SAUDI PETROLEUM COKE

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Contract No.: SAPC-01 Rev. Date : 17-Apr-2015

ENGINEERING STANDARD
Doc. No.: Q01-E14 Rev. No.: A01

Pressure Vessels: Horizontal on Two Saddles - Design

Q01-E14

Rev. Rev. Date Description of Prepared By Checked By Approved By Approved By

No. Revision (Employer)

A01 17-Apr-15 For review Y. K. Park K. T. Kim T. H. Do

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REVISION LOG SHEET

No. Date Rev. As Is To Be Remarks

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 SCOPE ............................................................................................................ 4
2 REFERENCES .............................................................................................. 4

3 GENERAL ..................................................................................................... 4

4 DESIGN.......................................................................................................... 5
4.1 General ...........................................................................................................5
4.2 Evaluation of Stresses ....................................................................................5
4.3 Fabricators Responsibility .............................................................................6
4.4 Materials ........................................................................................................6
4.5 Allowable Stresses .........................................................................................6
4.6 Design Basis ..................................................................................................7
4.7 Ring Girders and Dimensions ........................................................................8
4.8 Saddle Locations ............................................................................................8
4.9 Longitudinal Stress in Shell ...........................................................................8
4.10 Combined Stresses .........................................................................................9
4.11 Tangential Shear Stress on Shell or Head ......................................................9
4.12 Circumferential Compressive Stresses.........................................................10
4.13 Additional Tension Stress in Heads Without Ring Stiffeners ....................... 11
4.14 Ring Compression Stresses in Shell Over Saddles of Vessels Without Ring
Stiffeners ................................................................................................................. 11
4.15 Reducing Shell Stresses Without Ring Stiffeners, Sh (When Head is Used as
Stiffeners)................................................................................................................ 11
4.16 Reducing Shell Stresses With Ring Stiffeners .............................................12
4.17 Design of Ring Stiffener ..............................................................................12
4.18 Saddle Design ..............................................................................................13

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ENGINEERING STANDARD
Doc. No.: Q01-E14 Rev. No.: A01

1 SCOPE
This standard is for design engineer to provide design criteria for ‘Horizontal Vessels
on Two Saddles’ on cylinders with end closures.

2 REFERENCES
Reference is made in this standard to the following documents. The latest issues,
amendments and supplements to these documents shall apply unless otherwise
indicated.
GASAN Engineering Standards (GES)
Z01-G04 Measurement Units for Use in GASAN Projects
American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
Section VIII, Div 1 Rules for Construction of Pressure Vessels

3 GENERAL

Pressure vessels shall be designed in accordance with ASME Section

VIII, Div 1 and this standard. Formulas given in this standard provide
the maximum stresses when combined with applicable loadings.

Conformance to all applicable regulations, for example Royal

Commission Environmental Guides, Meteorological and Environmental
Protection Agency (MEPA) and Occupational Safety and Health Agency
(OSHA) shall be required.

Documents shall be provided in units conforming to GES Z01-G04, and

shall be written in English language.

Any conflict(s) between this standard, GES and industry standards,

engineering drawings, and contract documents shall be resolved at the
discretion of GASAN.

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4 DESIGN

General

4.1.1 Multiple supports shall not be designed in accordance with this standard.

4.1.2 Saddle reactions are highly concentrated and induce high localized stresses in the
shell, therefore wear plate shall be used with all saddle attachments. Wear plate
shall extend r/10 beyond the horn of the saddle as a minimum. Minimum width
shall be (b + 10t) where t is in the corroded condition. See Appendix A for
definitions.

4.1.3 Analysis of shell stresses shall be based upon total volume within head and shell,
together with weights of heads, shell, nozzles, flanges, weight of internals and
miscellaneous attachments. When insulation or refractory is used, they shall be
added to the design weight.

4.1.4 Design of the saddles shall be based upon weights specified in addition to any
wind loads or seismic application when specified on the design engineers data
sheet.

4.1.5 The pressure vessel code limits the contact angle of the supports bearing to extend
at least one third the circumference of the shell for other than small diameter
vessels.

Evaluation of Stresses

The following stresses shall be evaluated for the pressure vessel.

a. Maximum longitudinal stress

b. Tangential shear stress
c. Circumferential stress at the horn of the saddle
d. Additional stress in heads used as stiffeners
e. Stresses in saddle supports. See 4.5.7.

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Fabricators Responsibility

4.3.1 Fabricator shall design and provide stress analysis of pressure vessel in accordance
with this standard and design engineer’s data sheet. When saddle locations are not
given, fabricator shall locate overhang and centerlines of saddles for the most
favorable stress condition.

4.3.2 Fabricator shall also provide stress analysis for design of saddle support. Analysis
shall include the requirement for thickness of web, stiffener (gussets), base plate
thickness, anchor bolts and attachment welds. Design engineer may provide
concept of saddle supports. However, fabricator shall confirm or reject acceptance
of the design. Anchor bolts shear stress due to wind or seismic load, as applicable,
shall be applied to fixed support saddle. The other saddle shall be slotted for bolt
holes, to allow for thermal movement.

Materials

Materials welded to pressure components shall be from same material specification as

attachment.

Allowable Stresses

4.5.1 Allowable stress limits, for longitudinal bending stress in shell at midspan, Sa.
Tensile stress, when combined with longitudinal pressure stress, shall not exceed
allowable tensile stress of shell material multiplied by joint efficiency of
longitudinal weld seam. Maximum compressive stress Sa shall not exceed the
ASME code allowable compressive stress for cylindrical shells. See ASME
Section VIII, Div 1, paragraph UG-23 (b).

4.5.2 Allowable stress limits for longitudinal stress in shell in saddle plane, Sl. Tensile
stress, when combined with circumferential pressure stress, shall not exceed
allowable tensile stress of shell material multiplied by joint efficiency of girth
seam.

4.5.3 Allowable shear stress in saddle plane. Tangential stress shall not exceed 0.8 times
allowable stress in tension.

4.5.4 Allowable circumferential stress at saddle horn, Sc. Maximum stress due to
circumferential stress at horn saddle shall not exceed 1.25 times the allowable
stress for materials with equal tensile and compressive yield strength.

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4.5.5 Allowable stress when head is used as stiffener, S h. Maximum stress, when
combined with pressure stress in head, shall not be larger than 1.25 times the
maximum allowable stress in tension.

4.5.6 Allowable stress for ring compression in shell over the saddle, Src. Average tension
stress due to force ‘F’ shall not exceed two thirds of allowable tension stress of
saddle material. Maximum compressive stress shall not exceed one half of yield
strength of shell material, and shall not be additive to the hoop stress.

4.5.7 Allowable stress in design of ring stiffeners, Srs. Stress in compression shall not
exceed one half of yield strength in compression.

4.5.8 Allowable stresses for saddles:

a. Tension, Sa = 0.6Sy
b. Shear, Ss = 0.4Sy
c. Bending, Sb = 0.66Sy

Design Basis

4.6.1 Design conditions:

a. Use operating weight less saddle weight
b. Select corroded thickness of new plate
c. Allowable stress at design pressure and design temperature

4.6.2 Field Test

a. Test weight less saddle weight

b. New plate thickness, uncorroded
c. Allowable stress at field test pressure and ambient temperature

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Ring Girders and Dimensions

4.7.1 Ring girders are usually located external to the vessel.

4.7.2 Internal rings are most favorable for design. However, due to product consideration
and cleaning of the internal, the selection shall be limited with approval from the
design engineer. When located internally, allowance for strength of girder shall
allow for shell drain consideration, and corrosion allowance on all sides of the
ring.

4.7.3 The effective shell contributing to strength of girder shall not exceed 0.78 (rt)0.5.

Saddle Locations

Ideally, saddle locations are optimum when head depth is equivalent to shell radius.
However, in majority of vessels, 2:1 semi-elliptically dished heads are used.

4.8.1 Vessels without ring stiffeners shall have their saddles close to the head with A/L
R/2. When this is not possible then it is preferred to add 20 percent of the
vessel tangent to tangent line. See Figure 1. Greater A/R dimension will require
more stringent analysis to determine if further ring girders are needed. See 4.15.

4.8.2 Ring girders, if required, should be combined with vacuum stiffeners when vacuum
design is a condition of the specification.

Longitudinal Stress in Shell

See Figure 1.

4.9.1 Longitudinal pressure stress, Sp:

Sp = ±P (r - 0.4t)/2000tE, tension, MPa.

(Combined compressive stress shall not exceed the allowable stress Sa)

4.9.2 Longitudinal bending stress at midspan, Sl:

Sl = ± Ml/πr²t, kg/cm2 x 0.09807 MPa/(kg/cm2), MPa
Ml = (QL/4) ({1 + 2[(R2 - H2)/L2]}/[1 + (4H/3L)] - 4A/L), kg/츠

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4.9.3 Longitudinal bending stress in plane of saddle, S l’:

a. Shell Unstiffened. For unstiffened shell, the high localized tangential bending moment
at saddle horn renders section to become fully effective. The equation below for the
unstiffened shell is based upon partial effective area capable of supporting saddle
reaction.

Sl’ = M2’/Z2’, kg/cm2 x 0.09807 MPa/(kg/cm2), MPa

For the unstiffened shell, the section modulus of the shell, Where:

Z2’ = πr2t [{(△+ sin△cos△) - (2sin2△/△)} / π{(sin△/△) - cos△}], cm3

M2’ = QA (1 - [1 - (A/L) + {(R2 - H2) / (2A/L)} / {1 + (4H/3L)}]), kg/cm

b. Stiffened Shell
Sl” = 12M2”/Z2”, MPa
Where:
M2” = QA (1 - [1 - (A/L) + {(R2 - H2) / (2A/L)} / {1 + (4H/3L)}]), N/m
Z2” = π R2t, cm3

Combined Stresses
Stresses shall combine with the same sign convention
Sp ± Sl ≤Sa (see 4.5.1)

Tangential Shear Stress on Shell or Head

4.11.1 Tangential shear stress stiffened by ring in plane of saddle where A is greater than
R/2. The shear stress any point adjacent to the stiffener is given as follows:

St = (Q/π rt) {(L - 2A - H) / (L + H)} sinФ , kg/cm2 x 0.09807 MPa/(kg/cm2), MPa

4.11.2 Tangential shear stress in shell reinforced by two ring girders near saddle, not
stiffened by the head and A greater than R/2

St’ = [{sinФ2 / (π - α+ sinα cosα)} (Q/rt)] [(L - 2A - H) / (L + H)], kg/cm2 x 0.09807

MPa/(kg/cm2), MPa

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4.11.3 Tangential stress in shell stiffened by head and A is less than or equal to R/2

St” = ([(sinФ2/π ) {(α- sinα cosα) / (π - α + sinα cosα)}] Q)/rts, kg/cm2 x 0.09807
MPa (for shell thickness)
St” = ([(sinФ2/π ) {(α- sinα cosα) / (π - α + sinα cosα)}]Q)/rth, kg/cm2 x 0.09807
MPa/(kg/cm2), MPa (for head thickness)

Circumferential Compressive Stresses

4.12.1 At saddle horn, without wear plate or ring stiffeners

Sc = (Q / [4t {b + 1.56 (rt)1/2}]) - ((3K3Q) / 2t2), kg/cm2 x 0.09807 MPa/(kg/cm2), MPa (For
L greater than 8R)
Where:
K3 = [(cosФ+ФsinФ/2) - {1.5 (sinβ/β) + (cosβ/2)} - 0.25 {cosФ- (sinβ/β)}] [9 - {(4 - {6
(sinβ/β)2}+ (2cos2 β)) / ((sinβ/β) cos β + 1 - 2 (sinβ/β)2)}]
Note:
K3 = K3/4 when A/R is less than 0.5
Sc’ = (Q / [4t {b + 1.56(rt)1/2}]) - ((12K3QR) / Lt2), kg/cm2 x 0.09807 MPa/(kg/cm2), MPa
(For L less than 8R)
Note: Circumferential compressive stress is not combined with any other stress. See 4.5.4.

4.12.2 At saddle horn with wear plate and no stiffeners. Thickness of wear plate shall not
exceed thickness of shell plate, uncorroded. (For L greater than 8R).

Sc = (Q / [4tu {b’ + 1.56 (rt)0.5}]) - ((3K3Q) / 2tu2), kg/cm2 x 0.09807 MPa/(kg/cm2), MPa
Wear plate width shall be a minimum of (b + 10t).

4.12.3 At saddle horn with wear plate and no stiffeners (for L less than 8R).

Sc” = (Q / [4tu {b’ + 1.56 (rt)0.5}]) - ((12K3Q) / Ltu2), kg/cm2 x 0.09807 MPa/(kg/cm2), MPa
Wear plate width shall be a minimum of (b + 10t).

4.12.4 At tip of wear plate where wear plate extends for a minimum distance of r/10
beyond edge of saddle support with no stiffeners.

Sc = (Q / [4t {b’ + 1.56 (rt)0.5}]) - ((3K3Q) / 2t2), kg/cm2 x 0.09807 MPa/(kg/cm2), MPa
For this case, K3 shall be reduced by assuming equals to the central angle of the

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wear plate but not more than the saddle angle plus 12 degrees.

Additional Tension Stress in Heads Without Ring Stiffeners

Sh = (1.5 / 2rth) (Q/2) {sin2α/ (π-α+ sinαcosα)}, kg/cm2 x 0.09807 MPa/(kg/cm2), MPa.

Ring Compression Stresses in Shell Over Saddles of Vessels Without

Ring Stiffeners

Sr = [Q / {t’(b’ + 10t)}] [{(1 + cosα)} / (π-α+ cosα sinα)], kg/cm2 x 0.09807

MPa/(kg/cm2), MPa.

Reducing Shell Stresses Without Ring Stiffeners, Sh (When Head is Used

as Stiffeners)

4.15.1 See 4.12 and Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 8.

4.15.2 When longitudinal bending stress at midspan becomes excessive, saddles shall be
moved closer together.

4.15.3 When longitudinal bending stresses are excessive at the saddle support, saddles
shall be moved nearer to the heads.

4.15.4 When above two stresses are both excessive, see 4.15.1.

4.15.5 For high tangential shear stress in shell, saddles shall be moved closer to the heads
where A/R is less than one half. If still excessive, then thickness tu shall be
increased, or stiffener ring shall be added.

4.15.6 For excessive tangential shear or tension stress in heads, saddles shall be moved
away from the heads, stiffeners added, or thickness increased.

4.15.7 Moving saddles towards the head where A/R is less than one may reduce
circumferential compression stress at the horn of the saddle. Other option shall be
to increase the combined thickness tu or add ring stiffeners.

4.15.8 Excessive compressive stress at the wear plate tip may be reduced by increasing the
wear plate extension, adding ring stiffeners or by increasing thickness of tu.

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Reducing Shell Stresses With Ring Stiffeners

See Figures 1, 5, 6 and 7.

4.16.1 When shell stresses in 4.14 are still excessive, then stiffener rings shall be added.
Saddle shall be moved away from the heads. If stresses are still excessive, shell
thickness shall be increased. Thickness of wear plate shall be no greater than
thickness of shell.

4.16.2 Saddle shall be moved away from the heads when longitudinal bending stress is
high at midspan.

4.16.3 When stress is excessive at the saddle, saddles shall be moved closer to the heads.

4.16.4 When longitudinal bending stresses are excessive at the midspan and at the saddles,
thickness tu shall be increased.

4.16.5 Excessive tangential shear stress in the shell may be decreased by moving the
saddles away from the heads, or by increasing shell thickness.

Design of Ring Stiffener

See Figure 4. When stresses due to saddle reaction becomes excessive, wear plate
thickness shall be increased, or ring stiffeners in plane of saddle, or combination of both
shall be made.

4.17.1 Stiffener in plane of saddle. See Figures 5 and 7.

Srs’ = - (P /a)±[Mρ / (I/c)], kg/cm2 x 0.09807 MPa/(kg/cm2), MPa

Pβ = (Q/π) ([βsinβ / 2 (1 - cosβ)] - cosβ) + ([cosβ / r (1 - cosβ)] Mβ - Mt)

Mβ = K6Qr
K6 = [cosβ + (β/2) sinβ - (1.5sinβ) / β + cosβ/2 - 0.25 (cosβ - sinβ/β)] x {9 - ([4 -
6(sinβ/β)2 + 2cos2 β] / [(sinβ/β) cosβ + 1 - 2 (sinβ/β)2])}

Where:
Mt is the bending moment at φ = 0
Mt = (Qr/2πK) [sin2β (1 - 0.25cosβ + 0.50βsinβ - 0.25 β2) - 0.75βsinβ + 0.25βcosβ
(2β + 2sinβ - 5sinβ + β cosβ)]
K = sin2β - 0.50 β2 - 0.25sin2β

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4.17.2 Stiffeners adjacent to the saddle. See Figures 5 and 7.

a. The maximum bending moment occurs near the horizontal centerline therefore:
Srs” = (Pρ / na) ± [Mρ / n (I/c)], kg/cm2 x 0.09807 MPa/(kg/cm2), MPa

Where maximum tangential thrust at a point Mφ = Mβ and where Mt is the bending

moment at φ.
Mρ = K6Qr/n

When two circumferential stiffeners are used for each saddle, the minimum spacing
between the two adjacent ring shall be 1.56(rt)0.5 and the maximum spacing shall be no
more than the shell radius.

Saddle Design

See Figure 9.

4.18.1 Inclusive saddle contact angle shall be 120°, minimum.

4.18.2 Wear plate shall be used on all saddle designs.

4.18.3 Material shall be of same composition as shell.

4.18.4 Web, stiffeners, base plate, anchor bolts and weld strength shall be calculated.
Anchor bolts shall be sized on the basis of full longitudinal taken on fixed saddle.
Lateral force shall be taken by both supports.

4.18.5 Longitudinal saddle bending moment shall be on one fixed support. The moment
shall be taken from centroid of saddle arc to bottom of base plate. The horizontal
force shall be the larger of seismic or wind force, as applicable. Large external
loads shall be additive to direction of forces.

4.18.6 Section modulus of saddle design shall be taken at lowest point of saddle arc and
bottom of base plate. Corroded shell thickness and thickness of wear plate shall be
additive when determining section modulus of saddle.

4.18.7 Stacked pressure vessels shall be analyzed for circumferential stress with similar
120° saddle configuration.

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FIGURE 1
Loads and Reactions

REACTION
(a) Loads and reactions

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FIGURE 2
Shear Diagram

FIGURE 3
Shear Stresses in Unstiffened Shell

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FIGURE 4
Shear Distribution
(Shell Reinforced by Head)

FIGURE 5
Load and Circumferential Moment Diagram

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FIGURE 6
Compressive Load in Shell and Saddle Reaction

FIGURE 7
Forces in Stiffening Ring in Plane of Saddle

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FIGURE 8
Design Load for Support Saddle

FIGURE 9
Saddle Support Detail

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APPENDIX A
Definitions
A = Location from tangent line to centerline of saddle, m
a = Size of reinforcing ring of a cross sectional area, cm2
b = Width of saddle, cm
b’ = Width of wear plate, cm
c = Least centroidal distance from outer face of moment of inertia, cm
E = Weld joint efficiency
H = Depth of head, m
K = Constant for determining load, Pt
K3 = Longitudinal bending moment coefficients
K6 = Circumferential bending coefficient for shell ring
I = Moment of inertia, cm4
L = Tangent to tangent length of vessel, cm

M = Bending moment, kg.cm

Mβ = Maximum bending moment in the rings in plane of saddle, kg.cm

Mt = Tangential bending moment at top centerline of vessel, kg.cm

P = Design pressure, kPa
Pβ = Direct tangential force at point of maximum moment in a stiffener ring at a
point of M φ = M β , kg
Pρ = Maximum tangential thrust due to bending moment in stiffeners adjacent to saddle, kg
Pt = Tangential thrust at bending moment, Mt, kg
Q = Load per one saddle, kg
r = Radius of shell, cm
R = Radius of shell, m
Sa = Allowable stress, MPa
Sc = Circumferential bending stress, MPa
Srs = Combined stress using ring stiffeners, MPa
Sl = Longitudinal bending stress at midspan, MPa
Sh = Allowable stress in heads used as stiffeners, MPa
Sp = Longitudinal pressure stress, MPa
St = Tangential shear stress stiffened by ring in plane of saddle, MPa
St’ = Tangential shear stress in shell not stiffened by the head (A ≥ R/2), or reinforced by two ring
girders near saddle, MPa
St” = Tangential stress in shell stiffened by head (A < R/2) for shell thickness, MPa
Sy = Allowable yield stress, MPa
t = Thickness of shell, cm

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APPENDIX A (Continued)
Definitions

tu = Thickness of shell when combined with wear plate thickness, cm. Wear plate thickness shall not
exceed nominal thickness of shell.
th = Thickness of head, cm
h = Distance from centerline of vessel to bottom of base plate, cm
θ = Angle of saddle contact, degrees
β = (180 - θ /2) = Central angle from vertical centerline to saddle horn, degrees (used in radians
when not used in trigonometric function)
α = π - (w/180) (θ /2 +β/20)
φ1 = Angle of shear load at any point from top central centerline, degrees
φ2 = Angle of shear load from top central centerline to support saddle, degrees
∆ = π /180 (β/6 + θ /2)
∆2 = Effective portion of shell above shell, radians
ρ = Central angle from upper vertical centerline to point of maximum moment in ring
located adjacent to saddle, radians
w = Load, kg/cm
n = Number of stiffeners
q = Shear flow, kg/cm
Rs = Saddle reaction, kg
foQ = Horizontal shear force, kg
xo = Centroidal distance from vessel centerline, cm = r q/2 rad. q.
Z = Section modulus, cm3

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