantic racemose or paniculate
inflorescence with ultimate branches of few-flowered cymes; flowers large, showy,
bisexual; capsule oblong-clavate, beaked. Wild; xerophyte.
FI. & Fr.: Almost throughout the year.
Paste of the leaves is applied over broken horns for early healing.
5.2.16 Ageratum conyzoides (plate 3)
Family:-Asteraceae
Local name:-Tokariyo
Locality: Udaipurwati
Erect hariy, annual herb; leaves ovate or rhomboid-ovate, triangular; head in

terminal corymbs; achenes 1.5-1.8 mm long, angled, black; pappus – scales serrate,
awn-tipped. Common in wet and shady habitats from plains to hills, often gregarious
in orchards.
FI. & Fr.: Throughout the year.

The poultice of whole plant is tied over boil and wound as an antiseptic.
5.2.17 Ailanthus excels (plate 2)
Family:-Simroubaceae
Local name:- Arru, Ardu
Locality: Sonasar
Large trees; with pinnate leaves crowded at the end of branches; flowers
yellow in terminal and axillary panicles; fruit samara, spindle shaped, 1-seeded.
Bark extract is given to animals by drenching tube to treat flatulence. Extract

of bark is also given to animals orally twice a day for three days to treat asthma,
bronchitis and pneumonia. Leaf decoction (250ml) is given orally to treat fever.
5.2.18 Alternathera pungens
Local name:- Kuttiya
Locality: Khetari
Prostrate perennial herb; leaves rhomboid- ovate to broadly ovate; flowers

axillary; seeds rounded, faintly reticulate. Widespread as a weed, along road sides,
railway tracks.
Decoction of whole plant is rubbed over the animal body to remove lice and
ticks.
5.2.19 Alangium salvifolium
Family:-Alangiaceae
Local name:- Aankol, Ankola
Locality: Aravali Hills
Small deciduous tree or rambling shrub; wood olive brown, hard and close
grained; leaves simple, alternate, ovate-lanceolate; flowers in close fascicles,
peduncles, pedicels and calyx tube usually woolly, silky white, berries black,
crowned by somewhat enlarged calyx-limb, pubescent or glabrous; seeds
albuminous. Prefers dry climate; profusely in the vicinity of forests.
FI. & Fr.: February-June.
50 gm root is grinded with 500 ml of butter milk and given to the animal once
in a day for three days as an antidote to dog bite. Paste of 100 gm leaves is given
orally to the animal with water to treat malarial fever as well as enlargement of liver.
5.2.20 Albizia lebbeck (plate 5)
Family:-Mimosaceae
Local name:- Siris, Saras, Siras
Locality: Mandrella
Deciduous tree; with 1-4 pairs of pinnae, 4-10 pairs of leaflets; flowers pale
green, in umbellate heads; pods flat, straw-coloured. Frequently found in plain areas.
FI. & Fr.: August-December.
Milk of sheep is mixed in latex of this plant and used as eye drops to treat
conjunctivitis. Tribals claim that it can be used by human beings also to treat
conjunctivitis.
5.2.21 Allium cepa
Family:-Liliaceae
Local name:-Kanda, Pyaj
Locality: Bibasar
Scapigerous annual herbs; leaves fistular; flowers white in umbels. Commonly

cultivated for its underground stem (bulb) used as vegetable.
FI. & Fr.: October- January.
To overcome the calcium deficiency and overall weakness after delivery,

bulbs of Allium cepa are fed to the cattle.
5.2.22 Allium sativum
Family:-Liliaceae
Local name:-Lahsan
Locality: Bibasar
Bulbose herbs; bulb short, bulblets or cloves fleshy, creamy yellow, ovoid,
acuminate; leaves 15-30 cm long; flowers white, in umbels. Commonly cultivate as
winter crop.
FI. & Fr.: August-October.
Paste of 250 g single tillered bulbs is mixed with two eggs of hen and 1 litre of
milk and given to the animal to treat impaction and lumbago. Bulbs of Allium sativum
are boiled in seed oil of Brassica campestris, cooled it and given orally to the animal
to treat weakness, foot and mouth disease and impaction.
5.2.23 Aloe vera (plate 2)
Family:- Liliaceae
Local name:-Gawarpatha
Locality: Chirawa
A coarse looking plant with a short (30-60 cm high) stem; leaves succulent,
green, large, densely crowded; flowers in racemes, bright yellow, tubular, stamens
frequently projected beyond the perianth tube. Common in burial places, where it is
invariably grown on the graves by muslims.
FI. & Fr.: October - March.
Pulp of leaves is applied to treat skin irritation, burns and inflammation.
5.2.24 Amaranthus spinosus (plate 3)
Family:- Amaranthaceae
Local name:-Chouli, Chawli, Adak dhatura
Locality: Rajgarh
Erect, annual herb, upto 60 cm in height; stem green, woody, glabrous,

branched, armed with prickles; leaves simple, axils with 5 spines; spike axillary,
usually densely flowered; unisexual; seeds very small, black shining. Grows wild or
semi wild, preferably in wastelands.
The whole plant is fed to the animals as galactagogue.
5.2.25 Ampelocissus latifolia (plate 3)
Family:- Vitaceae
Local name:- Khata nimbu
Locality: Bagar
Climber, tendrils leaf opposed, stem weak hollow, glabrous; leaves alternate,
petiolate, simple; cymes compact, densely woolly, peduncle long, stout, woody,
peduncle bears a long wiry forked tendril below the cyme; fruits black, 2-seeded.
Grows in hilly terrain; wild.
FI. & Fr.: July-October.
About 50 g tubers are crushed and given to the animal with water, twice a day
for three to treat the fractured bone. This extract is also given to animals by
drenching tube to treat flatulence. Extract of aerial part is given orally to animals by
drenching tube to treat bronchitis.
5.2.26 Anacardium occidentale
Family:- Anacardiaceae
Local name:-Kaju
Locality: Sakambari
Spreading evergreen perennial tree to 12 m tall; leaves simple, aleternate,

obovate, glabrous; flowers numerous in terminal panicles, 10-20 cm long, male or
female, green and reddish, radially symmetrical nearly; fruit a reniform achene, about
3 cm long, 2.5 cm wide, called the cashew-apple.
FI. & Fr.: January – May.
Latex is applied to treat the foot disease and as antiseptic on wound.
5.2.27 Anethum graveolens
Family:- Apiaceae
Local name:-suwa
Annual or biennial herb; stem erect, slightly grooved; leaves alternate, light
green, decompounded, contain oil; flowers in compound umbel; fruits brown, oval,
dry, grooved, consist of 2 compressed, indehiscent parts, winged, odour and taste
characteristically aromatic. Plant of cold climate, grows well in good harden soil.
Fl. & Fr.: August _ January.
Milch-cattle are fed with porridge prepared from seeds of this plant seeds of
Trigonella foenum-graecum and Triticum aestivum as a galactagoue. Powder of
seeds is given orally to the animals in vulvo- vaginal –uterine- prolapse.
5.2.28 Anisomeles indica
Family:- Lamiaceae
Local name:-phulmajri, Gobariya
Locality: Khetari
A small, smelling, softly pubescent herb, 90-180 cm high, spari- ngly hairy or
densely pubescent; leaves ovate, acute or obtuse to sub-acuminate, crenate-
serrate, rounded –cordate to cuneate at base; flowers sessile, in dense, axillary
whorls, combined into terminal dense spikes, bluish-purple. Occurs in wastelands
and scrub- jungles.
Fl. & Fr.: August –December.
Extract of whole plant is given to animals to treat indigestion. Decoction of the

plant is given to buffaloes to treat flatulence and leucorrhoea. There is a belief that if
animals suffering from foot and mouth disease pass across this plant, they become
well. Extract of stem is given to animals to treat indigestion.
5.2.29 Annona squamosa (plate 3)
Family:- Annonaceae
Local name:- Sitaphal, Anduri
Locality: Ardawata
Evergreen shrub of small tree; with oblong- lanceolate leaves, nearly glabrous
and slightly scented; flowers drooping, yellowish green; fruits globose or ovoid with
projecting areoles. Naturalized in the valleys and along streams throughout the
Aravalli range.
Fl. & Fr.: April-August.
Paste of 100 g leaves is given to the animal with fodder to treat constipation.
Five to seven leaves are grinded with a pinch of sodium carbonate, a pinch of
resin of Ferula asafoetida and mixed with 200 to 400g oil of sesamum indicum or
Arachis hypogaea of Ricinus comm-unis or Linum usitatissimum and given to the
animal with drenching tube or bottle to remove the internal parasites. Dosage of this
prapar-ation depends on body weight of the animal. Leaf paste is applied over the
infected part of the body to remove external parasites. Paste of leaves is applied
over hooves of animal to treat foot and mouth disease. It is also sprayed in the shed
of animal as a disinfectant. The injured part of cows and buffaloes is bandaged with
the leaves of this plant for early healing of the wounds. Extract of bark is given to
animals orally to treat bronchitis.
5.2.30 Anogeissus latifolia
Family:- Combretaceae
Local name:-Dhokada, Dhavada
Locality: Khetari
Usually small tree, leafless during most of the hot season; trunk erect,
branchlets drooping, bark whitish grey, smooth, having shallow, irregular
depression; leaves alternate or apparently opposite; flowers in dense, globose heads
on axillary peduncles. Common in mixed dry deciduous forests associated with
Anogeissus pendula.
FI. & Fr.: September-March.
Extract prepared from 100 g powdered bark is given to animal twice a day for
two days to get relief from fever.
5.2.31 Apluda mutica
Family:- Poaceae
Local name :-Bhangto, Tamta bheda
Locality: Singhana
Annuals; leaves linear-lanceolate, long acuminate, base narrowed; ligule

membranous, rounded; panicles of 2 to many, simple racemes terminating the
culms, enclosed in a peduncled spathe; spikelets in three, one sessile and two
pedicelled; seeds caryopsis. Common on the hills, among hedges of cultivated field
and bushes in wastelands preferring moist places.
FI. & Fr.: August-February.
Whole plant is fed to the animal as antidote against insect-bite. Paste of whole
plat is used to treat mouth sores of cattle.
5.2.32 Argemone Mexicana (plate 3)
Family:- Apaveraceae
Local name:-Satyanshi, Dholari
Locality: Ojtoo
A prickly herb; 60-90 cm with yellow latex; leaves sinuate, pinnatifid, green
and white, half amplexicaul; flowers 50 mm in diameter, yellow, sepals cuspidate;
capsules 20-38 mm long. Growing gregariously in open–waste places. A
troublesome weed for both Kharif and Rabi crops.
Leaf extract is applied locally on wounds and boils as antiseptic. Latex is

applied externally to treat various skin diseases.
5.2.33 Argyreia nervosa
Family:- Convolvulaceae
Local name:-Samandarbel
Locality: Losal
White tomentose, large twiner; with ovate-cordate leaves which are glabrous
above and tomentose beneath; flowers rose-purple and white, in subcapitate cymes.
Cultivated in the gardens for large handsome foliage and beautiful flowers.
FI. & Fr.: September-January.
Poultice of leaves is tied over neck to treat tonsillitis in animals. Leaf extract is
applied locally on wound.
5.2.34 Arisaema tortuosum (plate 4)
Family:- Araceae
Local name:- Haap rao dakaro, Suran, Khotukand
Locality: Harsh
Perennial dioecious herb; with depressed, globose tubers; leaves 2-3, arising
from the root-stock, pendately 7-9 lobe; petiole 20-60 cm long, spadix curved or
sigmoid; spathes greenish; fruits ovoid, red. Rare, in shady localities in the gardens,
ravine slopes and forest edges.
FI. & Fr.: July-August.

Decoction of tuber is given to animals through drenching tube to treat.

Flatulence, and other gastric disorders. Fresh tuber is crushed and given to domestic
animals along with green fodder to treat fractured bone.
5.2.35 Aristolochia bracteolate (plate 4)
Family:- Aristolochiaceae
Local name:-Kadhu, Kalipad
Locality: Copper
Prostrate bitter herb; root perennial; stem slender, decumbent, angled, striate;
leaves petiolate, reniform or broadly cordate, glaucous beneath; peduncle
bracteates; flower solitary, tubular with globose base, villous nearly 2.5 cm long; fruit
pyriform, many seeded; seeds triangular, Common in wastelands, along with river
banks and paddy fields.
FI. & Fr.: August – September.
About 10 g root is given with bread of wheat, thrice in a day upto 4 days to
treat fever. Leaf decoction is given orally to treat arthritis.
5.2.36 Arundo donax
Family:- Poaceae
Local name:-Baru
Locality: Pilani
Erect, stout, tall perennial grass, upto 2.5 m high, with creeping woody
rhizome; culms fistular; leaves 15-50 by 2-5 cm, distichous, linear-lanceolate;
spikelets 1-1.5 cm long, light brown, 2- flowered; fruits caryopsis with linear hilum.
Commonly found in marshy habitats along the rivers and streams, particularly in
dried up beds.
FI. & Fr.: August- October.
Decoction of rhizome is given orally to treat dysentery.
5.2.37 Asparagus racemosus
Family:- Liliaceae
Local name:-Satawari
Locality: Fatehpur
A slender, scrambling scandent suffruticose perennial, woody, prickly shoots

with reflexed spines; cladode more or less acicular and triquetrous falcate, 13-26 mm
long; divaricate, finely acuminate; flowers white, sweet- scented, 6 mm on filiform
articulate pedicels, 6-12 mm long in very short racemes; berries 2.5-6 mm in
diameter, scarlet red on ripening. Frequently found along with hedge in plains and
hilly areas.
FI. & Fr.: November-January.
Milch-animal is fed with whole plant of Asparagus racemosus early in the with
empty stomach to increase the secretion of milk. Paste of stem is applied on broken
horn for early healing.
5.2.38 Azadirachta indica (plate 4)
Family:- Meliaceae
Local name:- Neemda, Neemoda, Limbada, Neemdi;
Locality: Pilani
Evergreen tree, 12-17 m high, trunk straight, bark brownish black,
longitudinally fissured; leaves crowded at the ends of branches; petiole 6 cm long;
leaflets subopposite; bracts caduceus, ovate-lanceolate; panicles axillary. Thrives
best in drier climate with normal temperature not exceeding 400c and rainfall varying
from 45 to 112 cm/year, prefers black-cotton soil though grows on all kind of soils.
FI. & Fr.: March-July.
Leaves of Azadirachta indica are given as fodder to the animal to treat

leucorrhoea.
5.2.39 Bacopa monnieri
Family:- Scrophulariaceae
Local name:-Brahmi, Baam
Locality: Khetari
Annual creeper, rooting at each node; stem soft, succulent, soft hairs present;
leaves alternate, simple, sessile or subsessile, oval shaped; flowers 0.8-1.5 cm long;
capsule 2-grooved, valves separating from entire column, many seeded . Grows in
damp or marshy areas, on the banks of ponds, canals and crops fields.
Paste of whole plant of Bacopa monnieri is given to the animal to treat

paralytic attack. A single dose is sufficient.
5.2.40 Balanites aegyptiaca (plate 7)
Family:- Balanitaceae
Local name:-Hingor, Hingule, Hingota, Hingora, Hingot
Locality: Lalpur
Spiny tree, about 6 m high; branches glabrous or puberulous and ending in
very strong ascending spines; leaves alternate, trifoliate, ashy green, leaflets
coriaceous; cymes axillary, 4 to 10 flowered, flowers green, velvety pubescent; fruit
ovoid, ovoid about 5 cm in length, fleshy drupes, 1 seeded; oily but exalbuminous.
Xerophyte, found chiefly on black cotton soil; does not thrive in rocky areas.
FI. & Fr.: February-May.
Stem bark is powdered and given to the cattle to increase the secretion of
milk. It is also given to treat intestinal worms. Paste of bark is given orally to animals
in snake-bite as antidote.
5.2.41 Barleria prionitis (plate 7)
Family:- Acanthaceae
Local name:-Bajradanti, Kanta sulio
Locality: Lohagal
Unarmed undershrub; leaves elliptic-oblong; yellow flowers in dense spikes,

calyx-lobes glandular; capsules 4- seeded. Common grows on hilly tracts.
FI. & Fr.: August-November.
Paste of leaves is applied locally on skin to treat eczema and itching.
5.2.42 Bauhinia purpurea
Family:- Caesalpiniaceae
Local name:- Khata hatra
Locality: Chirawa
Shrub or small tree; leaves suborbicular; flowers in terminal racemes; pods
linear, flat, apiculate, reddish brown. Commonly planted in the gardens and along the
roads.
FI. & Fr.: May-November
Decoction of stem bark is given to treat swelling of neck. Decoction is also

given to treat fractured bone.
5.2.43 Bauhinia racemosa
Local name:-Jhinjha
Locality: Jakhora
Small tree, with drooping branches; leaves simple, deeply 2-lobed; flowers
white, in terminal or leaf-opposed racemes; pods slightly falcate. Grows in the hilly
tracts and plains.
FI. & Fr.: April-July.
Extract of leaves is given orally to treat diarrhoea. Paste of stem bark is

applied locally to treat wound.
5.2.44 Bauhinia variegate (plate 7)
Local name:-Kachnar
Locality: Sikar
Small to medium –sized deciduous tree. Leaves minute stipules 1-2 mm, early
caduceus; flower racemes unbranched at ends of twigs; pods dehiscent, strap-
shaped, obliquely striate, 20-30 by 2-2.5 cm; seeds brown, flat nearly circular with
coriaceous testa. Planted as an ornamental tree on account of its beautiful flower.
FI. & Fr.: February-April.
Luke warm decoction of bark is used to wash wound of foot and mouth
disease.
5.2.45 Bidens biternata
Family:- Asteraceae
Local name:- Samara Kodaki
Locality: Jhunjhunu beed
Erect annual herb; leaves 1- pinnate; heads 10-30 flowered, solitary,

pedunculate, yellow; ray florets ligulate, neuter or female; disk florets tubular,
bisexual; achenes 0.5-2.0 cm long. Linear, glabrous, black; pappus 2-4, rigid,
retrorsely hispid, awned. Natura-lized in the forests from plains to the hills.
FI. & Fr.: August-January.
Decoction of whole plant is given orally to increases the secretion of milk and
applied locally on cut and wounds as antiseptic.
5.2.46 Biophytum sensitivum (plate 7)
Family:- Oxalidaceae
Local name:-Lajwanti
Locality: Sikar
Erect annual herb; stem clothed with appressed or erecto-patent hairs; leaves
with 3-12 pairs of leaflets; flowers yellow; capsule subglobose, apiculate, stellately 5
valved. Rare, in the forests and gardens in shady habitats.
FI . & Fr.: September- October.
Extract of leaves is applied locally for healing of cut and wounds.
5.2.47 Blepharis linariaefolia (plate 6)
Family:- Acanthaceae
Local name:-Unt-Kantilo
Locality: Bisau
Rigid herb; stem 7.5-15 cm or shorter; leaves opposite or in a whorl, simple,

linear or narrowly oblong, pubescent, toothed or spinescent; heads few or many
flowered; spikes terminal or on suppressed axillary branches; flowers tubular, softly
hairy; capsules shining brown, ellipsoid, compressed, 2-seeded. Usually found on
gravelly soils.
Decoction of whole plant is given to increase the secretion of milk.
5.2.48 Bombax ceiba (plate 6)
Family:- Bombacaceae
Local name:-Semal, Hemlo, Heembal, Sanwal
Locality: Sikar
Balsamiferous tree, nearly 7 m high; bark reddish or grey, peeling off in flakes;
leaves alternate or nearly opposite, petilate, imparipinnate with opposite sessile
leaflets, very variable in size, shape and degree of pubescence, deciduous, racemes
axillary or terminal, shorter than leaves; flowers small, white; drupes trigonous,
containing three 1-seeded pyrenes; seeds pendulous, compressed. Very common in
forests.
The poultice of paste prepared from the bark of Bombax ceiba is tied around
fractured bone and then Bambusa arundinacea strips are tied with the help of fallen
human hairs dipped in mustard (Brassica campestris) oil. Flowers of Bombax ceiba
are mixed with fodder and given to animal for disposal of placenta after delivery.
Flowers of Bombax ceiba are mixed with the powdered stem bark of Alangium
salvifolium and given to the animals for the disposal of placenta after delivery. The
flowers are kept in an earthen pot filled with water for whole night and sugar is mixed
in this infusion and candy is prepared and given orally to animals to treat urinary
disorders.
5.2.49 Boswellia serrata (plate 6)
Family :- Burseraceae
Local name :-Salar, Halar
Locality: Lohagal
Balsamiferous tree, nearly 7 m high; bark dark reddish or grey, peeling off in
flakes; leaves alternate or nearly opposite, petiolate, imparipinnate with opposite
sessile leaflets, vary variable in size, shape and degree of pubescence, deciduous;
raceme axillary or terminal, shorter than leaves; flowers small, white; drupes
trigonous, containing three 1-seeded pyrenes; seeds pendulous, compressed. Very
common in forests, abundant on Aravalli in mixed dry deciduous forests.
FI. & Fr.:April- December.

Decoction of stem bark is given to animals to treat arthritis and digestive
disorders (indigestion, windiness and flatulence). Infusion of 2 kg powdered bark is
divided in three equal doses and each dose is given orally to animal early in the
morning t dissolve iron piece engulfed by the animal accidentally.
5.2.50 Brassica campestris
Family :- Brassicaceae
Local name :-Sarson
Locality: Bola krishi farm
Annual erect herb; radical leaves 20-30 by 3-5 cm; cauline ones 3-6 by 1-2
cm; flower in terminal raceme, yellow; seeds minute, glabrous, yellowish-brown.
Extensively cultivated as a winter season crop for the edible oil obtained from the
seeds.
FI. & Fr.: January – April.
A pinch of Ferula asafetida (hing) mixed with 500 ml oil of Brassica

campestris is given to the animal with the help of drenching tube to treat indigestion
and flatulence. ‘Sindoor’ (vermilion, red lead) is mixed with few drops of oil of
Brassica campestris and applied on broken horn for early healing. Sulphur is mixed
with oil of Brassica campestris and applied on the body of animal to all kinds of skin
diseases.
5.2.51 Brassica juncea
Family :- Brassicaceae
Local name :-Rai
Locality: Bibasar
Erect, annual herbs; radical leaves 10-25 by 4-8 cm, pinnatifid, cauline ones
3.5-8.0 by 2.0-3.5 cm, oblong-lanceolate; flowers in 10-15 cm long, terminal and
axillary recemes, bright yellow; seeds rounded minutely pitted, blackish brown.
Widely cultivated as a cold season crop; also grows wild in garden fertile soil.
FI. & Fr.: December-February.
Bulbs of Allium cepa, Allium sativum and seeds of Brassica juncea are
grinded thoroughly mixed with butter milk and then given to animal twice a day for 3
days to treat diarrhoea.
5.2.52 Butea monosperma (plate 8)
Family :- Fabaceae
Local name :-Dhauk, Palas, Tesu, Khankra
Locality: Lohagal
Erect tree, young stem clothed with grey or brown silky hairs; leaves alternate,
petioles 7.5-15.0 cm long, trifoliate, leaflets 10-20 cm long, leathery, lower surface
covered with dense silky hairs; racemes 15 cm long; flowers thickly clothed on the
outside with silvery small hairs; pods narrowed suddenly into a stalk longer than
calyx. Common throughout the hilly tracts; rarely on blackish clayey soil of plains.
FI. & Fr.: March-June.
Gum of Butea monosperma is very effective for removal of external parasites.

Flowers of Butea monosperma are mixed with fodder of the animal for disposal of
placenta after delivery. In foot and mouth disease the feet of the animal are washed
with boiled mixture of its urine and 200 gm bark powder of Butea monoperma.
Warmed bark extract is given orally to animal suffering from gastroenteritis. The bark
paste is applied on the fractured bone of domestic animals. The bark powder is
mixed with the ash of Capparis deciduas and given orally to treat fractured bones.
100 gm decoction of bark is given orally against snake bite.
5.2.53 Blumea lacera

Family :- Asteraceae
Local name :-Phatakdi, Kakronda
Locality: Churu
Aromatic herb; leaves obovate-oblong; viscid; head in spiciform leafy

compound panicles. Common in wet and shady localities.
The paste of leaves is applied locally on wounds of animals to kill the worms.
5.2.54 Caesalpinia bonduc (plate 8)
Family :- Caesalpiniaceae
Local name :-Kantkaranj, Katha
An extensively climbing or scrambling shrub covered with short, straight

prickles, those on the leaf rachis reflexes branchlets fulvous hairy; leaves simple or
large persistent compound or pinnatifid, stipules foliaceous, pinna 6-8 pairs; flowers
pale yellow; yound pods softly echinate, old broad-oblong, prickly, dehiscent, 1 to 2
seeded. Grows in dry and semiarid regions, usually in open hedges; evergreen.
FI. & Fr.: August –April.
50 gm seed powder is given orally to treat fever, worms and flatulence. 50 ml

decoction of roots with the paste of 11 black peppers (Piper nigrum) is given to cows
for disposal of retained placenta after delivery.
5.2.55 Calligonum polygonoides (plate 8)
Family :- Polygonaceae
Local name :-Phog
Locality: Churu
Much branched, woody upto 2.5 m high shrub; leaves small, linear short-lived;
flowers pinkish, fasciculate in the axils of ochreae; fruits oblong, clothed with reddish-
brown bristles. A typical sand dune plant forms and association with Leptadenia
pyrotechnica and Aerva javanica.
FI. & Fr.: March –June rarely in December.
Extract of the plant is given to treat constipation. Decoction of whole plant is

given to treat urinary problems. The extract of plant is given to animals through
drenching tube to treat colic whereas decoction of whole plant is given to treat
dysuria.
5.2.56 Calotropis gigantean
Family :- Asclepiadaceae
Local name :-Safad Akdo
Locality: Nawalgarh
Tree; leaves sessile or with petiole 0.2-0.7 mm long; inflorescence of 1-3

fascicles; flowers 14-15 mm by 3-4.5 cm diam; pedicels 2.5-3.2 cm long, sepals
lanceolate-ovate to ovate, 5-7 mm long, corolla subrotate; lobes ovate, 15-17 mm by
10-11 mm wide, cream-tipped internally, stamina corona lobes 11-12 mm by 6-6.5
mm wide, broadly flanged, cream, with base elongated into an upturned vesicle ca 5
mm long. Occurs widely in wastelands of arid regions.
FI. & Fr.: Most of the year.
Poulitice of roasted leaves is tied to treat swelling as well as on dislocated

joints, sprains and fractured bone.
5..2.57 Calotropis procera (plate 8)
Local name :-Akdo, Aak, Aakro
Locality: Aduka
A stout, hoary, tomentose shrub; leaves opposite, simple, oblong, cordate;

peduncles often paired, tomentose and often branched; flowers about 12 mm, having
lobes erect, white with purple blotch on the upper half, coronal process with a purple
tinge, obtuse, muticous tip and fleshy upturned white base; follicles recurved,
somewhat sausageshaped, outer and inner coats with fibrous tissue between; seeds
ovate, 6 mm, smooth long comas, occurs widely in wastelands of arid region.
FI. & Fr.: Most of the year.
Four to five drops of the fresh latex of the plant is dropped on the injured
portion as an antiseptic. Mixture of 50 ml hydrochloric acid (HCl), 50 ml latex of
Calotropis procera and 50 ml latex of Mangifera indica is prepared and used as an
antidote to scorpion bite.
5..2.58 Capparis deciduas (plate 9)
Family :- Capparaceae
Local name :-Kair, Ker
Locality: Churu
Leafless, much branched, dense shrub, thorns in pairs, straight; glabrous,

linear; pungent leaves
found on very young shoots; flowers in simple corymbs on short lateral
shoots, red brown, 2.5
cm in diameter; fruits 1.25-1.9 cm, glabrous, long-beaked. Commonly occur
throughout the desert on hard gravelly and clayey soil, rarely on sandy plains and
dunes.
FI. & Fr.: March-July.
Decoction of ½ kg shoots of Cissus quadrangular, ½ kg ash of stem of

Capparis deciduas and ash of roots of Ziziphus jujube, ½ Kg jiggery with milk is
given to the animal once in a day, till the healing of fractured bone.
5.2.59 Capparis sepiaria

Family :- Capparaceae
Local name :-Katar, Kali-Katar
Locality: Rajgarh
A large climbing shrub, thorns curved; leaves elliptic; petioles 0.2 cm long;
umbels simple; flowers white, pedicles short; fruit brone in clusters, pisiform, black,
Preferably grows in dry climate.
FI. & Fr.: March-August.
Oil of Ricinus communis, crushed rhizomes of Curcuma longa and jiggery are
mixed in equal ration i.e. 2 kg each. 250 gm of this mixture is mixed with 250 g coal
prepared from wood of Capparis sepiaria and given to the animal with 1 kg of milk.
This heals up the fractured bone fast if given daily. Extract of root is given orally to
animals in diphtheria.
5.2.60 Capsicum annum

Family :- Solanaceae
Local name :- Lal-mirch
Locality:Mandrella
Perennial herb; leaves lanceolate; white flowers and slender, green, red or orange
berries; calyx enclosing the base of berry, Cultivated throughout the area for its
edible berries.
Paste of dried fruit powder is mixed with sugar and applied in the throat of animal to
treat tonsillitis.
5.2.61 Capsicum minimum

Family :- Solancaceae
Local name :-Rukunimirshi
Locality: Khetari
Perennial herbs; with lanceolate leaves; flowers white and slender, green, red
or orange fruits.
FI. & Fr.: September – December
Paste of ripe fruits is fed to animal 4 to 5 times in a day to treat stomach

disorder.
5.2.62 Cardiospermum halicacabum

Family :- Sapindaceae
Local name :-Chirphut, Parpotiea, Kanfuti
Annual wiry herb; thinly pubescent or nearly glabrous with acuminate leaflets;
flowers white, very minute; capsules depressed, pyriform; seeds tomentose,
globose, Mainly in wastelands; plains to the lower slopes.
FI. & Fr.: July-March
Leaf paste is applied on the body to kill lice and other parasitic insects.
5.2.63 Carica papaya
Family :- Caricaceae
Local name :-Papita, hajarkakri
Locality: Pilani
Soft wooded, dioecious tree with usually unbranched trunk and milky sap;
leaves in terminal cluster, palmately lobed; fruit a berry; laticiferious glands occurs in
roots, stem, leaves and fruits. The plant thrives best in rich soil of uniform texture.
Latex of Carica papaya is applied on the skin to treat eczema.
5.2.64 Carissa congesta

Family :- Apocynaceae
Local name :-Karonda
Locality: Kithana
Erect or scandent shrubs, armed with straight, paired horizontal spines;

leaves 2-6 by 1.5-4.0 cm, elliptic-oblong to ovate, acute, mucronate; flowers white, in
corymbose cymes. Usually met with in the forests and wastelands.
FI. & Fr.: January – April.
Latex of Carissa congesta is applied on the fractured bone or dislocated joint

for early healing.
5.2.65 Cassia angustifolia Vahl

Local name :- Sonamukhi
Locality: Surajgarh
Shrub; leaves usually 5-8 jugate, leaflets oval, lanceolate, glabrous; racemes
axillary erect, waxy many-flowered, usually considerably exceeding the subtending
leaf; bracts membranous, ovate or obovate, caduceous; pods are 3.5-7 cm by 2 cm
wide, greenish brown to dark brown in colour and contain 5-7 obovate dark brown
and nearly smooth seeds. Cultivated plant.
FI. & Fr.: August- December.
Leaves are fed to the camel to treat flatulence.
5.2.66 Cassia auriculata

Local name :-Anwal, Tarwan
Locality: Khetari
A much branched handsome shrub, 1.0-3.25 m high with hairy twigs; leaves
pinnately compound, leaflets 8-12 pairs; flowers large, yellow in subterminal
corymbs; pods 0.75-1.25 cm by 1.75 cm, flat, obtuse at each end; seeds 6-10.
Xerophytic in nature; wild in dry regions, cultivated in other areas; prefers cottony
soils.
FI. & Fr.: October-March.
Tender shoots of plant grinded with buttermilk and jiggery is given orally to
treat dysentery. Leaf paste is applied locally to treat boils, swellings and wounds.
5.2.67 Cassia tora

Local name :- Punwad, Punwadia
Locality: Lohagal
A small weed, subshrub, upto 75-100 cm; branchlets glabrous; leaves upto 4
cm long, leaflet 3 pairs, obovate, thin, coriaceous, glabrous above, pubescent below;
racemes terminal, corymbose; pods short, stipitate, flat, compressed; seeds oblong,
longitudinal. Sparsely distributed from plains to the hills; often found in association
with Cassia obtusifolia.
Boiled seeds are given to the animals to treat hypogalactia.
5.2.68 Cassia fistula (plate 9)

Local name :-Amaltas, Bahawa, Garmale, Karmalo
Locality: Sakambari
A tree with grey bark; pinnate leaves; flowers yellow, blossoms in pendant
racemes; fruits elongated, brown to black, cylindrical lomentum with numerous
compartments. Prefer laterite soil; often planted as road side tree.
FI. & Fr.: May-June.
Two-three pods are fed to the animal to treat flatulence. Decoction of about
100 gm of pods or stem bark (if pods are not available) of Cassia fistula is given to
the animal as a purgative.
5.2.69 Catunaregam spinosa

Family :- Rubiaceae
Local name :-Kharedi
Locality: Bisau
A large deciduous armed shrub upto 9 m in height with strong spines; leaves
simple, wrinkled; flowers at first white, later turning yellow, fragrant, solitary or 2-3
together at the ends of short leaf bearing branchlets; fruits globose berries yellow
when ripe, crowned with large calyx limb; seeds many angular, embedded in the
pulp. Sparsely distributed from plains to the hills.
FI. & Fr.: March-June.
About 500 gm of whole plant, 50 gm of jiggery and 25 g of dried rhixome

powder of Curcuma longa is given to animal with fodder to treat diarrhoea.
5.2.70 Celastrus paniculata (plate 9)

Family :- Celastraceae
Local name :-Mal-kangni, Mali
Locality: Lohagal
Large climbing shrub, unarmed straggler/liane upto 12 m, branchlets

puberulose; leaves alternate, ovate ovate to orbicular, thin, coriaceous, base obtuse
to subacute, margin dentate, petiole upto 3 cm; panicle terminal; flowers
polygamous, greenish white; capsules 0.6-1.0 cm; seeds 6, ellipsoid to ovoid, upto 5
mm. Extensive straggler as liance on trees; common in dry deciduous forests,
particularly in the east of Aravalli.
FI. & Fr.: March-September.
One cup infusion of seeds is given orally to the animal for seven days to treat
paralysis. Seed oil mixed with seed oil of Sesamum indicum is massaged to treat
paralysis.
5.2.71 Celosia argentea (plate 9)
Family :- Amaranthaceae
Local name :- Surli, Garkha
Locality: Khetari
Common weeds; herb upto 1-2 m; leaves elliptic-ovate below, linear-

lanceolate above; spikes dense, cylindric, very showy; flowers 4 mm across, pink,
gradually turning white, bract lanceolate 6 mm, scarious; capsules globose,
reticulate. On hills in arable lands, as a weed of cultivated field; conspicuous in
harvested field; less common in plains.
FI. & Fr.: August- November.
Root extract of Celosia argentea mixed with Tamarindus indica fruits or leaves
is given orally to treat food poisoning.
5.2.72 Ceropegia attenuate

Local name :-Khadula
Locality: Aravali hills
Tall, tuberous herb; leaves subsessile, linear, acute, tapering at base; cymes
axillary or extra axillary, shortly peduncled, 1 to 2 flowered. Rare, in exposed rocky
grounds.
FI & Fr.: July-October.
Bulbs and leaves are given to animal orally to remove the stone in urinary
tract.
5.2.73 Ceropegia bulbosa (plate 10)
Local name :-Khadula
Twining, perennial herb, with an underground, tuberous stem; leaves

glabrous; cymes pedunculate, 6 to 10 flowered; seeds linear- oblong with
membranous wings. Rare, in exposed rocky habitats, particularly on hillocks.
FI. & Fr.: July-December.
Leaves of Ceropegia bulbosa are given as fodder as a prophylactic measure

against tumour formation.
5.2.74 Chenopodium album
Family :- Chenopodiaceae
Local name :- Bathua, Chilario, Kaligera
Locality: pratappura
Herb; leaves oblong rhomboid; flowers born in clusters in paniculate,

ebracteate spikes; seeds
rugose. Weed in cultivated fields, gardens and other humid places.
FI. & Fr.: October –April.
Paste made from leaves is applied on wounds of animals for early healing.
5.2.75 Chlorophytum tuberosum (plate 10)
Family :- Liliaceae
Local name :- Safed musli, Futra
Locality: Ghardana
Annual herb; with small root stock and many cylindric root fibres ending in
ellipsoid tubers;
leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, undulate, margined; scape solitary, scattered
flowers forming dense racemes; seeds irregularly orbicular usually compressed,
pitted, black. Rare, on the hills of protected areas.
FI. & Fr.: June – October.
Three to four tubers of Chlorophytum tuberosum are mixed with fodder of

animal to treat diarrhoea. It also acts as a galactgogue.
5.2.76 Cicer arietinum
Family :- Fabaceae
Local name :-Chana
Locality: Chirawa
Much- branched herbs, with pinnate leaves and turgid-oblong fruits.

Commonly cultivated as a Winter season crop.
FI. & Fr.: December-March.
Fresh leaf extract is given to animal to treat constipation.

5.2.77 Cissampelos pareira (plate 10)
Family :- Menispermaceae
Local name :-Kalipar
Locality:Lohagal
Twining perennial shrub; leaves reniform, orbicular or cordate, 4.5 by 6.5 cm,
peltate, chartaceous, 5 by 7 nerved, pubescent, base cordate or truncate; male
inflorescence pendent type, flowers greenish; female inflorescence in thyroid
clusters; fruits red when ripe, subtended by the conspicuous auricular bracts. More
abundant on the degraded slopes; extensive tomentose climber as compact mats on
thickets.
Extract of root is given to animal to treat snake-bite and dog bite as an

antidote.
5.2.78 Cissus quadrangular (plate 14)

Family :- Vitaceae
Local name :-Hadjore

A succulent twiner, rambling shrub, stem 4 angular, glabrous, winged or
margined, contracted at the nodes; leaves simple, caduceus; cymes umbellate;
flowers 7 cm across, greenish yellow, red-tipped; berry globose, apiculate; seed
smooth. In scrub jungles and wetlands upto 500 m on thickets.
Whole plant of Cissus quadrangular (200 g) is grinded with 50 g bark of

Wrightia tinctoria, 50 g leaves of Vitex negundo, 50 g powder of Piper nigrum seeds
and 50 g Allium sativum bulbs and given to the animal to treat foot and mouth
disease. Paste of about three nodes is given to the animal with water through
drenching tube once in a day for 8 to 10 days for early healing of fractured bone.
Paste of stem is applied locally to treat sprain and swelling.
5.2.79 Cissus repanda
Family :- Vitaceae
Local name :- Panivala
Large, woody climber with fissured, corky bark and vinaceous-purple stem
and branches; tendrils with flattened disc; leaves pubescent above, silky tomentose
beneath; flowers in umbel-like clusters, pedicelled pink; berries tipped by
mucronate style, 1-seeded. Occasional, in deciduous forests, particularly in the east
of Aravalli.
FI. & Fr.: May-August.
Root powder acts as lactgogue and is given to animal with fodder to increase
milk secretion. Infusion of the climber is given orally to teat boils.
5.2.80 Cistanche tubulosa
Family :- Orobanchaceae
Local name :-Lauki-mula

Purplish-yellow, leafless root-parasites, having solitary or fascicled from the
ground, upto 60 cm high; scapes furrowed, fleshy, pubescent, terminating into 2-4
cm long spikes; capsules 20-25 by 8-10 mm, ovoid-oblong, laterally compressed,
beaked by seeds numerous, reticulately pitted.
FI. & Fr.: October –March.
Paste of whole plant is applied for the treatment of Bovine viral mammaitis
(BVM). It acts as anti-allergic.
5.2.81 Citrullus colocynthis (plate 14)

Family :- Cucurbitaceae
Local name :-Gartumba, Tumba
Locality: Churu
Perennial trailing herb, branchlets hirsute; leaves alternate, simple, petiolate,

ovate or narrowly triangular, deeply trilobed, lobes pinnatifid, triangular, chartaceous,
rigid; tendril simple, slender, petiole upto 3 cm; male flower 1 cm across, yellow; in
female flower, ovary ovoid; fruit globose, striped green and white when young, yellow
when ripe. Common in sandy habitats, particularly in the desertic zones.
Decoction of fruits is given to the animal twice a day to treat constipation. A

mixture of 20 g honey, 20 g extract of roots of Citrullus colocynthis, 20 g mustard oil
is applied internally to reduce the pain during delivery, pulp of roasted fruits mixed
with flour of Pennisetum typhoides and salt is fed to the animal to treat impaction
with fever. Roasted fruits and decoction of roots is given to the domestic animal to
treat constipation, digestive disorders and gastritis.
5.2.82 Citrus medica (plate 14)
Family :- Rutaceae
Local name :-Bijora
Locality: Fatehpur
An evergreen armed shrub with straggling thorny branches and smooth

yellowish brown bark; leaves oblong or elliptic, coriaceous, pellucid – punctuate;
flower in axillary cymes; fruit large berries, oblong or globose, fleshy, rind thick,
rough, irregular or warted. Commonly cultivated for its fruits.
FI. & Fr.: Summer and winter.
Fruit powder is given to the animal to dissolve the iron piece engulfed by the
animal accidentally. Juice of 10 lemons is given with 750g sugar to induce lactation.
5.2.83 Cleome gynadra (plate 10)

Family :- Cleomaceae
Local name :-Karelia, Safed-bagra
Locality: Mandrella
Glandular hairy herbs; leaves 3- to 5 foliolate; flowers I n terminal racemes;

capsules linear- cylindric. Common weed in wastelands during rainy season.
FI. & Fr.: July –December.
Paste of leaves of Cleome gynandra is applied locally twice a day to treat

eczema.
5.2.84 Cleome viscosa
Family :- Cleomaceae
Local name :-Singali, Bagra
Locality: Piprali
Pubescent, annual, woody at base; 3- to 5 – foliolate leaves; flowers in leafy

racemes; capsule cylindric, beaked. Common in cultivated fields during rainy
season.
FI. & Fr.: July- Novemeber.
Paste of about 50 gm seeds of Cleome viscose is given with water through

drenching tube, thrice a day to treat diarrhoea and fever.
Paste is prepared by mixing equal amount of leaves of this plant with leaves
of Azadirachta indica, and applied externally on the skin of animal for killing
ectoparasites e.g. lices and ticks. Decoction of mixture of roots and leaves is used to
give water bath to animal to treat body swelling and bodyache.
Extract prepared from the flowers of Madhuca indica and Clerodendrum
viscosum is given orally to the animal early in the morning for 15 days to 3 months to
treat arthritis and rheumatism.
5.2.85 Clerodendrum phlomidis
Family :- Verbenaceae
Local name :-Arni, Anni
Locality: Malsisar
Shrub, 1-3 m tall; stem and branches whitish pubescent; leaves petiolate,
rhomboid-ovate, flowers fragrant, in axillary and terminal panicles; fruit drupes 0.5-
1.25 cm long with persistent calyx. Common throughout the plains.
FI. Fr.: August-March.
Paste prepared by mixing equal amount of leaves of this plant with leaves of
Azadirachta indica is applied externally on the skin of animal for killing ectoparasites
e.g. lices and ticks. Decoction of mixture of roots and leaves is used to give bath to
animal to treat body swelling and bodyache.
5.2.86 Clitoria ternatea
Family :- Fabaceae
Local name :-Gokarni
Locality: Fatehpur
Handsome twining perennial herb with terete stetm and branches; leaves
compound, imparipinnate, flower solitary, axillary or in fascicles; pods sharply
beaked; seeds reniform. Common garden plant; occurs in hedges all over the
tropical regions.
FI. & Fr.: Most part of the year.
Seeds of Clitoria ternatea are given with jiggery or chapatti to treat

constipation. Dose depends on body weight of the animal.
5.2.87 Coccinia grandis

Local name :-Tindori
Locality: Fatehpur
Perennial, much branched, handsome tendril climber; roots tuberous; leaves

deltoid or subrotund, palmately 5- nerved; flowers unisexual; fruits ovoid or oblong or
ellipsoid berries. Semi wild; common in thickets and wastelands.
Leaves are grinded with piper betel and paste is rubbed on the body to treat
allergy. Extract of the leaves grinded with ghee is dropped into nostrils to treat
epistaxis. Extract of leaves is drooped in eyes to treat opacity of cornea.
5.2.88 Cocculus hirsultus

Family:-Menispermaceae
Local name:-Bajar-bel, Van-Veela, Baar
Scandent herb; bark, corky, young parts densely hairy; leaves petiolate;
lamina base cordate to cuneate, surface pubescent, Restricted to hilly tracts, usually
occurs in association with Euphorbia neriifolia and Lycium barbarum.
FI. Fr.: Almost round the year.
Leaves (10 g) of Cocculus hirsutus are fed to the animal once in a day for
three days to treat dog-bite. Leaf extract is rubbed on the body and after one hour,
bath is given to the animal for complete removal of external parasites.
5.2.89 Cocculus pendulus ( plate 19)
Local name :-Pilwani, Khangro
Twiner; bark blackish-brown; leaves petiolate, 1 cm long; lamina base

cuneate to cordate, ovate-oblong to ovate-lanceolate, 1-9 by 0.2- 4.5 cm,
emarginated to mucronulate at apex. Common on sandy plains.
FI. &b Fr.: October-December.
Mixture of 100 gm wood ash of this plant and 100 gm cow’s milk fat is given to
the animal to treat mastitis.
5.2.90 Commelina forsskalaei
Family :- Commelinaceae
Local name :-Mirja
Locality: Fatehpur
Much-branched, diffuse, annual herbs; leaves linear or narrowly oblong-

elliptic, often undulate;
cymes axillary, branched, 3 to 5-flow-ered; cleistogamous flowers usually
solitary in a spathe, bisexual, reduced, with usually 1-seeded capsule. Common in
cultivated fields, in marshy places and often in the forests.
About 250 ml extract of whole plant is given to the animal twice in a day for 15
days to treat rheumatism and body swelling. The extract also massaged for the
same.
5.2.91 Commiphora wightii (plate 11)
Local name :-Gugal
Locality: Arawali hills
Handsome deciduous tree with papery bark and greenish soft wood; leaves
alternate, imparipinnate, leaflets opposite; flowers small in fascicles; fruits ovoid or
subglobose, fleshy drupes as big as pea. Rare, on the open dry hills and other rocky
habitats.
Chopped stem and leaves mixed with buttermilk is kept in earthen pot given to
animal to treat rheumatism.
5.2.92 Corallocarpus epigaeus (plate 15)
Local name :-Marsiakand, Kadwi-nai, Mirch bel, Kadvi bel
Locality: Bhimsar
Perennial, climbing herb; roots napiform; stem slender, glabrous, angular-

suclate; leaves variable in size and shape, broadly suborbicular, tendrils simple,
subfiliform, glabrous; fruits ovoid, base attenuate, red, 5 to 8 seeded. Found in sandy
to gravelly habitats; not common.
About 250 gm of paste prepared from one tuber of Corallocarpus epigaeus

and whole plant of Tinospora cordifolia is fed to the animal twice in a day for 3 days
to treat tonsillitis.
5.2.93 Corchorus depressus (plate 11)
Family :- Tilliaceae
Local name :- Baphuli, Kagler, Chamaks
Locality: Piprali
Prostrate, much branched, woody perennial; leaves upto 2.5-1.2 cm, elliptic,
crenate-serrate,
plicate in bud; flowers in leaf- opposed cymes; capsules oblong-cylindric;
beak short straight or curved. Common in open gravelly places, abundant particularly
in desert zone.
FI. & Fr.: August-March.
Leaves are fed to camel to treat stomachache. Whole plant crushed with
water is given to animal to increase the secretion of milk.
5.2.94 Cordia dichotoma
Family :- Ehretiaceae
Local name :-Lasora, Gunda, Lesuwa
Locality: Parrsumpura
Medium-sized tree with a short trunk; leaves simple, ellipticlanceolate; flowers

small in lax terminal or axillary cymes; fruits drupe. In warmer regions; wild and
cultivated.
Paste of leaves of Cordia dichotoma is given to the animal with water to treat
diarrhoea. Leaves and fruits of Cordia dichotoma are given as a fodder to the animal
to treat leucorrhoea. Extract of Cordia dichotoma leaves is mixed with honey and
applied on the mouth of the animal to treat swelling of foot and mouth disease.
5.2.95 Coriandrum sativum
Family :- Apiaceae
Local name :-Dhania
Locality: Bhomopura
Glabrous, annual herb; flowers pale to bright rose or nearly white; fruits
subglobose, prominently ribbed. Cultivated as a winter season crop.
Powder of about 100 gm fruits is given with sugar to female animal after
mating for 3-4 times in a day to avoid vomiting of conception.
5.2.96 Cosmostigma racemosa
Family :- Asclepiadacae
Local name :-Raidodi
Locality: Sakambari
A shrubby twiner; leaves deciduous, ovate, acute, acuminate, glabrous, base

cordate; flowers in axillary or sublateral cyme; follicles ovoid-oblong, bluntly pointed,
smooth. Endemic to India.
FI. & Fr.: June-August.
Powder of pods is mixed with curd and given orally twice in a day to sheep
and goat to treat gastroenteritis.
5.2.97 Costus specious (plate 15)

Family :- Costaceae
Local name :-Mahalakri
Succulent perennial herb with long leafy spirally twisted stems; 2-3 m high
and horizontal rhizomes; leaves simple, spirally arranged, oblanceolate or oblong,
glabrous above, silky pubescent beneath with broad leaf sheaths; flowers white
large, scented, in large terminal spikes, bracts bright red; fruits flobose/ovoid
capsules; seeds obovoid or semiglobose. Rare, in dense protected forest of
Southern Aravalli hills.
Pieces of rhizome are fed to the animals to treat rheumatism.

5.2.98 Crinum asiaticum
Family :- Amaryllidaceae
Local name :-Jahari kanda
Locality: Khandella
A bulbous her; bulb with a fusiform stoloniferous base, neck cylindric; leaves
erect, 60-100 by 1.8. – 2.5 cm, linear, concave; scapes 45-60 cm long, stout, umbels
6 to 15 flowered. Plant of swampy river bank; wild.
FI. & Fr.: Mainly in winter.
Tuber paste of Crinum asiaticum is applied on the skin for treatment of

carbuncles. Extract of bulb mixed with curb is given orally to animal to treat
flatulence. The poultice of tuber is tied to treat various skin diseases like abscesses,
warts etc.
5.2.99 Crotalaria burhia (plate 11)
Family :- Fabaceae
Local name :-Kharsana, Jhunda
Locality: Bisau
Low undershrub; branches numerous, stiff erectopatent, clothed with fine pale
momentum; leaves simple, scattered, subsessile, rigid, pale green, 6- to 12-
flowered, pedicels short; flowrs yellow, small; pods oblong, 3- to 4- seeded.
Characteristic wild desert plant of sand dunes

Decoction of whole plant is given to animal to treat urinary problems and also
for disposal of placenta after delivery. Extract of whole plant is given to treat
constipation.
5.2.100 Crotalaria juncea (plate 11)
Family :- Fabaceae
Local name :-Sann, Sanai
Locality: Gudha
Shrub; leaves elliptic-lanceolate flowers yellow; fruits turgid, oblong;

Cultivated during rainy season as a green manure crop and for fibres obtained from
the stem.
FI. & Fr.: September- February.
200 g boiled seeds are fed to animal to treat debility.

5.2.101 Cucumis callosus (plate 12)
Local name :-Kachra, Kachrio
Locality: Ladusar
Perennial, trailing herb; leaves ovate-oblong or obovate; tendrils simple;

flowers yellow; fruits obovoid, longitudinally variegated. Common in desertic zones.
Fruits are crushed and given to the animal with sugar, oil and water to treat
diarrhoea.
Fresh fruits are fed with fodder for disposal of placenta after delivery.
5.2.102 Curculigo orchioides (plate 15)
Family :- Hypoxidaceae
Local name :-Kali musli, Goeirari-dawai, Khajuri
Locality: Fatehpur
Herbaceous plant, rootstock tuberous or elongated; leaves lanceolate, plicate,
glabrous; scape 2.5 cm, clavate, flattened, hidden by leaf-sheath; flowers subsessile,
lowest bisexual, rest male. Subtropical plant; wild.
FI. & Fr.: May-August.
Paste of 10 gm tuberous roots of Curculigo orchioides is given orally along

with water as an antidote to treat snake bite, scorpion bite, etc. Dried tubers of
Curculigo orchioides are ground with stem of Cissus quadrangularis and given orally
to treat impaction. Paste of root is fed to the animal with wheat bread to treat foot
and mouth disease.
5.2.103 Curcuma amada ( plate 20)
Family :- Zingiberaceae
Local name :-Jangli haldi, Ambahaldi
Locality: Aravalii hills
Herb; rootstock ovoid, sessile tubers thick, pale yellow inside; leafy tuft, 60-90
cm high, petiole as long as lamina, leaf blade pale green, tapering at the base and
apex, scape from the center of the leafy tuft; spikes 7.5-15.0 cm by 3.7 cm, bracts
pale green. Rare in the forest, so far reported only from the south-eastern parts of
the state.
FI. & Fr.: August-September.
50 gm dried rhizomes of Curcuma amada, 2 to 3 bulbs of Allium cepa and 500

gm jiggery are mixed well and fed to the animal to treat indigestion and flatulence.
Pastet of 250 gm of fresh rhizomes is given only once to treat fever.
About 100 gm of dried rhizome powder of Curcuma amada is mixed
with 100 gm of rock salt, 100 gm of alum, 100 gm of Piper longum, 100 gm of seeds
of Trachyspermum ammi, 250 gm jiggery and 100 gm milk fat. This mixture is
divided in 3 parts. One part is given once in a day for 3 days to treat gynecological
problem after delivery, especially disposal of placenta after delivery.
5.2.104 Curcuma longa
Local name :-Haldi, Haldu, Halad
Rhizomes large, yielding turmeric; leaves oblong-elliptic; flowers pale-yellow.

Cultivated for its edible rhizomes.
FI. & Fr.: October-February.
Paste of rhizome powder is applied with salt to treat sprains, swelling and
mastitis.
5.2.105 Curcuma aromatic
Local name :-Haldi
Erect, Perennial herb, leaves elliptic or lanceloate-oblong. In moist and shady

places in the forests.
FI. & Fr.: July –November.
Decoction prepared from the mixture of Alum (10gm), powder of rhizomes of

Curcuma longa (50 gm) and jiggery (2 kg) is given to animal for treatment of
fractured bone. Extract of tuber is given to domestic animals orally through drenching
tube in food poisoning. A mixture of seed oil of Brassica campestirs, 5 gm rhizome of
Curcuma longa and 2 gm potash alum is given to the animal orally through a
drenching tube to treat internal wound.
5.2.106 Cuscuta reflexa (plate 15)

Family :- Cuscutaceae
Local name :-Amar bel, Akash bel
Locality: Dhatarwala
A yellow, leafless, fleshy, twining parasite, branches stout, fleshy, forming

dense yellow mass on shrubs and low trees; racemes lax, 2.5-10.0 cm long,
clustered or subspicate. Common throughout the state, usually parasitizing on
Adhatoda zeylanica, Acacia nilotica, Ziziphus nummularia and Ziziphus mauritiana.
FI. & Fr.: Ocotber-January.
1 Kg whole plant of Cusculta reflexa, 1 kg leaves of Datura innoxia are boiled

in one litre of mustard oil. Massage of this oil is given to the animal to treat lumbago
and rheumatic pain. About 400-500 gm of fresh stem is mixed with animal feed to
treat haematuria.
5.2.107 Cyamopsis tetragonoloba
Family :- Fabaceae
Local name :-Gawar
Locality: Churu
Erect, robust annual, 30-60 cm high, clothed with appressed graying hairs,
stem grooved, leaves trifoliate, flowers small, purplish in axillary racemes, fruits thick
fleshy pods, in clusters, subtetragonal, more or less hairy; seeds 5-12 in each pod,
compressed to some extent. Commonly cultivate during rainy season for its edible
pods and as a fodder crop.
FI. & Fr.: July-November.
Fruits and seeds of this plant are given with fodder to the animal to treat
diarrhoea. 100 gm of this mixture is also given to the animal with pearl millet grains
for disposal fo the placenta after the delivery.
5.2.108 Cymbopogon martinii (plate 16)
Family :- Poaceae
Local name :-Rhodo, Chant
Locality: Abusar
Perennial, sweet-scented grass,1.5-2.5 m high; leaves linear-lanceolate, sub-
cordate, amplexicual and finely cordate; flowers in panicled spikelets, turning reddish
brown when mature, glumes channeled corresponding to a midrib on the inner side,
awned. Prefers drier soils.
Fumigation of whole plant is given to the animal to treat fever.

5.2.109 Dalbergia sissoo
Family :- Fabaceae
Local name :-Sisham, Talli
Locality: Kali-pahari
Deciduous tree, with 3-5 acuminate leaflets; flowers yellowish in axillary
panicles; pods oblong or strap shaped, flat narrowed at the base. Common in
wastelands, along the roads, boundaries of field and gardens.
Paste of about 250 gm leaves of Dalbergia sissoo is given to the animal with
drenching tube to treat diarrhoea. Oil is extracted through traditional method by
heating bark of Dalbergia sissoo mixed with hard coconut shell and applied in small
quantity to treat eczema, abscess or septic wound. Large amount causes burning
sensation. Infusion of 2 kg leaves is given to camel to treat sunstroke. Leaves of
Dalbergia sissoo are soaked overnight in water and given in the morning orally to the
camel to treat dysuria.
5.2.110 Datura innoxia

Local name :- Dhatura
Locality:Nalwa
Stout shrub, upto 1 m high, clothed with grey pubescence; leaves ovate,
sinuate-toothead; flowers axillary, solitary; pedicels 2-3 cm long, recurved in fruit;
capsules 3.5-5.5 cm in diameter, globose, densely pubescent and armed with weak,
1.0-1.8 cm long spines. Common in wasteland, especially in the east of Aravalli.
The paste of whole plant is applied locally to treat mastitis whereas powder of
seeds is given to animal to treat oestrus induction.
5.2.111 Datura metel

Local name :- Dhatura, Kala-dhatura
Locality: Nalwa
Herb; leaves triangular, ovate; flowers axillary, solitary; capsule subglobose,

deflexed, clothed with blunt tubercles. Naturalized in wastelands and open forests.
Extract of fresh leaves is given to the animal twice a day for 3 days to treat
tonsillitis.
5.2.112 Delonix elata

Family :- Caesalpinaceae
Local name :-Sandeshra
Locality: Ardawata
Tall, erect, deciduous tree; leaves 4-15 cm long; pinnae 4-6 pairs; flowers in
terminal racemes; pods linear-oblanceolate, reticulate, beaked, glabrous, dark
brown. Common in wastelands; also planted along the roadsides.
FI. & Fr.: November – June.

Decoction of 100 gm crushed stem bark is given to animal to treat dysentery
and diarrhoea.
5.2.113 Dendrocalamus strictus
Family :- Poaceae
Local name :-Bans. Vanhedo
Locality: Mansa mata
Densely tufted, arborescent bamboos, upto 10 m tall, with swollen nodes;

lower stem- sheaths covered on the back with golden-brown stiff hairs; internodes
upto 50 cm long; ligules narrow, serrate; inflorescence a panicle of dense, globular
heads; caryposis subglobose, brown. Farily common in dry deciduous forests on the
top of hills forming distant patches.
FI. & Fr.: At the interval of many years.
Infusion of tender stem is given to animal once in a day upto three days to
treat fractured bone. One tender culm (About 25-30 cm in length) is crushed and
given to the animal orally two to three times to remove the intestinal worms.
Decoction of stem is given to the animal for disposal of placenta after delivery.
5.2.114 Dendrophthoe falcate (plate 16)

Family :- Loranthaceae
Local name :-Kavlate ke bel, Salar-bel, Banda
Locality: Lohagal
Dichotomously branched, partial stem-parasite; with ellipticoblong, obovate or

ovate-lanceolate leaves; flowers red, orange or yellowish-red in unilateral spikes;
berries ovoid. A commonstem parasite on the branches of Boswellia serrata and
Commophora wightii in hilly tracts.
FI. & Fr.: August-February.

Extract of whole plant is applied locally on uterus to treat vulvo-vaginal-
uterine-prolapse.
5.2.115 Desmostachya bipinnata (plate 12)
Family :- Poaceae
Local name :-Dabb, Dabra
Locality: Dabri
Tufted, stout, erect, rhizomatous perennial, upto 1.25 m tall; with creeping
root- stocks; leaves acuminate, sheaths glabrous, densely flagellate; inflorescence
25-50 cm long, spikes 1.5-3.5 cm long, cluster bearing 20-30 spikelets, spikelets 2.5-
3.5 mm long, linear, oblong, glumes unequal, lemmas 2.5mm mm long, straw
coloured. Commonly found near moist places particularly in sandy and clayey soils.
FI. & Fr.: July – November.
Whole plant is fed to the animal to treat dysentery.
5.2.116 Dichrostachys cinerea

Family :- Mimosaceae
Local name :-Ameena, Goya-Khair
Locality: Tigias
Polygamous shrub; branchlets usually ending in spines, pubescent; leaves 2-

pinnate, upto 6.5 cm long, with stalk, stipiform glands at the insertion of pinnae;
spikes axillary or extra axillary; pods 4-7 by 0.6 0 -1.0 cm compressed, pubescent,
dark brown. Common in open forests on rocky and sandy – loam soil.
Seeds are boiled and given to the animal to treat hypogalactia.

5.2.117 Digitaria adscendens
Family :- Poaceae
Local name :-Ghass
Locality:Sainipura
Erect or geniculately ascending annuals, often rooting at the lower nodes;

leaves linear lanceolate; racemes 3-9, subsessile, subdigitate, 5-20 cm long;
spikelets 2-nate. Fairly common throughout the state as forest undergrowth, in
wastelands and neglected places.
Mixture of seeds of Digitaria adscendens, Tribulus terrestris, Cucumis melo,

Pedalium murex
And Citrullus lanatus is given to the animal to treat constipation.
5.2.118 Dioscorea alata

Family :- Dioscoreaceae
Local name :-Kada-Kanda, Ratalu
Locality: Khetari
Climbing or twining herbs, with large tuberous roots; stem 4- angled; leaves
cordate– ovate to Cordate - oblong; male flowers green, in panicles; female flowers
in simple spikes; capsules leathery, elliptic, 3- winged. Mostly cultivated for its edible
tubers.
For treating all kind of abscesses in the animals, tubers of Dioscorea alata are
fed to the animal.
5.2.119 Dioscorea bulbifera (plate 16)

Family :- Dioscoreaceae
Local name :- Vahrikand, Jangli aritha, Modi, Ratha Sankriyo, Raalar
Locality: Khetari
Twining, dioecious, glabrous herb with globose or pyriform tubers; bulbils
common in leaf-axils; leaves alternate, broadly ovate-cordatet to suorbicular, acute
to acuminate, entire, 7 to 13 nerved at the base; male flowers closely arranged in
long, pendulous simple or paniculate spikes; female flowers subtended by minute
bracts in axillary, solitary or fascicled, pendulous spikes; seeds winged on the basal
side only. Common in wastelands and open forests among bushes and shrubs and
along hedges.
FI. & Fr.: August- December.
Paste of 25-30 gm tuber is given to the animal once in a day to treat mastitis.
Larger quantity is poisonous. Tuberous roots are fed to the animal to treat sterility.
5.2.120 Diospyros melanoxylon

Family :- Ebenaceae
Local name :- Tendu, Timru, Tendu-patta
Locality: Lohagal
Deciduous tree, bark exfoliating in 4- angular scales; leaves 5.17 by 4-12 cm,
ovate- elliptic or oblong, coriaceous, pubescent; male flowers in subsessile, drooping
cymes, female flowers solitary; fruits 2-4 cm in diameter; seeds obovate oblong,
blackish. Fairly common in the forest and wastelands.
FI. & Fr.: April-November.
Crushed fruits are given to the animal to treat dysentery.

5.2.121 Echinops echinatus (plate 12)
Local name :-Modokanto, Oontkantalo, Oont-Kanti, Utkali.
Locality: Abusar
White cottony herbs; with pinnatified, spinescent leaves; heads white, blue or
yellow, 1- flowered, clustered in spinous gobose compound heads. Common on
sandy plains and dunes, rarely on hard gravel soils.
FI. & Fr.: October-June.
Infusion of roots is given to animal to treat flatulence whereas extract of roots

is applied locally on the uterus to treat vulvo-vaginal-uterine-prolapse. About 100 gm
of root powder of Echinops echinatus and 100 gm bark powder of Acacia Senegal
are mixed in 1 kg curd and applied twice in a day on the body of animal to remove
lice and ticks.
5.2.122 Elettaria cardamomum

Local name :-Elaichi
Locality: Ardawata college
A tall herbaceous perennial with subterranean branching rootstock, 1.5 to 5 m

in height; leaves subsessile, elliptic or lanceolate with sheathing base; flower in
panicles; fruits trilocular, subglobose capsule, marked with many vertical ribs; seeds
15-20 per pod. Cultivated plant.
Dry seed powder is mixed with clove and fed to the animal for disposal of
placenta after delivery.
5.2.123 Eleusine coracana

Family :- Poaceae
Local name :-Maal
Locality: Singhana
Tall, erect, stout annuals; leaves distichous, flat, linear, acute; ligule a hairy
membrance; spike digitate ; rachis flattened; caryopsis smooth and rugose Mostly
cultivated in the eastern Rajasthan for its edible grains.
Bread made up to Eleusine coracana flour is fed to the animal once in a day
to treat diarrhoea and twice a day to treat mastitis locally called as “thanella”.
5.2.124 Elytraria acaulis

Family :- Acantaceae
Local name :-Kala gathia, Galobi, Dasmul
Locality: Lohagal
Herb, upto 20 cm high, with fibrous roots; leaves obovate to oblanceolate,

rounded or obtuse, crenate, base cuneate, glabrous, scapes upto 22 cm long, many
flowers in simple or branched spikes; fruit white; capsule 0.5 – 0.75 by 0.25-0.35 cm,
ovoid, acute, glabrous, brownish; seeds many, more or less ovoid, minute, flattened,
papillose brown. Common in moist and shady places viz. rock-crevices, along the
streams and other rocky gravelly habitats.
FI. & Fr.: April-October.
Decoction of 50 g of dried roots is given to the animal twice in a day for 7 days
to treat nematoid infection. Extract of whole plant is given to animal to treat
dysentery.
5.2.125 Enicostema axillare (plate 13)

Family :- Gentianaceae
Local name :-Naame, Naama, Kadava, Nahli
Locality: Bagar
Perennial herb, with quadrangular branches from the base; leaves sessile, 1-7
by 0.6-1.3 cm, linear to linear lanceolate, obtuse, amplexicaule; flowers subsessile,
many in axillary, capitates, opposite fascicles, white; capsule 3-5 mm long, ellipsoid-
oblong, glabrous, septicidally 2- valved; seeds many, minute. Common in open
plains, forests, grassland and in cultivated field.
About 50 g leaves are given with fodder to the young animal upto five days to
treat fever. Root extract is given orally and also applied locally on uterus of animal to
treat vulvo-vaginal-uterine-prolapse.
5.2.126 Ephedra ciliate (plate 13)

Family :- Gnetaceae
Local name :-Oont phog
Locality: Mandrella
Dioecious, much - branched, climbing or scandent shrubs; leaves 2-4 at each

node, upto 25 by 1.5 mm long; fruits 8 by 7 mm, white, semi-transparent; seeds 2,
brown. Generally found in desert on sandy to gravelly or even on rocky plains.
FI. & Fr.: January-April.
Decoction of about 5 kg plant is given to the animal to treat constipation.
5.2.127 Euphorbia caducifolia (plate 13)

Family :- Euphorbiaceae
Local name :- Thor
Locality: Malsisar
Glabrous, perennial, fleshy shrub; stem armed with spines; leaves deciduous;
cyathia in triads, red; styles bifid. Abundant in rocky habitats of Aravalli.
FI. & Fr.: January-April.
The latex of the plant is applied on uterus of animal to treat vulvo-vaginal –

uterine-prolapse.
5.2.128 Euphorbia fusiformis

Local name :-Jangli palak, Pahadi mooli
Locality: Surajgarh
Dwarf, glabrous her; stem reduced to a long, stout, underground cylindric

rootstock; leaves subsessile, ovate or oblanceolate; cyme from the crown of the
rootstock, dichotomously branched, 3- to many flowered, appearing after the leaves
have fallen; capsules 8 mm. in diameter, cocci compressed. Rare, in wastelands,
particularly in the Southern parts of Rajasthan.
FI. & Fr.: April-June.
150 g tuber is crushed and given orally to the animal to treat sunstroke. Root
powder is given orally to treat dysentery and fever.
5.2.129 Euphorbia heyneana

Local name :-Choti dudhee
Locality: Pilani
Prostrate, dischotomously branched, glabrous herb, with ribbed internodes;

leaves opposite, obliquely oblong or obovate-oblong; cyathia reddish green;
involucres stalked, axillary, campanulate, glabrous; capsule obtusely keeled
glabrous. Common on rock crevices and marshy places.
FI. & Fr.: October-March.

Whole plant is crushed and given to the animal along with fodder to stop
excessive bleeding after delivery.
5.2.130 Euphorbia hirta

Local name :-Dudhi
Locality: Dingli
Procumbent, ascending or erect, annual, hairy herbs; leaves opposite,

variable in size, obliquely lanceolate, ovate or rhomboid oblong, stipules subulate;
cyathia many, crowded in axillary and terminal, shortly pedunculate cymes; capsules
globosely trigonous, appressedly hairy; seeds ovoid. Common throughout the state
of Rajasthan, preferably in sandy habitats.
Paste of about 25 gm whole plant of Euphorbia hirta is given to the animal

with water through drenching tube once only to treat diarrhoea. Paste of leaves of
this plant and Cynodon dactylon is also given to the animal with milk to treat
diarhoea.
5.2.131 Euphorbia neriifolia

Local name :-Danda-thor, Thuar
Locality: Sardar sahar
Erect, deciduous shrub or small trees; leaves obovate-oblong, crowded at the

stem; stem subfleshy; involucres 3- nate; glands without petaloid limb. Common in
rocky habitats in plains or on naked hillocks.
FI. & Fr.: March –July.

Two to three drops of the fresh latex of the plant is dropped over the injured
portion as an antiseptic. Roots are fed to the cattle with fodder for oestrus induction
and also disposal of placenta after delivery. Small quantity (4-5 drops) of latex is
used as purgative to treat constipation.
5.2.132 Euphorbia tirucalli
Local name :-Anguli thor
Locality: Sardarpura
Shrub or small tree; branches smooth, spreading, terete, rush like, almost
leafless. Cultivated as hedge plant.
FI. & Fr.: September-December.
Latex is applied locally to treat skin diseases like dermatitis, eczema, etc.
5.2.133 Fagonia indica

Family :- Zygophyllaceae
Local name :- Dhamasa
Locality: Sikar
Profusely branched, glandular herbs, with terete internodes and spines not
exceeding the unifoliolate leaves; flowers pinkish-purple. Common in sandy to
gravelly soils in desertic zones.
FI. & Fr.: September-March.
About 200 g of whole plant is boiled in 10 litre water till it reduces to 1 litre and
given to camel to treat cough. Plant is boiled after adding 200 g tobacco leaves
powder, filtered and applied externally to kill the lices.
5.2.134 Ferula asafetida

Family :- Apiaceae
Local name :-Hing
Locality: Fatehpur
Perennial herbs, upto to 2 m high; lower leaves ovate, cauline sheath large;
umbels terminal,large, compound. Vittae broad, as long as the carples; seeds
dorsally much compressed. Cultivated for resinous exudates of the root.
FI. & Fr.: January-December.
10 gm Asafoetida is given to the animal three times to treat infection of

nematode in intestines. Resin powder is given with milk to treat flatulence. A pinch of
resin of Ferula asafetida mixed with 500 ml of Brassica campestris seed oil is given
to buffalo for quick relief from flatulence.
5.2.135 Ficus benghalensis

Family :- Moraceae
Local name :-Badd, Bargag, Vad, Vadlo, Badla
Locality: Pilani
Large evergreen tree, with prop roots and grey to grayish brown, rough bark;
leaves alternate, ovate-oblong, ovate-orbicular or elliptic, coriaceous; receptacles
axillary, geminate, depressed-globose, silky-pubescent, bright red when ripe.
Common in wastelands, walls of old buildings and on other trees, also planted as an
avenue tree along roads and near the temples.
Paste of bark and root is applied to treat the fractured bone.
5.2.136 Ficus carica

Family :- Moraceae
Local name :-Anjir
Locality: Mandrella
Tall tree, without aerial roots; leaves broadly ovate, entire or lobed, softly
pubescent beneath; receptacles axillary, obovoid oblong, thinly pubescent.
Cultivated for its sweet, edible figs used as dry fruits.
Latex of ficus carica is applied on the skin to treat eczema and carbuncles.
5.2.137 Ficus racemosa

Family :- Moraceae
Local name :-Gular, Umar, Umbio, Kusumati
Locality: Ranoli
Tall evergreen tree, with short aerial roots; leaves ovate- oblong or elliptic-
lanceolate; receptacles on short, warted, tuberculate, leafless branchlets, ovoid;
achenes reddish –brown. Found in the forests along water courses.
Latex of Ficus racemosa is applied on the skin to treat carbuncles. Paste of

bark of Ficus racemosa is applied on the injury caused by snake –bite. Few drops of
latex of the plant is applied. Locally on skin as an antiseptic.
5.2.138 Ficus religiosa

Family :- Moraceae
Local name :-Pipal, Peepli
Locality: Chirawa
Large, deciduous, glabrous tree, with grey or grayish black bark; leaves
ovate-suborbicular; receptacles in axillary pairs, spherical, reddish purple when ripe.
Common in wastelands, on the walls of old buildings, on large trees and usually
planed near temples all over the area.
Extract of about 5 kg leaves of this plant is given orally to the buffalo after
giving bath to treat dysuria and haematuria. Decoction of bark is given to the animal
for disposal of placenta after delivery. 250 gm crushed fruits are given to the animal
to conceive.
5.2.139 Gardenia turgid
Family :- Rutaceae
Local name :-Padairi, Padatatu
Locality: Fatehpur
Small, deciduous tree; branches armed with straight thorns; leaves elliptic to
obovate, entire, glabrous; flowers from the young leafless shoots, white, unisexual,
male fascicled, female solitary. Occasional in the forests.
FI. & Fr.: April-June.
Leaf decoction is applied locally to treat the wound.
5.2.140 Garuga pinnata

Local name :-Kankad , Vanagra
Locality: Jhunjhunu
Tall deciduous tree 7-15 m high; leaves crowded at the end of branches,20-36
cm long; terminal panicles, creamy white; drupes subpyriform, fleshy, smooth,
glabrous. Rare, in dry deciduous forest.
Fl. & Fr.: January –May.
Decoction of bark is used to treat the infection in hooves.
5.2.141 Gossypium herbacum

Family :- Malvaceae
Local name :- kapas
A small shrub; stem rigid sparsely pilose and branched; leaves simple,
alternate, cleft upto half into 3-7 lobes; flowers yellow with purple centre; fruits
rounded beaked capsules, 3-4 locular, seeds usually with two coats of hairs, white
grey or reddish brown in colour. Cultivated as a rainy season crop in many parts of
the state.
Fl. &. : August – November.
Decoction of unripe fruits and roots in given to the animal for the disposal of
placenta after delivery.
5.2.142 Gloriosa superb (plate 13)

Family :- Liliaceae
Local name :- Kalihari
Locality: Aravalii hills
Perennial herb; 1.5-4.0 m high; leaves sessile, alternate, opposite or in

whorls, ovate- lanceolate, acuminate, ending in a tendril; flowers axillary, solitary,
often forming terminal corymbose, yellow, tinged with red in upper half, at length
completely scarlet; capsule oblong speticidal. Common among the clumps of trees
and shrubs in the forests of Aravalli hills.

Paste of about 250 gm tubes of Gloriosa superb is mixed with water and
applied on hooves of the animal to treat from foot and mouth disease. The extract of
tuber is also applied on uterus of animals to treat vulvo-vaginal uterine-prolapse.
5.2.143 Grewia admine

Family :- Tiliaceae
Local name :- Gangestri
Locality: Harshnath
Shrub, young parts tomentose; leaves ovate-oblong; flowers in axillary,

umbellate cymes. Rare, in wastelands and open forests.
FI. & Fr.: January-October.
About 50 gm roots are crushed and given with water, twice in a day upto three
days to treat fractured bone. The extract of leaves, 4 to 5 eggs of hen and milk of
cow is mixed and given to the animal daily with the help of either a tumbler or
drenching tube upto 10 days to treat fractured bone.
5.2.144 Grewia orientalis

Family :- Tiliaceae
Local name :- Gangchi
Locality: Fatehpur
Large shrub or small tree; leaves elliptic-oblong to sub-orbicular; flowers in

axillary cymes; drupes 8-10 mm in diameter, subglobose, 2 to 4 – lobed, hairy when
young. Rare, in scrub forests.
FI. & Fr.: September- October.
About 50 gm leaves are fed to the animal with fodder to treat impaction. 50
gm root powder is mixed with 500 ml water and given with cold water to treat
stomach disorder. Root extract of Grewia orientalis is given orally to treat fractured
bone.
5.2.145 Grewia tenax

Family :- Tiliaceae
Local name :-Gangir, Kankera
Locality: Jhunjhunu
Shrub, bark ash-coloured and lenticelled; leaves ovate-cordate or ovate-

oblong, crenate, glabrous above, hairy beneath; flowers in pedunculate, umbellate
cyme; drupes 1.0-1.5 cm in diam., 2 to 4- lobed, glabrous, orange coloured when
ripe; stones 1-4, 1 to 2 celled. Common in the forests, on the hill slopes, wastelands
and on the boundaries of fields and gardens.
Root powder is given to the animal to treat fractured bone.
5.2.146 Guizotia oleifera

Local name :-Kali teeli
Locality: Ghardana
A stout, erect, smooth or scabrid, leafy herb; leaves sessile, half- amplexicaul,
linear or lanceolate- oblong, obtuse, serrate; head 1.2- 2.5 cm in diam; peduncle
naked. Grows as a weed in cultivated fields.
Poultice of leaves is tied locally (on the swollen portion of animal body) to get
rid of swelling with pain.
5.2.147 Helicteres isora (plate 14)

Family :- Sterculiaceae
Local name :- Mororpphalli, Hateri
Shrub or small tree; leaves bifarious, broadly ovate to orbicular; flowers

solitary or in few – flowered axillary cymes. Common in forests, particularly on hilly
slopes.
F1. & Fr.: August – November.
Powder of 100 gm pods is given orally to animal to treat dysentery. About 100
gm paste either of bark or dried seeds of bloddy dysentery and diarrhoea.
5.2.148 Hemidesmus indicus
Family :- Periplocaceae
Local name :- Dudhli, Garmali, Anantmul. Koorvi
Scandent undershrub, with woody rootstock, leaves opposite, elliptic – oblong

to linear – lanceolate, acute at the apex; flowers in axillary, sucsessile cyme; follicles
tapering to a joint, slightly falcate, glabrous; seeds ovate oblong, compressed, black.
Common in forest in south-east of Aravalli.
F1. & Fr.: Almost throughout the year.
Root decoction is applied locally to treak skin diseases.
5.2.149 Heteropogon contortus
Family :- poaceae
Local name :-Suva ghass,Lapida, Lapia, Pallio, Lapadioo

Locality: Birmi
Erect, tufted perennial; leaves, linear, acuminate, sheaths compressed,

keeled, glabrous; ligule a ciliate, scarious rim; racemes solitary; spikelets closely
imbricate; lower glumes of sessile spikelets long, elliptic – oblong, hispidulous awn
long, hirtellous. Fairly common in south-eastern Rajasthan in open wastelands,
fallow fields, along roadsides etc.
The whole plant is crushed and given orally to animal to treat constipation.
5.2.150 Hibiscus rosa- sinensis
Family :- Malavceae
Local name :-Gurhal
Locality: Ardawata
Evergreen shrubs; flowers axillary, pink, red or rose-coloured; stamina tube

exceeding the corolla.
F1. & Fr.: Throughout the year.
About 500 gm leaves of Hidiscus rosa – sinensis are fed to the animal
with fodder to treat haematuria and leucorrhoea.
5.2.151 Holarrhena pubescens
Local name :- Kadi, Kodaya, Hadadiyo, Kadwa
Locality: Lohagal
Ahrub or small tree; leaves ovate – elliptic abruptly acuminate; flowers white
in corymbose cymes, follicles cylindric, lenticelled; seed linear – oblong compressed,
comose. Common in the forest in hilly tracts.
F1. & Fr.: May – September.
Extract of stem bark is given orally to the animal to treat dysentery and
anthrax. Stem bark paste is applied locally to treat wound.
5.2.152 Holoptelea integrifloia
Family :- Ulmaceae
Local name :-Bander bati, Churil
Locality: Lohagal
Large, spreading, almost glabrous, deciduous tree; leaves ovate to abruptly

acuminate; flowers greenish – yellow; fruits broadly oblong or orbicular, deeply
notched at the apex, flat, winged. Common in the dry deciduous forests, wastelands
etc.
F1. & Fr.: December – May.
Paste of leaves of Holoptelea integrifolia is applied to treat eczema.
5.2.153 Hygrophila auriculata
Family :- Acanthaceae
Local name :-Hiene
Locality: Sahva
Hispid annual, herb with thickened nodes; leaves sessile, oblong or

lanceolate, hispid in verticels of six at node; spines axillary; flowers in each axillary
whorl; capsule liner – oblong, 4 – 8 seeded. Abundant in swampy habitats, waste
places along ditches and canals in association with grasses and sedges.
Decoction of 100 gm leaves is given orally to animal to treat foot and mouth
disease.
5.2.154 Imperata cylindrical
Family :- Poaceae
Local name :-Siru
Locality: Narodara
Erect, rhizomatous perennial, with bearded nodes; leaves tapering at both

ends, villous at the base; panicles spiciform, cylindrical, silky white hairy, spikelets in
pairs, one sessile and other pedicelled, arranged in racemose panicles. Fairly
common in moist and marshy habitats.
F1. & Fr.: May – August.
5.2.155 Indigofera linifolia
Family :-Fabaceae
Local name :-Jaljamni
Locality: Dhamora
Erect of prostrate, annual or perennial herb; leaves apiculatem appressed

hairy; flowers in axillary racemes; pods globosem, apiculate silky hairs. Widely
distributed in the forests, wastelands, parks, lawns and other similar habitats.
F1. Fr.: July – December.

Paste of whole plant is applied locally to treat wound and sore.
5.2.156 Jatropha curacs (plate 16)
Local name :- Ratanjot
Locality: Fatehpur
Soft wooded, deciduous shrub; leaves cordate – ovate to nearly

orbicular, palmately 3 to 5 angled or lobed, glabrous, 5- to 7- nerved at the base;
flowers in 6-8 cm long, terminal or extra-axillary corymbose cymes; capsule globose
or broadly ovoid, yellow and smooth; seeds oblong. Commonly grown around the
fields for fencing, also naturalized in wastelands.
F1. Fr.: Mostly throughout the year.
Three doses of 10 gm crushed roots are given to the animal once on

alternative day to treat broken joint / bone. Paste of roots is given only once to the
animal as a purgative. Dose for goat, cow and buffalo is 125gm, 250 gm and 500 gm
respectively. Few drops of latex is poured in the eyes of animal suffering from eye
disease. Dried root powder is given orally to treat bronchial disease.
5.2.157 Jatropha gossypifolia (plate 16)
Local name :- Ratanjot
Locality: Fatehpur
Tall, erect, glandular hairy shrub, with deep reddish – purple branches; leaves
orbicular to obovate, palmately 3 to 5 – lobed; flowers in terminal, trichotomous
cymes. Naturalized in wastelands near habitations, also cultivate in the gardens and
on the edges of fields.
About 30 – 40 seeds of Jatropha gossypifolia are given to animal to treat

constipation. Extract of stem is given orally to the animal to treat fractured bone. The
decoction of roots is given to domestric animals through drenching tube to treat
uterus diseases.
5.2.158 Kalanchoe pinnata (plate 17))
Family :- Crassulaceae
Local name :-Patharchata
Locality: Lohagal
Erect, glabrous herb, up to 1 m high; stem obtusely 4 – angled, purple

spotted; lower and uppermost leaves simple; middle ones pinnately 3- to 5- foliolate;
flowers pendulous in lax panicles. Grow wild in shaded places and along water
courses; usually cultivated for ornamental purpose.
F1. & Fr.: December – June.
Leaf paste is applied locally on body to treat skin diseases.
5.2.159 Lagenaria siceraria
Family :- cucurbitaceae
Local name :-Dhodka, thumbo, Thumba
Climbing herb; leaves angular or shortly 3- lobed leaves; flowers white; fruits
bottle shaped. Cultivated for the fruits cooked as vegetable.
F1. & Fr.: November – March.

Fruit pulp is given orally to the animals to increase the secretion of mik.
5.2.160 Lawsonia inermis
Family :- Lythraceae
Local name :-Mahendi
Locality: Jhunjhunu
Much branched shrub; leaves broadly lanceolate; flowers creamish,

fragarant; capsules globose. Cultivated as a hedge plant In the gardens and lawns.
Paste of leaves is applied on skin to treat burns. Fresh leaf paste is applied to
treat fractured bones and also applied locally to treat foot and mouth disease.
5.2.161 Leea macrophylla
Family :- Leeaceae
Local name :-Dalvad, Lal patti
Erect herb; with simple, broadly ovate to subcordate leaves; flowers small
white; fruits of the size of a small cherry, black, succulent. Rare, in the forest of
Southern part of the state.
Decoction of 2.5 cm tuber is given to animal through drenching tube to treat

food poisoning. Root powder is given orally to treat dysentery. Leaf paste is applied
locally to treat fractured bone.
5.2.162 Leptadenia pyrotechnica
Local name :-Kheep
Locality: Churu
Bushy shrub; with caduceus, linear – lanceolate leaves; greenish yellow

flowers; follicles terete, tapering to a slender beak. Abundantly found on sand dunes.
Frequently throughout in sandy plains.
F1. & Fr.: August – January.
Infusion of stem is given to the camel to treat flatulence. Tender shoots are
cut into small pieces and mixed with fodder for oestrus induction.
5.2.163 Leptadenia reticulate
Local name :-Jhunka
Locality: Khudana
Twining shrub; leaves broadly ovate – lanceolate; flowers in lateral, many –

flowered umbellate cyme; follicles broadly lanceolate, with thick curved beak.
Common in wastelands and open forests and on the edges of fields and gardens.
F1. Fr.: Throughout the year.
Decoction of whole plant is given to animal once in a day upto four to fore
days to increases the secretion of milk.
5.2.164 Leucas aspera
Family :- Lamiaceae
Local name :-Piyari, Kaddiyo
Locality: Sakambari
Densely hairy herb; linear – oblong leaves; flowers sessile or so, in terminal
and axillary whorls reaching 2.5 cm in diameter; bracts linear, acute, bristle –
shaped; nutlets oblong, smooth, brown. Common form plains to hills throughout the
state.
Bolus prepared form mixture of 10gm piper longum (Choti pipli) and 20gm
whole plant of Leucas aspera is given to the animal to treat fever.
5.2.165 Leucas cephalotes
Family :- Lamiaceae
Local name :-Kubi
Locality: Ringus
Erect, annual, hispid herb; leaves ovate, subacute, membranous;
Flowers sessile, in dencse, globose, terminal whorls; nutlets abovoidoblong,

rounded at apex, smooth, brown. Common weed in wastelands and cultivated fields.
Whole plant is fed to sheep for overall improvement in health.
5.2.166 Lindernia crustacean
Family :- Scrophulariaceae
Local name :-Chotibui

Diffusely branched, annual herbs, with 4 – angled stem hairy on the angles;
leaves ovate; flowers axillary, solitary and subracemose; capsule long, obavate,
speculate. Common from plains to the hills in wet habitats, particularly in the east of
Aravalli.
Paste of 5-10 gm leaves of Lindernia crustacean is applied twice in a day to

treat eczema.
5.2.167 Luffa acutangula
Local name :- Jangli raroie
Locality: Palsana
Extensive, scabrous climber; leaves 10-20 by 10-20 cm, palamately 5- to 7-

angled or lobbed; flowers yellow to pale yellow; fruits 15-30 by 5- 10 cm, not warty;
seeds 10-20 by 6-8 mm, ovate, compressed, black. Naturalized in wastelands,
outskirts of forest, on the boundaries of gardens and field among hedges.
F1. & Fr.: July – October.
Decoction prepared from the mixture of fruits of Luffa acutangula, seeds of

Trachyspermum ammi and black salt is given to the animal by drenching tube to
treat flatulence. The powder of whole plant is mixed with curd and given orally up to
three days to treat the disease locally known as ‘IPannichera’ (diarrhoea and
dysentery) and ‘Mottichera’ (vomiting).
5.2.168 Luffa echinata

Family :- cucurbitaceae
Local name :-Jangli turi, Kakora
Locality: Budania
Climber; tendrils bifid; leaves reniform – orbicular, flowers white; fruits ovoid,
bristly. Common on the outskirts of forests and along the fences of gardens and
fields.
F1. Fr.: August – October.
Fruit of Luffa echinata is crushed and mixed in mustard oil. This mixture is
given to domestic animal to treat stomach disorder.
5.2.169 Lyceum barbarum
Family :- Solanceae
Local name :-Mureli , Arak – mehendi
Locality: Bidasar
Spinous shrubs, with solitary or fascicled, oblong-lanceolate leaves. Flowers

creamish – white. Fruits red when ripe. Common in scrub forests, particularly in
desertic zones.
F1. & Fr.: September – February.
Decoction of root is given orally for disposal of placenta after delivery. A snuff
of powdered root is given in nose of horse to treat in respiratory diseases.
5.2.170 Madhuca indica
Family :- Sapotaceae
Local name :-Mahua, Mahuwa, Mauo.

Locality: Kotputali
Large deciduous tree; leaves elliptic – obovate; flowers in axillary fascicles;

berries ovoid. Common in wastelands and on the fringes of forest in South and
South eastern parts of the state.
F1. & Fr.: March – June.
The electuary prepared from flowers is given to animals orally to facilitate

easy disposal of placenta after delivery.
5.2.171 Mallotus philippensis
Local name :-Sindhur
Small, much branched, dioecious, evergreen tree, with thin dark grey bark;
leaves alternate, ovate to ovate lanceolate, acuminate, entire to slightly toothed,
subcoriaceous, puberulous and glandular beneath; male flowers in terminal spikes,
female solitary in short spike; seeds globose, smooth, black. Common in the dry
deciduous forests in the east of the Aravalli.
F1. Fr.: December – March.
Red powder extracted from the capsule of this plant is poured on cotton and
tied on the broken horns of animals to stop bleeding and for early healing.
5.2.172 Mangifera indica
Family :- Anacardiaceae
Local name :-Amba,. Amboo, Aam

Locality:Maharampur
Evergreen tree; leaves oblong – lanceloate; followers polygamous in panicles;

drupes yellow when ripe. Indigenous in south-east Rajasthan; also planted in the
orchards.
F1. Fr.: December – july.
Decoction of 50 gm bark is given to the animal by drenching tube to treat

diarrhoea. 200 gm bark is crushed and boiled with 1 kg barley and 1 kg jiggery and
after cooling given orally two times in a day in morning and evening to increase the
secretion of milk. About 100 g bark is crushed and few with jiggery to bulls to
increase sexual power.
5.2.173 Manilkara hexandra
Family :- Sapotaceae
Local name :-Chotta runkadi
Locality: Ringus
Evergreen tree, with deeply furrowed bark; leaves elliptic obovate or oblong;
flower in axillary fascicles of 2 – 6; berries ovoid, 1 – seeded.
F1. & Fr.: October – April.
Paste of stem bark powder is applied in the throat of animal to treat tonsillitis.
5.2.174 Martynia annua (plate 17)
Family :- Martyniaceae
Local name :-Kagala, Bichhu – kanto
Locality: Sithal
Glandular pubescent herb; stem fistular; leaves ovate cordate, drooping; fruits
woody, beetle-shaped, hooked at the tip. Naturalized along roads, railway - lines
and fringes of forests.
F1. & Fr.: August- October.
Decoction of whole plant is applied locally on the wound of animal as an

antiseptic. Paste of stem bark is applied locally to treat bone fracture.
5.2.175 Melia axedarach
Family :- Meliaceae
Local name :-Bakain, Desi – neem
Locality: Bakhatarpura
Tree; leaves 1 to 3 – pinnate; flowers in axillary panicles; drupes ellipsoid –

oblong, 4 to 5–seeded. Rarely found in wastelands; usually planted along the roads.
F1. & Fr.: Nearly throughout the year.
About 25 -30 gm leaves of Melia azedarach is given to the animal once in a

day upto 3 days for removal of internal parasites. Excess quantity is poisonous.
5.2.176 Menthe spicata
Family :- Lamiaceae
Local name :-Pudina
Locality: Bhompura
Aromatic, creeping or ascending herb; leaves ovate to ovate elliptic; flowers

purplish. Commonly grown in areas with plenty of water, in gardens.
F1. & Fr.: Most part of the year.

The decoction of leaves with salt and sugar is given orally to animals for
disposal of placenta after delivery.
5.2.177 Mimosa hamata
Local name :-Amado
Locality: Fatehpur
Prickly shrub; with 3 – 6 pairs of pinnae and 5 – 14 pairs of leaflets; flowers in

axillary head; pods falcate and twisted. Common in scrub and deciduous forests.
F1. & Fr.: December – March.
Powder of seeds is given as tonic after delivery.
5.2.178 Mimosa pudica
Local name :-Chuimuai
Locality: Khetari
Much branched, prickly herb; pinnae sensitive, 2-4 pairs; flowers in globose
heads; pods flat, slightly curved. Often found as an escape in the gardens; usually
cultivated.
F1. & Fr.: September – November.
Root extract is given to animal especially oxen suffering from neck tumour
due to continuous yoke ploughing. After giving extract for three days, rest is given for
about six days to ox for complete recovery.
5.2.179 Mirabilis jalapa
Family :- Moringaceae
Local name :-Gulabbas
Locality: Sultana
Erect, glabrescent to pubescent herb, with tuberous roots; leaves ovate,

acuminate or acute subentire, glabrescent, under surgace with rahpides; flowers
subsessile, in fascicles, scarlet, showy; nut subglobose. Naturalized as a weed in
cultivate fields.
Root decoction is applied locally to treat wound.
5.2.180 Moringa loeifera
Family :-Moringaceae
Local name :-Sainja
Locality: Mandrella
Small tree, bark corky, wood soft; with 3- pinnate leaves, pinnae and pinnules
opposite, deciduous; flowers in spreading axillary panicles; pods long, 9- ribbed; 3-
angled, the angles winged. Planted in gardens.
Paste of leaves and stem bark is given with sugar to increase lactation.
Decoction of leaves is given orally to treat swelling, boils and anthrax.
5.2.181 Momordica dioica (plate 17)
Local name :-Jangli karela,, Kikora
Locality: Bajawa
Perennial climber, with tuberous roots; leaves ovate, muconate, entire or 3 to

5 – lobed; flowers yellow ellipsoid or void, beaked, densely echinate, with soft
spines. Common on the hedges of cultivated fields, gardens and outskirts of forest.
F1. & Fr.: August – October.
Extract of tuber is applied externally on skin of animal to kill extoparasites.
5.2.182 Mucuna pruriens
Family :- Fabaceae
Local name :-Kamach, Konch
Locality: Beed of jhunjhunu
Twining, hirsute, annual herb; leaves trifoliate; flowers 2-3 cm long in

dropping, 6-30 flowered raceme; pods slightly curved at both end in opposite
directions, densely bristly. Common in wastelands and open forests among the
clumps of trees and shrubs.
F1. & Fr.: August – April.
One or two pods of Mucuna pruriens are mixed with jiggery (Saccharum
officinarum) or wheat bread and fed to the female animal twice a day for five days for
oestrus induction.
5.2.183 Musa paradisiaca
Family :- Musaceae
Local name :-Kela, kell

Locality: Narhar
Tree like stoloniferous herbs; leaves spirally arranged oblong; flowers yellow,
lower female, upper male in dropping spathaceous spikes; fruits 3- gonous oblong.
Cultivated in the orchards for edible fruits.
Fresh leaves are fed to the cow after delivery for disposal of placenta. Fruits
mixed with are fed to animal to treat swelling of under and mastitis.
5.2.184 Nerium oleander
Local name :-Kaner
Locality: Chirawa
Evergreen shrub; leaves linear – elliptic; flowers white or red in cymes.

Cultivated for ornamental purposes.
Root paste is applied on infected part of body to treat eczema.
5.2.185 Nicotiana tabacum
Local name :-Tambakhu
Glandular – pubescent herbs, with pinkish flowers and ovate capsules.

Cultivated in the garden.
Leaf paste is applied locally to treat foot diseases. Mixture of 10 g dried

leaves of tobacco; 50 gm Sodium carbonate and 500 ml mustard oil is given to the
animal to treat flatulence.
5.2.186 Nyctanthes (plate 17)
Family :- Oleaceae
Local name :-Har-singar
Locality: Ardawata
Large shrub, 4 – angled branches; leaves opposite , ovate or ovatelanceolate;

flowers white to orange, fragrant, sessile, 3- to 5- together on axillary, solitary or
fascicled peduncles; capsule orbicular, compressed. Abundant in the forests; also
cultivated in the gardens for ornamental purpose.
F1. Fr.: August - November.
About 50 ml extract of leaves is mixed with water and given to animal through
drenching tube in a day to treat colic.
5.2.187 Nymphaea nauchali
Family :- Nymphaeaceae
Local name :-Kamal
Locality: Ajit sagar dam
Perennial, aquatic herb; leaves 8-20 cm in diameter, orbicular or elliptic –

sagittate, when young peltate; flowers solitary; fruits globose; seeds longitudinally
striate. Common in ponds, ditches and tanks.
About 100 ml rhizome extract is mixed with curd and given orally four – five
times in a day to treat diarrhoea.
5.2.188 Ocimum americanum
Family :- Lamiaceae
Local name :-Tulsi, Ban – tulsi, Jangli tulsi
Annual herb; ovate – lanceolate to ovate – oblong leaves; flower whorls in

long racemes, white; nutlets ovoid. Common weed in open wastelands; sometimes
cultivated.
Paste of 50 gm fruits of Amygalus communis, 50 gm “lac’, 10 gm seeds of

Foeniculum vulagare, 10 gm whole plant of Ocimum americanum is given to the
animal with fodder to treat leucorrhoea. 200 gm seed powder is mixed with 250 gm
milk fat, 500 gm thus prepared are given orally once in a day for one month to treat
tuberculosis or asthmatic attack in animals.
5.2.189 Ocimum tenuiflorum (plate 18)
Family :- Lamiaceae
Local name :- Tulsi
Locality: Mandrella
Perennial herb or undershrub; with ovate-lanceolate or ovate-oblong leaves;

flowers white, whorled in long raceme; nutlets ovoid. Common in wastelands; also
cultivate.
F1. & Fr.: October – January.
Mixture of paste of 20 leaves o Ocimum Tenuiflorum, 20 ml honey and 50 ml

urine of calf is given to the animal orally to treat cancer. This treatment results in
weight gain and good health of animal. Paste of about 10 gm leaves of Ocimum
indicum is applied on the skin to treat scabies.
5.2.190 Ougeinia oojeinensis
Family :- Fabaceae
Local name :-Sandan, Tanas
Locality:Bisau
Deciduous tree; leaves 3- foliolate; flowers in short, fascicled racemes arising

from the nodes of old branches, white; pods flat. Rare, in the wasteland.
F1. & Fr.: March - May.
Decoction of bark is poured on hooves of the animal to treat painful infections.

The bark decoction is also given to treat dysentery.
5.2.191 Pandannus fascicularis (plate 18)
Family :-Pandanaceae
Local name :-Kewra
Much branched , thick bush or small tree, with aerial roots; leaves drooping,
spirally arranged ensiform, with recurved marginal spines; spathes very sweet
scented; drupes pyramidal woody. Rare, along the streams in the forests.
F1. & Fr.: April – July.

About 250 ml of root extract is given with water to bulls, oxes and bullocks to
increases sexual power. Root extract is given orally to treat prolapsed of utrerus.
5.2.192 Panicum miliaceum
Family :- Poaceae
Local name :-Hamali
Locality: Chirana
Tufted, tall annual, 50 – 150 cm height, leaves linear – lanceolate, often

covered with tubercle – based hairs; ligule a narrow ciliate rim; panicle long lax.
Often found as a weed in irrigated fields.
Either grains or whole plant is given to the animal to increase secretion of

milk.
5.2.193 Parkinsonia aculeate
Local name :-Parkinsonia
Large shrubs or small trees, armed, glabrous; leaves bipinnate; rachis short
and ending into a spine; leaflets 25-30 pairs, 0.4-0.5 cm long, ovate-oblong; flowers
sub-axillary racemes, bright yellow; pods linear, constricted between the seeds,
glabrous; seeds oblong, smooth, mottled. Naturalized in wastelands, also cultivated
for ornamental purposes.

Paste of leaves is given orally to goat to treat constipation.
5.2.194 Pedalium murex
Family :- Pedaliaceae
Local name :-Dakhni- gokhru
Locality: Bibasar
Glandular poubescent annual herb; stems and branches often slightly rough
with scaly glands; leaves obovate – oblong, repanddentate; flowers axillary, solitary,
pale- yellow; fruits narrowed at the base, pyramidal – ovoid above the spines, bluntly
4 – angled, with stout sharp conical horizontal spines from the angles. Frequently
occur on sandy hard soil in wasteplaces and along road sides.
Whole plants is fed to the animal as it cools body in summers. The plant Is
dipped in water for sometime and this water is given to the animal to treat dysentery
and diarrhoea.
5.2.195 Pennisteum typhoides
Family :- Poaceae
Local name :-Bajaro
Locality: Churu
Tall, robust annuals, with terminal long panicles withvillous or woolly rachis;
each involucres with two to many spikelets; lemmas pubescent on the margins;
anther – cells bearded. A very common rainy season crop cultivated for grains and
fodder.
F1. & Fr.: September – December.

Boiled grains mixed with jiggery are given to the animal to induce labour pain.
5.2.196 Pergularia daemia
Local name :-Mandabheti
Locality: Fatehpur
Hispid twining undershrub; leaves ovate, acuminate; flowers in drooping

lateral corymbose cymes. Common among bushes on the edges of fields, gardens,
fringes of forests and wasteland.
F1. & Fr.: March – December.
Crushed pods are given to the animal for oestrus induction and to treat foot
and mouth disease.
5.2.197 Phaseolus mungo
Family :- Fabaceae
Local name :-Urad
Locality: Churu
Training, hispid herb, with 3 – foliolate leaves and yellow flowers; pods linear,
turgid. Cultivated as a rainy season pulse crop.
The animal is fed with bread made up of Phaseolus mungo flour mixed with
seed oil of Sesamum indicum to treat foot and mouth disease.
5.2.198 Phoenix sylvestirs
Family :- Arecaceae
Local name :-Khajoor, Tar, Teri, Khajoori
Locality: Fatehpur
Tall unbaranched, monoecious, graceful palm, with straight or crooked trunk;

leaves pinnate; inflorescence a spadix; spathes woody, scurfy, separating into boat –
shaped values; drupes scattered; seeds rounded at both ends, deeply grooved on
one side. Common in wastelands; abundant in low lying area.
F1. & Fr.: February – August.
Fruits are given to the animal daily for oestrus induction.
5.2.199 Phyllanthus fraternus
Local name :-Bhui – amla
Locality: Chirawa
Glabrous herb; with closely distichous, leaves oblong, resembling a

compound leaf; flowers yellowish – green, hidden under the leaves; disc of female
flowers irregularly cup – shaped with 6 – 9 segments. Weed in cultivated fields and
gardens.
About 10 gm leaves are fed to the animal with fodder once in a day up to two
– three days to treat fever. Ash of 250 gm leaves is mixed with 100 ml oil of
Pongamia pinnata and applied locally to treat septicemia.
5.2.200 Phyllanthus virgtus
Local name :-Bbui – amla, Dudhi
Locality: Chirawa
Erect to decumbent – ascending, annual – perennial herb; with woody base;

leaves elliptic – lanceolate to oblong; flowers pedicelled, axillary, solitary, unisexual.
Weed in cultivated fields, grasslands and gardens.
About 10 gm leaves are given to the animal with fodder once in a day for two
– three days to treat fever.
5.2.201 Piper betel
Family :- Piperraceae
Local name :-Nagarbel, Pan
Locality: Jhunjhunu
Perennial climber; leaves cordate; flowers in catkin inflorescence. This

species is not found wild, often cultivated in Rajasthan at very low scale.
F1. & Fr.: September – April.
About 20 leaves are fed to the animal with fodder to treat flatulence. Leaf
decoction is given orally in fever.
5.2.202 Pithecellobium dulce
Local name :-Jangal jalebi, Kikar
Locality: Churu
Medium – sized tree, armed with spines; pinnae and leaflets one pair each;
flower heads dirty white, pods circinate or twisted. Planted on the edges of gardens.
F1. & Fr.: March – August.
Paste of stem bark is applied locally to treat swelling.
5.2.203 Peperomia pellucid (plate 18)
Family :- Peperomiaceae
Local name :-Pipramul
Perennial climber; leaves cordate; flowers white in catkin inflorescence. Rare,

found in moist of hilly forests.
F1. & Fr.: September – April.
About 150 gm seeds of Piper nigrum are mixed with 280 gm milk fat and
given daily up to 3 days to treat mastitis. During this treatment oily and and acidic
foodstuffs are not given to the animal.
5.2.204 Plumbago zeylanica (plate 19)
Family:- Plumbaginaceae
Local name:-Chitrak, Chitraval
Locality: Khetari
Erect or straggling undershrub; leves ovate – lenceolate or ablong, acute,
contracted at the base into a petiole; flowers white, in axillary and terminal, 5-30 cm
long racemes combined into leafy panicles; capsule furrowed, enclosed within the
persistent calyx. Common in wastelands and open forests among bushes.
Decoction of two to four leaves of Plumbago zeylanica and 250 g seeds of

rachyspermum ammi (“Ajwain’) is given to the animal to treat indigestion and
flatulence.
5.2.205 Polygonum plebeium
Family:- Polygonaceae
Local name:- Lalbuti
Diffusely branched, prostrate herb; leaves oblong or oblanceolatelinear;

flowers sessile, almost concealed by stipules; nutlests rhomboidtrigonous. Abundant
in drying ponds along the roads, bank of rivers and tanks.
F1. & Fr.: July – November.
About 50 gm decoction of whole plant is given orally up to five days for

secretion of more milk. Plant ash with mustard oil is applied locally to treat ecezema.
5.2.206 Pongamia pinnata
Family :- Fabaceae
Local name :-Karanj, Kavja Safed chitrak
Locality: Ringus
Tree, 7-10 m high with grayish bark; leaves imparipinnate; leaflets 5-9, elliptic
or ovate – oblong; flowers in fascicles of 2-4 on the rachis of axillary racemes; pods
obliquely oblong, woody, glabrous, not winged. Common in wastelands, along roads.
Seed oil is used to treat skin disease of domestic animals. Seed oil with leaf
paste of Adharoda Zeylanica is applied as balm on hump sore of cows and
buffaloes. Exatract, of the bark is given to buffalo-calves when they drink too much
milk.
5.2.207 Portulaca oleracea
Family :- Protulacaceae
Local name :-Kungan
Locality: Khandela
Prostrate or diffuse herb; leaves succulent, obovate-spathulate; flowers

yellow; capsules obovoid. Common weed in fields, gardens and other moist grounds,
like river bed.
Decoction of whole plant is given orally in fever.
5.2.208 Prosopis cineraria
Family:- Mimosaceae
Local name:-Khejri, Sangri, Khejda, Janti.
Locality: Jhunjhunu
Medium sized tree; bark grey, rough with deep fissures or cracks; leaves 2-
pinnate, flowers ; pods pendulous slender, pointed at the apex; seeds oblong to
suborbicular. Abundantly found throughout the Shekhawati region but rare in hilly
terrain.
F1. & Fr.: March – July; rarely in November – December.
Leaf is fed with fodder to treat mouth ulcer.
5.2.209 Prosopis julifora
Local name :-Kikar, Zeri-bavar
Locality: Fatehpur
Small trees or shrubs, armed with axillary spines; pinnae 1-2 pairs, leaflets
15-25 pairs; spikes pale-yellow, pendulous; pods subfalcate,
subcompressed.Common in wastelands.
Crushed leaves are applied on wounds.
5.2.210 Pterocarpus marsupium

Family :- Fabaceae
Local name :-Bijasal
Locality: Sikar
Deciduous tree, with crooked stem and spreading branches; leaves elliptic or
ovate; flowers pale yellow in fusco-paniculate racemes; pods suborbicular, winged,
glabrous. Rare in mixed deciduous frests.
FI. & Fr.: April – June.

200 g decoction of stem bark is given orally to treat dysentery.
5.2.211 Pueraria tuberose
Family :- fabaceae
Local name :-Vidarikand
Locality: Fatehpur
Woody twiner; with 3 leaflets; flowers bluish, in axillary racemes; pods bristsly,
constricted between the seeds. Rare, in wastelands among the clumps of trees and
shrubs.
Boiled tubers are fed to the animal after delivery for providing nutritious diet.
5.2.212 Pupalia atropurpurea
Family :- Amaranthaceae
Local name :-Sihitti
Annual or biennial herb; leaves, ovate or elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate,

mucronate, suddenly contracted at the base; flowers in lax pedunculate terminal
spikes; utricles ovoid, memebranous; seeds oblong-ellipsoid, with subtruncate ends.
Common in gravelly to rocky habitats in wastelands, open forests, edges of field etc.
among bushes.
Paste of 30 gm roots is given orally, twice in a day only for one day to treat
infection in anus as well as on tail.
5.2.213 Rhus mysurenis
Family :- Anacardiaceae
Local name :-Dansaria
Armed shrub or small tree; with 3- foliolate, coarsely serrate leaves; flowers
polygamous in panicles; drupes subglobose. Common in scrub forests on the
Aravalli.
FI. & Fr.: July – October.
Leaf paste of Rhus mysurensis is applied on the body to treat

allergy/rashes/eczema.
5.2.214 Ricinus Communis
Family :-Euphorbiacee
Local name :-Arandi
Locality: Rampura
Large, erect shrub with fistular stem and gaucous-grey or reddish, smooth
bark; leaves 10-30 cm in diameter, palmately 5 to 10 lobed; flowers in pyramidal
panicle; capsule globose, spiny of 3 cocci; seeds oblong-ovoid, smooth, shining,
mottled, caruncled. Naturalized in wastelands near habitation.
FI. & Fr.: almost throughout the year.
About 200 ml seed oil is given orally to the animal to treat indigestion, fever
and flatulence. About 100 ml seed-oil is also given orally one or two times in a day to
treat constipation.
5.2.215 Saccharum officinarum
Family :-Poaceae
Local name :-Ganna, Hantha
Locality: Khandela
Tall, perennial, rhizomatous plant, with juicy culms; leaves wide and laminated
right to the base; spikelets awnless, glumes glabrous. Cultivated mainly in south and
south-eastern parts of Rajasthan for culm-juice which is used for making jiggery.
FI. & Fr.: January onwards.
Jaggery (Saccharum officinarum) and human fallen hairs are wrapped over an
iron rod warmed and applied on the wound to stop bleeding instantly. About seven to
eight kg sugarcane is fed to the animal for disposal of placenta after delivery.
5.2.216 Salvadora oleoides
Family :-Salvadoraceae
Local name :-Jaal, Pilu
Evergreen small tree with soft whitish yellow wood; twisted trunk and drooping
branches, trunk bark blackish-grey; leaves linear-lanceolate; flowers sessile,
greenish-white; fruits drupe, globose, yellow when ripe. Common in saline and sandy
habitat.
The paste prepared with ash of whole plant with milk is applied locally to treat
scabies of camel. Leaf extract is applied locally to treat wound and mastitis.
5.2.217 Salvia aegyptiaca
Family :- Lamiaceae
Local name :-Hingot
Locality: Laxmangarh
Much-branched, straggling under-shrub; branches divaricate rigid, hairy;

leaves subessile, linear-lanceolate, acute, crenate, much wrinkled, nerves
prominent; flowers-whorls 2 to 4 flowered, borne in long raceme; nutlets oblong-
ellipsoid, smooth, bluish – black. Common in moist places, along road-sides, borders
of cultivated fields and in scrub forests.
Powder of dried seeds is given orally with drenching tube to treat diarrhoea.
5.2.218 Sarcostemma viminale (plate 19)
Local name :-Khir, Khimp
Locality:Rajgarh
Branched, leafless, succulent, straggling shrub; stem pubescent when young;

flowers greenish white, in sessile terminal umbel; follicles solitary, tapering at both
ends. Common on rocky habitat in the hilly tract.
Decoction of whole plant is given to the animal through drenching tube twice
in a day upto 7 days to treat rheumatism. Extract of whole plant is given to the
animal to treat digestive disorders. Infusion of whole plant is applied by the rural
people on wound of dog and snake bite.
5.2.219 Sesamum indicum

Family :- Pedaliaceae
Local name :-Kala-til
Locality: Malsisar
Erect, glandular-pubescent annual with angular, sulcate stem; leaves elliptic-

lanceolate, upper entire, lower 2 to 3- segmented; flowers axillary, solitary; capsule
oblong-quadrangular; seeds black or white. Truly naturalized wild from plains to the
hills.
200 gm seed oil is given orally to the animal to treat foot and mouth disease.
Leaf extract is given to cows and goats to treat disease locally known as ‘Matoti’.
Seed oil (250 gm) is given orally to domestic animals to treat foot and mouth
disease.
5.2.220 Sesbania aculeate
Family :- Fabaceae
Local name :- Solehut
Locality: Kotputali
Erect, weak-stemmed, annual herbs or undershrubs, 1.0-2.5 m high; leaflets

12-50 pairs. 0.5-1.5 by 0.2-0.5 cm, linear-oblong, mucronate, glabrous, stipellate;
flowers in axillary, 3 to flowered recems, yellow; pods 20-30 cm long, linear,
subterete, tomentose, beaked, glabrous. Common in rice fields and other swampy
places.
Seeds are given with fodder to bring the animal in heat. About 50 ml root
extract is given orally to the animal to treat intestinal worms.
5.2.221 Shorea robusta
Family :-Dipterocarpaceae
Local name :-Sal
Locality: Renwal
Trees usually large, bark gray to dark reddish brown, fissured, flaky; stipules
fugacious, lanceolate, small; petiole 2-2.5 cm, buff scabrous- pubescent; leaf blade
10-40 by 5-24 cm, ovate to oblong, thinly leathery; flowers subsessile, on panicles;
fruit sepals unequal, spatulate, sparsely pubescent. Cultivated mainly for its wood.
FI. & Fr.: February-July.
About 250 gm leaves are given to the animal with fodder to treat nematodal
infection. Decoction of roots is given to treat typhoid and fever.
5.2.222 Sida ovate
Family :- Malvaceae
Local name :-Khariti, Barath, Dabe, Bal
Locality: Jejusar
Stellately hispid, 170 cm high, under shrub; leaves stsipulate, linear, 4 mm
long, tomentose; petioles 1.1 cm long; lamina base truncate, 4.2 by 4.0 cm,
palmately 5- veined, stellately-tomentose, obtuse; axillary, solitary flowers; mericarps
7-8, 2 awned. Common in plains and rare in hilly tracts.
FI. & Fr.: November-January.
Whole plant is fed to animal with fodder to treat bodyache. Smoke of burning
seeds is employed to remove the worms of teeth.
5.2.223 Solanum virginianum
Family :-Solanaceae
Local name :-Ringni Bhor-rigani
Locality: Angasar
Sparsely pubescent, divaricately branched herb; with ovate-oblong leaves;

flowers white globose; yellow red or purple fruits. Common weed in cultivated field
during winters.
FI. & Fr.: November-March.
Smoke of burning seeds is employed to remove the worms of teeth. Seed and
leaf extract is applied to treat sores and wounds of animal.
5.2.224 Sorghum halepense
Family:- Poaceae
Local name :-Baru
Locality: Dabri
Stout, erect perennial; with creeping, stoloniferous root-stock; leaves broadly

linear-lanceolate, acuminate, base rounded or sub-amplexicaul; panicles lax, open;
spikelets 2-nate in pairs. Common in wastelands and in fallow fields.

Chapatii made from seed flour of Sorghum halepense is given to the animal
upto 3 to 5 days to treat diarrhoea and weakness.
5.2.225 Sorghum vulgare
Family :- Poaceae
Local name :-Jawar
Tall robust annual grass; Leaves broad with prominent midrib; inflorescence
decompounds panicle; spikelets large, broad, hairy, two type of spikelets, sessile
and stalked spikelet neuter; sessile spikelet hermaphrodite; fruit caryopsis oblong-
globose, white. Cultivated plant.
1 kg alum (KAI(SO4)2.12.H2O), one kg. salt and 100 gm grain of Sorghum

vulgare are mixed and given to the animal for disposal of placenta after delivery.
5.2.226 Soymida febrifuga
Family :- Meliaceae
Local name :-Rohina
Tree; leaves entire, crowded at the end of branches; flower in axillary and
terminal panicles; capsules ovoid. Occasionally found in the mixed deciduous forests
on the hilly slopes.
About 100 gm bark of Butea monosperma and Soymida febrifuga is crushed

with 500 ml of butter milk and given to the animal thrice in a day to treat diarrhoea.
Paste prepared by crushing 20 gm of stem bark and 10 gm roots of Calotropis
gigantean are crushed and the paste is applied on eye and bandaged to treat opacity
of cornea.
5.2.227 Spermacoce stricta
Family :- Rubiaceae
Local name :-Agio
Annual herb; stems 4-angled, hispid; leaves opposite or verticillate. Linear-

lanceolate, acute, revolute-margined; stipules connate with leaf-bases forming a
truncate-fimbriate tube; flowers in axillary and terminal ; seeds ellipsoid, brown,
smooth, with a ventral groove. Abundant in the forests and often in wastelands,
particularly in the hilly tracts.
FI & Fr.: August-December.
Decoction of the plant is given to the animal to treat vulvo-vaginal-uterine

prolapse.
5.2.228 Syzygium cumini
Family :- Myrtaceae
Local name :-Jamun
Locality: Solana
Large trees; leaves 10-14 by 3-6 cm, chartaceous, ovate-lanceolate, obtuse-

acuminate; cymes panicled, usually solitary; flowers fragrant, sessile, in short
compact or laxly paniculate axillary cymes, palegeenish-white; corolla calyptrate;
berries globose or oblong, purple. Commonly planted as an avenue tree and for its
edible fruits; often found in the forests.
FI. & Fr: February-September.
Paste of 100 gm bark is mixed with 500 ml curd or butter milk and this mixture
given through drenching tube to the animal to treat diarrhoea.
5.2.229 Tamarindus indica
Family :-Caesalpiniaceae
Local name :-Aamli, Imail, Katara, Amlyaum
Locality: Indali
Evergreen tree; leaflets 6-12 pairs, linear-oblong, subcoriaceous, glabrous;

flowers inlax racemes; pods falcate, linear-oblong, with rough, fibrous, grey epicarp
Naturalized in waste places and often in the forests. Also planted in the gardens and
along the roads.
Pods and leaves mixed with water are fed to animal to treat the stomach pain
after eating castor.
5.2.230 Tecomella undulate

Family :- Bignoniaceae
Local name :-Rohida
Locality: Churu
A glaucescent shrub or small tree; stem and branches minutely stellately hairy
when young; branches drooping and leaves simple; flowers yellow-orange in
terminal racemes or panicles; capsules linear, curved; seeds winged at apex.
Commonly found in sandy plains and dunes but very rarely occur on gravelly, clayey,
hard soil.
FI. & Fr.: January-May.
Oil is applied locally to treat rashes on skin.

5.2.231 Tectona grandis
Local name :-Sagwan, Hagwan, Sag
Locality: Ardawata
Deciduous tree; with broadly elliptic large leaves; flowers terminal long cymes;
durpes subglobose, stellately tomentose. A chief component of deciduous forests,
dominating in Southern parts of the state.
Paste of leaves is applied twice in a day on the skin to treat eczema and other
skin diseases.
5.2.232 Tephrosia purpurea
Family :- Fabaceae
Local name :-Dhamaso
Perennial woody herb, with 11-21 leaflets; reddish-purple or bright pink to

white flowers in leaf-opposed racemes; pods linear. Gregariously occur on hard
clayey or gravelly soils in association with Capparis deciduas, Calotropis procera,
Crotalaria burhia, Tephrosia apollinia, Indiagofera Linnaei, Tribulus terrestris etc.
Roots are fed to animal to treat swelling and rheumatism. Paste prepared by
grinding few chillies and red gram (Cicer arientinum) to treat constipation.
5.2.233 Terminalia arjuna
Family :- combretaceae
Local name :-Arjun, Kaduaa, Kohda
Trees, with smooth bark; leaves elliptic oblong to suborbicular in axillary spike
or terminal panicles; Drupes ovoid to obovoid-oblong. Common in the forests.
FI. & Fr.: March-November.
About 300 ml. decoction of bark is given thrice a day for three days to treat
body weakness.
5.2.234 Terminalia bellirica
Family :- Combretaceae
Local name :-Bahera, Veda
Locality: Khetari
Deciduous tree, 10-30 m high, bark grey, longitudinally fissured; leaves

broadly obovate, cuneate, glabrous, coriaceous; flowers in axillary spike; drupes
ovoid or ellipsoid, 5-ridged, grey- velvety. Common in mixed deciduous forests.
FI. & Fr.: February-August.
Pulp of about 750 gm fresh fruits or about 500 gm powder of dried fruits is
given orally twice in a day upto 7 days to treat diarrhoea.
5.2.235 Terminalia chebula
Family :- Combretaceae
Local name :-Harad
Large, deciduous trees, 8-20 m high; bark dark brownish-grey, fissured;

young parts tomentose. Leaves alternate, long petiloate, 7.5-12.0 by 4.0-10.5 cm,
elliptic-oblong or ovate-oblong, rounded at both ends, at length glabrous. Flowers in
terminal, panicled spikes, white or pale yellow. Fruits 2.5-4.0 by 1.5-2.5 cm, ovoid,
ellipsoid or ellipsoid-obovate, glabrous. Rare, found in dry deciduous forests and
wastelands.
FI. & Fr.: March-November.
About 50 gm fruits of Terminalia chebula, 50 gm rock salt, 50 gm seeds of

Trachyspermum ammi, 25 gm seeds of Cuminum cyminum, 25 gm Elytraria
cardamomum (Chhoti ilayachi) 50 gm sodium bicarbonate and 500 gm jiggery are
mixed and bolus of 150 gm of this mixture is given orally for three days to treat
gastro-intestinal disorders.
5.2.236 Themeda quadrivalvis
Family :- Poaceae
Local name :-Godi ghass
Tall, erect, geniculately branched perennial grass; leaves linear, acute; ligule
long, membranous; panicle dense. Common along the bank of rivers, streams, at the
foot of hills and in open grassy plains.
FI. & Fr.: September-November.
Small fishes with whole plant of Themeda quadrivalvis are fed to the animal to
treat flatulence.
5.2.237 Tinospora cordifolia (plate 20)
Local name :-Giloy, Neem-Giloi
Locality: Chirawa
Succulent glabrous, deciduous climber, with corky and lenticelled bark; leaves
ovate-cordate; flowers in axillary raceme; fruits globose. Common among hedges,
particularly in hilly area.
FI. & Fr.: December-June.
Decoction of 50 gm Tinospora Cordifolia (whole plant) and a spoonful of

powder of dried rhizome of Curcuma longa is given orally twice in a day upto three
days to treat tonsillitis as well as foot and mouth disease. Paste of about 100 gm
roots is given once in a day upto five days to increases the secretion of milk. Paste
of about 150 g stem is given twice in a day upto five days to the animal to treat
haematuria. Extract of whole plant is given to the animal to treat general weakness.
Extract of whole plant is given to bulls to increase the sexual power.
5.2.238 Trachyspermum ammi
Family :- Apiaceae
Local name :-Ajwain
Locality: Sikar
Annual herb; flowers whitish or pinkish; fruits muricate, sub-hispid. Widely
cultivated for the fruits which are used as condiment.
About 80 to 100 gm seeds are powdered and given with jiggery upto two days
in oestrus induction.
5.2.239 Trianthema portulacastrum
Family :- Aizoaceae
Local name :-Kala –Satta
Succulent, prostrate herb; leaves spathulate; flowers white or pink, solitary;

stamens ten. Common inwaste places and cultivated fields.
FI. & Fr.: September-November.
Paste of 250 gm leaves of Trianthema portulacastrum and 10 gm seeds of

Piper nigrum (Pepper) is given orally to treat diarrhoea.
5.2.240 Tribulus terrestris (plate18)
Family :- Zygophyllaceae
Local name :-Gokhru, Pili-Kante
Locality: Malsisar
Prostrate to procumbent annual, hairy herb; leaves pinnate; flowers yellow;

mericarps dorsally tuberculate; spines 4. Abundant in open wastelands in sandy and
gravelly soils.
About 250 gm shoots of this plant are given with fodder for two days for
removal of internal parasites. Paste of about 25 gm roots and 25 gm leaves of
Azadirachta indica (Neem) is applied locally to remove external parasites. Fruits are
given to the animal with fodder to treat diarrhoea.
5.2.241 Trichodesma indica
Family :- Boraginaceae
Local name :-Sial Kanto
Locality: Lohagal
Erect or diffused herb; stem sparsely covered by trichomes; leaves distant,

chartaceous, glabrous beneath, with tubercle-based trichomes above. Common in
open wastelands.
Leaf extract is given to treat fever and bodyache.

5.2.242 Trichosanthes anguina
Local name :-Charchenda
Locality: Khetari
Annual climbers. Leaves 8-14 by 10-16 cm, broadly ovate-cordate or

orbicular-reniform, denticulate, 3 to 5 angled or lobed, scabrid on both the surface;
tendrils 2 to 3 fid; flowers white, bracts minute, entire; fruits 25-80 cm long, often
coiled, smooth with 7-8 white stripes along the length; seeds 15 by 8 mm, oblong,
finely rugulose, undulate. Occasionally found in wastelands, particularly on the
boundaries of fields and gardens.
100 gm root, 100 gm onion, 250 gm curd and 150 gm salt is given orally thrice
in a day to treat gastritis.
5.2.243 Trichosanthes braceata
Local name :-Kakighado
Locality: Jhunjhunun beed
Extensive climber; leaves membranous, broadly ovate-cordate, 3- to 5-

angled; tendril robust, sulcate; flowers white, villose-hirsute; fruit bright red; seeds
peculiar, transversely broad,. Belted at the middle, belt with raised margins. Rare, in
wastelands and open forests.
FI. & fr.: July-October.
Root extract is given to animalsthrough drenching tube to treat flatulence.

5.2.244 Trichosanthes cucumerina
Local name :-Indrani, Jangli-Chichindra, Kechan
Annual climber; leaves broadly ovate or orbicular-reniform, denticulate, deeply

5 to 7-lobed; tendril slender, 2- to 3-fid; flower white; fruits 8-10 seeded; seeds ovate-
oblong, compressed, undulate, truncate, base attenuate. Common in the east5 of
Aravalli; particularly in wastelands.
Decoction of 50 gm roots is given orally once in a day upto two days to teat
vulvo-vaginal uterine prolapse. Fruit juice is given to the animal through drenching
tube to treat urinary disease.
5.2.245 Tridax procumbens
Local name :-Tokariyo, Pebula ka mocha, Kala
Straggling herb; leves ovate – lanceolate; heads yellow, termination long
peduncels; achenes silky. Common among bushes in wasteland.
F1. Fr.: Most part of the year.
Infusion of 100 gm dried leaves is given orally to treat diarrhoea. Fresh leaf
extract or paste is applied on the wounds and cuts of animal to treat bleeding.
5.2.246 Tregonella foenum – gracecum
Family :- Fabaceae
Local name :-Methi.
Locality: Beri
Herb; leaves 3 – folioate; pale yellow flowers; pods straight, turgid beaked.
Cultivated for the seeds used as condiment and leaves as vegetable.
F1. Fr.: November – March.
Infusion of 1 kg deed flour Is given to the animal daily up to three days to treat
haematuria. Fresh leaves and seeds mixed with fodder are fed to the animal to treat
rheumatism. Seeds mixed with jiggery are fed to the cows and buffaloes to enhance
location.
5.2.247 Triticum aestivum
Family :- Poaceae
Local name :-Gehu
Locality: Sainipura
Medium – Sized annuals, with flat leaves; inflorescence a terminal, distichous

spike; spikelets solitary, awned. Widely grown for its grains and straw.
F1. Fr.: November – March.
About 500 gm sprouted seeds to Triticum aestvum mixed with jiggery

(Saccharum officinarum ) and seed oil of Brassica compestris are given to the animal
upto to ten days for oestrus induction. Paste of roasted seeds is mixed with fodder
and fed to goats to treat gastric problem.
5.2.248 Typha angustata (plate 20)
Family :- Typhaceae
Local name :-Era, Pota, Patera
Erect rhizomatous herb; leaves linear, spongy, flat above and convex
beneath; spike cylindrical, male flowers above, female below and upto 3 mm long
gap in between. Common in marshy and aquatic habitats throughout the state.
F1. Fr.: August – June
Poultice of inflorescence is tied on the broken horn of animal to stop bleeding.

Poultice of inflorescence is also tied on the wound for its early healing.
5.2.249 Urena lobata
Family :- Malvaceae
Local name :-Roolru
Erect, perennial herb; leaves broadly ovate – suborbucular; flowers solitary or

in clusters of 2-3, in the axils of uppermost leaves; mericarps densely clothed with
hooked hairs. Common along roads in waste places and forest edges.
F1. Fr.: September – January.
Leaf extract is used to treat wounds. Decoction of roots is given orally to

animal to treat diarrhoea.
5.2.250 Urginea indica (plate 21)
Family :- Liliaceae
Local name :- Jangli – kanda, Koli-kanda, Jangli– piaz
Locality: Makhar
Scapigerous, perennial herb; with ovoid, tunicated bulbs; leves radical, flat,
linear; flowers few, born on long scapes; capsule triquetrous. Common In gravelly
and rocky habitats.
F1. Fr.: February – May.
Bulbs are fed to the animal upto seven to eight days with fodder to treat
mastitis (Thanella).
5.2.251 Vanda tessellate (plate 21)
Family :- Orchidaceae
Local name :-Va – Hankal, Akashvel, Hawai
Locality: Sakambari
Epiphytic; stem sheathed; leaves patent, recurved, coriaceous, linear –

oblong, strap – shaped, unequally 2 – 3 dented at the apex, flowers in racemes;
capsule oblong, winged. Common epiphytic, mostly on trees in dry deciduous forest.
It is also seen on semi evergreen forest.
F1. Fr.: May - June.

Decoction of whole plant is given to the animal to treat hysteria.
5.2.252 Vernonia cinerea
Local name :- Kali jeeri
Erect or decumbent, annual – perennial herbs, 5-100 cm high; stems ribbed;

leaves 0.5-0.8 by 0.3-3.5 cm variable In shape from ovate to obovate. Common in
variable habitats.
Seeds are given to the animal to treat food-poisoning. Infusion of seeds is

give to the animal uptp three days to treat fever.
5.2.253 Vernonia anthelmintica
Local name :- Kalijiri
Erect, aromatic, gland punctulate or glandular hairy, annual herbs. Leaves

sessile, 4-6 by 2.0-2.5 cm, elliptic- obovate or ovate. Common in wet and shaded
habitats in wastelands and forests.
F1. & Fr.: January – March.
About 250 gm seeds of Trachyspermum ammi (“Ajwain’), 250 gm dried

rhizomes of Curcuma longa (Haldi), 100 g seeds of Vernonia anthel mintica (Kalijiri)
and 2 kg jaggry are mixed properly and bolus of about 150 gm are prepared and fed
to the animal to treat fever.
5.2.254 Vigna aconitifolia
Family :- Fabaceae
Local name :-Moth
Locality: Talchapar
Erect of diffuse, glabrous herb; lvaves 3-foliolate, leaflets palmatipartite, 3.5-

6.0 cm long; flowers in axillary, yellow; seeds oblong, smooth, brown. Common in
open wastelands and grassland.
F1. & Fr.: August- January.
About 250 gm seed flour is mixed with salt and butter milk and fed to the
animal to treat diarrhoea.
5.2.255 Vitis vitiginea
Family :- Vitaceae
Local name :-Jangli – angoor
Weak climber; simple cordate leaves; flowers in umbellate compound cymes;

fruits pale – purple. Rare, outskirts of forests and boundaries of field.
F1. & Fr.: August – November
Extract of aerial part is given orally to animals through drenching tube in

bronchitis. The root decoction is applied to treat boils.
5.2.256 Vitex negundo (plate 21)

Local name :-Nagad, Nirgundi
Locality: Katli river
Evergreen shrub; tender part whitish grey, pubescent; leaves 3- to 5 foliolate;

flowers violet or blue in terminal, long panicles; drupes ovoid, 4 – celled, each cell
with one seed, enclosed by persistant calyx. Very common along the streams and
riverbeds.
Paste of 50 gm tender leaves of vitex negundo with 5 gm seed powder of

Piper nigrum and four to five bulbs of Allium sativaum is given to treat ephemeral
fever and impaction. Paste of leavesw is applied locally as an ointment to treak skin
disease. It is also applied on the eyes to treat conjunctivitis.
5.2.257 Withania somnifera
Local name :-Padalsi, Ashgandh.
Locality: Jhunjhunu
Much branched under shrub, clothed with greenish – white hairs; leaves ovate
or ovate – oblong; flowers clustered in axillary, subessile, umbellate cymes; berries
globose, orange – red, enclosed in 5 - angled, pubescent, apiculate, membranous
over of inflated calys. Common in dry eastelands, preferably in fertile soil.

Paste of root or stem of Withania somnifera is applied on the skinto treat
bacterial infection. Decoction of 1 kg roots and 2 liters sesamum oil is given to the
animal to treat lumbago.
5.2.258 Woodfordia fruticosa (plate 21)
Family :- Lythraceae
Local name :-Ban- mahendi, Dhavdi
Straggling deciduous shrub; leaves sessile, broadly lanceolatae, hoary-

tomentose, nigro-punctate beneath; flowers axillary or extra axillary, in fasvicled
cymes; capsule oblong, shining brown; seeds minute, narrowly obconical-trigonous
cuneate at base. Common in the forests, on the walls of old buildings and in
wastelands.
F1. & Fr.: January – june
Decoctin of flowers is used to treat wound. 50 gm extract is given orally uptp

10-15 days to treat rheumatism.
5.2.259 Wrightia tinctoria
Local name :- Kheer, Khani, Khirni
Deciduous tree; bark fissured, grayish-black; leaves elliptic lanceolate or

oblong, glabrous or pubescent; flowers in trichotomous cymes; fruits paired, cohering
at apex. Common in deciduous forests, particularly in hilly tracts.
F1. & Fr.: March – October.

Decoction of 100 gm bark is given orally to treat diarrhoea
5.2.260 Xanthium strumarium
Local name :-Jhadugar, Bichhu- butti
Locality: Budana
Erect, annual, uptp 120 cm high, foetid – smelling unarmed herb; leaves
ovate – suborbicular; head in terminal and axillary racemes. Found very commonly in
waste places, near ditches, ponds etc.
F1. & Fr.: October – December.
Paste of leaf is applied on the wound to kill the maggots.
5.2.261 Zea mays
Family :- Poaceae
Local name :- Makki, Makka
Monoecious annual; male spikelets usually in terminal racemes; female

inflorescence consists of many spikelets seated on a spongy axis. Cultivated during
rainy season for its grains.
F1. & Fr.: November – February
Decoction of 100 gm roots is given orally uptp five/seven days to cure

weakness after delivery.
5.2.262 Zingiber officinale

Local name :-Arrak, Ada
Erect, perennial herb; with creeping ruberous rhizomes; leaves subsessile;

flowers in long spikes. Cultivated for its edible rhizomes.
F1. & Fr.: November - March.
Decoction prepared by mixing 250 gm milk fat, 10 gm dried ginger and 10 gm

black pepper is given to the animal to treat stomachache. Bolus prepared from the
powder of dried Zingiber officinale, Allium sativum and one egg of hen is given to the
animal to treat pneumonia and paralysis.
5.2.263 Ziziphus mauritiana
Family :- Rhamnaceae
Local name :-Bor
Locality: Solana
Erect small tree or shrub; leaves ovate – elliptic to suborbicular; flowers in

axillary clusters; drupes fleshy. Common in wastelands and ourstrike of forests.
F1. & Fr.:September – February.
Seeds are grinded and fed to buffalo to treat vulvo- vaginal uterine prolapsed.
About 2 liter sesamum- oil, ½ kg roots of Ziziphus mauritiana, 100 g Ammonium
chloride, 2 kg sugar and 100 gm clay is mixed with wheat husk and water is added
and kept in an earthen pot upto three days and 750 ml of this mixture is given orally
to the animal once in a year to induce lactation. Misture of 50gm ‘lac’ of theis plant,
10 gm seeds of Foeniculm vulgare, 10 gm seeds of ocimum americanum is given
with fodder to treat leucorrhoea and heat – stroke.
5.2.264 Ziziphus nummularia
Family :- Rhamnaceae
Local name :-Jhar – bor, Chania – bor
Locality: Ranoli
Much branched, prickly shrub; leaves orbicular – ovate; flowers in axillary

cymesl drupes globose, red when ripe, common in wastelands especially in desertic
zones.
F1. & Fr.: July – January.
Decoction of two to three years old thorns of Ziziphus nummularia is given to

the animal for disposal of placenta after delivery. Decoction of roots is given orally to
induce labour pain. Whole plant is fed with fodder to increase secretion of milk after
delivery.
5.2.265 Ziziphus xylopyra
Family :- Rhamanceae
Local name :-Gatori, Ghat borr
Locality: Mandrella
Erect tree or straggling shrub; leaves elliptic oblong, stipular prickles paired;
flower greenish, covered with dense, grey tomentum. Occasionally found in mixed
deciduous forests at low altitude and in wastelands.
About 250 gm bark is crushed with wate and given orally to the animal once in
a day four to five days to treat bronchial diseases.
5.3 ETHNOVETERINARY REMEDIES: ANIMAL AND ANIMAL PRODUCTS
Since time immemorial extensive use of plants, animal and minerals has been
made in traditional medicine. A lot of efforts have gone into documentation, use,
identification and validation of plant based traditional medicines but studies on most
of the animal based medicine are sporadic, despite the fact that traditionally many
animal based drugs are administered all over the world (Pushpangdan, 1990; Neto,
1999). In Unani and Ayurvedic system of medicine there are descriptions of many
animal based medications (Shukla, 1950; Ali & Mahdihassan, 1961; Wahid &
Siddiqui, 1961; Puri, 1970; Vohra & Khan, 1979). It has been documented that in
Unani system of medicines about 200 drugs of animal origin are described which are
claimed to be beneficial for the treatment of various ailments (Sharma, 1996).
Similarly in Ayurveda also there is description of use of several animal based drugs
particularly from cow, buffalo, elephant, camel, ass, goat and sheet (Pandey, 1996).
Entire organism or their flesh, fat, excretions, bones, teeth, feathers, hair, horns and
shells are used as medicine and for other purposes. These are used either singly or
in compound formulations and prepared in a variety of forms i.e. powder, ash, soups,
syrup, ointments, liniments, etc.
During the ethnoveterinary survey of the study area, about 29 animal species
have been documented which are used in the preparation of ethnoveterinary
remedies. In the following account, animals are arranged alphabetically by zoological
names followed by their English name in paranthesis, local name itallics & mode of
administration.
5.4 ENUMERATION OF ANIMAL/ANIMAL PRODUCT BASED REMEDIES
5.4.1 Acrida exltata (Locust) Tiddi
Two to three grasshoppers along with chapatti (bread) or fodder are fed to the
animal for oestrus induction. The animal will be in heat within 15 days.
5.4.2 Bos Bubalus (Buffalo) Bhains

Skull of a dead buffalo is boiled in water and the water is given to the camel to
treat flatulence and lumbago.
5.4.3 Bos indicus (Cow) Gay
The dried dung is burnt and ash is applied externally to treat urticaria. Butter
milk is given orally as well as applied locally to treat eczema and scabies. Milk fat of
cow milk is applied externally on teats to treat mastitis.
5.4.4 Camelus dromedaries (Camel) Oont
Skull of dead camel is burnt to ash. About 100 g of this ash is mixed with 400
g oil of Papaver somniferum and given orally to cow through drenching tube once in
a day upto six days to trat lumbago. Skull of a dead camel is boiled in water and the
water is given to the buffalo to treat flatulence and lumbago. The dried dung is burnt
and ash is applied externally on stomach to treat constipation. Blood is applied
externally to treat arthritis. Old bones of dead camel are burnt and ash is mixed with
water and given to the animal for treating rheumatoid arthritis.
5.4.5 Capra Capra (Goat) Bakari
Paste prepared by mixing excreta of goat with the leaves of Cassia auriculata
is applied to treat wound.
5.4.6 Capra indicus (Goat) Bakra
Blood of Capra indicus is massaged externally to treat fractured bone.
5.4.7 Canis aureus (Jackal) Shiyad
Blood is massaged externally for treating arthritis of goats.
5.4.8 Canis familiaris (Dog) Kutro
Excreta is applied externally for treating to treat wounds.
5.4.9 Cervus unicolor (Sambhar) Sabar/Harnu
Powder of antler is applied on eyes to treat eye ailments.

5.4.10 Columbo livia (Pigeon) Kabutar
Pastte is prepared by mixing a 12 cm root piece of Pandanus odoratissimus, 1

kg dried excreta of pigeon, seeds of Sesamum indicum and 500 g jaggery. About
500 gm of this paste is given once in a day for 5 days for oestrus induction. Bolus
prepared from dried excreta of pigeon with jaggery is fed to the animal once in a day
for oestrus induction. The blood is massaged externally to treat paralysis.
5.4.11 Coracias benghalenisis (Indian roller/Blue jay) Neelkanth
Four to five feathers along with fresh Cynodon dactylon are fed to animal for
disposal of placenta after delivery.
5.4.12 Corvus splendens (Crow) Kagla
One crow is hunted, boiled and fed to the animal to treat flatulence. Roasted
or boiled flesh is given to treat whooping cough.
5.4.13 Cyanopterus sphinx (Bat) ‘Chamachidiu’
Raw flesh having blood is rubbed to treat external injuries and also fed to the
animal to treat whooping cough.
5.4.14 Equus hemionuskhur (Indian wildass) Ghudkhar
Blood of Equus hemionuskhur is massaged externally to treat arthritis.
5.4.15 Gallus domesticus (Hen) Murgi
Shell of four to five eggs of hen are fed to buffalo once in a day up to one
week for oestrus induction. Blood is externally massaged on the aching parts of
body. Blood is applied externally for treating arthritis and fractured bone. Eggs of hen
are given orally to animal upto 8 days for the treatment of fractured bone.
5.4.16 Hemidactylus flaviviridis (Lizard) Chhipkali
One lizard is hunted and fed to the animal to treat lumbago.
5.4.17 Hystrix indica (Porcupine) Sehi

About 5 gm ash of hairs is given orally to treat asthma. Smoke of burning
hairs is given to the animal to treat foot and mouth disease. Spines of hedgehog are
collected and animals are exposed to the smoke of these spines to treat foot and
mouth disease.
5.4.18 Microtermes obesiholmgren (White ant, termite) Dimak
Soil of termite mounds is rubbed thoroughly up to five to ten minutes on the

jaw of the animal and repeated frequently upto three days to treat poisoning caused
due to feeding of immature Sorghum to the animal.
5.4.19 Hippocampus cuda (Sea horse, Hippopotamus) Ghoda machchhi
Dried animal is powdered and fed to the animal with fodder to treat
stomachache of horses.
5.4.20 Hyaena Hyaena (Hyena) Zarakh
Fat is applied externally to treat arthritis; blood is applied on cloth and smoke
of this burning cloth is used to treat asthama.
5.4.21 Lepus nigricollis ruficodatum (Rufous-tailed hare) Sasla
Blood is applied externally to treat swelling; the ash of tail is mixed with oil and
is applied to treat burning sensation.
5.4.22 Lissemys punctatus (Indian flap, Shell turtle, Tortoise) Kachbo
Carapace is burnt and ash is used for healing of internal injuries, pruritus and
cough; and for treating superficial blunt injuries of animal.
5.4.23 Palamneaus sp. (Scorpion) Bichchhoo
A black scorpion is caught and dipped in a bottle full of mustard oil. After
some time this oil is applied locally to treat scorpion bite.
5.4.24 Paraechinus microlapus (Shero) Palehedge hog
Smoke of burning skin is used to treat mouth diseases of animal.

5.4.24 Passer domesticus (House sparrow) Charkali
Ash of excreta is used to treat asthma is calves.
5.4.25 Pavo Cristatus (Peafowl) Mor
Legs of peafowl are boiled in oil, and used to treat the earache.
5.4.26 Pseudibis papillosa (Black ibis Blood) Ran Kagdo
Blood is massaged for treating burning sensation, nervous disorder, paralysis

and inherent body heat.
5.4.27 Vespa orientalis (Wasp) Tatia
Some Vespa orientalis are caught and boiled with water. Steam treatment this
water is given to the mammary glands of animal to treat mastitis. Paste of soil of hive
is applied locally to treat swelling and mastitis.
5.4.28 Quis aries (Sheep) Bhed
Milk of sheep is massaged in the animal to treat dislocation and deformities of

bones. Sheep milk is poured in the animal eye to treat conjunctivitis.
5.5 ETHNOVETERINARY REMEDIES: MINERALS
During the ethnoveterinary survey, the authors also noted that besides the
plants, animals and products of animal origin, the tribals also use minerals to treat
the disease of their animals. Most of these minerals are easily available at home.
Following are such minerals arranged alphabetically followed by their local name in
italics.
5.5.1 Alum/Alumen Fitkari
Characters: Colourless, transparent, crystals with acid, sweetish astringent

taste.
Mode of administration: It is astringent, caustic, haemostatic, antispasmodic

and antiseptic. Alum of potassium is given to animal to treat leucorrhoea,
haematuira, haemoptysis, menorrhagia, gastric and intestinal catarrh/diarrhoea and
other haemorrhages. It is applied externally on the skin of animal to treat skin
inflammation. 1 kg. gum of Cyamopsis tetragonoloba, `1 kg. alum
(KAI(SO4)2.12.H2O) and 0.5 kg. common salt are mixed and heated with cow urine
and about 100 ml of this solution is given to animal empty stomach to treat placental
disorder. A mixture of seed oil or Brassica campestris, 5 gm rhizome of Curcuma
longa and 2 gm potash alum is given to the animal orally through a drenching tube to
treat internal wound. About 100 gm of dried rhizome powder of Curcuma amada is
mixed with 100 gm of rock salt (Nacl), 100 gm of alum, 100 gm of Piper longum, 100
gm milk fat. This mixture is divided in 3 parts. One part is given once in a day for 3
days to treat gynaecological problems after delivery, especially disposal of placenta
after delivery.
5.5.2 Ammonium chloride (Ammoni chloridum) Navasra, Chulika lavana,

Navasadara
Characters: White granular powder or lumps
Mode of administration: It is diuretic, relieves hepatic congestion and

expectorant. Ammonium chloride is given to animal to treat hepatitis, pneumonia,
fever and liver diseases. Sodium chloride is added in the seed oil of Sesamum
indicum and used for massage to treat eczema. About 2 litre sesamum-oil, ½ kg
roots of Ziziphus mauritiana, 100 gm Ammonium chloride, 2 kg sugar and 100 gm
clay is mixed with wheat husk and water is added and kept in an earthen pot upto
three days and 750 ml of this mixture is given orally to the animal once in a day to
induce lactation.
Calcium Carbonate (Calcii carbonas) Chalk, Vilati chuna
Characters: Chalk occurs in irregular, white, amorphous pieces, sometime as

a powder.
Mode of administration: It is antacid-absorbent, desiccant and internally

neutralizes the free acid of the gastric juice. Calcium carbonate is used to treat
dyspepsia and checks sour eructation in animals. To treat burns in the animal the
application of a mixture of chalk and linseed or olive oil is used. To treat discharges
from ulcers, in combination with burn coconut shell is useful. Internally it is used to
treat irritant diahrroea. It coats and soothes the intestinal mucous membrane.
5.5.3 Calcium hydroxide (Lime) slaked lime churna, Churna
Characters: Calcium hydroxide occurs in irregular, white, amorphous

pieces/powder.
Mode of administration: It is astringent and antacid. Paste of lime is applied

externally to treat tumours and warts in animal. Lime water is used to treat
inflammatory swellings, in pruritis and distressing irritation of the genital organs,
leucorrhoea and other vaginal discharges, syphilitics ulcers. Lime water given
internally forms a good antacid. Used in pruritus irritation of the genital organs. To
treat burns and scalds lime liniment called Carron oil, composed of equal part of lime
water and a bland oil o r olive or sesamum oil is applied.
5.5.4 Calcium sulphate (Calcii Sulphas) Plaster of paris, Sufed Phathar
Characters: Dirty white amorphous powder.
Mode of administration: It is diuretic, relieves hepatic congestion and

expectorant. Ammonium chloride is given to animal to treat hepatitis, pneumonia,
fever and liver diseases. Sodium chloride is added in the seed oil of Sesamum
indicum and used for massage to treat eczema. About 2 litre sesamum-oil, ½ kg
roots of Ziziphus mauritiana, 100 gm Ammoium chloride, 2 kg sugar and 100 gm clay
is mixed with wheat husk and water is added and kept in a an earthen pot upto three
days and 750 ml of this mixture is given orally to the animal once in a day to induce
lactation.
5.5.5 Calcium carbonate (Calcii carbonas) Chalk, Vilati chuna
Characters: Chalk occurs in irregular, white, amorphous pieces, sometime as

a powder.
Mode of administration: It is antacid-absorbent, desiccant and internally

neutralizes the free acid of the gastric juice. Calcium carbonate is used to treat
dyspepsia and checks sour eructation in animals. To treat burns in the animal the
application of a mixture of chalk and linseed or olive oil is used. To treat discharges
from ulcers, in combination with burnt coconut shell is useful. Internally it is used to
treat irritant diahrroea. It coats and soothes the intestinal mucous membrane.
5.5.6 Calcium hydroxide (Lime) Slaked lime churna, Churna
Characters: Calcium hydroxide occurs in irregular, white, amor-phous

pieces/powders.
Mode of administration: It is astringent and antacid. Paste of Lime is applied

externally to treat tumours and warts in animal. Lime water is used to treat
inflammatory swellings, in pruritis and distressing irritation of the genital organs,
leucorrhoea and other vaginal discharges, syphilitic ulcers. Lime water given
internally forms a good antacid. Used in pruritus irritation of the genital organs. To
treat burns and scalds lime liniment called Carron oil, composed of equal part of lime
water and a bland oil or olive or sesamum oil is applied.
5.5.7 Calcium sulphate (Calcii Sulphas) Plaster of Paris, Sufed Phathar
Characters: Dirty white amorphous powder.
Mode of administration: Plaster of paris is cooling, antacid and astringent.

Useful to treat menorrhagia, inflammation around the ear and ottorhoea in animals.
Plaster of paris is used as plaster to treat bone fracture.
5.5.8 Charcoal (Carbo ligni) Lakrika-Koyala
Characters: Black moderately soft lumps. Powder charcoal is black

amorphous powder.
Mode of administration: Deodorized, corrects bad odour, dry charcoal has

the power of condensing oxygen with in its pores which then becomes a powerful
deodorant, rapidly destroying organic substances. Charcoal is used to treat foul
smelling diarrhoea in animals.
5.5.9 Copper sulphate Nilatutia
Character: Occurs as blue crystalline masses.

Mode of administration: Powder of copper sulphate is used to treat epistaxis,
chronic diarrhoea, dysentery and in various form of bleeding from mucus membrane.
Its mild lotion is used as nasal douche in respiratory diseases.
5.5.10 Ferrous sulphate (Iron rust) Hara tutia
Characters: Pale bluish green rhombic prism like crystals.
Mode of administration: It is haemostatic, tonic and astringent. Mild lotion of

ferrous sulphate is used to treat, epistaxis, and in various forms of bleeding from
mucus membrane in animals.
5.5.11 Hydrochloric acid (HCL) Tejaab, Namak ka tejaab
Characters: Yellow liquid.
Mode of administration: Mixture of 50 ml hydrochloric acid (HCL). 50 ml latex

of Calotropis procer and 50 ml latex of Mangifera indica is prepared and used as an
antidote to scorpion bite.
5.5.12 Kaolin, Kaolinum Gairika
Characters: Occurs in irregular, white, amorphous pieces/powders.
Mode of administration: Kaolin is used to treat chronic diarrhoea, dysentery,

epistaxis, and in various forms of bleeding from intestinal mucous membrane.
5.5.13 Potassium nitrate Yavakshar
Characters: Occurs in irregular, white, amorphous pieces/powder.
Mode of administration: Potassium nitrate is given to animal to treat

dysurea, dropsy, acute rheumatism, bleeding from lungs and other internal organs
and fever.
5.5.14 Silicate of magnesia Shankh jiram
Characters: Occurs in irregular, white, amorphous pieces/thick masses. It

forms a smooth powder, unctuous to touch, yielding a smooth slippery powder.
Mode of administration: It is powerful astringent, desiccant and styptic. Silicate
of magnesia is used to treat diarrhoea, dysentery, menorrhagia, and leucorrhoea in
animals. Its ointment is applied externally to treat wounds while paste on burns and
scalds of the animals.
5.5.15 Sodium borate (Borax) Sohaga
Characters: It is composed of boric acid and soda. It exists as crystalline

tough masses or in the form of translucent irregular masses. The colour is grayish-
white, on exposure it becomes opaque or dirty white. It has a faintly balsamic odour
and tastes like ‘papada khar’.
Mode of administration: It is antacid. Borax is given to the animal to treat all

sorts of phlegmatic complaints from common catarrh to bronchitis and pneumonia
even attended with discharges from the ears and the nose. Externally borax is used
to treat allay itching in urticaria, psoriasis, purulent wound and ulcers in animals.
To treat sore nipples and other skin eruptions in animals, a solution of borax (1:8) is
applied. It may also be employed in form of ointment in (1:8) ghee.
5.5.16 Sodium bicarbonate Khane ka soda, Khavano Soda
Characters: White amorphous powder.
Mode of administration: sodium bicarbonate is used to treat dyspepsia,

tympani, diarrhoea, flatulence and urinary diseases. Used to treat rheumatism and
ephemeral fever. Externally applied with water to relieve urticarial irruption and
honey bee stings. About 50 gm fruits of Terminalia chebula, 50 gm rock salt, 50 gm
seeds of Trachyspermum ammi, 25 gm seeds of Cuminum cyminum, 25 gm Elytaria
cardamomum (Chhoti ilaychi), 50 gm sodium bicarbonate and 500 gm jaggery is
mixed and bolus of 150 gm of this mixture is given orally for three days to treat
gastro intestinal disorders.
5.5.17 Sodium chloride (Common salt) Lavan, Namak, Lun
Characters: Transparent cubes or colourless crystalline grains and saline

taste. Depending on the origin, salt is classified into the following types:
Ocean salt: Contains some iodine
5.5.18 Rock salt: Sindhaloon
This type of salt is obtained from earth mines as lumps of rocks or granular
masses and is used as common salt. The big lumps are kept as animal licks on the
manager.
5.5.19 Black salt: Kala loon
This type of salt is obtained from earth mines as lumps of rocks especially
from Punjab and is used as saline sulphur and carminative and as condiment. It is
also mixed in animal licks.
Mode of administration: It is antiseptic, deodorant, controls blood fluidity and

body water. Isotonic, hyper and hypotonic solutions are used in different
treatments.Mixed with magnesium chloride as saline purgative. Externally its
saturated solution is used to treat boils.
5.5.20 Sulphur Gandha and amlasar gandhaka
Characters: Occurs in semi-transparent crystals.
Mode of administration: Bitter astringent taste with a peculiar strong smell.

Acts as a laxative and alterative, diuretic and insecticide small doses, absorbed and
may be detected in the sweat, stimulant to the membranes, specific action on the
rectum and increases the haemorrhodial secretions. Sulphur is used to treat
diseases like haemorrhoids, in chronic skin diseases etc. it is used both internally
and externally. Internally it is given with milk. Applied externally in skin diseases, in
1:8 ointment. Sulphur is mixed with oil of Brassica campestris and applied on the
body of animal to all kinds of skin diseases.
5.5.21 Zinc oxide Putty
Characters: White sticky amorphous powder.
Mode of administration: It is astringent and antiseptic, soothing, desiccant. As

a powder dusted over eczema, impetigo, excoriations, bed sores and cracked
nipples; as ointment applied to wounds, burns, vesicular eczema, chronic skin
diseases internally act as nervine tonic, sedative, antispasmodic and astringent.

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CHAPTER- 5

ETHNOVETERINARY REMEDIES: PLANTS, ANIMAL AND

Animal comprise a major part of agriculture practice and economy of

5.2.1. Abrus precatorius (Plate 6)

Locality: Mansa Mata

Twigging shrubs,with 10-20 pairs of leaflets and pink or white flowers

F1. & Fr.: August – January.

Methodology of dose consumption :

Paste of two to three soaked seeds is given to treat constipation and

5.2.2 Abutilon indicum (plate 1)

Local name:-Kanghi, Jhumka

Shrub; leaves simple, petiolate, cordate, nearly entire or irregulary

F1. & Fr.: August – December.

Methodology of dose consumption:

5.2.3 Acacia catechu (plate 4)

Local name:-Katha, Khair

Locality: Bola ki dhani

Tree, up to 10 m in height; bark dark grayish brown, 2.25 cm thick;

F1. & Fr: May- September.

Methodology of dose consumption:

5.2.4 Acacia concinna (plate 1)

Local name:-Sikakai, kochi

A common, prickly, scandent shrub; leaves bipinnate; flowers in yellow,

F1. & Fr.: May – October.

Methodology of dose consumption:

5.2.5 Acacia leucophloea

Local name:-khar, Safedkikar, Rijua

Deciduous tree; leaves alternate, compound, stipules spiny; heads

F1. & Fr.: August – February.

Methodology of dose consumption:

5.2.6 Acacia nilotica

Local name:-Kikar, Babul,Desi-babul

F1. & Fr.: September- March.

Methodology of dose consumption:

Combination of bark, jiggery, seeds of Trachyspermum ammi andVernonia

5.2.7 Acacia pennata

Locality: Beed of jhunjhunu

Large, scandent bush or liana with polished bark; prickles slightly

F1. & Fr.: September-February.

Methodology of dose consumption :

Extract of root bark is given orally once in a day to treat rheumatism.

Local name:-Andhijhara, Kanta, Undhokanto, Modokanto, Kharia

Herb,20-45 cm height.leaves petioles, branched; leaves simple, very variable,

FI & Fr.: August-November

Methodology of dose consumption:

Decoction of about 100 g roots and 50 g rhizomes of Curcuma longa prepared

5.2.9 Adhatoda zeylanica (plate 5)

Local name: - Adusa, Aduaa

Gregarioous shrub, sometime arborescent, growing upto 7 m. high; leaves

Methodology of dose consumption:

5.2.10 Aegle marmelos ( plate 1)

Local name: - Bel, Bel- Patra, Beely

Locality: Ardawata college

FI & Fr.: January-July

Methodology of dose consumption:

5.2.11 Aerva lanata (plate 2)

Local name:-Kali Bui, Choti-bui

A small herbaceous plant; leaves suborbicular to lanceolater; flowers

FI & Fr.: August- March.