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    Chapter 3 (Philoid-In)

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    Vishwas Kataria
    Ancient philosophers like Maharishi Kanad and Democritus hypothesized that matter is made up of extremely small particles. They believed that if one were to keep dividing matter, they would reach a point where the particles could not be divided further. This idea of indivisible particles was later called atoms. In the late 18th century, scientists like Lavoisier established laws of chemical combination through experimentation, laying the foundation for modern chemistry. The law of conservation of mass states that the total mass remains the same before and after a chemical reaction. An activity is described to demonstrate this law using solutions of different chemicals.

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    Chapter 3 (Philoid-In)

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    Vishwas Kataria
    44 views1 page
    Ancient philosophers like Maharishi Kanad and Democritus hypothesized that matter is made up of extremely small particles. They believed that if one were to keep dividing matter, they would reach a point where the particles could not be divided further. This idea of indivisible particles was later called atoms. In the late 18th century, scientists like Lavoisier established laws of chemical combination through experimentation, laying the foundation for modern chemistry. The law of conservation of mass states that the total mass remains the same before and after a chemical reaction. An activity is described to demonstrate this law using solutions of different chemicals.

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    Chapter 3 [Philoid-In]

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    Ancient philosophers like Maharishi Kanad and Democritus hypothesized that matter is made up of extremely small particles. They believed that if one were to keep dividing matter, they would reach a point where the particles could not be divided further. This idea of indivisible particles was later called atoms. In the late 18th century, scientists like Lavoisier established laws of chemical combination through experimentation, laying the foundation for modern chemistry. The law of conservation of mass states that the total mass remains the same before and after a chemical reaction. An activity is described to demonstrate this law using solutions of different chemicals.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    44 views1 page

    Chapter 3 (Philoid-In)

    Uploaded by

    Vishwas Kataria
    Ancient philosophers like Maharishi Kanad and Democritus hypothesized that matter is made up of extremely small particles. They believed that if one were to keep dividing matter, they would reach a point where the particles could not be divided further. This idea of indivisible particles was later called atoms. In the late 18th century, scientists like Lavoisier established laws of chemical combination through experimentation, laying the foundation for modern chemistry. The law of conservation of mass states that the total mass remains the same before and after a chemical reaction. An activity is described to demonstrate this law using solutions of different chemicals.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 1

    Chapter 3

    ATOMS AND MOLECULES


    Ancient Indian and Greek philosophers have experimentations by Lavoisier and Joseph
    always wondered about the unknown and L. Proust.
    unseen form of matter. The idea of divisibility
    of matter was considered long back in India, 3.1.1 LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS
    around 500 BC. An Indian philosopher
    Maharishi Kanad, postulated that if we go on Is there a change in mass when a chemical
    dividing matter (padarth), we shall get smaller change (chemical reaction) takes place?
    and smaller particles. Ultimately, a time will
    come when we shall come across the smallest Activity ______________ 3.1
    particles beyond which further division will • Take one of the following sets, X and Y
    not be possible. He named these particles of chemicals–
    Parmanu. Another Indian philosopher, X Y
    Pakudha Katyayama, elaborated this doctrine (i) copper sulphate sodium carbonate
    and said that these particles normally exist (ii) barium chloride sodium sulphate
    in a combined form which gives us various (iii) lead nitrate sodium chloride
    forms of matter. • Prepare separately a 5% solution of any
    Around the same era, ancient Greek one pair of substances listed under X
    philosophers – Democritus and Leucippus and Y in water.
    suggested that if we go on dividing matter, a • Take a little amount of solution of Y in
    stage will come when particles obtained a conical flask and some solution of X
    in an ignition tube.
    cannot be divided further. Democritus called
    • Hang the ignition tube in the flask
    these indivisible particles atoms (meaning
    carefully; see that the solutions do not
    indivisible). All this was based on get mixed. Put a cork on the flask
    philosophical considerations and not much (see Fig. 3.1).
    experimental work to validate these ideas
    could be done till the eighteenth century.
    By the end of the eighteenth century,
    scientists recognised the difference between
    elements and compounds and naturally
    became interested in finding out how and why
    elements combine and what happens when
    they combine.
    Antoine L. Lavoisier laid the foundation
    of chemical sciences by establishing two
    important laws of chemical combination.

    3.1 Laws of Chemical Combination


    The following two laws of chemical Fig. 3.1: Ignition tube containing solution of X, dipped
    combination were established after much in a conical flask containing solution of Y.

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