SATHIAN M.

“MALAYALAM FILM AND GENDER POLITICS: A STUDY BASED ON

kmwkvIm-cn-Iaq-ey-§sf kaq-l-a-\-Ên Dd-¸n-s¨-Sp-¡p-¶-Xn kmaq-ln-I-

hy-h-lm-c-§-sf-Ãmw-Xs¶ AXm-Xn-tâ-Xmb ]¦p-h-ln-¡p-¶p-−v. kmwkvIm-cn-I-

amb aqey-t_m[w \nÀ½n-s¨-Sp-¡p-¶-Xnepw {]N-cn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xnepw Dd-¸n-s¨-Sp-

¡p-¶-Xnepw Iem-km-ln-Xy-cq-]-§Ä \nÀ®m-b-I-amb kzm[o\w sNep-¯p-¶p.

B[p\nIkaql§sf kw_Ôn¨nSt¯mfw A¡q«¯n kp{][m\amb

Øm\apÅ Hcp Iemam²yaamWv kn\na. Ccp]Xmw\qäm−nsâ Ie F¶v

kn\nasb s]mXpsh hntijn¸n¨pt]mcp¶p. \nch[n kmt¦XnIhnZyIfpsS

klmbt¯msS cq]saSp¯n«pÅ, BtKmfXe¯n¯s¶ P\{]nbamb

Hcp Iemcq]hpamWnXv.

B[p\nIaebmfnIfpsS A`ncpNnIsfbpw hnizmk§sfbpw kmaq

lnIhpw kmwkv¡mcnIhpamb [mcWIsfbpw cq]s¸Sp¯p¶Xn kn\n

abv¡v khntijamb kvYm\ap−v. kvt\ls¯¡pdn¨pw XymKs¯¡pdn¨pw

IpSw_s¯¡pdn¨pw hoSns\¡pdn¨pw thjs¯¡pdn¨pw F¶pth−m ae

bmfnbpsS PohnXaqey§fpsS hn`n¶Xe§tfXm−pw Dd¸ns¨Sp¡p¶XnÂ

kn\na \nÀ®mbIamb ]¦p hln¡p¶p−v.

BW¯s¯¡pdn¨pw s]®¯s¯¡pdn¨pw Hcp kaqlw sh¨p

]peÀ¯p¶ aqeyk¦ev]§Ä kmaqlnIambpw kmwkv¡mcnIambpw

cmjv{Sobambpw hfsc {]m[m\yapÅXmWv. BW¯s¯bpw s]®¯

s¯bpw kw_Ôn¨v cq]s¸SpIbpw hnhn[hyhlmc§fneqsS {]_eam¡

s¸SpIbpw sN¿p¶ aqeyt_m[§Ä Hcp kaIme]T\ hnjbamWv. aebmf

kn\naIÄ Cu {]{Inbbn \nÀÆln¡p¶ ]s¦´v F¶ At\zjWw

{]kàamb hnjbamWv. kaql¯n \ne\n¡p¶ enwK]ZhnIsf

aebmfkn\na ssIImcyw sN¿p¶sX§s\sb¶v ]cntim[n¡s¸tSXp−v.

1
0.1. ]T\e£yw

{]Xybimkvt{Xm]IcW§Ä F¶ \nebn kmlnXymZnhyh

lmc§sfÃmw aqeyt_m[\nÀ½nXnbn {][m\amWv. kmlnXyw km£csc

am{Xw A`nkwt_m[\ sNbvXt¸mÄ kn\na km£c\nc£ct`ZanÃmsX,

{Kma\Kct`ZanÃmsX aebmfnIfmb B_mehr²w P\§fnte¡pw {]kcn

¸n¨psIm−v AXnsâ kzm[o\hebw hn]peam¡nbn«p−v. AXn\mÂ

enwK]Zhnsb kw_Ôn¨ aebmfnbpsS BZÀiamXrIIÄ cq]s¸Sp

¯pIbpw Dd¸ns¨Sp¡pIbpw sNbvXXn IeIÄ GsäSp¯ ZuXyw

AXnsâ cmjv{Sob]cnkc¯n hniIe\w sN¿pt¼mÄ kzoIcn¡mhp¶

{][m\s¸« IemP\pÊv kn\nabmsW¶p ImtW−nhcpw. AXn¯s¶

hntij{i² AÀln¡p¶Xv P\{]nbamb IYmkn\naIfmWv. aebmf¯nse

P\{]nbIYmkn\naIÄ cq]s¸Sp¯nb enwKm[njvTnXamb aqey§sfbpw

AXnsâ cmjv{Sob]cnkcs¯bpw {]tXyIw ]cntim[n¡pIbmWv Cu

]T\¯nsâ e£yw.

0.2. ]T\¯nsâ {]kàn

kmlnXy¯nsâ BkzmZ\¯n hmb\¡mÀ k¦ev]ns¨Sp¡p¶

`mh\mtemI§fpw A\pioe\¯neqsS ssIh¶n«pÅ `mhpIXzhpw

\nÀ®mbIamWv. kn\nabn A¯cw `mh\IÄ A{Xtbsd {]kàaÃ.

XncÈoebnemsW¦nepw t\cn«pImWp¶ PohnXm\p`h§Ä F¶ \nebnÂ

AXn\v HcpXcw A{]amZn¯hpw B[nImcnIXbpw ssIhcp¶p−v. kn\na

sb¶ kmt¦XnIIebpsS ]ndhnXs¶ BfpIsf A¼c¸n¡pIbpw XncÈo

ebnse Zriy§Ä `uXnIbmYmÀ°yamsW¶ aXn{`aw krjvSn¡pIbpw

sNbvXn«ps−¶Xnsâ sXfnhmWv ¹mävt^mante¡v ]mªphcp¶ Xoh−n

sb XncÈoebn¡−v t{]£IÀ kzbwc£bv¡mbn HmSnadªXns\

¡pdn¨pÅ IY. kn\na F¡me¯pw Cu aXn{`aap−m¡p¶p−v. XncÈoe

bn sXfnbp¶ PohnXkµÀ`§fpw i_vZ]Y¯neqsS A\p`hs¸Sp¶

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sshImcnIm´co£hpsaÃmw tNÀ¶v kn\nasb t\c\p`hsa¶ Hcp {]XoXn

bnte¡v {]XnjvTn¡p¶p−v. {]ZÀi\imebn t{]£IÀ A\p`hn¡p¶

Zriyhpw {imhyhpamb A\p`h§f{Xbpw A\h[nbmb XncsªSp¸p

IfneqsS t_m[]qÀÆambn krjvSns¨Sp¯hbmWv. AXn\m¯s¶

Hmtcm¶pw Bkq{XnXhpw AÀ°w Iev]n¡s¸«hbpamWv. AtXkabw

t{]£Isc kw_Ôn¨v AXv PohnX¯nsâ t\c\p`hamsW¶ {]XoXn

Hmtcm \nanjhpw krjvSn¡pIbpw sN¿p¶p. C§s\ t_m[]qÀÆambn

AÀ°w sImSp¯p s]men¸ns¨Sp¡p¶Xn\m¯s¶ AXv {]Xn\n[m\

§fmsW¶p ]dbmw. t\c\p`h§fmsW¶ {]XoXn P\n¸n¡p¶ {]Xn\n

[m\§fmIs« At_m[]cambn«mWv t{]£Isc kzm[o\n¡p¶Xv. AXp

sIm−pXs¶ Ahbv¡v {]Xybimkvt{Xm]IcW§sf¶ \nebn {]hÀ

¯n¡m³ Ffp¸hpap−v. kn\nasb¶ Iemam²ya¯nsâ C¯cw {]tXyI

XIsf ]cnKWn¡pt¼mÄ kaql¯nsâ aqeyk¦ev]§sf cq]oIcn¡p

¶Xn aäpIeIsf At]£n¨v kn\nabv¡pÅ \nÀ®mbI{]m[m\yw

shfnhmIpw. {]Xy£¯n sXfnªp\nev¡m¯ {]Xn\n[m\§sfbpw

AhbpsS {]Xybimkv{X[À½§fpsS cmjv{Sobhnh£Isfbpw a\Ênem

¡m³ kn\nasb hniIe\w sN¿p¶Xv AXn\m XnI¨pw bpàamWv.

enwK]Zhnsb¶Xv icocimkv{X]camb kv{Xo]pcpjt`Z§sf

B{ibns¨¶Xns\¡mÄ kmwkvImcnIamb aqeyhnNmc§fm \nÀWbn

¡s¸Sp¶XmsW¶ hkvXpX C¶v AwKoIcn¡s¸«n«p−v. kv{Xobmbmepw

]pcpj\mbmepw aäp enwK§fmbmepw AhsbÃmw Hmtcmtcm kµÀ`§fnepw

A\pjvTnt¡−Xmb coXnIfpw ]cnXyPnt¡−Xmb coXnIfpw GtX

sXms¡bmsW¶v Hmtcmkaqlhpw \nÝbn¨psh¨n«p−v. Hmtcm¶n\papÅ

BZÀiamXrIIsf IebneqsS Dd¸n¨psIm−mWv CXv {][m\ambpw

km[n¡p¶Xv. P\{]nbamb Ie F¶ \nebn enwK]Zhnsb kw_Ôn¨v

aebmfkn\naIÄ Dd¸ns¨Sp¯ BZÀiamXrIIsfbpw Ahb\pjvTn¨

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{]Xybimkv{X[À½§sfbpw ]cntim[n¨m Ccp]Xmw\qäm−nepw

XpSÀ¶pw \ne\nev¡p¶ aebmfnIfpsS kmwkvImcnIhnNmcamXrIIsf

Is−¯m\mIpw. B \nebnepw Cu ]T\w kwKXamWv.

0.3. B[mc]cnIev]\

kn\naIÄ Dd¸ns¨Sp¯ enwK]ZhnIsf kw_Ôn¨ aqeyt_m

[§sf ]cntim[n¡p¶Xphgn IpSpw_w F¶ kmwkvImcnIØm]\¯nsâ

{]XnjvTm]\w F§s\bmsW¶pw, IpSpw_¯n kv{Xobv¡pw ]pcpj\pw

Iev]n¨p\ÂInb Øm\§fpw ]ZhnIfpw Fs´ms¡bmsW¶pw AhbpsS

hnImk]cnWma§Ä F§s\bmsW¶pw Cg]ncns¨Sp¡m³ Ignbpw

F¶XmWv Cu ]T\¯n\v B[mcamb ]cnIev]\.

0.4. ]T\taJe

kn\nabpsS kmwkvImcnIhpw cmjv{Sobhpamb {]`mhs¯bmWv Cu

]T\¯n ]cntim[n¡p¶Xv. aebmfnbpsS Ncn{XhgnIfn PmXobamb

]cnKW\IÄ apJyambncp¶p. kpZoÀLambn \ne\n¶ B aqeyt_m[§Ä

CfIn¯pS§p¶ B[p\nINcn{XL«s¯ aebmfkn\na AXnsâ XpS¡

Imew apX¡pXs¶ ASbmfs¸Sp¯nbn«p−v. PmXobamb thÀXncnhp

Isf shÃphnfn¨psIm−v am\pjnIamb {]Wbw hnPbn¡p¶tXm AXns\

AXnPohn¡m\mhmsX XIÀ¶Snbp¶tXm PohnX¯nse {][m\{]tab

ambn AhXcn¸n¡m³ aebmfkn\na BZyImew apXte DÕmlw ImWn¨Xv

DZmlcWw. kv{Xosbbpw ]pcpjs\bpw PmXnkzXz§fmbn ImWp¶

]c¼cmKXamb ^yqUÂaqey§sf tNmZywsN¿p¶ Xc¯n PmXyXoX

amb kv{Xo]pcpj{]Wbs¯ BZÀihXv¡cn¡p¶ B[p\nIaqey§Ä

Dd¸n¡p¶XnemWv kn\na s]mXpsh {i²sh¨Xv.

aebmfkmlNcys¯ kw_Ôn¨v ]c¼cmKXamb hnNmcamXrIbnÂ

Dd¨p\n¶ enwK]Zhnk¦ev]§Ä CfIn¯pS§p¶ Ncn{XL«amWv aäv

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C´y³ \mSpIfnse¶t]mse tIcf¯nepw kn\na hym]Iambn¯oÀ¶

Imesa¶v kmam\yambn ]dbmw. B[p\nIXsb kw_Ôn¨ hnaÀi\§Ä

DbÀ¶ph¶ D¯cm[p\nIL«¯nepw P\{]nbXbpsS Imcy¯n kn\na

kPohambn\n¡p¶p−v. enwK]Zhnsb {]iv\h¡cn¡p¶ kn\namhnjv

Imc§Ä C¡me¯v D−mhp¶pap−v. C¡mcy§sfms¡ ]cnKWn¨mWv

enwKcmjv{Sobs¯ hniIe\w sN¿m\mbn kn\nasb kzoIcn¨ncn¡p¶Xv.

kn\nabnse A\p`h§Ä bmYmÀ°yaà F¶p am{Xaà bmYmÀ°y

¯nsâ ]IÀ¸pt]mepaÃ, adn¨v t_m[]qÀÆw Bkq{XWw sNbvXv Ir{Xna

ambn krjvSn¡p¶XmWv. Cu Bibs¯ ap³\nÀ¯n ]T\§fpw kn²m´

§fpw [mcmfap−mbn«p−v. {]Xn\n[m\w F¶ k¦ev]\hpw AXnsâ

cmjv{Sobam\§fpw C§s\ {]XnjvTt\Snb Hcp hnÚm\kcWnbmWv.

BW¯s¯bpw s]®¯s¯bpw cq]s¸Sp¯nsbSp¡p¶ kmaqlnI

kmlNcy§sfbpw AXneS§nb A[nImc_Ô§sfbpw Ipdn¨pÅ ]T\

§fpw [mcmfap−mbn«p−v. Cu c−v sshÚm\nI[mcIfpw s]mXphmbn

]¦nSp¶ Hcp Imcyw ChbpsS ASnØm\k¦ev]\§fmb {]Xn\n[m\w,

enwK]Zhn F¶nh kzm`mhnIambn D−mhp¶XÃ, kmwkvImcnIamb

\nÀ½nXnbmWv F¶XmWv. AXn A[nImcs¯ Dd¸ns¨Sp¡p¶ {]Xyb

imkv{X]camb [À½w A´À`hn¨n«p−v. AXn\m aebmfkn\nabnse

enwKcmjv{Sobs¯ ]cntim[n¡p¶ Cu ]T\¯n\v B{ibn¨n«pÅXv

{][m\ambpw Cu ssk²m´nI]²XnIsf¯s¶bmWv.

0.5. ]T\coXn

aebmf¯nse enwK]Zhnsb kw_Ôn¨ [mcWIÄ kn\naIÄ

F§s\ {]Xn\n[m\w sN¿p¶p F¶p kmam\yambn \nco£n¨Xnsâ

shfn¨¯n GXm\pw kn\naIsf XncsªSp¯v kq£vaambn hniIe\w

sN¿p¶ coXnbmWv kzoIcn¨n«pÅXv. aebmfnkaql¯n kv{Xosb

ap³\nÀ¯nbpÅ BtemN\Ifpw AXnsâ ^eambn kv{XoimàoIcW

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¯n\mbpÅ kwLS\Ifpw C´ybn Fgp]XpIfn¯s¶ {]Xy£s¸«n

cps¶¦nepw tIcf¯n cq]s¸Sp¶Xv 1980IfnemWv. enwK]Zhnsb¡pdn¨pw

enwK\oXnsb¡pdn¨pw KuchXcamb BtemN\IÄ¡v XpS¡an«Xnsâ

Ncn{X{]m[m\ys¯ ap³\nÀ¯n tIcf¯nep−mb enwKcmjv{SobNÀ¨Isf

F¬]XpIÄ¡v ap¼pw ]n¼pw F¶v thÀXncn¡m³ Ignbpw. F¬]XpIfn

ep−mb A`qX]qÀÆamb kv{Xoapt¶ä§fpsS kmaqlnIhpw cmjv{Sobhpw

hnZym`ymk]chpamb Ncn{XkmlNcy§sf ]cntim[n¨mepw Cu hn`P\w

{]kàamsW¶p ImWmw. AXn\m ]T\¯n\mbn enwKcmjv{Sob¯nsâ

Ncn{Xs¯ F¬]XpIÄ¡v ap¼pw ]n¼psa¶v thÀXncn¨v Hmtcm L«¯n\pw

GähpanW§p¶ kn\naIsfbmWv sXcªSp¯Xv.

F¬]XpIsf¯pSÀ¶p−mb ZiI§fn kv{XohmZ]T\¯nsâ

taJe IqSpX hnimeamb taJeIfnte¡v hym]n¡pIam{Xaà enwK]Zhn

sb¡pdn¨v \ne\n¶pt]m¶ ZzµzIev]\sb¯s¶ {]iv\h¡cn¡pIbpw

ssewKnIXsb¡pdn¨pÅ k¦ev]§sf ]mtS amän¯oÀ¯psIm−v ]pXnb

hnXm\§fnte¡v ]ScpIbpw sNbvXp. kzhÀ¤ssewKnIXt]mse kaqlw

Ccp«nÂ\nÀ¯nb bmYmÀ°y§sf AXv apJy[mcbnte¡m\bn¨p. A¯cw

hnImk§sf¡qSn ]cntim[n¨mte enwKcmjv{Sob¯nsâ ]pXnb kcWn

Isf A`napJoIcn¡m\mhq F¶Xn\m ssewKnIXbpsS hn`n¶hpw

hnNn{Xhpamb am\§sf A`napJoIcn¡p¶ ‘IzoÀ’ XnbdnbpsS shfn¨

¯n B taJesb {]tabam¡p¶ GXm\pw kn\naIsfbpw hniIe\

hnt[bam¡p¶p−v.

{]mXn\n[ykz`mhapÅ kn\naIsf XncsªSp¯v {]tab¯nsâbpw

kn\namkmt¦XnIXbpsSbpw Xe¯nÂsh¨v Ahsb hniZambn ]cntim[n

¡p¶ coXnbmWv kzoIcn¨n«pÅXv.

6
0.6. ]qÀÆ]T\§Ä

kn\nam]T\§fpsSbpw enwK]Zhn]T\§fpsSbpw hk´ImeamWv

Ccp]Xmw \qäm−nsâ A´yZiIt¯msS Dcp¯ncnªph¶n«pÅXv. B[p

\nIIme¯nsâ Iebpw {]Xn\n[m\hpsa¶ \nebn kn\na B[p\nIXm

hnaÀi\]T\kµÀ`¯n khntijamb {i² ]nSn¨p]äpIbp−mbn. {]Xn

\n[m\]camb hi§Ä A¯cw ]T\§fn hniIe\ hnt[bamhpIbpw

sNbvXp. kmlnXy¯nse¶t]mse kv{Xobpw IogmfP\hn`mK§fpw {]IrXn

bpsams¡ kn\naIfn F§s\ ]cnNcn¡s¸«psh¶ At\zjW§Ä

hnhn[ sshÚm\nItaJeIfnÂ\n¶v DbÀ¶phcnIbpw sNbvXp. A´À

sshÚm\nIamb ]T\§fpw [mcmfambn \S¡p¶p−v. kn\nasb Hcp

kmwkvImcnIcq]sa¶ \nebn a\Ênem¡m\pw A]{KYn¡m\pw C¯cw

]T\§Ä klmbIambn«p−v. Cu ]cnkc¯nÂ\n¶psIm−mWv aebmf

kn\nasb Ahew_am¡n ChnsS KthjW]T\w \S¯p¶Xv.

aebmfkn\nabnse enwK]ZhnbmhnjvImc§sf ap³\nÀ¯n Npcp¡w

Nne ]T\§Ä \S¶n«p−v. AXn {][m\amb H¶v ao\ Sn ]nÅ FUnäv

sNbvX hna¬ C³ aebmfw kn\na þ \mNzdsseknMv sPâÀ lbdmÀ¡okv

(2010) F¶ {KÙamWv. aebmfkn\nabnse kv{XobmhnjvImc§sf

ap³\nÀ¯n \S¯nb kmwkvImcnIhpw cmjv{Sobhpamb At\zjW§fmWv

AXn kamlcn¡s¸«ncn¡p¶Xv. tUm. sI. tKm]n\mY³ (2012), kn. Fkv.

sh¦ntSizc³ (2011), sP\n sdmho\ (2011, 2014), hnPbIrjvW³ (2012) Pn. ]n.

cmaN{µ³ (1998, 2009), hn. sI. tPmk^v (2014) XpS§nb {]KÛcmb

kn\nam]TnXm¡Ä FgpXnb teJ\§Ä, Häs¸« eLp]T\§Ä F¶

\nebn ]cnanXnIfpÅt¸mįs¶, Cu taJebn ]T\w \S¯p¶

hÀ¡v hgnIm«p¶hbmWv. Bjm F³.\mbÀ Imen¡äv kÀÆIemimebnÂ

tUmIväd _ncpZ¯n\pth−n kaÀ¸n¨ I¬kv{SIvj³ Hm^v P³UÀ

CtaPkv C³ I−¼ddn aebmfw kn\na þ F IÄNd ÌUn F¶

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KthjW{]_ÔamWv (2008) asämcp {it²bamb ]T\w. kn\namNcn{Xw

AhXcn¸n¡pIbpw XpSÀ¶v, ]pcpjt\m«(male gaze)s¯ ap³\nÀ¯n 1995\p

tijapÅ aebmfkn\naIsf A]{KYn¡pIbpamWv Cu ]T\¯nÂ

sNbvXncn¡p¶Xv. Cu ]qÀÆ]T\]cn{ia§fnÂ\n¶v {]tNmZ\w kzoIcn

¡pt¼mįs¶ `n¶amb Hcp hgnbnemWv ChnsS k©cn¡p¶Xv. {]tabw,

]cnNcWw, Iemkmt¦XnIX XpS§nb hnhn[Xe§sf IW¡nseSp¯p

sIm−v kn\na AXnsâ ka{KXbn A\pjvTn¡p¶ kmwkvImcnI[À½

sas´¶v At\zjn¡m\mWv ChnsS {ian¡p¶Xv.

0.7. {]_Ôkzcq]w

BapJ¯n\p ]pdsa \mev A²ymb§fpw D]kwlmchpw {KÙ

kqNnbpw A\p_Ôhpw tNÀ¶XmWv {]_Ôw.

‘kn\nabpw enwKcmjv{Sobhpwþssk²m´nIkao]\w’ F¶ H¶m

as¯ A[ymb¯n s]mXpt_m[\nÀ½nXnbn kn\na sNep¯p¶

kzm[o\w ]T\hnt[bam¡p¶Xn\p]Icn¡p¶ ssk²m´nI[mcWIÄ

cq]s¸Sp¯m\mWv {ian¨ncn¡p¶Xv. kao]Ime¯v kwkv¡mc]T\taJe

bnepw kn\nam]T\taJebnepw hfÀ¶ph¶n«pÅ Nn´m[mcIfn {]kà

ambhsb Ahew_am¡nbmWv Cu At\zjWw \nÀÆln¨ncn¡p¶Xv.

hyhlmc¯neqsS \nÀ½nbv¡s¸Sp¶ IÀ¯rXzw, kzXzw, {]Xn\n[m\w,

hyhlmcw, enwK]Zhn, ssewKnIX F¶nhsb kw_Ôn¨v B[p\nIm

\´cNn´IÀ cq]oIcn¨n«pÅ Bib§Ä, {]Xybimkv{Xs¯bpw

{]Xybimkvt{Xm]IcW§sfbpw Ipdn¨pÅ \nco£W§Ä, A[nImc

¯nsâ Øqehpw kq£vahpamb {]Xy£oIcW§sf¡pdn¨pÅ ImgvN¸mSp

IÄ XpS§nbhbmWv {][m\ambn ChnsS ]cnKWn¨Xv. knÜ−v t{^mbvUv,

AÂ{^Uv AUveÀ, FdnIv t{^mw, antjÂ^qt¡m, Pqenbäv anäv¨Â, s_än

{^oU³, eqkn CdnKsd, {Inkv _mÀ¡À, BÀ.U»yp. tImW F¶nhcpsS

8
Nn´Isf ChnsS {i²n¡p¶p. kv{XohmZ]camb kn\namkn²m´§sf

¡pdn¨pIqSn NÀ¨sN¿p¶ Cu A[ymb¯n temdmaÂhn, ImPm knÂhÀ

am³, sXtckm Un temdnävkv, ¢bÀ tPm¬Ì¬ F¶nhcpsS Bib

§sfbpw A`napJoIcn¡p¶p−v. enwK]ZhnbpsS kmt¦XnIX (Technology

of Gender), kyq¨À (Suture) F¶ {]{Inb XpS§nb ]²XnIfneq¶n

s¡m−v enwKcmjv{Sob¯nsâ ssk²m´nI]cnkcs¯ hyàam¡m\mWv

H¶mw A[ymb¯n {ian¨n«pÅXv.

‘aebmfkn\na: s]®¯¯nsâ B¬ImgvNIÄ’ F¶ c−ma[ym

b¯n F¬]XpIÄ¡v ap¼pÅ kn\naIsfbmWv ]T\hnt[bam¡p¶Xv.

aebmfkn\nabpsS kmt¦XnIkwhn[m\§sfbpw kmaqlnIkz`mh

s¯bpw ChnsS hniIe\w sN¿p¶p. kn\naIfnse IpSpw_w, hnhmlw,

{]Wbw F¶n§s\bpÅ LSI§fpsS hniIe\¯n hÀ¤w (class),

PmXn (caste) F¶nh {]m[m\yaÀln¡p¶p−v. Ch hnaÀi\mßIambn

]cntim[n¡pt¼mÄ taemfkv{XobptSbpw Iogmfkv{XobptSbpw PohnX§Ä

XnI¨pw hyXykvX§fmbncp¶psh¶pw F¶mÂ, kv{Xo F¶ \nebnÂ

AhÀ¡v Ft¸mgpw kl\§fneqsS IS¶pt]mtI−nh¶p F¶pw ImWmw.

BZyImekn\naIfn kv{XoIÄ [mcmfambn tI{µØm\¯v h¶ncp¶p

sh¦nepw amaqepIfpw acymZIfpw ewLn¡m¯hcmbncp¶p. aebmfkn\na

bnse BhÀ¯n¡s¸Sp¶ ]mtäWpIsfbpw {]WbNn{XoIcW¯nsâ

s]mXpLS\sbbpw Cu A[ymb¯n ]cntim[n¡p¶p. icoc`mjbpw

A[nImchpw GXpcq]¯n aebmfkn\nabn I−phcp¶p F¶pw ChnsS

{i²n¡p¶p. \oe¡pbnÂ, IpSpw_n\n, Aán]p{Xn, At\zjn¨p Is−¯n

bnÃ, DtZymKØ, shfp¯I{Xo\, IÅns¨Ã½, hnhmlnX, apds¸®v,

Hmfhpw Xochpw, Hcps]®nsâ IY F¶o kn\naIsfbmWv Cu A[ymb

¯n {][m\ambpw ]T\hnt[bam¡p¶Xv.

9
 ‘BW¯w, AXn]pcpjXzwþ\ncmIcn¡s¸Sp¶ s]×’ F¶ aq¶mw

A[ymb¯n F¬]XpIÄ¡ptijapÅ kn\naIfn kw`hn¨ enwKcm

jv{Sob]camb ]cnhÀ¯\s¯ A]{KYn¡pIbmWv sN¿p¶Xv. kmaqlnI

cwK¯v kv{XobpsS CSs]S hÀ²n¡pIbpw hnZym`ymk]cambn kv{Xo

apt¶dpIbpw sNbvX Ime¯v kn\nabn kv{Xo amän\nÀ¯s¸SpItbm

]mÀizhevIcn¡s¸SpItbm sN¿p¶Xnsâ ]Ým¯ew ChnsS At\zjn

¡p¶p. tIcf¯nse kmaqlnIþkmwkvImcnIþcmjv{Sob cwK§fnep−mb

]cnhÀ¯\§sf ap³\nÀ¯nbmWv Cu ImeL«§fnse kn\naIsf

hniIe\w sN¿p¶Xv. BZyImekn\naIfnÂ\n¶p hyXykvXambn F¬

]XpIÄ¡p tijapÅ kn\naIfn kv{XobpsS tdmÄ XmcXtay\ Ipdbp¶

XmbmWv ImWp¶Xv. ]pcpj\pth−n tPmensN¿p¶ Hcp ho«p]IcWw

am{XamWv ]et¸mgpw kn\nabnse kv{XoIÄ. IgpI³, Icn¼\, asämcmÄ,

kaqlw, IfnhoSv, shdptX Hcp `mcy, I½ojWÀ, C¶s¯ Nn´mhnjbw,

sIm¨psIm¨p kt´mj§Ä, dmWn]ßn\n F¶okn\naIfmWv Cu

A[ymb¯n {][m\ambpw ]T\hnt[bam¡p¶Xv.

‘hnNn{Xw, hnaXw þ ssewKnIXbpsS ]pXpImgvNIÄ’ F¶XmWv

\memw A[ymbw. aebmfkn\nabn c−mbnc¯n\ptijw kw`hn¨

enwKcmjv{Sob{]m[m\yapÅ Nne ]pXpaIsf A`napJoIcn¡m\mWv AXnÂ

{ian¡p¶Xv. ‘IzoÀ’ (Queer) kn²m´s¯ hniZambn ]cnNbs¸Sp¯ns¡m

−mWv ChnsS ]T\w \S¯p¶Xv. tK, sekv_nb³, `n¶ssewKnIX

F¶n§s\bpÅ ssewKnIhÀ¤oIcW¯n\v [mcmfw ]cnanXnIfp−v.

‘IzoÀ’ F¶Xv {][m\ambpw ]pcpjkzhÀ¤cXn¡mc³(gay), kv{XokzhÀ

¤cXn¡mcn (Lesbian) F¶nhcpambmWv _Ôs¸«sX¦nepw ZznenwK hyàn

XzapÅhÀ (hermaphrodite), kµnKv²enwK]Zhn (gender ambiguity) DÅhÀ,

enwKamäikv{X{Inb (gender corrective surgery)bv¡p hnt[bcmbhÀ,

10
thjm´cnXÀ (transvestite) F¶nhÀIqSn A¡q«¯nÂt¨cp¶p. ssewKn-I-

Xsb kw_-Ôn¨ ]gb Zzµm-ß-I-hn-Nm-c-§-sf-bmsI s]mfn-s¨-gp-Xn-s¡m−v

IS¶-ph-cp¶ ]pXnb Nn´-I-fpsS shfn-¨-¯n ae-bm-f-kn-\n-abpw ]pXnb

{]ta-b-§-fn-te¡pw Bi-b-§-fn-te¡pw Nph-Sp-sh-¨n-«p-−v. ssewKn-I-X-bpsS

hnNn-{X-amb am\-§sf A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-¡p¶ "IzoÀ' kn\n-a-Isf Cu A[ym-b-

¯n hni-I-e-\-hn-t[-b-am-¡p-¶p.

Hcp hyàn ssewKnI_Ô¯n\mbn sXcsªSp¡p¶ hyànbpsS

skIvknsâ ASnØm\¯nemWv AbmfpsS ssewKnIX \nÀ®bn¡s¸Sp

¶Xv. D`benwKcXn (bisexuality) sb \nÀÆNn¡p¶Xn\v CWbpsS skIvkv

ASnØm\am¡pI km[yaÃ. CW-bpsS skIvknsâ ASn-Øm-\-¯nÂ

ssewKn-I-Xsb hÀ¤o-I-cn-¡p¶ coXn-Xs¶ "D`-b-ssew-Kn-IX' \ncÀ°-I-am-

¡p-¶p. kzXzw, sP³UÀ, ssewKn-I-X, A[n-Imcw apX-em-b-h-sb-¡p-dn-¨pÅ

]pXnb ImgvN-¸m-Sp-I-fpsS kzm[o-\-¯nsâ ^e-ambn kzXz-¯nsâ {Iao-Ir-X-

am-Xr-I-IÄ (nomative models of identity) A]cym]vX-am-bn-¯oÀ¶p. AXp-

sIm-−p-Xs¶ kzXz-kw-_-Ôn-bmb Bi-b-§Ä \ho-I-cn-¡-s¸-«p. A§s\

enwK]Zho]T\§fn ]pXnb kao]\§Ä hfÀ¶ph¶p. IzoÀ F¶Xv Cu

taJebnepÅ ]T\§Ä¡v Hgn¨pIqSm\mhm¯ Bibambn¯oÀ¶p.

kv{Xo/]pcp-j³ F¶-Xn\v Hcp "k¯'bps−¶ hmZ-¯nsâ ASn-Øm-

\-¯n-emWv ]c-¼-cm-K-X-am-b, AYhm AwKo-I-cn-¡-s¸« "`n¶-enw-K-cXn'sb¡p-

dn¨v NÀ¨-IÄ ]ptcm-K-an-¨-Xv. \ho\hnÚm\§fpsS IS¶phcthmSpIqSn

k¯mhmZ]camb [mcWIÄ ZpÀºeambn. \nÀ½nXnhmZ]camb kao]\w

DbÀ¶ph¶p. kzXzw F¶ k¦ev]w kmaqlnIhpw Ne\£ahpamIp¶

Xn\m k¯mhmZs¯ adnIS¡p¶ ]pXnb kao]\w hnIkn¨ph¶p. CXv

kv{XohmZ]T\§fn ImXemb amä§Ä¡v hgnXpd¶p. Hcp kv{Xo asämcp

kv{XobnÂ\n¶pw ]pcpj³ aäp ]pcpj·mcnÂ\n¶pw hyXykvXamIp¶

11
XpsIm−pXs¶ c−p hyànIÄ X½nepÅ _Ôhpw aäp c−phyànIÄ

X½nepÅ _Ôhpw Hcn¡epw kam\amhpIbnÃ. hfsc hyXykvX§fmb

enwKkzXzs¯ IÅnIfn ASbmfs¸Sp¯n hÀ¤oIcn¡m\pÅ {iawXs¶

\ncÀ°IamsW¶p kmcw. AtX kabwXs¶ kmaqlnIamb `n¶XItfm

AhØItfm \ne\n¡p¶p−v F¶p hyàhpamWv. AXn\m C¯cw

At\zjW§Ä¡v klmbIamb Hcp LSIsa¶ \nebn kv{XokzXz

k¦ev]¯n\v {]hÀ¯n¡m³ km[n¡p¶p−v. AXv k¯mhmZ]camb

H¶Ã. adn¨v, kmaqlnIambkz`mhapÅXpw Ne\mßIhpamb ASbmfs¸S

epIfmWv. C¯-c-samcp Ah-t_m-[-t¯msS ae-bm-f-kn-\n-a-I-fnse IzoÀ

Bhn-jv¡m-c-§sf ap³\nÀ¯n enwK-]-Zhn \nÀ½n-Xn-bpsS kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw

A[n-Im-c-]-c-hp-amb am\-§sf hni-I-e\hnt[-b-am-¡m-\pÅ {ia-amWv Cu

A²ym-b-¯n \S-¯p-¶-Xv. kv{XokzhÀ¤cXn {]tabamIp¶ ‘k©mcw’,

]pcpjkzhÀ¤cXn {]tabamIp¶ ‘apwss_ t]meokv’, lnPUIfpsS

PohnXw Bhnjv¡cn¡p¶ ‘AÀ²\mcn’, thjm´cnX³ (transvestite)

apJyIYm]m{Xamb ‘Nm´ps]m«v’ F¶okn\naIfmWv Cu A[ymb¯nÂ

]T\hnt[bam¡p¶Xv.

\me[ymb§fnembn \S¯nb hniZamb NÀ¨IfpsS shfn¨¯nÂ

F¯nt¨À¶ \nco£W§fpw \nKa\§fpw t{ImUoIcn¡pIbmWv

D]kwlmc¯n sN¿p¶Xv. ]T\¯n D]tbmKs¸Sp¯nb IrXnIfpsS

]«nIbpw, {]_Ô¯n ]cmaÀin¡p¶ kn\naIfn {]kàsa¶p I−

Nne \nÝeNn{X§fpw A\p_Ôambn sImSp¯ncn¡p¶p.

12
 A[ymbw H¶v

kn\nabpw enwKcmjv{Sobhpw þ
ssk²m´nIkao]\w

P\-kaql¯nsâ kmwkvImcnI[mcWIsf \nÀ½n¡p¶Xnepw _e

s¸Sp¯p¶Xnepw Iem]camb hyhlmc§Ä¡pÅ {]m[m\yw hÀ¯am\

Ime¯v IqSpXÂ hyàambns¡m−ncn¡p¶p−v. aqeyk¦ev]§fpw

s]cpamäcoXnIfpw cq]s¸Sp¯p¶XneqsS PohnX¯nsâ kakvXXe§

fnepw Ie CSs]Sp¶ps−¶ Imcy¯n XÀ¡anÃ. kn\na F¶ Iemcq]

s¯ {i²n¡pt¼mÄ CXv hfsc {]ISamsW¶p ImWmw. P\-§-fn atäXp

Iem-cq-]-t¯-¡mfpw kzm[o\w sNep-¯nhcp¶ P\-IobIe-bm-Wv kn\n-a.

kmwkvIm-cnIhpw kmaqlnIhpamb cwK-§-fn kw`-hn-¡p¶ amä-§fnÂ

kn\na sNep¯p¶ Znim\nÀ®mbIamb ]¦v hfsc Bg¯nepÅ-Xm-Wv.

kwkvImc]T\¯nsâ kaImenIkmlNcy¯n \nebpd¸n¨psIm−v

\S¯p¶ A]{KY\§Ä CXnsâ Dįe§fnte¡v shfn¨w hoip¶

XmWv.

1.1. Xmt¡m k¦ev]\§Ä

tIcfP\-X-bpsS s]mXp-t_m-[-\nÀ½n-Xn-bn kn\na sNep-¯nb

kzm[o\s¯ {]XoXymßIamtbm tIheamtbm a\Ênem¡pIbpw

hymJym\n¡pIbpw sN¿p¶Xn\p]Icw kmwkvImcnIamb ImgvN¸mtSmsS

A]{KY\-hn-t[-b-am-¡p-t¼mÄ kmwkvImc]T-\-ta-J-e-bnepw kn\nam]T-\-ta-

J-e-bnepw hfÀ¶ph¶n-«pÅ kn²m-´-§-fpsS ]n³_ew kzoIcn¡msX h¿.

B \nebn {][m\s¸«Xpw {]kàhpamb Xmt¡m k¦ev]\§sfbpw

Bib§sfbpw ]cntim[n¨psIm−v Cu Kth-jW]T\¯n\v ASn¯d

Hcp¡m³ Ignbpw.

13
1.1.1. hyhlmcw F¶ \nb{´nX`mjW]Yw

`mjsb AaqÀ¯hyhØbmbn¡−v hniIe\w sNbvXpt]m¶

LS\mhmZ`mjmNn´Isf AXnhÀ¯n¨v, `mjbpsS {]bpàkmlNcys¯

IW¡nseSp¡p¶XneqsS Dcp¯ncnªph¶ Hcp k¦ev]\amWv hyhlmcw

F¶Xv. `mjm{]tbmK¯n A´À`hn¡p¶ A[nImc]camb am\§sf

]cnKWn¡p¶ Hcp k¦ev]\ambn AXv hnIkn¡p¶Xp ImWmw. antjÂ

^qt¡mhnsâ Nn´Ifnse¯pt¼mÄ `mjm]camb Hcp Xes¯ hn«v

kmaqlnIamb hn\nab§sf BsI¯s¶ DÄs¡mÅp¶ Hcp k¦ev]\

ambn AXp amdn.

AÀY-]qÀ®amb `mj-W-s¯-bmWv km[m-c-W-bmbn hyh-lmcw

(discourse) F¶-Xp-sIm−v Dt±-in-¡p-¶-Xv. {]tbmK\njvTamb Hcp k¦ev]

\amWnXv. hyh-lmcw `mj-tbbpw {]hÀ¯-\-§-tfbpw GtIm-]n-¡p-I-bmWv

sN¿p-¶-Xv. kwkvImc]T-\-s¯¡pdn¨pÅ ]pkvXI¯n {Inkv_mÀ¡À

(2002) hyh-lm-c-s¯-¡p-dn¨v {]Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-t¼mÄ "\nb-{´nX`mjW]Y§Ä'

(regulated ways of speaking) F¶v {]tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xmbn ImWmw. `mj-bn-

eqsS D¸m-Zn-¸n-¡-s¸« Adnhv D]-tbm-Kn¨v hkvXp-¡Ä¡pw kmaq-lym-Nm-c-

§Ä¡pw AÀ°w \ÂIp¶ {]{In-bsb "hyh-lm-cnI{]hÀ¯-\-§Ä'

(discursive practice) F¶mWv {Inkv_mÀ¡À hnti-jn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv. `mj F¶-

Xp-sIm−v kwkmc`mjsb am{X-aà kqNn¸n¡p¶Xv. Zriy-`m-jbpw (visual

language) hyh-lmcwXs¶. ^qt¡mbpsS ]T\§sf (2008) ]n³XpSÀ¶mÂ

BtcmKyw, imkv{Xw, in£, ssewKnIX XpS§nbhsbms¡ hyhlmc

§fmsW¶p a\Ênem¡m³ Ignbpw. hkvXp¡sfbpw hm¡pIsfbpw

CW¡ns¡m−v {]hÀ¯\£aamIp¶ kmaqlnIhn\nab§fpsS Iq«amWv

At¸mÄ hyhlmc§Ä.

14
 hnhn[Xcw hyh-lm-c-§Ä Htc hkvXp-hn-s\-¡p-dn-¨p-Xs¶ hnhn-[-Xcw

AdnhpIÄ D¸m-Zn-¸n-¡p-¶p−v. DZm-l-c-W-¯n\v a\p-jy-s\-¡p-dn¨v aXw,

Poh-im-kv{Xw, saUn-¡Â kb³kv, Ncn-{Xw, \c-hw-i-im-kv{Xw, \nb-aw, km¼-

¯nIimkv{Xw F¶nh \ÂIp¶ AdnhpIÄ hyXy-kvX-am-Wv. B[p\nIXsb

C¯cw hyhlmc§Ä tNÀ¶ Hcp _rlZvhyhlmcambn I−m AXnsâ

Dev]¶amWv ‘a\pjy³’ F¶p ]dbm³ Ignbpw. Adnhv hyhlmc¯neqsS

cq]s¸Sp¶XmWv. AXpw A[nImc]camWv. hyh-lmcwXs¶ A[n-Im-c-am-

hp-¶p. hyh-lmcw {]P-Isf (subject) krjvSn-¡p-Ibpw \nb-{´n-¡p-Ibpw

sN¿p-¶p.

1.1.2. IÀ¯rXzw F¶ hyhlmcw

k¯mhmZ]chpw tIhemßIhpamb kao]\§sf Is¿mgnbphm³

klmbn¨ ssk²m´nI]cnIev]\Ifn {][m\s¸« H¶v IÀXrXzkw_

Ônbmbn DbÀ¶ph¶n«pÅ ]pXnb ImgvN¸mSpIfpw \nKa\§fpamWv.

LS\mhmZ]camb DÄ¡mgvNIfpsS shfn¨¯nÂ, IÀ¯rXzsa¶Xv B[p\n

IX (modernity)bn IcpXs¸«Xpt]mse hyàn\njvTambn a\Ênemt¡

−Xsöp hniZoIcn¡s¸«p. hyhlmc]cambn cq]s¸Sp¶ Hcp Øm\

ambn AXp a\Ênem¡s¸«p.

IÀ¯r-Xz-s¯-¡p-dn-¨pÅ At\z-j-W-§Ä {][m-\-s¸« aq¶p-Im-cy-§-

sfbmWv {i²n¡p¶Xv.

1. Hcp hyàn AXm-bn-cn-¡p¶ AhØ (condition of bieng a person).

2. B AhØ \nÀ½n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xn- A´À`hn¨n«pÅ {]{In-b-IÄ

(process that go into its construction).

3. Cu \nÀ½n-¡-s¸« hyhØsb hyàn F§s\ A\p-`-hn-¨-dn-bp-¶p-sh-

¶Xv (experience of being a person).

15
 IÀ¯rXzw Ncn-{X-]-c-ambpw kmkvIm-cn-I-ambpw tkm]m[nIamb

(conditioned) \nÀ½n-Xn-bm-Wv. AXv \nc-´-camb Hcp {]{In-b-bm-Wv. ‘Hcp

hyàn kv{Xobmbn P\n-¡p-I-b-Ã, adn¨v Bbn-¯o-cp-I-bm-Wv’ (One is not

born, but rather becomes a woman.) F¶ kntamMv Un _phm-dn-sâ (Simone

de Beauvoir) sk¡âv skIvkv F¶ ]pkvXI¯nse (1972) {]kvXmh\

Gsd {it²-b-am-Wv. IÀ¯rXz¯nsâ Bt]£nIXsbbpw \nÀ½nXn]cX

sbbpamWv _phmÀ Cu {]kvXmh\bneqsS DbÀ¯n¡mWn¡p¶Xv. CXp

\¶mbn a\Ênem¡ns¡m−mWv PqUn¯v _«veÀ (Judith Buttler) AhcpsS

sP³UÀ {S_vÄ (Gender Trouble) F¶ IrXn-bn C§s\ {]kvXm-hn-¡p-

¶Xv: ""_phm-dnsâ ImgvN-¸m-Sp-IÄ icn-bm-sW-¦n kv{Xo F¶ kwÚ-bpsS

kqNnXw DÄs¡mÅp-¶Xv DXv`hhpw A´yhpanÃm-¯ \nc´c{]{In-b-sbbpw

Bbn-¯o-c-en-s\bpw \nÀ½n-Xnsbbpw BWv. XpSÀ¶p-sImt−bn-cn-¡p¶ Hcp

hymh-lm-cnI{]tbmKw (discursive practice) F¶ \ne-bn AXn CS-s]-S-

en\pw ]p\À\nÀ½n-Xn¡papÅ CSw Ft¸mgp-ap−v''1. IÀ¯rXzw \nÀ½n-¡-s¸-

Sp-¶-Xv hyh-lm-c-¯n-eq-sS-bmWv. A§s\ \nÀ½n¡s¸Sp¶ IÀ¯rXz§sf

hyh-lmcw AXnsâ \nb-a-§Ä¡v hnt[-b-am-¡pIbpw sNbvXpsIm−ncn¡pw.

temIs¯ AÀ°-]qÀ®-ambn ImWm\pw AXp-hgn IÀ¯r-Øm\w

Dd¸ns¨Sp¡m\pw hyh-lmcw A\nhmcyamWv. hyh-lmcw IÀ¯r-Xzs¯

\nÀ½n¡pIbpw AXnsâXs¶ \nb-a-§Ä¡v hnt[-b-am-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.

1.1.3. kzXzhpw A´xt{]cWbpw

kaImekmwkvImcnI]T\§fn IÀXr¯zs¯¡pdn¨pÅ \ho\

ImgvN¸mSpt]mse {]kàamb Hcp k¦ev]\amWv kzXzw. kzXzs¯

k¯mhmZ]camb ho£W¯nÂ\n¶p hntamNn¸n¡pIbmWv B[p\nIm\

´cNn´IÀ sN¿p¶Xv. kzXzw _mly-amb Hcp N«-¡q-Sm-Wv. aäp-Å-hÀ \s½

16
F§s\ ImWp-¶p-sh¶Xpw \mwXs¶ \s½ F§s\ ImWp-¶p-sh¶Xpw

kzXz-hpw kzXzt_m[hp-ambn _Ô-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p. HcmÄ kzbw Iev]n-¡p-

¶Xpw aäp-Å-hÀ Iev]n-¡p-¶-Xp-amb kzXzw `mj-bn-eq-sS-bmWv km[y-am-hp-¶-

Xv. Ch ]c-kv]cw s]mcp-¯-s¸-S-W-sa-¶n-Ã. DZm-l-c-W-¯n\v Hcp hyànsb

aäp-Å-hÀ kzhÀ¤m-\p-cm-Kn-bmtbm sek-v_n-b-\mtbm D`-b-enw-KcXn¡mcn/³

Btbm atäm ImWp-¶p-sh-¦nepw B hyàn kzbw A§s\ hnti-jn-¸n-¡-W-

sa-¶n-Ã. sFUânän Ømbnbmb H¶-Ã. c−p-Xcw kzXzw \ne-hn-ep-−v.

sshb-ànIkzXzw (self identity), kmaq-lnI kzXzw (social identity). sshIm-

cn-IX \ndª hyh-lm-c-¯n-eqsS kzbw Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡-emWv sshb-

ànIkzXzw. kmaq-lnIkzXzw Hcp kmaqlnI\nÀ½n-Xn-bm-Wv. CXn\v Hcp N«-

¡qSv (frame) D−v. amaqe[nImcw (normative rights), IS-a -(obligation), B\p-

Iq-ey-§Ä (sanctions), tdmÄ (role) AS-bmfw (markers) F¶n-§-s\-bpÅ

LS-I-§Ä Cu N«-¡q-Sn-\p-−v. kzXzw Hcp aqÀ¯-h-kvXp-h-Ã. AXv `mj-bn-eq-

sS-bpÅ hnh-c-W-am-Wv.

amä-¯n\v hnt[-b-am-b-Xp-sIm−pw Hcp \nc-´c{]{Inb Bb-Xp-

sIm−pw kzXzs¯ Hcp s{]mPIvSv BbmWv amÀIvkn-b³ tkmtjym-f-PnÌv

BâWn Knͳkv (Antony Giddens) Modernity and Self Identity F¶ {KÙ-

¯n hnh-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. Hcp kmwkvIm-cnI\nÀ½n-Xn-bmb kzXzw {]Xn-\n-[m\-hp-

ambn _Ô-s¸-«p-In-S-¡p-¶p. km[m-c-W-K-Xn-bn Hmtcm hyàn¡pw H¶nÂ

IqSp-X kzXz-§fp-−v. Hcp kzXz-¯nÂ\n¶pw asäm-¶n-te¡v kµÀ`-§Ä¡-

\p-kr-X-ambn amdm³ hyàn¡p Ign-bpw F¶Ã, amdm³ \nÀºÔnXamWv

F¶p ]dbmw. kmaqlnIamb Hcp ‘s]mknj³’ am{XamWv kzXzw F¶mWv

ChnsS kqNn¸n¡p¶Xv. AXn\v ØmbnXzanÃ. kzXzs¯ {]{InbmßIambn

a\Ênem¡p¶ kao]\amWv kaImeNn´IÀ apt¶m«pshbv¡p¶Xv.

17
 am[y-a-§-fn-eq-sSbpw aäpw hn\n-abw sN¿-s¸-Sp¶ Bi-b-§-fp-ambpw

_nw_-§-fp-ambpw hyàn-IÄ kzbw Xncn-¨-dn-bp-¶p. kmßoIcWw (identify)

\S¯p¶p F¶v thsdmcp Xc¯n ]dbmw. Bi-b-§tfm _nw_-§tfm

\s½ amSn-hn-fn-¡p-Ibpw AhbpsS ‘ImgvN-¸m-Sn-’epÅ \½psS kzXzs¯

]p\À\nÀ½n¡m³ BfpIsf {]tem-`n-¸n-¡-pIbpw (seduce) sN¿p-¶p. BXy-

´n-I-ambn Cu {]{In-b-bpsS A´Àt{]-c-W-bmbn hÀ¯n-¡p-¶Xv hyàn-bpsS

a\-Ênse Ac-£n-Xm-h-Øbpw ka-{K-X-bp-sSbpw (wholeness) sI«pd¸nsâbpw

(coherence) t]mcmbvabpam-Wv F¶v ]dbmw. hmkvXh¯n CXv A]cs¯

ap³\nÀ¯nbmWv cq]s¸Sp¶Xv. hyànbn t]mcmbvasb, AYhm A`mh

s¯ (lack) P\n¸n¡p¶ km¶n²yamWv A]cw. AXv Ima\Isf Dev]mZn

¸n¡pIbpw sN¿p¶p. {]Xybimkv{Xs¯ kw_Ôn¨ A¯qtkdnb³

Nn´IÄ Cu ZnibnepÅ Xncn¨dnhpIsf Bgs¸Sp¯p¶XmWv.

Hcp hyànsb ka-{K-ambn I−n-«Ã adn¨v sXc-sª-Sp-¡-s¸«

e£W§fpsS (features) ASn-Øm-\-¯n-emWv AbmfpsS kzXzw \nÀÆ-Nn-¡-

s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. an¡-t¸mgpw hkvXp-XI-fpsS sXc-sª-Sp-¸n hyàn¡v bmsXmcp

A[n-Im-c-hp-an-Ã. CXv Xocp-am-\n-¡p-¶Xv _mly-amb kmaqlnI_Ô§fmWv.

AXmIs« {]Xybimkv{X]camb Hcp hyqlhpamWv.

kmaqlnIkzXzw F¶Xv ]et¸mgpw A[nImc]camb hyhlmc§

fm \nÀ½ns¨Sp¡s¸Sp¶XmWv. Hcp kaqls¯ {]tXyIamb khntij

XIfm \nÀÆNn¡s¸Sp¶a«n Øm]n¡pt¼mÄ kzXzw AhÀ¡ptaÂ

Øm]n¡s¸SpIbmWv sN¿p¶Xv. Hcp kaqlw kzbw hyXykvXamb Hcp

kzXzmht_m[w {]ISam¡ntb¡mw. At¸mgpw AXv {]Jym]n¡p¶Xv tIh

eambn a\Ênemt¡−XÃ. \nÝnXamb kmaqlnIkµÀ`¯nemWv AXv

kw`hn¡p¶Xv. AXv Ncn{X]chpw LS\m]chpamWv. AXns\ hn`mKobX

bmtbm tIheamtbm a\Ênemt¡−XsöÀ°w. kv{Xo, ZfnXv

18
F¶sXms¡ C§s\ kmaqlnIambpw Ncn{X]cambpw \nÀ½nXamsW¶

\nebn hnebncp¯m\mWv kaImeNn´IÄ DÕmln¡p¶Xv.

1.1.4. {]Xy-b-imkv{Xs¯ kw_Ôn¨ ho£W§Ä

BibmZÀi§fpsS (ideas and ideals) tiJ-cw, BÀÖnXt_m[w,

temIho£-Ww, hnizmk{]am-W-§Ä, {Iam-\p-K-X-amb s]mXp[mc-W,

BÀ°nI`q]Sw (maps of meaning) F¶n-§s\ hnhn[ LSI§fpsS

hnXm\§fn {]Xy-b-im-kv{Xs¯ \nÀÆ-Nn-¨n«p-−v. DÂ]m-Z\w (production),

hnX-cWw (distribution), D]-t`mKw (consumption) F¶n-§s\ aq¶pXe-§-fn-

eq-sS-bmWv {]Xy-b-imkv{Xw Øm]-\-h¡-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. Hcp kaq-l-¯nÂ

A[n-Imcw F§s\ hn\n-tbm-Kn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶psh¶Xns\ B{i-bn-¨mWv CXv

kw-`-hn-¡p-¶-Xv. "Hmtcm Ime-L-«-¯nepw kaq-ls¯ `cn-¡p-¶Xv `c-W-hÀ¤-

¯nsâ Bi-b-§-fm-sW'¶ ImdÂamÀIvknsâ hm¡p-IÄ ChnsS {it²-b-am-

Wv.2 Hcp kaq-l-¯nsâ Bi-b-§-tfbpw hyàn-I-tfbpw ]c-kv]cw _Ôn-¸n-

¡p-Ibpw \ymbo-I-cn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿pI F¶ [À½-amWv {]Xy-b-imkv{Xw

\nÀÆ-ln-¡p-¶-Xv.

{]Xy-b-im-kv{Xs¯ (ideology)Kuc-h-ambn ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-¡n-bXv

eqbn A¯q-kÀ (Louis Althusser)BWv. a\p-jysâ FÃm {]hÀ¯-\-

§fpw GsX-¦nepw {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸-«n-cn-¡pw. A¯q-kÀ

"{]Xybimkv{Xhpw {]Xybimkv{X`c-W-IqtSm]-I-c-W§fpw' F¶ teJ-\-

¯n C§s\ hnh-cn-¡p-¶p.3

1. {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-¯n-\-It¯m {]Xybimkv{Xw aptJ-\tbm AÃmsX

Hcp {]hÀ¯-\-hp-an-Ã.

2. hyàn-IÄ¡p-th−n hyàn-I-fm \nÀ½n-¡-s¸-«-X-ÃmsX Hcp

{]Xybimkv{X-hp-an-Ã.

19
{]Xy-bim-kv{X-¯n\v hnt[-b-cm-¡-s¸« hyàn-IsfbmWv "{]P' AsænÂ

‘hnjbn’ (subject) F¶-Xp-sIm−v A¯q-kÀ kqNn¸n-¡p-¶-Xv. A¯q-k-

dnsâ ImgvN-¸m-Sn {]Xy-b-imkv{Xw hyàn-Isf "{]P'-I-fm¡n¯oÀ¯p-sIm-

−mWv {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶-Xv. C§s\ hyàn-Isf {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-¯n-te¡v

Blzm\w sNbvsXSp¡p-¶-Xn-s\-bmWv CâÀs]-teäv (interpellate) F¶v

A¯q-kÀ ]d-bp-¶-Xv. kmaqlnILS-\-bpsS ^e-sa¶\ne-bn {]Xy-b-

imkv{Xw kmaq-ly-t_m-[s¯ cq]-s¸-Sp-¯p¶ NmeIiàn-bmbn {]hÀ¯n-

¡p-¶p.

`c-W-hÀ¤-¯nsâ {]Xy-b-imkv{X\nÀ½n-Xn¡pw AXnsâ \ne-\nÀ¯-

en\pw c−pXc-¯n-epÅ kwhn-[m-\-§-fmWv `c-W-IqSw {]tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xv.

CXns\ A¯q-kÀ {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-`-c-W-IqtSm]-I-cW§Ä (Ideological

State Apparatuses) F¶pw aÀ±-I-`-c-W-IqtSm]-I-cW§Ä (Repressive State

Apparatuses) F¶pw hnfn-¡p-¶p. aXw, hnZym-`ym-kw, IpSpw-_w, cmjv{So-bw,

\nb-aw, t{SUv bqWn-b³, Ie, kvt]mÀSvkv, aoUnb F¶n-h-sb-Ãm-amWv {]Xy-

b-imkv{X-`-c-WIqtSm]-I-c-W-§-fn DÄs¸-Sp-¶-Xv. ]«mfw, t]meo-kv, tImS-

Xn, Pbn XpS-§n-b-h-bmWv "aÀ±I`c-W-IqtSm]-I-c-W-§-fnÂ's¸Sp-¶-Xv. aÀ±-

I-`-c-W-IqtSm]-I-cW§Ä (RSA) {]Xy£amb _e-{]-tbm-K-¯n-eq-sS-bmWv

{]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶-sX-¦n {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-`-c-W-IqtSm]-I-cW§Ä (ISA) {]Xy-

b-imkv{Xw D]-tbm-Kn-¨mWv CXv km[y-am-¡p-¶-Xv. AXv ]tcm£hpw

kq£vahpamWv. AXnsâ s]cpamäw At_m[mßIamWv. NnÓ§fnte¡v

sImcp¯psIm−v BfpIsfbpw kaql§sfbpw {]Xybimkv{Xhe¡®n

IfpsS, {]XoIhyhØbpsS `mKam¡n {]Xn\n[m\w sN¿p¶Xn A[nIm

c¯nsâ kq£vaX{´§Ä DÄt¨À¶ncn¸ps−¶v kaIme kwkvImc]T\

aWvUew Xncn¨dnbp¶p−v.

20
1.1.5. {]Xn-\n-[m\hpw AXnsâ \nÀ½nXnbpw

hfsc efnXamb AÀ°¯n ]cnNnXamb ]ZamWv {]Xn\n[m\w

(representation). tNt¼gvkv SzâoXv sk©zdn Un£-Wdn (Chamber’s

Twentieth Centuary Dictionary) {]Imcw _nw_-§fpw Nn{X-§fpw \mS-Io-bm-

h-X-c-W§fpw `mh-\m-ßINn{X-§fpw FÃmw {]Xn-\n-[m-\§-fm-Wv. km[mc

Wamb Cu AÀ°aWvUes¯ IS¶pt]mIp¶XmWv kwkvImc]T\

¯nsâ taJebnse AXnsâ hnh£IÄ. AXv cmjv{Sobamb [z\nItfmSp

IqSnbXmWv. "bYmÀY temI-¯nse Hcp hkvXp-hnt\m (object) Hcp {]hÀ¯-

\-¯nt\m (practice) ]IcamsW¶v tXm¶n-¸n-¡p¶ AÀt°mÂ]m-Z\{]{In-b-

sb-bmWv "{]Xn-\n-[m\w' F¶XpsIm−v AÀY-am-¡p-¶Xv F¶v {Inkv_mÀ¡-

À tkPv UnIvj-Wdn Hm^v IĨ-d ÌUokv (2004) F¶ ]pkvX-I-¯nÂ

tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cn¡p¶p. AXp {]Imcw Hcp kzX{´_mly-tem-Is¯ {]Xn-

^-en-¸n-¡p¶ {]Xo-Im-ßI{]hr¯n (act of symbolism)bmWv {]Xn-\n-[m-\w.

AXv tIh-e-ambn hkvXp-¡sf {]Xn-^-en-¸n-¡p-I-bà adn¨v AXns\ {]Xyb

imkv{X]camb A[nIhnh-£Ifnte¡p \bn¡pIIqSn sN¿p¶p−v. {]Xn-\n-

[m\w hkvXp-¡fpw NnÓ-§fpw X½n-epÅ t\cn-«pÅ _Ô-s¯-bà DÄs¡m-

Åp-¶-Xv. AXv bmYmÀ°y-¯nsâ "{]Xn-\n-[m\{]`mhw' (representational

effect) BWv \nÀ½n-¡p-¶-Xv. CXv kp{Km-ly-am-bn-¯o-cp-¶Xv {]Xyb-imkv{X

hnaÀi\-¯nsâ ]n³_-e-¯n-eq-sS-bm-Wv.

{]Xn-\n-[m-\-¯n Hgn-¨p-Iq-Sm-\m-hm¯ LS-I-amWv sXc-sª-Sp-¡epw

(selection) {Iao-I-cn-¡epw (organisation). Hcp Nn{Xw hc-bv¡p-t¼mÄ

AXnsâ hnj-bw, Im³hm-knsâ hen¸w, IfÀ, tSm¬, ssien F¶n-§s\

[mcmfw sXc-sª-Sp-¸p-IÄ Hcp Nn{X-Im-c³ \S-¯p-¶p-−v. A§s\ Xnc-sª-

Sp-¯h {Iao-I-cn-¨p-sIm-−mWv Nn{Xo-I-cWw \S-¯p-¶-Xv. Hcp kn\na \nÀ½n-

21
¡p-t¼mgpw C¯-c-¯n Xnc-sª-Sp-¡epw {Iao-I-cn-¡epw {][m-\-am-Wv.

FÃm Xnc-sª-Sp-¸nepw kzoI-Whpw XnckvIcWhpw kw`-hn-¡p-¶p-−v. Cu

Xnc-sª-Sp-¡-en-\p-]n-¶n A[n-Imcw (power) hÀ¯n-¡p-¶-Xmbn ImWmw.

{]Xn-\n-[m-\-¯nsâ A[n-Im-c-sa-¶Xv Nne Adn-hp-Isf \ne-\nÀ¯p-Ibpw

Nne thdn« ImgvN-¸m-Sp-Isf Hgn-¨p-\nÀ¯p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶-Xm-sW¶v {Inkv

_mÀ¡À hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-¶p-−v.4

hymJym-\-km-[y-X-bpÅ F´n-t\bpw {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-¡m³ {]Xn-\n-[m-\-

¯n\v Ign-bpw. {]Xn-\n-[m-\-§Ä¡v At\Iw hymJym\km[y-X-Ifpap-−v.

hm¡p-IÄ {]Xn-\n-[m-\-§-fm-Wv. Htc hm¡p-IÄ hnhn[ kµÀ`-§-fnÂ

]eh«w BhÀ¯n-¡p¶Xneq-sS-bmWv AXnsâ AÀYw \nÀan-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv.

{]Xn-\n-[m\w F¶ Bibw BhÀ¯-\-hp-ambn (repetition) hfscb-[nIw

_Ô-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p.5

temIs¯ IrXy-ambpw hkvXp-\n-jvTambpw {]Xn-\n-[m\w sN¿m³

km[y-a-Ã. ImcWw, \½Ä bmYmÀ°ys¯ hymJym-\n-¡p-¶Xv (mediate)

`mj-bn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. AXp-sIm-−p-Xs¶ {]Xn-\n-[m\w bmYmÀ°ys¯ AtX

]Sn kpXm-cy-ambn {]Xn-^-en-¸n-¡pIb-Ã, adn¨v \nÀ½n-¡p-I-bmWv sN¿p-¶-Xv.

Hmtcm kaq-lhpw AXn-tâ-Xmb kt¦-X-§fpw (code) Iogvhg-¡-§fpw

(conventions) D]-tbmKn-¨mWv Cu \nÀ½nXn km[y-am-¡p-¶-Xv. F¶m CXv

\nÀ½n-Xn-bm-sW¶v Xncn-¨-dn-bm³ km[y-a-Ãm-Xm-hp-Ibpw AXv kzm`m-hn-I-amb

H¶mbn (natural) a\Ênem¡s¸SpIbpw sN¿p-¶p.

"Hcp kwkvIm-c-¯nsâ {]Xy-bim-kv{Xs¯ kwc-£n-¡p¶ aÀ½-{]-[m-

\-amb D]m[n (vital means) bmWv {]Xn-\n-[m-\w. kwkvImcw cq]-s¸-Sp-¯n-

sb-Sp-¡p¶ temIho£-W-¯n\v hn\nabkm[pXzw \ÂIpIhgn {]P-Isf

A\p-k-cn-¸n-¡p-I-bmWv {]Xn-\n-[m-\-¯n-eqsS sN¿p-¶-Xv.’6

22
1.1.6. A[n-Imchpw hyhlmchpw

hkvXp-¡fpw {]hÀ¯\-§fpw \ne-\n¡p-¶p-s−-¦nepw Ahbv¡v

hyh-lm-c-¯n¡qSn AÀ°w \ÂIn Adn-hnsâ `mK-am-¡n-¯oÀ¡p-¶p-sh-¶-

XmWv \nÀ½nXnhmZ-¯nsâ ASn-Øm-\w. antj ^qt¡m lnÌdn Hm^v

skIvjzmenän F¶ IrXnbn (2008) hmZn-¡p-¶Xv \ap¡v hkvXp-¡-sf-¡p-

dn¨v Adn-hp-−m-hp-¶Xv AXn\v AÀYw I¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-eq-sS-bm-Wv F¶mWv.

AXp-sIm−v hyh-lm-c-¯n-eq-sS-bmWv AÃmsX hkvXp-¡Ä kz´w \ne-¡Ã

Adnhv DÂ]m-Zn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv. D·mZw (madness), in£ (punishment), ssewKn-

IX (sexuality) F¶n-§-s\-bpÅ Bi-b-§Ä AÀ°-h-¯mbn \ne-\n¡p-

¶Xv hyh-lm-c-¯n-eq-sS-bm-Wv.

A[n-Imcw F¶ ]Z-¯n\v Ignhv (ability), imcocn-Ihpw am\-kn-I-hp-

amb iàn, cmjv{So-btam tZio-btam Bb iàn, aäp-Å-hsc \nb-{´n-¡m-

\pÅ Ign-hv, `c-W-Iq-Sw, aäp-Å-h-cpsS kz`m-hs¯ kzm[o-\n-¡m-\pÅ Ign-hv,

\nbam-[n-Imcw F¶n-§s\ [mcmfw \nÀÆ-N-\-§Ä \nL-−p-¡fn e`y-am-Wv.

Hmtcm kaq-l-¯nepw {]Xn-\n-[m\w Bi-b-hn-\n-abw \S-¯p-¶Xv B

kaq-l-¯nse kmwkvIm-cnIkt¦-X-§-fpsS (cultural code) ]¦p-sh-¡-en-eq-sS-

bm-Wv. Cu kmwkvIm-cnIkt¦-X-§Ä Ømbn-b-Ã. Hcp hyh-lm-c-¯nÂ

CXn\v AÀ°w \ÂIn Ønc-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶Xv A[n-Im-c-¯nsâ CS-s]-S-en-eq-sS-

bm-Wv.

"FÃm Ime-L-«-¯nepw `c-W-hÀ¤-¯nsâ Bi-b-§-fmWv `cn-¡p¶

Bi-b-§-fmbn hÀ¯n-¡p-¶Xv'7 AXm-bXv kaq-l-¯nsâ `uXnIiàn-bmbn

hÀ¯n-¡p¶ hÀ¤wXs¶-bmWv _u²nIiàn-bmbn hÀ¯n-¡p-¶-Xv. kaq-l-

¯nse D¸m-Z-\-hn-X-c-W-{]-{In-b-Isf \nb-{´n-¡p¶ A[oihÀ¤-¯nsâ

Bi-b-§-fmWv A[n-Imcw I¿m-fp-¶-Xv. B AÀY-¯n Bi-b-§ÄXs¶

23
A[n-Im-c-§fmbn amdp-¶p. kÀÆtaJ-e-I-fnepw kmt¦-Xn-IhnZy (technology)

Gä-hp-a-[nIw kzm[o\w sNep-¯p¶ Hcp Ime-L-«-am-Wn-Xv. kmt¦-Xn-IhnZy

GXp hn`m-K-amtWm I¿m-fp-¶Xv AhÀ¡mWv kaq-l-¯n-\p-ta B[n-]Xyw

sNep-¯m³ Ign-bp-¶-Xv. “kaq-l-¯nse GXp hn`m-K-¯n-\mtWm km¼-

¯nI\ne ià-am-bn-«p-ÅXv Ah-cpsS A[n-Im-c-amWv kaq-l-¯n-\p-taÂ

kmt¦-XnIhnZy A[n-Imcw Øm]n-¡p-¶-Xnsâ ASn-Øm-\w. C¶v kmt¦-

XnIbpàn (technical rationality) F¶Xv taÂt¡m-bva-bpsS bpàn

(rationality of domination)bmWv”8

]c-¼-cm-KX amÀIvkn-Ìv, en_-d ho£-W-§Ä¡v hn]-co-X-ambn

hnhn[ hkvXp-XIsf Nq−n-¡m-Wn-¨p-sIm−v antj ^qt¡m A[n-

Imc_Ô-§sf hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-¶p-−v. A[n-Imcw Hcp hkvXp-h-Ã, adn¨v _Ô-

(relation)am-Wv. A[n-Imcw tIhew aÀ±-tIm-]m[n am{X-a-Ã, AXv krjvSn-]cw

(productive) IqSn-bm-Wv. A[n-Imcw `c-W-Iq-S-¯nsâ am{Xw khn-ti-j-X-

(property)bÃ. kmaq-ly-_-Ô-§-fpsS kq£-va-X-e-¯n t]mepw A[n-Imcw

{]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p-−v. A[nImc]caÃm¯ kmaqlnIhyhlmc§tfXpanÃ.

kaq-l-¯nsâ FÃm Xe-§-fnepw AXv kÀÆhym]n-bmbn hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p.

At\z-j-W§-fpsS shfn-¨-¯n {]hÀ¯-\-co-Xn-Isf Øm]n¨pw AÀ°

s¯ Ønc-s¸-Sp-¯nbpw kZm-Nm-cs¯ \nÀ®-bn-¨p-amWv hyh-lmcw A[n-

Imcw Øm]n-s¨-Sp-¡p-¶-Xv. hyh-lmcw Adn-hn-t\bpw A[n-Im-c-s¯bpw

_Ôn-¸n-¡p-¶p.

1.1.7. enwK-]-Zhnbpw ssewKnIXbpw

]c-¼-cm-K-X-ambn skIvkv (sex) F¶ ]Zw kqNn¸n-¡p-¶Xv P\t\

{µnbtI{µnXambpÅ kv{Xoþ]pcpjhyXym-k-t¯bpw {]Xyp¸m-Z-\-hp-ambn

_Ô-s¸-«pÅ ssewKnIhr-¯n-tb-bp-am-Wv. ssewKnIXsb atäsXmcp

24
PohnhÀ¤¯ntâXpsa¶t]mse XoÀ¯pw Pohimkv{X-]-c-amb Hcp {]Xn-`m-k-

ambn Npcp-¡n-¡m-WpIbmWv ChnsS sN¿p¶Xv. AXp-aqew hnhn-[-§-fmb

ssewKn-I-XmÂ]-cy-§fpw AXp-ambn _Ô-s¸« ssewKnI{]hÀ¯-\-§fpw

D¸m-Zn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn kwkvIm-c¯n-\pÅ ]¦v ad-¨p-sh-¡-s¸-Sp-IbmWv

sN¿p-¶-Xv. C§s\ BW¯w (masculinity), s]®¯w (femininty) F¶n-

hsb Poh-im-kv{X-]-c-ambnam{Xw ImWp¶ coXnsb adn-I-S-¡p-¶-Xn\pw

kmaqlnIþcmjv{Sobam\-§sf Du¶n-¸-d-bp-¶-Xn-\p-amWv "sP³UÀ' F¶

]Zw kmwkvIm-cnI]T-\-¯nepw hnaÀimßIkn²m´§fnepw D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-

¶-Xv. ssewKn-IX (sexuality) F¶ ]Zw km[m-c-W-bmbn {]tbm-Kn-¡p-¶Xv

Hcp hyàn-bpsS ssewKnIhmk-\-tbbpw AXp-ambn _Ô-s¸« {]hr-¯n-

tbbpw kqNn-¸n-¡m-\m-Wv.

enwK-]-Z-hn-tbbpw ssewKn-I-X-tbbpw ]p\À\nÀÆ-Nn-¡p-¶-Xn PqUnXv

_«veÀ \nÀ®m-b-I-amb ]¦v hln-¨n-«p-−v. enwK-]-Zhn (gender) Hcp AhXc

WmßI (performative) amb kmwkvImcnIk¦ev]amsW¶v _«-vedpsS

\nco£Ww9 {it²bamWv. CXv kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶Xv Hcp hyàn-bpsS enwK]Zhn

]camb kzXzw (gender identity) \nÀ®-bn-¡p-¶Xv AhXcWobXbpw

(performity) ‘tdmÄ t¹bnwKpw’ BWv. Bh-À¯\w (repetition) F¶Xv

CXn Gsd {][m-\amWv. BhÀ¯n-¨pÅ Ah-X-c-W-¯n-eq-sS-bmWv

hyàn¡v sI«p-d-¸pÅ kzXzw (coherent identity) t\Sn-sb-Sp-¡p-¶-Xmb

tXm¶-ep-−m-hp-¶-Xv.

Hcp kwkvImcw AwK-§-fnÂ\n¶v {]Xo-£n-¡p-¶-sXt´m AXv

BhÀ¯-\-¯neqsS Øm]n-s¨-Sp-¡m-\mWv ssewKnIs]cp-amäs¯ (sexual

behavior) \nb-{´-n-¡p-¶-Xn-eqsS A[oi{]Xy-b-imkv{Xw {ian-¡p-¶-Xv. ‘sP³

UÀ tdmÄ’ (gender role) F¶Xv Hcp hyàn¡v ss\kÀ¤n-I-ambn D−m-hp-

25
¶tXm kzbwsXc-sª-Sp-¡m³ Ign-bp-¶tXm AÃ, adn¨v hnhn-[-§-fmb

kmwkvIm-cnIhyh-lm-c-§-fn-eqsS \nÀ½n-¡s¸Sp-¶-Xm-Wv. BhÀ¯-\-§-fn-

eqsS t\Sn-sb-Sp-¡p¶ Cu kzXzw (identity) Ønc-X-bpÅ H¶-Ã. enwKkzXz-

¯nsâ amXrImk¦Â¸-\§sf (normative conception) amän¯oÀ¡p-¶-Xn\v

"s]Àt^mÀam-äohv BIvSn'\p Ign-bpw. kaql-¯nsâ \nb-{´-W-¯n\v hnt[-b-

amWv kzXz-\nÀ½n-Xn-sb-¦nepw sP³UÀ AS-bm-f-§-fpsS (markers of gender)

k¦-e-\-¯n-eqsS Cu amän-¯oÀ¡Â km[y-am-hp-¶p-−v.

`n¶enwKcXn (hetero sexuality) kzhÀ¤cXn (homo sexuality)

D`benwKcXn (bi sexuality) F¶-nh-bn-eq-¶nb hnhn[Xcw ssewKn-I-Ima\I-

tfbpw {]hÀ¯-\-§-tfbpw DÄs¡m-Åp¶ hn[-¯n C¶v enwK-]-Z-hn-tbbpw

ssewKn-I-X-tbbpw ]p\À\nÀÆ-Nn-¡m-\pÅ {iaw \S-¶p-h-cp-¶p-−v. (hetero

sexuality, homo sexuality, bi sexuality F¶nhbv¡v X¯peyambn aebm

f¯n bYm{Iaw `n¶ssewKn-IX, kzhÀ¤ssewKnIX, D`bssewKnIX

F¶n§s\bmWv s]mXpsh D]tbmKn¨phcp¶Xv. Ah th−{X kq£va

amsW¶p tXm¶p¶nÃ. AXn\m ]pXnb kam\]Z§Ä kzoIcn¨n

cn¡p¶p) kmwkvIm-cn-I-ambn \nÀ®-bn-¡-s¸« enwK-]-Z-hn-bp-sSbpw ssewKn-I-

X-bp-sSbpw _lp-Xzs¯ (plural) C¶v Xncn-¨-dn-ªn-«p-−v. F¦nepw Ahsb

{Iam-\p-k-c-W-am-¡m-\pÅ (normalize) {]h-WXbpw I−p-h-cp-¶p.‘ss]Xr-I-’

ambn e`n¨ ssewKn-I-k-Zm-Nm-c-t_m-[-¯nsâ ^e-amWv Cu {Ia-s¸-Sp-¯Â

X{´-§Ä (normalizing strategies). {Iaw sXänb ssewKn-Im-kàn kaq-l-L-

S-\sb¯s¶ s]mfn-¡p-¶-Xn\v I¨sI«n-bn-d-§emsW-¶-Xn-\m-emWv kaqlw

Ahsb {Ia-s¸-Sp-¯m³ {ian-¡p-¶-Xv. Cu {Ia-s¸-Sp-¯Â {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä

kv{XoI-tfbpw aäv ]mÀizhÂIrXssewKn-I-tc-bpw sacp¡nsbSp¡phm³

DZyan¡p¶p.

26
1.1.8. sP³UÀ : {]{Inbbpw N«¡qSpw

Hmtcm Ime-L-«-¯nepw \nÀ½n-¡-s¸-Sp¶ enwKw, ssewKnIX F¶n-h-

sb- ap³\nÀ¯n antj ^qt¡m- \S¯nb Ncn-{X-]-c-amb hni-I-e\w PqUnXv

_«ve-dpsS ssk²m-´n-I-\n-e-]m-Sp-I-fpsS cq]o-I-c-W-¯n kzm[o-\n-¨n-«p-−v.

skIvkv Pohimkv{X-]-c-ambn \nÀ®-bn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xm-sW¶ Bi-bs¯

XnckvI-cn-¨v, skIvkpw skIvjzmenänbpw Hmtcm Ime-L-«-¯nepw hyXykvX

§-fmb kmwkvIm-cn-I-]-Ým-¯-e-§fnÂ- cq]s¸« ssewKnIhyhlmc§fn

eqsS \nÀ½n-¡-s¸-«-Xm-sW¶ Bi-bs¯ PqUnXv _Svesdt¸mepÅ

]n¡me]TnXm¡Ä kzoI-cn-¡pIbp−mbn.

skIvkv, sP³UÀ, ssewKn-IX F¶nh ]c-kv]cw _Ô-s¸-«-Xm-

sW¶ s]mXp-[m-cW PqUnXv _«veÀ kzoI-cn-¡p-¶n-Ã. AXm-bXv

Pohimkv{X-]-c-ambn kv{Xobmb Hcp hyàn, kv{XoXz-¯nsâ hnti-j-Kp-W-

§Ä {]I-Sn-¸n-¡p-I-tbm ]pcp-js\ B{K-ln-¡p-Itbm sN¿-W-sa-¶n-Ã.

enwK]Zhn AYhm sP³UÀ Hcp kzm`m-hn-I-X-b-sÃ-¶mWv _«veÀ hmZn-¡p-¶-

Xv. AXp-sIm-−p-Xs¶ Hcp hyàn-bpsS ico-chpw sP³Udpw X½n ]c-kv]-

c-_Ôw D−m-h-W-sa-¶n-Ã. BZnbpw A´-hp-an-Ãm¯ Hcp {]{In-b-bmWv

"sP³UÀ' F¶pw AXp-sIm−v \mw F´mWv F¶-XÃ F´psN¿p¶p F¶-

XmWv sP³U-dns\ \nÀ®-bn-¡p-¶-sX-¶p-w ta¸cmaÀin¨ P³UÀ {S_vÄ

F¶ ]pkvXI¯n PqUnXv _«ve-À A`n-{]m-bs¸«n«p−v. sP³UÀ F¶Xv

tIhew {]{Inb am{X-aà hfsc k¦p-Nn-X-am-bXpw \nb-{´n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xp-amb

Hcp N«-¡q-SnÂ\n¶p-sIm−v BhÀ¯n-¡-s¸-Sp¶ {]hr-¯n-I-fn-eqsS \nÀ½n-¡-

s¸-Sp¶ Hcp {]{InbbmW-Xv. ssewKnIXsb icoc\njvTambpw ZzµmßI

ambpw IÅnXncn¨pw a\Ênem¡p¶ km{¼ZmbnIcoXnIsf \ncmIcn¡p

Ibpw ]Icw hn`n¶amb ssewKnIm\pioe\§sf AwKoIcn¡p¶

Xc¯nepÅ Hcp ImgvN¸mSv apt¶m«pshbv¡pIbpamWv _SveÀ sN¿p¶Xv.

Nn´bnepw BhnjvImc¯nepw B[p\nIm\´camb Hcp kao]\w

27
hnIkn¨phcp¶Xnsâ `mKambn CXns\ a\Ênem¡mhp¶XmWv. CXv

"sP³UÀ' F¶ Bi-bs¯ IqSp-X {]iv\-h¡-cn-¡p¶p−v.

1.2. kv{XohmZkn\namkn²m´§Ä

1970Ifn BhnÀ`-hn¨ s^an-\nÌv kn\n-am-kn²m´§Ä kn\nam]T-\-

ta-J-e-bn Hcp h³Ip-Xn-¨p-Nm-«-¯n\v hgn-sbm-cp-¡p-Ibpw kn\n-a-bnse {]Xn-

\n-[m-\s¯¡pdn¨pw ImgvN-¡m-c\pw kn\n-a-bp-am-bpÅ _Ô-s¯-¡p-dn¨pw

]n¶o-Sp-−mb ]e ImgvN-¸m-Sp-IÄ¡pw t{]c-I-i-àn-bmbn¯ocp-Ibpw

sNbvXp.

“sshb-àn-I-am-bXv cmjv{So-b-amWv” (personal is politics) F¶ ap{Zm-

hmIyap-bÀ¯n 1960-I-fn bqtdm-¸n IS¶ph¶ c−mwXcwKkv{Xohm-Zw

AXp-hsc Acm-jv{So-b-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-¨n-cp¶ kv{XobpsS A\p-`-h-taJ-eIsf

P\-{i-²-bn sIm−ph-cn-Ibpw IpSpw_w, {]Xyp-ev]m-Z\w, `mjm-{]-tbmKw,

^mj³ XpS-§n-b-h-bnse A[n-Im-c-_-Ô-§sf Xpd-¶p-Im-«p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

Cu c−mwXcw-K-kv{Xo-hm-Z-¯nsâ Dev]-¶-amWv s^an-\nÌv kn\n-am-

kn²m´§Ä.

c−mwXcw-K-kv{Xo-hm-Z-¯nsâ {]Nm-c-W-§-fn {][m-\-s¸« H¶mWv

kv{XobpsS ico-c-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸« {]iv\-§Ä. kv{XobpsS ico-c-hp-ambn

_Ô-s¸« \nb-a-]-chpw sshZy-im-kv{X-]-c-hp-amb {]iv\-§sf¡pdn¨pÅ

cmjv{Sob{]NmcW{]-hÀ¯\§Ä kv{Xosb {]Xn-\n-[m\w sN¿p¶sX

§s\sb¶Xn-te-¡mWv F¯n-t¨À¶-Xv. kz´w ico-c-¯n-\p-ta Ah-Imiw

t\Sn-sb-Sp-¡m-\pÅ kv{XoI-fpsS ka-cs¯ kv{Xo F§-s\-bmWv {]Xn-\n-

[m\w sN¿s¸Sp-¶Xv F¶-XnÂ\n¶v amän-¡m-WpI km[y-a-Ã.

Fgp-]-Xp-I-fnse Hcp {][m\ kv{XohmZ{KÙ-amb knÌÀlpUv Cukv

]hÀ^pÄ (Sisterhood is Powerfull) (1970) F¶ tdm_n³ tamÀK³ (Robin

28
Morgan) FUnäpsNbvX teJ-\-k-am-lm-c-¯n kv{XoI-fpsS {]iv\-

§sf¡pdn¨pw kaqlw \nÀ½n¡p¶ {]iv\-§sf¡pdn¨pw DÄ¡m-gvN-tbmsS

{]Xn-]m-Zn-¡p¶ kn\n-a-I-fpsS \o− ]«nI sImSp-¯n-«p-−v. A¯cw kn\n-a-

IÄ kv{Xohm-Z-kw-hm-Z-¯n {][m-\-s¸« HcnSw D−m-¡n-sb-Sp-¯n-«p-−v.

1.2.1. kv{XoIYm]m{X§fpw hmÀ¸pamXrIIfpw

Ata-cn-¡-bnse hnJym-X- s^an-\nÌv ssk²m-´n-Icmb amÀtPmdn

tdmk³ (Marjorie Rosen) (1970), tPm³ saó (Joan Mellen) (1974), tamfn

lkvIÂ (Molly Haskal) (1974) XpS-§n-b-hÀ kmaq-lnI-imkv{Xkao-]-\-¯n-

eqsS ]mTs¯ hni-I-e\w sN¿p¶ coXn-bmWv kzoI-cn-¨n-«p-Å-Xv. Cu kao-]-

\-coXn ‘kv{XobpsS {]XoIw’ (images of women) F¶mWv Adn-b-s¸-«n-cp-

¶Xv. kv{XoIYm-]m-{X-§sf Ncn-{X-bm-YmÀ°y-§-fp-ambn _Ô-s¸-Sp¯n

s¡m−v F§-s\-bmWv hmÀ¸p-am-Xr-I-IÄ krjvSn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-sX¶pw AXv

kv{Xot{]-£-IÀ¡v ]ptcm-K-a-\-am-Xr-I-I-fmbn¯ocp-¶pt−m F¶pw Cu

s^an-\nÌv ssk²m-´n-IÀ ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-¶p-−v.

Cu Ime-L-«-¯n-emWv {_n«ojv s^an-\nÌv kn\n-amssk-²m-´n-I-cmb

¢bÀ tPm¬Ì¬ (Claire Johnston), Ip³ (Kuhn), ]mwIp¡v (Pam cook),

temdm aÂhn (Laura Mulvey), XpS-§n-b-hÀ kv{Xokn\n-a-sb-¡p-dn-¨pÅ Ipdn-

¸p-IÄ (Notes on Women Cinema 1973) {]kn-²o-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. AhÀ Ata-cn-

¡³ s^an-\n-Ìp-I-fpsS kmaq-lnI-im-kv{X-]-c-amb kao-]-\s¯ XÅn-¡-fbp-

¶p. IY, IYm-]m{Xw XpS-§nb D]-cn-¹-h-amb Imcy-§-fn am{X-amWv Ata-cn-

¡³ ssk²m-´n-IÀ {i²sNep-¯p-¶-sX¶pw kn\n-asb¶ am[ya-¯nsâ

khn-ti-j-X-Isf DÄs¡mÅp-¶-Xn AhÀ ]cm-P-b-s¸-«p-sh¶pw {]Im-i-{I-

ao-I-cWw, Nn{X-kw-tbm-P\w, Iyma-d-bpsS Ne\w XpS-§nb kn\n-am-k-t¦-X-

§Ä F§-s\-bmWv D]-]m-T-§fpw B´-cn-ImÀ°-§fpw \nÀ½n¡p¶sX¶

29
Imcyw ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-¡p-¶n-Ã-sb-¶p-amWv {_n«ojv s^an-\nÌv kn\n-am-ssk-

²m-´n-IÀ hmZn-¡p-¶-Xv. {]Xn-\n-[m-\-¯nsâ ]pd-In {]hÀ¯n¡p¶ {]Xy-b-

imkv{XIh-Ns¯ s]mfn-¨p-amän ‘bmYmÀ°y’s¯ Is−-¯p-I-sb-¶Xv A{X

Ffp-¸-a-söv {_n«ojv s^an-\nÌpIÄ a\-Ên-em-¡n-bn-cp-¶p. CXn-\p-th−n

am\-kn-Im-]-{K-Y-\w, LS-\m-hm-Zw, NnÓ-imkv{Xw XpS§nb taJeIfnÂ

\n¶pÅ DÄ¡mgvNIfpw \h-ssk-²m-´n-I-cmb se-hn-kvt{Smkv, gm¡v

e¡m³,- eqbnA¯q-kÀ, antj ^qt¡m,- {InkvXy³ sa-ävkv, Pqenb {InÌ-

h, sdmfmMv _mÀ¯v XpS-§n-b-h-cpsS ImgvN-¸m-Sp-IÄ kn\n-am-]-T-\-¯n-\p

hgnIm«nIfmbn. F§-s\-bmWv kn\na AÀ°w Dev]m-Zn-¸n-¡p-¶-sX¶pw

F§-s\-bmWv t{]£-Isc A`n-kw-t_m-[\ sN¿p¶sX¶pw a\-Ên-em-¡m³

ChÀ Cu ssk²m-´nIhyh-lm-c-§f {]tbmP\s¸Sp¯n.

]pcp-j-ta-[m-hn-¯-k-aq-l-¯nsâ At_m-[-a-\-Ên thcq-¶n-bn-«pÅ

k¦-ev]-§-fmWv t]m¸p-eÀ tlmfn-hpUv kn\n-a-I-fn Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡-s¸-Sp¶

kv{XoI-Ym-]m-{X-§-fpsS ]n¶n {]hÀ¯n¡p¶-sX¶pw AXv ‘bYmÀ°’

kv{Xosb {]Xn-\n-[m\w sN¿p¶nsöpamWv ChcpsS ImgvN¸mSv. A[nIw

sshImsXXs¶- A-ta-cn-¡³ s^an-\nÌv kn\n-am-ssk-²m-´n-Icpw CtX

ImgvN-¸mSv kzoI-cn-¡p-I-bp-−m-bn.

1.2.2. kv{Xo P\n-¡p-I-bÃ, B-bn-¯o-cp-I-bmWv

kntam¬ Un _ph-dnsâ ‘sk¡âv skIvkv’F¶ IrXn-bnse “Hcp

kv{Xo P\n-¡p-I-bÃ, B-bn-¯o-cp-I-bmWv” F¶ hnJym-X-amb hmIyw, c−mw-

X-cwKs^an-\n-Ìp-IÄ¡v ‘sP³UÀ’ F¶Xv kzm`mhnIasöpw kmaqlnI

hyhØbpsS Dev]¶amsW¶papÅ DÄ¡mgvN \ÂIn. icocimkv{Xhpambn

_Ôs¸Sp¯n P·kn²hpw Fs¶¶pw \ne\n¡p¶Xpamb Hcp ‘k¯’

bmbn kv{XoXzs¯ ImWp¶ kao-]-\s¯ s]mfn-¨-Sp-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p _ph-

30
dnsâ e£yw. ]pcp-js\ tI{µoIcn¨pw hyXn-cn-à-am-bn¡−p-amWv ‘kv{Xo’

sb \nÀh-Nn-¨ncp¶Xv. ]pcp-jsâ ImgvN-¸m-Sn ‘kv{Xo’ Hcp ssewKn-I-h-kvXp-

hm-Wv. sP³UÀA[n-Im-c-t{i-Wn-bptSbpw (gender hierarchy) ssewKn-Im-k-a-

Xz-¯n-tâbpw {]`-h-Øm\w ]pcp-j-ta-[m-hn¯kwkv¡m-c-am-sW¶pw Cu

kwkv¡mcw \nÀ½n¡s¸-Sp-¶Xv aXw, ]mc-¼-cyw, `mj, kn\n-a, \mtSm-Sn-¡-Y-

IÄ, Km-\-§Ä F¶n-h-bn-eq-sS-sbms¡ BsW¶p-amWv _phmdnsâ hmZw.

Ch ]pcp-jsâ ImgvN-¸m-Sp-IÄ cq]o-I-cn¨ an¯p-I-fpsS hml-I-cmbn

{]hÀ¯n¡pIbpw BXy-´n-I-k-Xy-ambn sXän-²-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-Ibpw sN¿p¶p.

1.2.3. \nKqVkv{XoXz¯nsâ Øm]n¡epw {]NcWhpw

c−mwXcw-K-kv{Xo-hm-Z-¯n\v {]tNm-Z-\-amb asämcp {KÙ-amWv s_än

{^oUsâ (Betty Friedan) s^an-ss\³ anÌnIv (Feminine Mystic).10 _ph-

dnsâ Bi-bs¯ A\phÀ¯n-¨p-sIm−v {^oU³ Xsâ IrXn-bn F§-s\-

bmWv ]pcp-js\ ap³\nÀ¯n kv{Xosb `mcy, A½, ho«½, ssew-KnIhkvXp

F¶n§s\ \nÀÆ-Nn¡p-¶-sX¶v hni-I-e-\w sN¿p¶p. kv{XobpsS

{]hÀ¯\§sf ASn-Øm-\-am-¡n-bà Ahsf \nÀh-Nn-¡p-¶-sX¶mWv

{^oU³ hyà-am-¡p-¶-Xv. amK-kn-\p-IÄ, sS-enhnj³ apX-emb kmaqlyam

[y-a-§-fn-eq-sSbpw a\-Èmkv{X{KÙ-§-fn-eq-sSbpw \nc-´-c-ambn ‘\nKq-V-amb

Hcp kv{XoXz’s¯(feminine mystic)¡pdn-¨pÅ Bi-b-§Ä {]N-cn-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp-

¶p-s−¶v s_än {^oU³ hmZn-¨p. Cu Bibw kv{XoIsf A½-bmbpw

ho«½bmbpapÅ amXr-I-Isf am\-kn-I-ambn AwKo-I-cn-¡m³ ]mIs¸Sp-¯n-

sb-Sp¯p. hoSn\p]pd¯p tPmen-sN¿p¶Xpw `À¯m-hn-tâbpw Ip«n-I-fp-tSbpw

Imcy-§-fn {i² sNep-¯m³ Ign-bm-¯Xpw Ah-cn Ipä-t_m-[-ap-−m-¡n.

A§s\ ]c-¼-cm-K-X-amb I\yI/thiy F¶ Zzµz¯n\v ]Icsat¶mWw

ho«½/DtZym-KØ F¶ Zzµzw krjvSn-¡-s¸-«p.

31
1.2.4. kv{XohmZhpw t{^mbnUnb³ am\knIm]{KY\hpw

BZy-Im-e¯v s^an-\n-Ìp-IÄ knÜ−v t{^mbn-Unsâ ‘am\-kn-Im-]-{K-

Y-\s¯’ (psycho analysis) kv{Xohncp-²-am-bmWv I−n-cp-¶Xv. {]tXy-In¨pw

]pcpjenwKmkqb (penis envy) jWvUoIcW`oXn (castration complex)

t]mepÅ Bi-b-§-fn kv{Xohn-cp-²X {]I-S-ambn I−n-cp¶p. ]n¶oSv h¶

Pqen-bäv anäv¨Â Xsâ Psycho analysis and Feminism -A Radical

Reassesment of Freudian Psychoanalysis (2000) F¶ IrXnbn t{^mbn-Un-

tâbpw e¡m-tâbpw {][m-\-s¸« Bi-b-§sf kv{Xo]-£¯p\n¶psIm−v

hmbn-s¨-Sp-¡pIbpw D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. DZm-l-c-W-¯n\v t{^mbn-Un-

sâ At_m[w (unconsious) F¶Xv \iz-c-am-sW¦nepw AXv Ncn-{X-¯n\v

AXo-X-a-Ã. kaq-l¯nsâ \nb-a-§-tfbpw hnizm-k-§-sfbpw B´-cn-I-h-ev¡-

cn-¡p-¶-Xn\v At_m-[-¯n\v \nÀ®mbI-amb ]¦p-−v. ]pcp-j-ta-[m-hn¯hyh-

Ø¡v Ncn-{X-]-c-ambn ASn-¯d ]mIp-¶-Xnepw CXn\v ]¦p-−v. AXp-sIm−v

anäv¨ensâ ImgvN-¸m-Sn ‘am\-kn-Im-]-{K-Y-\w’ ]pcp-j-ta-[m-hn¯hyh-Øsb

ip]mÀi sN¿p¶nÃ, a-dn¨v B hy-h-Øsb A]-{K-Yn-¡p-I-bm-Wv. AXp-

sIm−v ‘am\-kn-Im-]-{K-Y-\w’ s^an-\n-k-¯n Hgn-¨p-Iq-Sm³ ]äm-¯-Xm-Wv.

kv{XoIfpsS Ah-Ø-Isf th−{X ]cn-K-Wn-¡m¯ ]c-¼-cm-KXamÀIvkn-k-

t¯bpw ka-Im-enItkmjyen-k-t¯bpw anäv¨Â hnaÀin-¡p-¶p-−v. Cu

Bi-b-§Ä aäp tkmjy {Kq¸p-I-fnÂ\n¶pw hyXy-kvX-ambn kv{XoI-fpsS

{]iv\-§sf Xncn-¨-dn-bp-¶n-à F¶mWv anäv¨Â hmZn-¡p-¶-Xv. Dev]m-Z\w,

{]Xyp-ev]m-Z\w, skIvkv, kmaqlyPohn-X-¯n\v Ip«n-Isf {]m]vX-cm¡pI

F¶n-§-s\ \mepLS-I-§sf GtIm-]n-¸n¨v sIm−p-t]m-Ip-¶-Xn\v ]cym-]vX-

amb cq]-¯n hyXykvX Ncn-{X-L-«-§-fn hyXykvX \ne-]m-SpIÄ FSp-¡p-

¶-Xn-eq-sS-bmWv kv{XoIsf NqjWw sN¿p¶Xpw Iog-S-¡p-¶-Xpw. Cu

32
\mepLS-I-§-fnepw amä-§Ä hcp-¯p-¶-Xn-eqsS am{Xta bYmÀ° kv{Xohn-

tam-N\w km[y-am-hp--bp-Åq.

amÀIvknÂ\n¶pw `n-¶-ambn, hyàn-Isf kaq-l-¯nsâ sP³UÀ am\-

I-§fpw (gender norms) {]Xo£Ifpw ]cn-io-en-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn\v AWp-Ip-Spw-_-

¯n-\pÅ ]¦v t{^mbnUv a\-Ên-em-¡n-bn-cp-¶psh¶v anäv¨Â IcpXp¶p.

t{^mbn-Unsâ CuUn-¸kv tImw¹Ivkv kn²m-´-¯n CXv {]I-S-am-Wv. Ip«n-

IÄ aq¶pw A©pw- h-b-Ên-\n-S-bn enwK-t`-Zs¯ a\-Ên-em-¡p-¶-Xns\ ‘am\-

kn-Im-]-{K-Y-\’kn²m-´-¯n-eqsS hni-Zo-I-cn-¡m³ {ian-¡p-I-bmWv t{^mbvUv

sN¿p¶Xv.

1.2.5. {]Xn^e\hmZ\nco£Ww

{_n«ojv s^an-\nÌv kn\n-am-ssk-²m-´n-IÀ Ata-cn-¡-bnse BZy-Ime

s^an-\nÌv ssk²m-´n-I-cpsS "{]Xn-^-e-\-k-ao-]\'s¯(reflectionist approach)

hnaÀi-\m-ßI-am-bn-«mWv t\cn-«-Xv. amdn-h-cp¶ kaq-ls¯ ]pcp-j-ta-[m-hn-¯-

Im-gvN-¸m-Sp-IÄ¡-\p-kr-X-ambn {]Xn-^-en-¸n-¡p¶ I®m-Sn-t]m-se-bmWv kn\n-

a-sb¶pw Cu {]Xn-^-e-\-¯n kv{XoIsf Nne hmÀ¸p-am-Xr-I-I-fm-bn-«mWv

Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡p-¶-sX-¶p-amWv Ata-cn-¡³ "{]Xn-^-e-\-hmZn' (reflectionist)I-fpsS

ImgvN-¸m-Sv. C¯cw kn\n-a-IÄ krjvSn-¡p¶ hmÀ¸p-am-Xr-I-I-fp-ambn

kv{XoIsf XmZmßyw sN¿m³ t{]cn-¸n-¡p-Ibpw AXphgn Hcp sXämb Ah-

t_m[w krjvSn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p¶p. A§s\ kn\na Nne hmÀ¸p-am-Xr-I-Isf

{]N-cn-¸n-¡p-Ibpw \ne-\nÀ¯pIbpw sN¿p¶ps−¶v hniz-kn¨ ‘{]Xn-^-e-\-

hmZn-’IÄ kv{XoIÄXs¶ kn\na \nÀ½n¡p¶-Xn-eqsS hmÀ¸p-am-Xr-I-Isf

t_m[-]qÀÆw CÃm-Xm-¡n-bm ‘bYmÀ° kv{Xo’sb {]Xn-^-en-¸n-¡m³ Ign-

bp-sa¶p Icp-Xn. ‘{]Xn-kn-\n-a-bm-Ip¶ kv{XoI-fpsS kn\na’ F¶ teJ-\-

¯n ¢bÀ tPm¬Ì¬ (Clare Johnston) {]Xn-^-e-\-hm-Zn-I-fpsS kao-]-\-

33
¯nse {]iv\-§Ä Xpd-¶p-Im-Wn-¡p¶p11. kn\na Hcp Ir{Xna\nÀ½nXn

bmsW¶pw AXv bmYmÀ°ys¯ {]Xn-^-en-¸n-¡p-I-b-söpamWv ¢bÀ

tPm¬Ì¬ hmZn-¡p-¶-Xv. am\-knIm]{K-Y-\-co-Xn-I-fn ImWp-¶-Xp-t]mse

cq]-þ-Øm-\-N-e-\-§Ä¡v hnt[-b-am-bmWv Zriy-§Ä kn\n-a-bn {]Xy-£-s¸-

Sp-¶-Xv. CXns\ hmbn-s¨-Sp-¡m³ am\-knIm]{K-Y-\-w t]mepÅ kn²m-´-§Ä

IqSntb Xocq. kn\na bmYmÀ°y-¯n\v t\sc Xpd-¶p-sh¨ Hcp Pme-I-a-

söpw kzbw AÀ°-ap-ev]m-Zn-¸n-¡p¶ Bi-b-hn-\n-a-tbm-]m-[n-bm-sW¶pw

tPm¬Ì¬ Du¶n¸-d-bp-¶p. ]pcp-jm-[n-]-Xy-¯n-epÅ kn\n-am-hy-h-km-b-

¯nsâ ‘t_m[-]qÀÆ’amb {]hr-¯n-bmWv kn\n-a-bnse kv{XoI-fpsS hmÀ¸p-

am-Xr-I-I-fpsS \nÀ½nXnsb¶ Bi-bs¯ tPm¬Ì¬ \ncm-I-cn-¡p¶p.

\ntj[mßI-amb hmÀ¸p-am-Xr-I-IÄ¡v (negative stereotype) ]cn-

lmcw ImWp-¶-Xn-eqsS ‘bYmÀ°’ kv{Xosb kn\n-a-bn Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡m³

Ign-bp-sa¶ {]Xn-^-e-\-hm-Zn-I-fpsS hnizm-k-¯n\v ]pd-In kv{Xo¡v Hcp

‘k¯’bps−¶ k¦ev]w AS-§n-bn-«p-−v. Cu k¯m-hmZw ]pcp-j-ta-[m-

hn¯hyhØ kv{XoI-fpsS ASn-¨-aÀ¯-ens\ \ymbo-I-cn-¡m³ th−n Imem-

Im-e-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-¨p-h-cp-¶-Xm-Wv F¶ hkvXpX kntam¬ Un _phdpw

s_än {^oU\pw Nq−n-¡m-Wn-¨n-«p-−v.

kv{XoIsf ‘bYm-X-Y-ambn Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡pI’F¶Xns\¯s¶ tPm¬

̬ {]iv\-h¡-cn-¡p-¶p-−v. dnb-enkw F¶Xv Hcp \nÀ½n-Xn-bmWv.

F¶m kt¦-X-§-fpw (code) Iogvhg¡-§fpw (conventions) D]-tbm-Kn¨v

\nÀ½n-Xnsb ad-¨p-shbv-¡p-I-bmWv sN¿p-¶-Xv. ‘dnb-enÌv’kn\na AÀ°w

kpXm-cy-am-sW¶pw AXn\v hymJym\w Bh-iy-an-söpw ImWn-Isf hniz-kn-

¸n-¡p-¶p. CXv km[y-am-hp-¶Xv kt¦-X-§-fp-tSbpw Iogvhg¡-§fptSbpw

B´-cn-I-h-ev¡-c-W-¯n-eq-sS-bm-Wv. DZm-l-c-W-¯n\v Hcp ¢mknIv tlmfn-hpUv

kn\n-a-bn I−n-\yq-bnän FUn-änw-Kv, 180- Un{Kn dqÄ, 30- Un{Kn dqÄ,

34
sFsse³ am¨v XpS-§nb kn\n-a-bpsS kt¦-X-§Ä ImgvN-¡m-c\v Iyma-d-bn-

eq-sS-bà t\cn-«mWv Zriy-§Ä ImWp-¶-sX¶ A\p-`hw krjvSn-¡p-¶p.

¢mknIv tlmfn-hpUv kn\n-a-bn am{X-aà kam-´ckn\n-a-Ifnepw

dnbenÌnIv {]XoXn Dfhm¡m\mbn AXn-tâ-Xmb kt¦-X-§Ä D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-

¶p-−v. DZm-l-c-W-¯n\v, Nne kµÀ`-§-fn ‘dnb-enÌv’ Bbn-«pÅ Nn{Xo-I-c-

W-¯n\v Bt{µ_kn³ ip]mÀi sN¿p-¶Xv sam−m-jn\v ]Icw

\o−p\n¡p¶ Zriy§Ä (Long takes) BWv. ASqcnsâ {]kn² kn\na

bmb ‘kzbwhc’¯nsâ XpS¡¯n ImWn¡p¶ \o− _Êpbm{XmNn{Xo

IcWs¯ ChnsS HmÀ¡mw.

1.2.6. NnÓhpw hywKymÀ°§fpw

{_n«ojv s^an-\nÌv kn\n-am-ssk-²m-´n-IÀ A¯q-k-dnsâ Bi-b-

§-fpw am\-kn-Im-]-{K-Y\coXn-bpw NnÓ-im-kv{Xhpw D]-tbm-Kn-¨p-sIm−v

kn\nasb A]{KYn¡m³ {ian¡pIbp−mbn. kn\na F´mWv AÀ°-am-¡p-

¶-sX¶v am{X-aà AsX-´psIm−mWv, F§-s\-bmWv km[y-am-¡p-¶-sX¶pw

a\-Ên-em-¡m³ AhÀ {i²n¨p. Ah-cpsS ImgvN-¸m-Sn ImWn-IÄ kn\n-a-bnÂ

AÀ°w Dev]m-Zn-¸n-¡p¶ {]{In-b-bn ]¦m-fn-I-fm-hp-Ibpw A§s\ AhÀ

kzbw \nÀ½n¡s¸-Sp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p−v. A¯q-k-dnsâ ImgvN-¸m-Sn {]Xy-

b-imkv{Xw hyàn-I-fpsS bYmÀ° am\p-jn-Im-h-Ø-tbm-SpÅ km¦-

ev]nI_Ô-¯nsâ {]Xn-\n-[m-\-am-Wv.12

NnÓ-im-kv{X-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸«v kn\nasb hni-I-e\w sN¿p-¶-XnÂ

{_n«ojv s^an-\nÌv kn\n-am-ssk-²m-´n-IÀ {][m\ambpw B{ibn¨Xv

sdmfmMv _mÀ¯nsâ ant¯mfPokv (Mythologies(1972), Fkv/CskUv

(S/Z1970) XpS§nb IrXn-IsfbmWv. _mÀ¯nsâ ImgvN-¸m-Sn ‘an¯v’

F¶Xv {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-¯nsâ ‘kqN-I-’am-Wv. Um\njv `mjmimkv{XÚ

35
\mb eqbn sPwtÉhnsâ NnÓk¦ev]s¯bmWv At±lw B{i-bn-¡p-¶Xv.

A`n-[bpw (denotation) hyRvP\bpw (connotation) X½n-epÅ A´-c-s¯-bm-

Wv PwtÉhv bqtdm¸n\p ]cnNbs¸Sp¯nbXv. AXns\ ]n³XpSÀ¶psIm−v

Nn \nÀÆln¡p¶ {]Xybimkv{X]camb [À½§sf _mÀ¯v ‘an¯v

äptU’ F¶ teJ\¯n hniZoIcn¡pIbp−mbn.

_mÀ¯nsâ an¯phnNmcs¯ t{^mbn-Unsâ kz]v\-hn-i-I-e-\-hp-ambn

_Ôn-¸n-¡m³ Ign-bpw. kz]v\-§Ä¡v _mlyhpw B´-cn-I-hp-amb AÀ°-X-

e-§-fp-−v. AXns\ thÀXn-cn¨v A]-{K-Yn-¡p-I-bmWv t{^mbvUv sN¿p-¶-Xv.

hyRvP-\mÀ°-sa-¶Xv Hcp ]mT-¯nsâ At_m-[-X-e-am-Wv. AXv Ncn-{X-]-c-

ambpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-ambpw \nÀ®-bn-¡-¸-Sp-¶-Xm-Wv. kzm`m-hn-I-sa¶v tXm¶n-

¸n-¡p¶ NnÓ-§-fpsS \nKq-V-X-Isf A\m-h-cWw sN¿m³ NnÓ-im-kv{X-

¯n\v Ign-bpw. ant¯mfPokn (Mythologies)epw aäpw _mÀ¯v \S¯nbn«pÅ

hniIe\§Ä AXn\v amXrIIfmbn«p−v. B hgnbn apt¶m«pt]mbmWv

kn\n-a-bn NnÓ-ambn (Sign) Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡s¸Sp¶ ‘kv{Xo’{]Xn\n[m\§sf

A]-{K-Yn-¡p-¶-Xn\v ssk²m-´n-IÀ NnÓ-im-kv{Xs¯ D]-tbmKn¡p¶-Xv.

1.2.7. temdm aÂhnbpsS \nco£W§Ä

]pcpjta-[m-hn¯hyh-Ø-bn kv{XoIÄ A\p-`-hn-¡p¶ CÑm-`w-K-

§sf hni-I-e\w sN¿m³ am\-kn-Im-]-{K-Y-\-coXn klm-bn-¨n-«p-s−¶v

temdm aÂhn Xsâ teJ-\-¯n hni-Z-am-¡p-¶p-−v. _p²n-]-c-amb FIvkv td

ZrjvSn-sIm−v kmwkvIm-cnI{]Xn-`m-k-§-fpsS D]-cn-X-e-¯n-\-I-t¯¡v ImWm-

\pÅ Ignhv am\-kn-Im-]-{K-Y\kn²m´w km[y-am-¡p-¶p.

""CfIn adn-bp¶ AsÃ-¦n Øm\-{`wiw kw`-hn¨ B´-cnI tNmZ-

\bpw (drives)Xncn-¨-dn-b-s¸-Sm¯ B{K-l-§fpw DÅ ASn-¯-«nse temIs¯

Xpd-¶p-Im-«m-\pÅ kqN-\-I-fpsS \nc-bmbn amdp¶p.''13

36
 ‘At_m-[-¯nsâ LS\ `mj-bp-tSXv t]mse-bmWv’(The unconscious

is structured like a language ) F¶ gmIv e¡msâ (Jacques Lacan) {]kn²

{]kvXm-h\ HmÀ½n-¸n-¡p¶ Xc-¯n temd-maÂhn kn\n-a-sb-¡p-dn¨v “]pcp-j-

ta-[m-hn¯kaq-l-¯nsâ At_m-[-a-\Êv kn\n-a-bpsS cq]s¯ Nn«-s¸-Sp-¯n-

bn-cn-¡p¶p”F¶v {]kvXm-hn-¡p-¶p.14

-knÜ−v t{^mbnUv Xsâ ‘ssewKn-IXmkn²m-´-s¯-¡p-dn¨v aq¶v D]-

\ym-k-§Ä’ F¶ ]T-\-¯n kvtImt]m-^o-en-b, AsÃ-¦n ImgvN-bnse

cXn F¶ Bi-b-s¯-¡p-dn¨v {]Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-¶p−-v. hyàn-Isf hkvXp-hÂI-

cn¨v, t\m«-¯n-eqsS ssewKntImt¯-P\w t\Sp-¶-Xn-s\-bmWv kvtImt]m-^o-

enb F¶-Xp-sIm−v AÀY-am-¡p-¶-Xv. Hfn-ªp-t\m«w HcpXcw kvtImt]m-^o-

enb BWv. Xnt¿-ä-dnse Ccp− apdn-bn-en-cp¶v kn\na ImWp¶ ImgvN-¡m-c\v

aäp-Å-h-cpsS kzIm-cy-X-bn-te¡v Hfn-¨p-t\m«w \S-¯p¶ A\p-`hw hnZ-Kv²-

ambn kn\na Hcp-¡p-¶p-s−¶v temdm-aÂhn A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. kn\na Bß-

c-Xn-bp-ambn _Ô-s¸-Sp-¯m-hp¶ asämcp Xc-¯n-epÅ t\m«-¯n-\p-IqSn hgn-

sbm-cp-¡p-¶p-s−¶v aÂhn Iq«n-t¨À¡p-¶p. kn\n-a-bnse IYm-]m-{X-§-fnÂ

Xs¶-¯s¶ Is-−¯m³ B{K-ln-¡p-¶ ImgvN-¡m-c³ AXpambn

XmZmßyw {]m]n-¡p--¶-Xn-eq-sS-bmWv CXv km[y-am-hp-¶-Xv.

‘hyàn-bpsS kzXzhpw Alhpw cq]-s¸-Sp-¶Xv andÀtÌPn-emWv’ F¶

e¡msâ Bi-b-amWv aÂhn ChnsS D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xv. Hcp inip BZy-ambn

Xsâ {]Xn-_nw_w I®m-Sn-bn ImWp-t¼mÄ B {]Xn-_nw-_-hp-ambn

kt´m-jt¯msS XmZmßyw (kmßoIcWw) {]m]n-¡p-¶p. F¶m Cu

XmZmßyw {]m]n-¡Â km¦ev]nIamb sXän-²m-c-W-bpsS ASn-Øm-\-¯n-em-

Wv. ImcWw I®m-Sn-bn ImWp-¶Xv ]qÀ®X ssIh-cn-¨Xpw kzbw \nb-{´-

W-¯n\v sI¸p-Å-Xp-amb Hcp amXrIm_nw_-am-Wv. F¶m Ip«n-I-fpsS

37
bYmÀY AhØ CXn\v hn]-co-X-am-Wv. C¯-c-¯n-epÅ amXrIm_nw_w

(sF-Un-b Cta-Pv) hyàn-Isf Pohn-X-Imew apgp-h³ ]n´p-S-cp-¶p.

Xntb-ä-dn-en-cp¶v kn\na ImWp¶ ImgvN-¡m-c³/cn kv{Io\nÂ

ImWp¶ _nw_-§-fm hio-I-cn-¡-s¸«v A¸-t\-c-t¯¡v kz´w k¯sb

ad-¡p-Ibpw Øe-Im-e-t_m[w \jvS-s¸-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXv, Al-¯nsâ

AXnÀ¯n-IÄ thÀXn-cn¨v cq]-s¸-Sm¯ Hcp inip-hnsâ Ah-Ø-bn-te¡v

F¯p-¶p. B ka-b¯v hyàn-bpsS Alw cq]-s¸-Sp¶ \nan-js¯ kn\na

ho−pw DWÀ¯p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. I®m-Sn-bn ImWp¶ amXr-Im-_nw-_-hp-

ambn inip XmZmßyw{]m]n-¨-Xp-t]mse kv{Io\n ImWp¶ ]qÀ®X ssIh-

cn-¨Xpw kzbw\nb-{´-W-¯n-ep-Å-Xp-amb Xmc-§-fp-ambn ImgvN-¡m-c³

XmZmXvayw {]m]n-¡p-¶p.

kn\n-a ImWp¶bmÄ¡v c−p-Xcw t\m«ap−v F¶mWv temdm aÂhn

Ah-Im-i-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. 1. kvtImt]m-^o-enb. ChnsS ImgvN-¡m-csâ kXzhpw

kn\n-a-bnse hkvXp-hÂI-cn¡-s¸« IYm-]m-{Xhpw X½n hyXym-khpw AI-

e-hp-ap-Å-Xmbn ImWmw. 2. IYm-]m-{X-§-fp-ambn XmZmßyw {]m]n-¡p¶ Bß-

c-Xn-bn Du¶nb t\m«w. ChnsS “ssewKnIamb Ak-´p-en-Xm-h-Ø-bnÂ

Nn«-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«pÅ Cu temI¯v ImgvN-bnse cXn kPohw=]pcp-j³,

\nÀPohw=kv{Xo F¶n-§s\ hn`-Pn-¡-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p.”15

kv{XoIsf ssewKn-I-h-kvXp-hmbn {]ZÀin-¸n-¡p¶ aäp-I-em-cq-]-§-

fnÂ\n¶pw kn\n-asb hyXy-kvX-am-¡p-¶Xv kn\n-a-bpsS LS-\-bn¯s¶

t\m«s¯ ka-\z-bn-¸n-¨n-«p−v F¶-Xm-Wv. C-hnsS kv{Xoico-cs¯ F§-s\-

bmWv ImWn-t¡--−sX¶v ap³Iq«n \nÝ-bn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p−-v. Zriy-c-Xnsb hfsc

hnZ-KvZ-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-¡m-\pÅ Iuiew kn\na ssIh-cn-¨n-«p-−v.

kn\n-a-bp-ambn _Ô-s¸-Sp¯n aq¶pXcw t\m«-§sf temd hni-Zo-I-cn-

¡p-¶p. 1.- Iym-a-d-bpsS t\m«w, 2. ImgvN-¡m-csâ t\m«w, 3. IYm-]m-{X-§Ä

38
X½n-epÅ t\m«w. BJym-\-kn-\n-a-bpsS Iogvhg-¡-§Ä aq¶m-as¯ t\m«-¯n-

\p-th−n H¶pw c−pw t\m«-§sf \ncm-I-cn-¡m³ {ian-¡p-¶p. kn\n-a-bnse

\mb-Is\ ImgvN-¡m-csâ {]Xn-\n-[n-bmbn {]Xn-jvTn-¡p¶, hnizm-kyX P\n-¸n-

¡p¶ Hcp anYymtemIw krjvSn-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-th-−n-bm-Wn-Xv.

temdm aÂhn-bpsS ‘]pcpjt\m«w’(male gaze) F¶ Bibw kv{XoI-

fmb ImgvN-¡m-cpsS kn\n-a-bp-am-bpÅ _Ôw {]iv\-hÂI-cn-¡p-¶p−-v.

F¶mÂ, kv{XoIfmb ImgvN¡msc ap³\nÀ¯n Cu hnjb¯n Xr]vXn-I-c-

amsbmcp hni-Zo-I-cWw \ÂIm³ temdmaÂhn {ian¨n«nÃ. ]n¶oSph¶ s^an-

\n-Ìp-ssk²m-´n-IÀ s]¬Im-gvN-¡mcpw kn\n-a-bp-am-bp-ff _Ôw hni-Zo-I-cn-

¡m³ {iaw \S-¯p-¶p−-v. ImPm- knÂhÀam³ (Kaja Silverman ), sXtck

Un tem-dnäv-kv (Teresa de Lauretis) XpS-§n-b-hÀ C¯cw At\z-j-W-¯nÂ

\nÀ®m-b-I-amb ]¦phln-¡p-¶p−-v. kn\n-am-]-T-\-¯n P³U-dp-ambn _Ô-

s¸« hni-I-e-\-¯n\v am\-kn-Im--]-{K-Y\kn²m´w {][m-\-ambpw D]-tbm-Kn-

¡p-¶Xv Ip«n-IÄ BZy-ambn ssewKnIthÀXn-cnhv a\-Ên-em-¡p¶ L«-s¯-

¡p-dn¨v t{^mbn-Un-sâbpw e¡m-sâbpw ImgvN-¸m-Sp-I-fm-Wv. ChnsS A`m-hhpw

(lack) Ima-\bpw (desire) F¶ Gähpw ImX-emb c−v Bi-b-§-fmWv Dcp-

¯n-cn-ªp-h-cp-¶-Xv.

1.2.8. A`m-hhpw Ima-\bpw kn\nasb¶ am[yahpw

Ip«n BZy-Im-e¯v Xsâ Npäp-apÅ hkvXp-¡sf (A-½, ]pX-¸v

XpS§nbh) XsâXs¶ `mK-am-bn-«mWv ImWp-¶-Xv. I®mSnL«-¯n-se-¯p-

t¼m-gmWv Ip«n¡v Xsâ thdn« AkvXn-Xzs¯-¡p-dn¨v t_m[y-am-hp-¶-Xv.

I®m-Sn-bn ImWp¶ kzbw]qÀ®-X-bpÅsX¶v k¦Â¸n-¡p¶ {]Xn-_nw-_-

hp-ambn XmZmßyw {]m]n-¡p-¶-Xn\p t{]c-I-ambn¯ocp-¶Xv Ip«n A\p-`-hn-

¡p¶ A`m-hhpw ]qÀW-X-tbm-SpÅ Ima\bpw BWv.

39
 FÃm Ip«n-Ifpw A½sb B{K-ln-¡p-¶p. t{^mbn-Unsâ ImgvN-¸m-SnÂ

ssewKn-I-X-bpsS thÀXn-cnhv a\-Ên-em-¡p¶ L«-¯n (Cu-Un-¸kv L«w)

A½ A{]m-]y-am-sW¶v Xncn-¨-dn-bp-t¼mÄ B¬Ip«n AÑ-\p-ambn XmZmßyw

{]m]n-¡p-Ibpw A½sb t]mse-bpÅ asämcp kv{Xosb kz´-am-¡m³ B{K-

ln-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. AtX kabw s]¬Ip-«n¡v hrjWtOZw (castration)

A`mhambn A\p-`-h-s¸-Sp-Ibpw AÑs\ B{K-ln-¡p-Ibpw Aѳ X\n¡v

A{]m-]y-am-sW¶v Xncn-¨-dn-bp-t¼mÄ AÑ-s\-t¸m-se-bpÅ asäm-cmsf kz´-am-

¡m³ B{K-ln-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.

e¡m³ Cu Ah-Øsb hni-Z-ambn hni-I-e\w sN¿p-¶p−-v. Ip«n

CuUn-¸kv L«-¯n `mj-bn Ac-t§äw Ipdn-¡p-Ibpw (knt¼m-fnIv

HmÀU-dn {]th-in-¡p-Ibpw) kaq-l-¯nsâ am\-I-§sf a\-Ên-em-¡p-Ibpw

AÑs\ kmaqlym[n-Im-c-¯nsâ {]Xo-I-ambn ImWp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. Cu

Ah-Ø-bn-emWv I®mSnL«-¯nse A\p-`-hs¯ hrjWtOZw (castration)

F¶ A`mhambn a\-Ên-em-¡p-¶-Xv. FÃm a\p-jy-cp-sSbpw At_m-[-a-\-ÊnÂ

A`m-hhpw Ima\bpw Ømbn-bmbn hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p−-v. kn\na AXnsâ kmt¦-

Xn-IXsIm−pw BJym-\-X{´wsIm−pw Cu At_m-[-¯n \ne-sIm-Åp¶

A`m-hhpw Ima-\bpw DWÀ¯p-¶-Xn\v Imc-W-am-bn-¯ocp¶p.

Hcp am[y-a-sa¶ \ne-bn kn\na kar-²-ambn ImgvN-sbm-cp-¡n-sh-¡p-

Ibpw Pohn-X-¯n-se¶t]mse Ahn-iz-k-\o-b-amb ambn-I-tem-I-t¯¡v

ImWn-Isf F¯n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. I®mSnL«-¯nse Ip«n-sb-t¸mse

t{]£-I³ Cu kar-²-amb ImgvN-Isf kzoI-cn-¡p-Ibpw bYmÀY A`m-

hs¯ AwKo-I-cn-¡m-Xn-cn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. F¦nepw kn\n-a-bnse s{^bnw

X¶nÂ\n¶v Ft´m ad-¨p-sh-¡p-¶p-s−¶pw Xsâ ImgvN-Isf aämtcm \nb-

{´n-¡p-¶p-s−¶pw a\-Ên-em-¡p¶ L«-¯n t{]£-IÀ A`mhw A\p-`-hn-

¡p-¶p-s−¶v kn\n-am-ssk-²m-´n-IÀ A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. kn\n-a-bnse

BJym-\-¯nepw t{]£-Isc X§Ä ImWm-¯Xpw a\-Ên-em-¡m-¯-Xp-amb

40
]e-Xp-ap-s−¶v \nc-´cw kqNn-¸n-¡p-Ibpw AXp-ap-tJ\ Xsâ A`m-hs¯

DWÀ¯p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶-Xn-eq-sS-bmWv IYm-KXn apt¶m-«p-sIm-−p-t]m-hp-¶-Xv.

kn\n-a-sb¶ am[y-a-¯nsâ BJym-\-a-S-¡-apÅ kmt¦-Xn-I-X-bpsS FÃm hi-

§-tfbpw \nb-{´n-¡p¶ hyàn-Isf F\³kn-tb-äÀ (enunciator) F¶mWv

kn\namssk²m-´n-IÀ hnfn-¡p-¶-Xv. F\³kn-tb-äÀ CuUn-¸kv L«-¯nse

{]Xo-Im-ß-I-amb AÑ-s\-t¸m-se-bm-Wv.

1.2.9. kyq¨À F¶ {]{Inb

IYm-K-Xnsb \nb-{´n-¡p-¶ LSIsa¶ {]XoXn P\n-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-eq-sS-

bmWv F\³kn-tb-äÀ A`m-hs¯ adn-I-S-¡p-¶-Xv. ImgvN-¡m-cs\ kn\n-a-bp-

ambn Xp¶n-s¡-«p¶ Cu {]{In-sb-bmWv ImPm- knÂhÀam³ “k_vPIvSv

Hm^v skan-tbm-«nIvkv” (Subject of Semiotics) F¶ IrXn-bn kyq¨À

(suture)F¶v hnfn-¡p-¶-Xv. Um\n-b Zbm³ (Daniel Dayan) F¶ C{km-

tb kn\namssk²m-´n-I-\mWv BZy-ambn kyq¨Àkn²m´w sFUn-tbm-f-

Pn-bp-ambn _Ô-s¸-Sp¯n ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-¶-Xv.16 kn\n-a-bn ImWp¶ Nne

Zriy-§Ä Xsâ IÀ¯r-Xz-¯nsâ IrXy-amb {]Xn-^-e-\-sa¶ \ne-bnÂ

kzoI-cn-¡m³ t{]£-Is\ \nÀ_-Ôn-X-am-¡p-I-bmWv kyq¨À sN¿p-¶-sX¶v

At±lw hmZn-¡p-¶p.

kn\na Hcp hyh-lm-c-sa¶ \ne-bn CXv km[y-am-¡p-¶Xv kn\n-a-

bpsS tImUp-IÄ ad-¨p-sh-¡p-Ibpw t{]£-Is\ kw_-Ôn-¨n-S-t¯mfw kn\n-

a-bn-eqsS BJym\w kpXm-cy-ambn A\p-`-h-s¸-Sp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶-Xn-eq-sS-bm-Wv.

km¦Â¸n-I-amb {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-^ew D¸m-Zn-¸n-¡p¶ kt¦-X-§Ä AXn-

sâ ktµ-i-¯m ad-¨p-sh-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. kt¦-X-§-fpsS {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä Xncn-

¨-dn-bm³ Ign-bm¯ t{]£-I³ AXnsâ kzm[o-\-h-e-b-¯n AI-s¸-«p-t]m-

Ip-¶p. Ahsâ/Ah-fpsS ‘Cam-Pn-\dn’ kn\n-a-bp-ambn LSn-¸n-¡p-¶p. A§s\

t{]£-I³ AdnbmsX Xs¶ sFUn-tbm-f-Pn-bpsS ^ew kzoI-cn-¡p-¶p.

41
1.2.10. enwK-]-Z-hn-bpsS kmt¦-Xn-IX

Ncn-{X-]-c-amb \nÀ±njvShyàn-Xz-apÅ kv{Xobpw B[n]XyapÅ hyh-

lm-c-§-fn-eqsS \nÀan-¡-s¸-Sp¶ kv{Xobpw X½n-epÅ s]mcp-¯-t¡-Sp-Isf

A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-¡pI F¶Xv kn\n-asb A]-{K-Yn-¡p-t¼mÄ A\p-t]-£-Wo-b-

amb H¶msW¶v sXtck Un. temdnävkv A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶p17. Ncn-{X-]-c-amb

\nÀ±njvS hyàn-Xz-apÅ kv{Xotbbpw hyh-lm-c-§-fn-eqsS \nÀan-¡-s¸-Sp¶

kv{Xotbbpw Fgp-¯n thÀXn-cn-¨p-Im-Wn-¡p-¶-Xn\v AhÀ bYm-{Iaw

women, Women F¶n-§s\ ‘W’sNdnb A£-c-ambpw henb A£-c-ambpw

D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-I-bmWv sN¿p-¶-Xv. Ncn-{X-bm-YmÀYy-§-fn-eqsS Pohn-¨p-t]m-cp¶

kv{Xosb \ne-hn-epÅ hyh-lm-c-§Ä¡p-ÅnÂ\n¶v \nÀh-Nn-¡pI Akm-[y-am-

sW-¦nepw Ah-cpsS AkvXnXzw \ne-\n¡p¶ bmYmÀ°y-am-Wv. Chsc

hyh-lm-c-¯n-eqsS AS-bm-fs¸Sp-¯m³ {ian-¡p¶ s^an-\nÌpIÄ {i²-bq-¶p-

¶Xv ]pcp-j-\nÂ\n¶pÅ hyXym-k-¯n-em-Wv. CsX-¯n-t¨-cp-¶Xv kv{Xo/]pcp-

j³ F¶ kmÀÆ-eu-In-I-amb ZzµmßIamb Bi-b-¯n-em-Wv. A§s\

ho−pw Ømbnbmb kv{Xok¯-bn-te¡v h¶p-tN-cp-¶p. AXp-aqew ]pcp-jm-

[n-]-Xy-hy-h-lm-c-§-fn-se-¶-t]mse, hÀ¤w, hwiw, ssewKn-IX F¶n-§s\

hyXy-kvXm-\p-`-h-§-fn Pohn-¡p¶ kv{XobpsS sshhn-[ys¯ ImWmsX

kv{Xo F¶ Hä Bi-b-¯n HXp-¡p-I-bmWv s^an-\nÌv hyh-lm-c-§-fnepw

kw`-hn-¡p-¶-Xv. ssewKn-I-hy-Xym-k-hp-ambn sI«p-]n-W-ªp-In-S-¡m¯ Hcp

sP³UÀ ImgvN-¸m-SmWv \ap-¡n-¶m-hiyw F¶ Nn´bmWv sXtck Un

temd-änkv apt¶m-«p-sh-¡p-¶-Xv.

ssewKn-I-X-bpsS Ncn{Xw (hmfyw H¶v) F¶ {KÙ-¯n ^qt¡m

ssewKn-I-X-bpsS kmt¦-XnIX-sb-¡p-dn¨v {]Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-¶p−-v. hyh-lm-c-§-fn-

eq-sS-bmWv A[n-Imcw {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶-sX¶pw kaq-l-¯n Hcp-]mSv A[n-Im-

c-hy-h-lm-c-§Ä Ds−¶pw Ahsb B´-cn-I-hÂI-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-eq-sS-bmWv

42
hyàn-IÄ Ah-cpsS bmYmÀ°ys¯ cq]-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xp-sa-¶mWv ^qt¡m

A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv.18

aXw, imkv{Xw, \nbaw XpS-§nb Øm]-\-§Ä ssewKn-I-Xsb

\nco£W-hn-t[-b-am-¡p-¶-Xn-eqsS ssewKn-I-X-sb- kw_Ôn¨v IqSp-XÂ hyh-

lm-c-§Ä D¸m-Zn-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp-Ibpw Bi-b-§Ä {]N-cn-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp-Ibpw sN¿p-

¶p. ssewKn-I-XbpsS kmt¦-Xn-IhnZy F¶ ]ZwsIm−v ^pt¡m AÀY-am-¡p-

¶Xv ssewKn-I-Xsb DÂ]m-Zn-¸n-¡p-Ibpw Xmev]cyw P\n-¸n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p¶

HcpIq«w {]hÀ¯-\-co-Xn-I-fm-Wv. Ch-sbms¡ A[n-Im-c-¯nsâ hyh-lm-c-§-

fm-Wv. ssewKn-I-XbpsS kmt¦-Xn-IX hyh-lm-c-§-fn-eqsS ssewKn-I-Xsb

\nÀ½n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. DZm-l-c-W-¯n\v 18-þmw \qäm-−n\ptijw `c-W-Iq-S-

¯nsâ A\p-hm-Z-t¯msS ]e taJ-e-I-fn-embn \S-¡p¶ ]T-\-§Ä hyàn-

Isf ssewKn-I-X-bp-ambn _Ô-s¸-Sp¯n B¬/s]¬, AS¡apÅhÀ/

AS¡anÃm¯hÀ (normal/deviant), Btcm-Ky-ap-Å-hÀ/BtcmKyanÃm¯-hÀ,

`n¶-ssew-Kn-I-À/kzhÀ¤-ssew-Kn-I-À F¶n-§s\ kmwkvIm-cn-I-ambn \nÀ±njvS

hn`m-K-§-fmbn (specified catogory) lnÌdn Hm^v skIvjzmenänbn Xcw-Xn-

cn-¡p-¶p.

1.3. BW¯§Ä

BW¯w (masculinity) Hcp ]cnIev]\ F¶ \nebn Dcp¯ncnªp

hcp¶Xv a\Èmkv{X¯nÂ\n¶mWv. ssewKnIXsb Hcp ]T\hkvXphmbn

a\Èmkv{Xw cq]m´cs¸Sp¯pIbmbncp¶p. A§s\ cq]s¸« ssewKnI

hnÚm\w am\knImtcmKys¯ kw_Ôn¨ AdnhpIfmbn IcpXs¸«p.

AXmIs«, kaql¯nsâ s]mXphmb Xmev]cy§sf ap³\nÀ¯n A]{`wi

§sf Is−¯m\pw sacp¡m\papÅ D]m[nbmbn amdpIbpw sNbvXp.

""sskt¡m-A-\m-en-kn-kn\v NnIn-Õ-bp-am-bpÅ _Ôw AXnsâ Ncn-{X-¯n-ep-

S-\ofw kaq-ls¯ {Ia-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xn\pw \nb-{´W-hn-t[-b-am-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-

43
apÅ bXv\-¯n `mK-`m-¡m-bn-«p-−v.''19 BW¯s¯bpw s]®¯s¯bpw

kw_Ôn¨v a\Èmkv{Xw Dev]mZn¸n¨ ho£W§fnepw Cu \nb{´WXzc

D]ZÀin¡m\mIpw. F¦nepw, Cu taJebn cq]s¸« DÄ¡mgvNIÄ

kmwkvImcnI{]Xn`mk§fpsS hniIe\¯n\v hnes¸«XmWv. hnaÀi\mß

Iambn Ahsb ]cntim[n¨psIm−p am{Xta A¯cw hniIe\§Ä¡pÅ

CSw \nÀ½ns¨Sp¡m³ IgnbpIbpÅp. kmaqlnIimkv{XcwK¯p\n¶v

Dfhmb kn²m´oIcW§sfbpw A¡q«¯n ]cnKWnt¡−Xp−v.

1.3.1. knÜ−v t{^mbvUnsâ \nco£Ww

knÜ−v t{^mbvUv XpS-§n-sh¨ am\-kn-Im-]-{K-Y-\-¯n-eq-sS-bmWv

BZy-ambn BW-¯-s¯-¡p-dn-¨pÅ Hcp imkv{Xo-bm-t\z-j-W-¯n\v XpS¡w

Ipdn-¡p-¶-Xv. am\-kn-I-Nn-In-Õ-bp-ambn _Ô-s¸«v \S-¯nb imkv{Xo-b-\n-co-

£-W-§-fn-eq-sS-bmWv t{^mbvUv Xsâ \nK-a-\-§-fn-se-¯n-t¨-cp-¶-Xv.

{]Xy£¯n kzm`mhnIsa¶ptXm¶p¶ ]pcpjXzsa¶ Bibs¯

At\zjWhnt[bam¡n \nehnepÅ [mcWIsf A«nadn¡pIbmWv

t{^mbvUv sNbvXXv. ssewKnIXbpw sP³Udpw {]IrXym DÅXsöpw

am\knIamb kwLÀj¯neqsS \nÀ½n¡s¸Sp¶XmsW¶pw t{^mbvUv

a\Ênem¡nbncp¶p. BW¯hpw s]®¯hpw FÃm a\pjycnepw

A´Àeo\ambn«pÅXpw Htckabw \ne\nev¡p¶Xpamb AhØbmsW¶

k¦ev]\w BWv t{^mbvUv apt¶m«psh¨Xv.

“hyànbpsS Ima\Isf, {]tXyIn¨v B{IatWmÕpIXsb, \nb{´

Whnt[bam¡m³ kwkvImc¯n\pÅ D]m[nbmbn«mWv t{^mbvUv Xsâ

‘kq¸ÀCutKm’ F¶ Bibs¯ {]tbmKn¡p¶Xv.”20 t{^mbvUnsâ Cuhgn

¡pff Nn´IÄ A]qÀ®hpw Dulw\ndªXpamsW¦nepw Ahbv¡v Nn´m

cwK¯v KuchXcamb ]cnWX^eapfhm¡m³ Ignªp. ]pcpjXz\nÀ½nXn

bneqsS XeapdIfnte¡v ssIamäw sN¿s¸Sp¶ ]nXrtImbvamhyhØ

44
sb¡pdn¨pÅ kn²m´¯n\v ASnØm\amb BibamWv t{^mbvUnsâ Cu

Nn´IÄ Xpd¶p\evInbXv. BW¯w/s]®¯w F¶Xv shÅw IS¡m¯

AdIfmbn \ne\nev¡p¶Xsöpw Ah ]ckv]chncp²amsW¶p IcpXm

sa¦nepw Htckabw ]e AScpIÄ k¦ev]n¡mhp¶ Xc¯n k¦oÀ®

amb hnImc§Ä \ne\nev¡p¶ AhØbmWpÅsX¶pw t{^mbvUv

Xncn¨dnªncp¶p.

1.3.2. BÂ{^Uv AUvedpsS ho£Ww.

t{^mbvUnsâ kaImenI\mbncp¶ BÂ{^Uv AUveÀ ]pcpjXzhpw

kv{XoXzhpw hncp²{[ph§fnemsW¶ km{¼ZmbnI[mcWsb kzoIcn¡p

¶tXmsSm¸w kv{XoXzw kmwkvImcnIambn hneIpdªXpw _elo\

ambXpamb Hcp Xe¯nemWv ImWs¸Sp¶sX¶ hmZhpw DbÀ¯p¶p−v.

At±l¯nsâ A−À ÌmânwKv lyqa³ \mNzÀ F¶ IrXnbn (1992 (1927))

]pcpjXzhpw A[nImchpw kaql¯nse A{Iahpw (public violence)

X½nepÅ ]ckv]c_Ôs¯¡pdn¨v ]Tn¨pd¸n¡p¶p−v.

1.3.3. FdnIv t{^mansâ ImgvN¸mSv

km¼¯nIhpw kmwkvImcnIhpamb ]Ým¯e¯n \nÀ½n¡

s¸Sp¶ ]pcpjXz§sf¡pdn¨v Kuchs¸« ]T\w XpSÀ¶v \S¯p¶Xv

{^m¦v^À«v kvIqfnse FdnIvt{^mw BWv. {]kn²amb AtXmdntädnb³

s]gvkWmenän (1957), ^nbÀ Hm^v {^oUw (2001) F¶o IrXnIfnÂ

tkzÑm[n]Xy]camb hyànXz§Ä F§s\ cq]oIrXamhp¶p F¶Xns\

¡pdn¨v ¢n\n¡Â]T\§fpsS ASnØm\¯n hniZoIcn¡p¶p−v. ]pcpj

Xzsa¶Xv ]nXrt¡mbvasb \ne\nÀ¯p¶ tkzÑm[n]Xy]camb hyànXzw

(authoritarian personality) BsW¶v t{^mw hmZn¡p¶p. kzhÀ¤cXn

tbmSpÅ sshcmKyw, kv{XoItfmSpÅ AhÚ, apIfnepÅ A[nImc

Øm]\§tfmSpÅ hnt[bXzw, Xmsg¡nSbnepÅhtcmSpÅ A{IatWmÕp

45
IX F¶nhsbÃmw CXnsâ e£W§fmWv. IÀ¡iamb coXnbn Ip«n

Isf hfÀ¯p¶Xpw IpSpw_¯n ]nXmhnsâ B[n]Xyhpw ASn¨

aÀ¯s¸« ssewKnIXbpw bmYmØnXnIamb kZmNmchpamWv C¯cw

hyànXz§Ä cq]s¸Sp¶Xn\p ]n¶n {]hÀ¯n¡p¶X.v CuUn¸kv

tImw¹Ivknsâ ASnØm\¯n t{^mbvUv \evInb hniZoIcW§Ä

]pcpjXzs¯¡pdn¨pÅ ImgN¸mSn Hcp km[yXsb am{XamWv apt¶m«v

sh¡p¶Xv. aäp km[yXIfpambn _Ôs¸Sp¯nthWw AXns\ hnebncp

¯m³.

1.3.4. Pqenbäv anäv¨entâbpw eqkv CdnKsdbptSbpw ho£W§Ä

{_n«\nse Pqenbäv anäv¨Â (1990), {^m³knse eqkv CdnKsd (1993)

F¶nhÀ e¡m\nb³ ImgvN¸mSpIsf Ahew_n¨v kv{XoXzs¯

kn²m´hev¡cn¡phm\mWv {ian¡p¶sX¦nepw AhcpsS ]T\¯nÂ

]pcpjXzs¯¡pdn¨pÅ Bib§fpw A´Àeo\ambn«p−v. e¡msâ ‘tem

Hm^v Z ^mZÀ’ F¶ Bib¯n kwkvImct¯bpw Bibhn\nab

km[yXItfbpw cq]s¸Sp¯p¶p−v. ChnsS ]pcpjXzsa¶Xv A\p`h

thZyamb Hcp hkvXpXbà adn¨v {]XoImßIhpw kmaqlyhpamb _Ô§

fn A[nhkn¡mhp¶ Hcp ‘CS’amWv. sP³Udns\ Hcp hyànbpsS

Ømbnbmb AhØ F¶p ImWp¶Xn\p]Icw {]XoImßI_Ô§fpsS

hyhØsb¶\nebn ]cnKWn¡pt¼mÄ ]pcpjXzs¯ kzoIcn¡pI

sb¶Xv Hcp cmjv{Sobamb {]hr¯nbmWv F¶p ]dtb−nhcpw.

1.3.5.‘]pcpjssewKnItdmÄ’ F¶ kmaqlnIimkv{Xk¦ev]w

]pcp-j-Xz-s¯-¡p-dn-¨pÅ BZys¯ {][m-\-s¸« kmaq-ly-im-kv{X-]-c-

amb ]T-\-§Ä "]pcp-j-ssew-Kn-I-tdmÄ' (Male sex role) tI{µ-am¡nbmbn-cp-¶p.

]s¯m¼Xmw\qäm−nsâ Ahkm\¯n kv{XohntamN\{]hÀ¯\§Ä¡v

XSbnSp¶Xn\pth−n XpS§nsh¨ kv{Xobpw ]pcpj\pw X½n {]IrXym

46
DÅ hyXymk§sf¡pdn¨pÅ NÀ¨IfpsS ]Ým¯e¯nemWv CXv

kw`hn¡p¶Xv. kmaqlyimkv{X¯nse ‘tdmÄ’ F¶ kmt¦XnI]Zw

kmwkvImcnIam\I§Ä (cultural norms) F¶ Bibt¯bpw kmaqlnI

LS\bnse CSw F¶ Bibt¯bpw Iq«nbnW¡p¶ Ffp¸hgn krjvSn

¡p¶p. kmaqlyhev¡cW¯ntâtbm kmaqlyt_m[\¯ntâtbm Dev]¶

ambn B´cnIhev¡cn¡s¸« ‘skIvkvtdmÄ’ F¶Xv ]pcpjXzt¯bpw

kv{XoXzt¯bpw Ffp¸¯n hymJym\n¡phm³ klmbIamIp¶p21 F¶v

BÀ.U»nbp. tImWÂ Xsâ amkvIpen\näokv F¶ IrXnbnÂ

hnhcn¡p¶p.

Pohimkv{X]camb enwKhyXymk¯nsâ kmwkvImcnIhniZoIcW

ambmWv ‘skIvkvtdmÄ’ ]et¸mgpw ImWs¸Sp¶Xv. BZyImessk²m

´nIÀ ‘skIvkv tdmÄ’ icnbmb coXnbn \nÀhNn¡s¸« H¶msW¶pw

AXnsâ ASnØm\¯n Ch kzmb¯amt¡−Xv kmaqlyamb Hcmhiy

amsW¶pamWv IcpXnbncp¶Xv. F¶m ‘^osabn skIvkvtdmÄ’ F¶Xv

ASn¨aÀ¯emsW¶pw AXns\ B´chev¡cn¡p¶Xv kv{XoIsf Xmgv¯n

s¡«m\pÅ Hcp D]m[nbmsW¶pamWv C¶v a\knem¡s¸Sp¶Xv F¶v

tImWÂ hnebncp¯p¶p.

‘skIvkvtdmÄ Xnbdn’bpsS ASnØm\amb bpàn Ch c−pw

(^osabn & sabn skIvkv tdmÄ) ]ckv]c]qcIamWv F¶XmWv.

AXpsIm−pXs¶ am\I§sf ASnØm\am¡nbpÅ skIvkv tdmÄ

kn²m´w HcpXc¯nepÅ enwKcmjv{SobamIp¶p. kv{Xo¡pw ]pcpj\pw

]c¼cmKXambn B¬tImbvamkaql¯m \nÀt±in¡s¸« kmaqlnIamb

s]cpamä§sf s]cp¸n¨pImWn¨v AXneS§nbn«pÅ kmaqlymkaXz

§sfbpw A[nImct¯bpw skIvkvtdmÄ kn²m´w ad¨psh¡pIbmWv.

“skIvkv tdmÄ sFUânän F¶ Bibw ]c¼cmKXambn \nÀt±in¡

47
s¸«n«pÅ ‘tdmfn’s\ AXnewLn¡p¶XnÂ\n¶pw hyànIsf XSbpIbpw

]Icw Ahcn Ac£nXmhØbpw A]cym]vXXmt_m[hpw krjvSn¡p

Ibpw sN¿p¶p”22 F¶ s¹Iv tPmk^nsâ \nco£Whpw CXnt\mSv

tNÀ¯pImWmw.

A[nImchpambn _Ôs¸« {]i\§sf a\Ênem¡p¶XnÂ

skIvkvtdmÄ kn²m´¯n\v ASnØm\]camb ]cnanXnIfp−v. hyXykvX

Ncn{XþkmwkvImcnImhØIfn s]mXphmbn \ne\nev¡p¶tXm Ømbn

bmbtXm Bb H¶mWv ]pcpjXzsa¶ ImgvN¸mSv hÀ¯am\Ime¯v

Xncp¯s¸«pIgnªncn¡p¶p. ]Icw ssZ\wZn\PohnX¯n F§s\bmWv

]pcpjXz§Ä Dev]mZn¸n¡s¸Sp¶sX¶pw AXn km¼¯nI]chpw

Øm]\]chpamb LS\bpsS {]m[m\ysas´¶papÅ At\zjW§fmWv

\S¶phcp¶Xv. DZmlcW¯n\v kvt]mÀSvkv, sXmgnemfnhÀ¤w, a[yhÀ¤w

F¶n§s\ hyXykvX kµÀ`§fnepw CS§fnepw \nÀ½n¡s¸Sp¶

]pcpjXz§sf¡pdn¨pw AXnsâ A[nImc_Ô§sf¡pdn¨pamWv C¶v

^oÂUvÌUnbneqsS Is−¯m³ {ian¡p¶X.v

Htc kmwkvImcnI]Ým¯e¯nepw Htc Øm]\LS\bv¡pÅnepw

hyXykvX§fmb ]pcpjXz§Ä Dev]mZn¸n¡s¸Sp¶ps−¶ hkvXpX C¶v

IqSpXÂ IqSpXÂ hyàambns¡m−ncn¡p¶ps−¶v BÀ.U»yp.tImWÂ

hniZam¡p¶p−v.23 hyXykvX§fmb ]pcpjXz§fps−¶ Imcyw Xncn¨dn

ªm am{Xwt]mc Ah X½n F§s\ _Ôs¸«pInS¡p¶psh¶pw

Ahbnse A[oiXzhpw hnt[bXzhpw F§s\bmWv {]hÀ¯n¡p¶sX¶pw

a\Ênemt¡−Xp−v.

1.3.6. enwKt`Z§fpsS hÀ¯am\w

kv{XoXzw (femininity), ]pcpjXzw (masculinity) F¶nhsb kw_

Ôn¨ ]c¼cmKX[mcWIÄ C¶v Xncp¯s¸«pIgnªp. enwKhyXymk

48
sa¶Xv ssPhnIamb ASnØm\apÅXmbncn¡pt¼mgpw kv{XoXzw, ]pcp

jXzw F¶nh ZzµmßIambn \nÀÆNns¨Sp¡mhp¶ {]IrXn\nÀWnXKpW

§fsöpw Ah kmaqlnIhpw kmwkvImcnIhpamb hnh£IÄ t]dp¶

\nÀ½nXnbmsW¶pw C¶v A¡mZanItemIw AwKoIcn¡p¶p−v. enwK

hyXymks¯ B¬, s]¬ F¶n§s\ thÀXncn¨pI−ncp¶ coXnbnÂ

\n¶pw amdn CXcssewKnIXsb¡qSn DÄs¡mÅm\pÅ hnÚm\w C¶v

e`yambncn¡p¶p. sekv_nb³, tK, ss_skIvjzÂ, {Sm³kvsP³UÀ

(LGBT) F¶n§s\ hyXykvXamb ssewKnIkhntijXIsf DÄs¡mÅp

¶Xn\v aSn ImWn¡m¯ ‘IzoÀ’ (queer) kao]\w enwK]Zhn]T\§fnÂ

{][m\ambn¯oÀ¶ncn¡p¶p. CXp−m¡p¶ Xncn¨dnhpw hnthIhpw

kmaqlnIamb Bkq{XW¯nepw cmjv{Sobamb Xocpam\§fnepw iàamb

{]`mhw krjvSn¡p¶p−v. CXcssewKnIXsb A]{`wihpw Akzm`mhnI

hpambn¡mWp¶ ImgvN¸mSpIÄ kaImekaql¯n\v C\nbpw sIm−p

\S¡m\mhnsöp h¶ncn¡p¶p. ("IzoÀ' kn²m-´-s¯-¡p-dn¨v \mem-a-[ym-b-

¯n hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-¶p-−v). kmaq-ln-Ihpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb ]T-\-§-fnÂ

{i²mÀl-amb Hcp sshÚm-\n-I-k-ao-]-\-ambn Cu Xncn-¨-dnhv {]Xn-^-en-¡p-

¶p-−v. kn\n-am-]-T-\-§-fpsS Imcy-¯nepw ØnXn hyXy-kvX-a-Ã.

1.4. kn\na Hcp kmaqlnI{]{Inb F¶ \nebnÂ

kn\n-a-bpsS Ncn-{X-]-chpw kmaq-ln-I-hp-amb _Ô-s¯-¡p-dn¨v XpS-¡-

¯n kqNn-¸n-¡p-I-bp-−m-bn. B[p-\nI kmaq-ln-I-þ-kmw-kvIm-cn-I-Po-hn-X-hp-

ambn sI«p-]n-W-ªp-In-S-¡p¶ Hcp Iem-cq-]-am-WXv F¶pw kqNn-¸n-¨n-cp-¶p.

AXnsâ kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw cmjv{So-b-hp-amb hnh-£-IÄ Ncn-{X-]-c-am-bn-

¯s¶ ]cn-tim-[n-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv.

49
1.4.1. Aev]w Ncn{Xw

kn\nabpsS kmaqly_Ôs¯¡pdn¨pÅ At\zjWw Bcw`nt¡

−Xv AXnsâ Dev]¯nbpambn _Ôs¸« Ncn{XaplqÀ¯¯nemWv.

FtUzÀUv sabv {_nUvPv, tXmakv BÂh FUnk¬, eqanbÀ ktlmZcÀ

XpS§nbhcpw AhÀ¡p apt¶Xs¶ temI¯nsâ ]e`mK§fnembn At\z

jW§fnteÀs¸«ncp¶, ]et¸mgpw A{]ikvXcmbncp¶ Hcp]mSv BfpI

fptSbpw {ia^eambn«mWv kn\nasb¶ Iemcq]w ]ndhnsImÅp¶Xv.

BZyIme§fn hfsc sNdnb ssZÀLyapÅ Ne\Nn{X§fmWv

\nÀ½n¡s¸«ncp¶Xv. tXmakv BÂh FUnk¬ \nÀ½n¨ eLpNe\

Nn{X§Ä DZmlcW§fmWv. ChnsS {it²bamb Hcp Imcyw FUnk¬sâ

Nn{X§fn¯s¶ enwKcmjv{Sob]camb Nne ap{ZIÄ ]Xnªp InS¸p−v

F¶XmWv. ]pcpj·msc Nn{XoIcn¡pt¼mÄ aknÂ]hÀ ImWn¡p¶

Pnw\mÌnIv Zriy§Ä ]IÀ¯pt¼mÄ kv{XoNn{XoIcW¯n emky`mh

¯nepÅ \r¯amWv FUnk¬ ImWn¡p¶Xv.

BfpIÄ H¶n¨pIqSp¶ sXcpthmc§fntem IShcm´Ifntem

Xmev¡menIambn sI«nbp−m¡nb XncÈoeIfnemWv C¯cw Nn{X§Ä

{]ZÀin¸n¨ncp¶Xv. kn\nasb¶ am[yaw P\§fnse¯p¶Xn\v Bhiyamb

{]NmcWcoXnIÄ BZyImewsXm«pXs¶ \nehnep−mbncp¶p. tIcf¯nÂ

¯s¶ t]mÌÀ ]Xn¨ Imfh−nbn k©cn¨v t\m«okpIÄ hnXcWw

sNbvXpw sN− sIm«nbpw P\§sf kn\na {]ZÀin¸n¡p¶ hnhcw ap³Iq«n

Adnbn¡p¶ GÀ¸mSv A¶p−mbncp¶p. C¶v Sn.hn. Nm\epIfnÂ

kn\namNÀ¨Ifpw A`nt\Xm¡fpw kwhn[mbIcpw aäpambpÅ A`napJ

§fpw kn\nam{]NcW¯nsâ `mKambn kPohambn ImWmw. kn\na

ImWms\¯p¶ t{]£Isc AÛpXs¸Sp¯p¶ Ne\Zriy§ÄsIm−v

am{Xw hfsc¡mew Ahsc ]nSn¨p\nÀ¯pI km[yaÃm¯Xn\m ]pXnb

]co£W§Ä¡v kn\na hgntXSn. kabssZÀLyw IqSnb kn\naIÄ

50
IYmJym\¯n\pÅ km[yXIÄ \evIn. Øehpw Imehpw IYmJym\

§fnse {][m\s¸« LSIambXn\m kn\nabn AXpambn _Ôs¸«

]co£W§Ä apt¶dn. C¯cw ]co£W§Ä kn\nabv¡pam{Xw

km[yamIp¶ t¢mkvA]v, temMvtjm«v, anUnÂtjm«v XpS§nb IymadbpsS

kt¦X§fpsS hnImk¯n\pw FUnänMv, sseänwKv t]mepÅ taJebpsS

hnImk¯n\pw hgnXpd¶p. \nc´camb kn\nam\nÀ½mW¯neqsS

sXäpIÄ kw`hn¨pw AXv Xncp¯nbpw kn\na hfcpIbmbncp¶p.

Hcp]mSv kn\nam\p`h§fpsS ]n³_e¯nemWv 1915Â {Kn^n¯v

AXphscbp−mb ]co£W§fneqsS cq]s¸« kt¦X§fp]tbmKn¨v

‘_À¯v Hm^v F t\j³’ F¶ apgp\ofkn\na \nÀ½n¡p¶Xv.

bmYmÀ°ys¯ ]IÀ¯phm\mbncp¶nà Cu kn\nabn {ian¨Xv. adn¨v,

t_m[-]qÀÆ-I-amb CSs]-S-ep-I-fn-eqsS bmYmÀ°y-{]-Xo-Xn-bpÅ `mh-\m-ß-I-

amb Bhn-jvImcw \S-¯p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p sNbvX-Xv. Ata-cn-¡-bnse Idp-¯-

hÀ¤-¡m-cpsS Pohn-X-bm-YmÀ°ys¯ apSn-sh-bv¡p-I-sb¶ {]Xn-tem-a-I-c-amb

ZuXyw kn\na Gsä-Sp-¯n-cp-¶p. t\mh-ep-I-sf-t¸mse kn\n-abpw

bmYmÀ°ys¯ ]p\x-kr-jvSn-¡m-\Ã ]Icw kn\n-a-bp-tS-Xmb Hcp-temIw

sI«n-¸-Sp-¡m-\mWv {ian-¨-Xv. AXm-Is« {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-]-c-amb AÀ°-[z-\n-I-

fp-ÅXp-am-bn-cp-¶p.

{Kn^n¯n\ptijw kn\nabn {][m\s¸« ]co£W§Ä \S¡p¶Xv

1920Ifn PÀ½\nbnepw djybnepamWv. djybn FUnänwKpambn

_Ôs¸« ]co£W§fmWv apt¶dnbXv. tjm«pIsf Iq«nt¨À¯v ]pXnb

AÀ°w Is−¯p¶ ‘sam−mjv’t]mepÅ ]co£W§Ä djy³ kn\nabn

ep−mbn. PÀ½\nbn FIvkv{]j\nÌv kn\naIÄ Iymadmaqhvsaâv,

skäp\nÀ½mWw, sseänwKv XpS§nb taJeIfnemWv ]co£Ww

\S¯nbXv.

51
1.4.2. kn\na : \nÀ½nXnbpsS ad¨psh¡Â

i_vZ¯nsâ hcthmSpIqSn kn\nabpsS BJym\¯n dnbenÌnIv

{ia§Ä IqSpXembn D−mIp¶XpImWmw. kn\nabpsS {][m\

BJym\coXn dnbenÌnIv Bhp¶tXmsS Nn{XkwtbmP\w ImgvN¡mc\v

Xncn¨dnbm³ ]äm¯hn[w Bhnjv¡cn¡pIbpw ØeIme§fpsS XpSÀ¨

tXm¶n¸n¡p¶ coXnbn A\p`hthZyam¡pIbpw sNbvXp. AtXmsS

kn\na Hcp \nÀ½nXnbmsW¶ hkvXpX an¡hmdpw ]qÀ®ambn¯s¶

ad¨psh¡s¸«p.

c−mwtemIalmbp²¯n\ptijw CäenbnÂ\n¶p h¶ \ntbm

dnbenÌnIv kn\naIfn kn\nasb bmYmÀ°yt¯mSv ASp¸n¡m\pÅ

{ia§Ä {]ISambn ImWmw. ‘tdmw Zn Hm¸¬ knän’ F¶ kn\nabnÂ

(tdm_Àt«m tdmkeo\) tUmIypsaâdn ^qt«PpIÄ D]bmK¸Sp¯nbn«p−v.

kn\nabpw bmYmÀ°yhpw X½nepÅ _Ôambncp¶p A¡me¯v

kn\namNÀ¨bn ap¶n«p\n¶Xv.

1.4.3. t{]£I\pw {]Xn\n[m\hpw

1950IÄ¡ptijw hcp¶ {][m\s¸« kn\namssk²m´nI³ Bt{µ

_mkn³ sam−mjns\ XÅn¸dbpIbp−mbn. kn\nabpsS s{^bnan\pÅnÂ

AS§nbn«pÅ hkvXp¡fpw AhbpsS {IaoIcWhpw aqhvsaâpw AS§nb

‘aokv F³ ko³’ F§s\bmWv kn\nabn AÀ°w Dev]mZn¸n¡p¶sX

¶mWv _mkn³ hniZoIcn¡p¶Xv. kn\nasb Hcp Iemcq]ambn ImWW

sa¶pw A§s\bmhpt¼mÄ AXn\p]pdIn Hcp IemImc\ps−¶pw AXv

kwhn[mbI\msW¶papÅ Bibw NÀ¨sN¿s¸Sp¶Xv C¡me¯mWv.

{ItaW kn\nasb¡pdn¨pÅ ]T\§Ä kn\nabpw bmYmÀ°yhpw

X½nepÅ _Ôw F¶XnÂ\n¶pamdn kn\nabpw ImWnIfpw X½nepÅ

_Ôw F¶ \nebnte¡v hnIkn¡p¶p. {]tXyIn¨v temdm aÂhnbpsS

52
ImgvN¸mSpItfmsS Cu \nebn iàamb A`n{]mbw cq]oIcn¡s¸«p.

kn\nabpw t{]£I\pw X½nepÅ _Ôs¯¡pdn¨v At\zjn¡m³

`mjmimkv{Xw, am\knIm]{KY\w, kv{XohmZw, amÀIvknkw XpS§nb

]T\taJeIfnse Bib§fmWv D]tbmKn¡p¶Xv. AXpsIm−pXs¶

kn\nam]T\§Ä s]mXphmbn {]Xn\n[m\s¯¡pdn¨pÅ ]T\ambn

amdpIbpw Iptd¡qSn hnimeamb kmwkvImcnI]T\¯nsâ `qanIbnÂ

F¯pIbpw sNbvXp.

1.4.4. kn\nabnse AÀt°mev]mZ\w

kmwkvImcnI]T\¯n s]mXphmbn AwKoIcn¡s¸Sp¶ Hcp

hkvXpX `mjbmWv kaql¯n AÀ°w Dev]mZn¸n¡p¶ {][m\s¸«

D]IcWw F¶XmWv. Hcp Bibhn\natbm]m[n F¶ \nebn kn\na Hcp

`mjbmsW¶p ]dbmw. kn\na AXnsâ AÀ°w Dev]mZn¸n¡p¶Xv

{][m\ambpw Zriy§fneqsSbmWv. ‘aokv F³ ko³’ D]tbmKn¨v AÀ°

§Ä [z\n¸n¡pIbmWv sN¿p¶Xv. ImgvN¡mc³ CXns\ hymJym\n

s¨Sp¡p¶Xv Xsâ kmwkvImcnIm\p`h¯nsâ ]n³_e¯nemWv. AXmbXv

NnÓ§fn AÀ°w A´Àeo\ambn«p−v. AXns\ hymJym\n¡pIbmWv

ImgvN¡mc³ sN¿p¶Xv.

kn\namJym\§Ä AXntâXmb kqN\mkwhn[m\§Ä (signifying

systems) hnIkn¸ns¨Sp¯n«p−v. kn\na¡v AXntâXmb kt¦X§fpw

Iogvhg¡§fpap−v. AXv \nc´cambn Dev]mZn¸n¡s¸Sp¶Xpw Imem

Ime§fn amdnhcp¶XpamWv. ]et¸mgpw bmYmÀ°yhpambn bmsXmcp

_Ôansænepw I−pioen¨ kt¦X§fpw Iogvhg¡§fpw D]tbmKn¨p

sIm−v ImgvN¡mc³ AÀ°w Is−¯pIbmWv sN¿p¶Xv.

53
1.4.5. kwKoXw, Iymad¡®v

kn\nabn Zriy§Ä¡pw FUnänwKn\pw IymadmNe\¯n\pw F¶

t]mse kwKoX¯n\pw AXntâXmb {]m[m\yap−v; {]tXyIn¨v C´y³

kn\nabnÂ. Hmtcm ko\nepw sshImcnIXbpWÀ¯p¶ a\xØnXn (mood)

Isf Dev]mZn¸n¡p¶Xn\v kwKoX¯nsâ ]¦v GsdbmWv. C´y³

kn\nabn ]Ým¯e¯n am{Xaà Km\cwK§Ä krjvSn¨pw kwKoXw

CgtNÀ¯p\nÀ¯¶Xmbn ImWmw. ]gbIme Xangv kwKoX\mSI¯nsâ

NphSp]nSn¨mbncn¡mw kn\nabnepw C{Xb[nIw Km\§Ä DÄs¡mÅn

¡p¶ ]Xnhp−mbXv. AXn\v ]c¼cmKXamb \mSImZnZriyIeIfpsS

]n´pWbpw ImWmw. kwKoX¯n\v {]m[m\yapÅ Hcp BJym\coXnbmWv

C´y³kn\naIÄ kzoIcn¨n«pÅXv.

t{]£I³ kn\nabpambn XmZmßyw {]m]n¡p¶Xn kwKoX¯n

\pÅ ]¦v sska¬ {^n¯v hniZam¡p¶p−v. “ImgvN¡mcs\¶ \nebnÂ

\½Ä \nÀ_ÔnXcmhp¶Xv IYm]m{Xhpambn XmZmßyw {]m]n¡m\Ã,

adn¨v AhcpsS hnImchpambn XmZmßyw {]m]n¡m\mWv. CXv km[yam

Ip¶XmIs« {][m\ambpw kwKoX¯neqsSbpamWv. kn\na t\cn«v sshImcn

Im\p`hw {]Zm\w sN¿p¶Xn\v apJyambn kwKoXs¯ B{ibn¡p¶p”.24

Iymad, FUnänwKv, i_vZw, shfn¨w F¶n§s\bpÅ tNcphIfneqsS

AÀ°apev]mZn¸n¡p¶ kn\nabn Hmtcm¶n\pw AXntâXmb {]m[m\yhpw

Iogvhg¡hpap−v. ]et¸mgpw CXnsâsbms¡ km²yXIÄ {]tbmP\s¸Sp

¯ns¡m−v {]Xntema]camb kmwkvImcnI[À½§Ä \nÀÆln¡s¸Sp¶p

s−¶v kq£vaamb ]cntim[\bn hyàamIpw. Iymad¡®neqsSbpÅ

t\m«w “sabv sKbvkv” Xs¶bmIp¶Xpw kwKoX¯nsâ ]n³_e¯mÂ

_em¡mccwK§Ät]mepw BkzmZyam¡p¶Xpsams¡ DZmlcn¡mhp¶

XmWv.

54
1.4.6. t{]£I\pambpÅ _Ôw

kn\na Hcp kmaqly{]{Inb F¶ \nebn ]cnKWn¡pt¼mÄ

t{]£Isc¡pdn¨v ]dbmsX apt¶m«v t]mhpI km[yaÃ. ImcWw, kn\na

Hcp kmaqlyamb Dev]¶amWv; t{]£IÀ AXnsâ D]t`màm¡fpw. BZy

Ime§fnÂ\n¶pw kn\na amdnbXpt]mse t{]£Icnepw Hcp]mSv amä§Ä

kw`hn¨n«p−v. t{]£Ikaqlw GIPmXobaÃ. IpSpw_t¯msSm¸w

BgvNbnsemcn¡Â Xntbädn t]mbncp¶p kn\na ImWp¶ coXnbmbncp¶p

ap¼p−mbncp¶Xv. ‘IpSpw_ktaXw ImWm\pÅ kn\na’ F¶Xv A¶s¯

kn\nam]cky§fn {][m\amb H¶mbncp¶p.

aebmf¯n kn\nabp−mbn ImÂ\qäm−v ]n¶nSp¶Xphsc

hÀj¯n hncense®mhp¶{X kn\naIfmWv \nÀ½n¡s¸«ncp¶Xv.

kn\nam\nÀ½mWw Hcp hyhkmbambn amdnbtXmsS [mcmfw kn\naIfpw

AXn\\pkcn¨v XntbädpIfpw \nÀ½n¡s¸«p. kzm`mhnIambpw kn\nam

t{]£IcpsS F®hpw hÀ²n¨p. kn\na ImWm³ BfpIÄ Häbv¡Ã

kwLambn«mWv t]mhp¶Xv.

C¶v kn\na \nÀ½n¡pt¼mįs¶ GXpXcw t{]£IscbmWv AXv

e£yw sh¡p¶sX¶v ap³Iq«n Xocpam\n¡p¶p−v. Hmtcm {]mb¡mÀ¡pw

AhcpsS A`ncpNn¡\pkcn¨pÅ tNcphItfmsSbmWv kn\na ]pd¯nd

§p¶Xv. aebmf¯nemIs«, kXy³ A´n¡mSv, {io\nhmk³, {]nbZÀi³

XpS§nbhÀ IpSpw_kn\naIÄ¡v {]m[m\yw \evInbt¸mÄ tPmjn, jmPn

ssIemkv XpS§nbhÀ bphm¡Ä¡pÅ kn\naIfmWv IqSpX \nÀ½n¨Xv.

t{]£IcpsS F®w ASnØm\am¡nbmWv Xmcaqeyw \nÝbn¡s¸«Xv.

Xmcmcm[\bpsS ^eambn D−mb ^m³kv Atkmkntbj\pIÄ t{]£

Isc hyXykvX KW§fm¡n amän¯oÀ¯p.

kn\na F¶ am[yaw AXnsâXs¶ t{]£Ikaqls¯ NnXdn¡p

55
Ibpw ]e KW§fmbn DZv{KYn¡pIbpw sN¿p¶psh¶mWv ]dªphcp

¶Xv. ]pcpj\pw kv{Xo¡pw CXc ssewKnIÀ¡pw kam\amb A\p`haÃ

kn\na {]Zm\w sN¿p¶Xv. ]pcpjs\ ]cnNcn¡p¶ temIt_m[amWv

kn\namhyhlmc§Ä tNÀ¶p \nÀ½ns¨Sp¡p¶Xv. ]pcpjXmc§Ä¡p

am{Xw ^m³kv Atkmkntbj\pIÄ D−mIp¶XpXs¶ Cu hkvXpXsb

bmWv shfns¸Sp¯p¶Xv.

1.4.7. kn\na: khntijamb A\p`hw

t{]£I\v kn\na \evIp¶ khntijamb A\p`hsa´msW¶Xv

Gsd {][m\s¸« H¶mWv. Hcp kwLambn«mWv Xnbädn\I¯v t{]£IÀ

Ccn¡p¶sX¦nepw Hmtcm hyànbpw Ccp«papdnbn hfsc kuIcy{]Zamb

Ccn¸nS¯nencp¶v Häbvs¡mäbv¡mWv kn\nasb kzoIcn¡p¶Xv. ]pd¯p

\n¶pÅ i_vZtam CSs]SepItfm km[yaÃm¯ coXnbnepÅ Hcp LS\bn

emWv XntbädpIÄ \nÀ½n¨n«pÅXv. AXn\I¯v t{]£I\v ka{Kambn

GIm{KXtbmsS, F¶Ã, GImInbmbn kn\nasb A\p`hn¡m³ Ignbpw.

kn\na ImWpt¼mÄ t{]£I³ XnI¨pw GIm´\mWv.

kn\nabnse cq]§Ä bYmXYambn A\p`hs¸Spsa¦nepw henb

XncÈoebn bYmÀ°aÃm¯ hep¸¯nemWv Zriy§Ä {]Xy£s¸Sp¶Xv.

kn\nabn ImWp¶ IYm]m{X§fpsS A\p`hs¯ kzm\p`hambn«mWv

t{]£I³ a\Ênem¡p¶Xv. At¸mÄ kn\na Hcp am[yaamsW¶ Imcyw

hnkvacn¡s¸SpIbmWv. bmYmÀ°yhpw k¦ev]hpw X½n thÀXncn¡p¶

AXnÀ¯n amªpt]mhp¶psh¶Xv kn\nam\p`h¯nsâ ImXemb hi

amWv. (1960 Ifn tKmZmÀ±ns\t¸msebpÅ kwhn[mbIÀ ‘P¼v I«n’

eqsSbpw aäpw kn\nabmsW¶v t{]£Is\ HmÀ½n¸n¡p¶ tjm«pI

fneqsSbpw CXns\ adnIS¡m³ {ian¨n«p−v.) kn\nam\p`hs¯¡pdn¨pÅ

C¯cw Nn´IÄ kn\nabpw kz]v\hpw X½nepÅ kmZriyw XmcXayw

sN¿p¶Xnte¡v kzm`mhnIambn \s½ \bn¡p¶p.

56
 kn\nabnse¶t]mse kz]v\¯nepw kw`h§Ä bmYmÀ°yasænÂ

IqSn \mw AXv A\p`hn¨dnbp¶p−v. kz]v\¯nse DÅS¡w kw`hn¡p¶

Xsöv \mw Xncn¨dnbp¶Xv \n{Zhn«pWcpt¼mgmWv. AXpt]mse kn\na

bn apgpInbncn¡p¶ t{]£IÀ AXnse DÅS¡w bmYmÀ°yasöv

Xncn¨dnbp¶Xpw kn\nabpsS kzm[o\heb¯nÂ\n¶pw apàamhpt¼m

gmWv. kz]v\sa¶t]mse kn\nabpw ØeIme]cnanXnIsf AXnewLn

¡p¶p−v.

kn\naImWpt¼mgpÅ A\p`hs¯¡pdn¨v IrkvXy³ saävkv, “ImgvN

¡mcs\¶ \nebn Xm³ kn\na ImWpI am{Xaà kn\nabpsS BJym

\s¯ klmbn¡pIbpw sN¿p¶ps−”¶v A`n{]mbs¸«n«p−v.25 kn\nam

Zriy§Ä {]tem`n¸n¡p¶Xpw B{Kl§sf P\n¸n¡p¶XpambXpsIm

−mWv t{]£I³ kn\na ImWp¶sX¦nepw kn\nabpsS LS\ AXnsâ

AÀ°w \nÀ½ns¨Sp¡p¶Xn\v t{]£Isc \nÀ_ÔnXam¡p¶ps−¶p

ImWmw. ]et¸mgpw kn\nabn Hcp tjm«nsâtbm Hcp koIz³knsâtbm

AÀ°w hyàam¡s¸Sp¶Xv ]n¶oSphcp¶ tjm«pamtbm koIz³kpamtbm

_Ôs¸Sp¯n hmbns¨Sp¡p¶XneqsSbmWv. Cu {]{Inbsb hniZoIcn

¡m\mWv ‘kyq¨À’ F¶ Bibw D]tbmKn¡p¶sX¶v ap¼v kqNn¸n¨n

«p−v. C§s\ kn\nabn AÀt°mev]mZ\{]{Inbbn apgpIp¶ t{]£

I³ kn\nabnse \nÀ½nXnsb¡pdn¨pÅ Nn´bnÂ\n¶pw amän\nÀ¯

s¸SpIbmWv sN¿p¶Xv.

1.4.8. t\m«w, Hfn¨pt\m«w, am\knIm]{KY\w

bmYmÀ°y¯n\pw k¦ev]¯n\panSbnepÅ hnShnemWv Ima\IÄ

(desires) ØnXn sN¿p¶Xv. am\knIm]{KY\¯nsâ Bib§Ä cq]s¸Sp

¯p¶Xn kz]v\§fpsS hniIe\w {][m\]¦phln¨n«p−v. kz]v\hpw

kn\nabpw X½n taÂkqNn¸n¨ kmZriy§Ä Is−¯pIhgn am\knIm]

57
{KY\kn²m´§Ä kn\nabpsS ]T\¯n \nÀ®mbIambn¯oÀ¶p.

t{]£I³ kv{Io\n ImWp¶ Zriy§fpambn XmZmßyw {]m]n¡p¶Xpw

Hcp hyàn kaql¯n kzXzw sI«n¸Sp¡p¶Xpw X½n kmZriyaps−¶v

am\knIm]{KY\kn²m´§Ä Is−¯p¶p. hyàn kzbw \nÀÆNn¡p

¶Xn\pw AbmÄ¡v Xsâ Npäp]mSpIfpambpÅ _Ôw \nÀ®bn¡p¶Xn\pw

hyànbpsS A[nImchpambn _Ôs¸«pInS¡p¶ ‘t\m«w’ (gaze) F¶Xv

{][m\amsW¶Xn\m am\knIm]{KY\¯nepw Ch khntijamb ]T\

¯n\v hnt[bambn«p−v. kn\na ImWp¶Xn hym]rX\mbncn¡p¶ t{]£

I³, At±lw \nco£n¡s¸Sp¶nà F¶XpsIm−pXs¶ hfsc A[nImc

apÅ Øm\¯mWv ØnXnsN¿p¶Xv. ‘Hfn¨pt\m«’ (voyeurism) ¯nsâ

B\µw kn\namt{]£IÀ¡v e`n¡p¶ {][m\s¸« H¶mWv. ImgvN¡mc³

kn\nabpambn XmZmßyw {]m]n¡p¶Xns\¡pdn¨v sskt¡m A\menknkv

apt¶m«v sh¡p¶ Bib§Ä \mw km[mcWbmbn ]dbp¶ \mbIt\mSpw

\mbnIbptbmSpappÅ XmZmßyw {]m]n¡eÃ.

kn\nabn IYm]m{X§fpsS I®neqsS ImWp¶Xmb cwK§Ä

(point of view shots) Ds−¦nepw t{]£I³ {][m\ambpw Zriy§Ä

ImWp¶Xv BJymXmhv IymadbneqsS Hcp¡nsh¨, BJymXmhnsâ,

ImgvN¸mSneqsSbmWv. kn\nasb a\Ênem¡m³ {ian¡p¶ t{]£Is\

kw_Ôn¨nSt¯mfw AXpXs¶bmWv A`nImayhpw. t{]£I³ XZmßyw

{]m]n¡p¶Xv kn\nabpsS ‘A¸mcäkp’ambn (apparatus)«mWv. kn\nabnÂ

\mbI\pw \mbnIbpambn am{Xaà asäÃm IYm]m{X§fpambpw BJym\

¯nsâ hyXykvXkµÀ`§fn t{]£I³ XmZmßyw {]m]n¡p¶ps−¶

Imcyhpw {it²bamWv. kn\nasb asämcmfpsS {]Xn\n[m\sa¶ \nebv¡

ÃmsX kz´w ImgvNbmbn ImWpt¼mÄ I®pw Iymadbpw X½nepÅ

hyXymkw CÃmXmhp¶p.

58
 kn\nabpambn XmZmßyw {]m]n¡p¶ {]{Inb \½psS ASnØm\

tNmZ\ (basic drives) bpambn _Ôs¸«ncn¡p¶p. ssewKnIXbpw t\m«hpw

X½n _Ôn¸n¨psIm−v t{^mbvUv Du¶n¸dbp¶ BßcXn]cw

(narcissistic), thmbdnÌnIv, s^änjnÌnIv (fetishistic) apXemb Bib

§Ä¡v kn\nabpambn ImgvN¡mc³ XmZmßyw {]m]n¡p¶ {]{Inbbpambn

kam\XIfpÅXmbn ImWmw. e¡msâ I®mSnL«s¯¡pdn¨pw temdm

aÂhnbpsS ]pcpjt\m«s¯ (male gaze) Ipdn¨papÅ hniIe\§Ä

CXpambn tNÀ¯pImWmhp¶XmWv.

1.4.9. kn\natbmSpÅ {]Xybimkv{Xkao]\w

GsXmcp \nÀ½nXnbpsS ]n¶nepw {]Xybimkv{X¯nsâ CSs]SÂ

{]Xy£amtbm ]tcm£amtbm ImWmhp¶XmWv. kn\na sshcp²yanÃm

¯Xpw A]hmZanÃm¯Xpw hymJym\km[yXbnÃm¯Xpw Hscmä AÀ°w

am{XapÅXpamb ]mTamsW¶ Bibs¯ {]Xybimkv{Xkao]\w XÅn

¡fbp¶p. kn\nabpsS ]mT]cXsb DbÀ¯n¡m«ns¡m−v A[oi{]Xyb

imkv{X¯nsâ Xmev]cy§Ä Xpd¶pImWn¡p¶ kwkvImc]mcmbW

§fmbn kn\nam]T\w amdp¶p. kn\na ]cnNcn¡pIbpw ZrVam¡pIbpw

sN¿p¶ {]Xybimkv{Xs¯, AYhm {]Xybimkv{X§sf, hnaÀi\clnX

ambn ]n´pScpI F¶XÃ, adn¨v, AXns\ Xpd¶pImWn¡pI F¶XmWv

{]Xybimkv{XhnaÀi\]camb kn\nam]T\w GsäSp¡p¶ kmwkvImcnI

ZuXyw. kn\nasbbpw kn\namhyhlmc§sfbpw km[yam¡p¶ {]Xyb

imkv{X]camb [mcWIsf shfn¨¯psIm−phcp¶p F¶XmWv A¯cw

kn\namhnaÀi\s¯ kmwkvImcnIambn aqeyh¯m¡p¶Xv.

59
Ipdn¸pIÄ

1 Butler Judith , 1990 Gender Trouble, Routledge, New York, Page 32.

2 Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, 1976 Collected Works Vol.5,

(Translated by Richard Dixsen, Newyork International Publishers.)

Pages 59-62.

3 “There is no practice except by and in an ideology. There is no

ideology except by the subject and for the subject.” Althusser Louis,

1994 Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses, Monthly Review

Press, New York, Page 187.

4 “The power of representation lies in its enabling some kind of

knowledge to exist while excluding other ways of seeing”- Cris Barker

2002 Making Sence of Cultural Studies Sage Publications, London.

5 “The concept of representation is also intimately connected with that of

repetition” -Dani Cavallaro,2001 Critical and Cultural Theory, Page

39.

6 “Representations are a vital means of supporting a culture’s ideology ;

the world view invented by that culture to legitimate itself and to

discipline its subject” - Dani Cavallaro, 2001Critical and Cultural

Theory, Page 40.

7 “The ruling ideas of each age have ever been the ideas of its ruling

class”- Karl Marx and Fredrich Engels. 1976 Collected Works Vol.5 ,

60
 Translated by Richard Dixsen- Newyork International Publishers, Page

59-62.

8 Max Horkheimer and Theodor. W. Adorno2006 ‘Cultural Industry:

Enlightment as Mass Deception’- Media and Cultural Studies Key

Works –Meenakshi Gigi Durham, Douglas. M . Kellner , Page 42.

9 Butler Judith, 1990 Gender Trouble , Routledge,New York, , Page 34.

10 Friedan Betty , 1963 Feminine Mystic , W.W. Norton and Co., USA.

11 Johnston Clare, 1973 ‘Women’s Cinema as Counter Cinema’, Notes

on Women’s Cinema, Society for Education in Film and Television,

London

12 Althusser Louis, 1994 ‘Ideology and Ideological State Apparatus’,

Lenin and Philosophy and other Essays Page 123.

13 Mulvey Laura, 1989 Introduction in Visual and other pleasures (2nd

ed.), Palgrave Macmillan, Houndmills,Basingstoke,Hampshire,

England, NewYork, XIV.

14 “The Unconscious of Patriarchal Society has Structured Film Form”-

Mulvey Laura,1989 Visual and Other Pleasures(2nd ed.), Palgrave

Macmillan, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, England, NewYork,

Page 14.

15 Mulvey Laura,1989 Visual and Other Pleasures (2nd ed.), Palgrave

Macmillan, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, England, New York,

Page 18

61
16 Dayan Danial, 1976 The Tutor Code of Classical Cinema Movies and

Mehtos Ed.Bill Nichola Berkeley University of Califronia Press, Pages

438-451.

17 De Lauretis, Teresa1987 Technology of Gender Essays on Theory,

Film,and Fiction, Indiana University Press Bloomington and

Indianapolis

18 Foucault, Michel 1976, The History of Sexuality Volume 1,Penguin

Books.2008 Ed

19 Connel, R. W. 2005 Masculinities, University of California Press,

Page 8.

20 Connel, R. W. 2005 Masculinities, University of California Press, Page

10

21 “The use of ‘role’ as a technical concept in the social sciences, as a

serious way of explaining social behavior generally dates only from the

1930s.It provided a handy way of thinking the idea of a place in the

social structure with the idea of cultural norms………………A man or

woman means enacting a ‘general’ set of expectations which are

attached to one’s sex-the ‘sex role’ masculinity and feminitity are quite

easily interpreted as internalized sex roles,the proudect of social

learning or “socialization.” R.W.Connel, 2005, Masculinities, Page22.

22 Pleck Joseph, 1981 The Myth of Masculinity, Page 160.

62
23 Connel, R.W. 2005 Masculinities, University of California Press ,

Page 36.

24 Frith, Simon 1986 ‘Hearing Secret Harmonies’ in C. Mac Cabe (ed)

High Theory/ Low Culture : Analysing Popular Television and Film,

Manchester University Press, Manchester, Pages 68-69.

25 Metz, Christan 1982 Psycho Analysis and the Cinema : The Imaginary

Signifier, Macmillan, London ,Page 92.

63