Flora of China 17: 1–49. 1994.

VERBENACEAE
马鞭草科 ma bian cao ke

Chen Shou-liang; Michael G. Gilbert

Shrubs or trees, sometimes climbing shrubs, rarely herbs. Indumentum of simple, stellate, and/or other complex hairs. Leaves
opposite or rarely whorled, without stipules, simple or 3-foliolate, less often palmately [or pinnately] compound. Inflorescences
terminal or axillary, racemose, cymose, spicate, or thyrses. Flowers bisexual or polygamous by abortion, zygomorphic or rarely
actinomorphic. Calyx persistent. Corolla 4- or 5- or more lobed; lobes usually spreading, aestivation overlapping. Fertile stamens
inserted on corolla tube, alternate with lobes; filaments free; anthers dorsifixed, 1- or 2-locular, dehiscing by longitudinal slits or
sometimes a circular pore. Ovary entire or 4-grooved, 2–8-locular; ovules 1 or 2 per locule, erect or pendulous. Style terminal,
simple, entire or 2-cleft. Fruit a drupe or indehiscent capsule, sometimes breaking up into nutlets. Seeds (1 or) 2–4, endosperm
usually absent, seed coat thin; embryo straight, as long as seed; radicle short, inferior.
Some 91 genera and ca. 2000 species: primarily tropical and subtropical, 20 genera and 182 species in China.
Chinese genera of economic importance include Tectona (timber), Vitex (gum, oil, tannin, timber), Premna and Gmelina (fine wood),
Callicarpa and Clerodendrum (ornamental), Callicarpa, Clerodendrum, Caryopteris, Premna, etc. (medicinal).
Some species are only known in China as introduced ornamentals. Among these are Vitex agnuscastus Linnaeus and Holmskioldia sanguinea
Retzius. According to H. Keng (pers. comm.), Teijsmanniodendron coriaceum (C. B. Clarke) Kostermans, a species characterized by indehiscent
1-seeded dry fruits, was collected near the Guangxi-Vietnam border and is expected to be found in China.
The classification of Verbenaceae is in a state of flux, especially regarding its relationship to Lamiaceae. There is evidence to suggest
a significant division between members of subfamily Verbenoideae, genera 1–5 in this account, and the remaining genera, including genera 6–20,
which for convenience are here referred to as subfamily Viticoideae s.l. The latter are more closely allied to each other and to genera traditionally
kept within Lamiaceae (including genera 1–8 in this Flora). Avicennia is often placed in a family of its own, but its affinities are clearly with
Viticoideae, especially genera 17–19 in this account which have traditionally been placed in a separate subfamily, Symphorematoideae.
P'ei Chien & Chen Shou-liang, eds. 1982. Verbenaceae. Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 65(1): 1–229.

1a. Inflorescences centripetal (lowermost flower or flower farthest from axis opening first), usually clearly racemose or
spicate, sometimes condensed into capitula, always terminal; 1 or 2 stigma lobes prominently expanded (subfam.
Verbenoideae).
2a. Inflorescences dense capitula or short spikes, with overlapping bracts, rachis obscure.
3a. Shrubs, sometimes climbing; fruit a drupe; flowers red, orange, or yellow; stem spiny .................................... 2. Lantana
3b. Herbs, creeping and rooting at nodes; fruit a capsule; flowers purple; stem not spiny ............................................ 3. Phyla
2b. Inflorescences elongated spikes or racemes, without overlapping bracts, rachis easily visible.
4a. Stamens 2; rachis excavated; fruit splitting into 2 1-seeded cocci ............................................................... 4. Stachytarpheta
4b. Stamens 4; rachis not excavated; fruit splitting into pyrenes.
5a. Shrubs, often climbing; ovary 8-locular; fruit fleshy; pyrenes 2-seeded; flowers pedicellate ...................... 1. Duranta
5b. Annual or weakly perennial herbs; ovary 4-locular; fruit dry; pyrenes 1-seeded; flowers sessile ............... 5. Verbena
1b. Inflorescences centrifugal (uppermost flower or flower closest to axis opening first), usually clearly cymose,
sometimes grouped into elongated thyrses or reduced to axillary flowers or clusters of flowers; stigma lobes
usually linear to tongue-shaped (capitate in Callicarpa) (subfam. Viticoideae).
6a. Mangrove trees, growing along sea coast in tidal mud .............................................................................................. 20. Avicennia
6b. Lianas, shrubs, herbs, or trees, growing inland or on sandy beaches at sea coast.
7a. Inflorescences capitate, with conspicuous oblanceolate to spatulate involucral bracts; ovules apical,
orthotropous.
8a. Involucre 3- or 4-lobed, lobes usually joined at base; corolla 2-lipped; stamens 4 ........................................ 19. Congea
8b. Involucre (5- or) 6-lobed, lobes free; corolla not 2-lipped; stamens 5 or more.
9a. Corolla actinomorphic, 6-16(-18)-lobed; stamens 6-16(-18); leaf blade margin often ± dentate
............................................................................................................................................................................... 17. Symphorema
9b. Corolla actinomorphic or slightly zygomorphic, 5(–7)-lobed; stamens 5(–7); leaf blade margin entire
.............................................................................................................................................................................. 18. Sphenodesme
7b. Inflorescences mostly lax, rarely capitate, always without clearly defined involucral bracts; ovules basal,
anatropous.
10a. Fruit dry, usually a schizocarp, sometimes deeply lobed.
11a. Fruiting calyx conspicuously accrescent, translucently membranous; corolla 4-lobed ................ 7. Hymenopyramis
11b. Fruiting calyx slightly enlarged; corolla usually 5-lobed.
12a. Stems strongly 4-winged; leaves soon falling, leaf blade much shorter than internodes; calyx
divided to near base ................................................................................................................................ 16. Schnabelia
12b. Stems terete or 4-angled, not winged; leaves persistent, leaf blade at least as long as most
internodes; calyx tube as long as or longer than lobes.
13a. Leaves simple; calyx (4- or) 5- (or 6)-dentate or lobed; flowers 6–15 mm ........................ 15. Caryopteris
13b. Leaves simple or 3-lobed; calyx minutely dentate to subtruncate; flowers ca. 4 mm .......... 13. Garrettia
10b. Fruit a fleshy drupe, often lobed, with separate pyrenes.
14a. Corolla actinomorphic; stamens 4–6, subequal.
 15a. Flower bud conspicuously swollen at tip; stamens fewer than corolla lobes; leaf hairs simple
................................................................................................................................................................. 14. Clerodendrum
15b. Flower bud not swollen at tip; stamens as many as corolla lobes; leaf hairs often branched or
stellate, rarely all simple.
16a. Inflorescences axillary cymes; fruiting calyx unaltered, tube always shorter than fruit ....... 6. Callicarpa
16b. Inflorescences large terminal panicles; fruiting calyx very elongated, inclosing fruit .............. 8. Tectona
14b. Corolla zygomorphic or slightly oblique; stamens 4, didynamous.
17a. Flower bud conspicuously swollen at tip; drupes with 4 1-seeded pyrenes, sometimes
separating into 4 1-locular nutlets .................................................................................................. 14. Clerodendrum
17b. Flower buds not swollen at tip; drupes with 1 pyrene, normally 4-locular, 4-seeded or (by
abortion) 3- or 2-seeded.
18a. Leaves palmately compound (except V. rotundifolia and V. trifolia var. subtrisecta) .................. 11. Vitex
18b. Leaves simple (occasionally some 3-foliolate in Tsoongia).
19a. Leaf blade abaxially gray mealy, often with large gland patches especially near base;
corolla 2–5 cm, ventricose or funnelform; stigma lobes very unequal ............................... 12. Gmelina
19b. Leaf blade abaxially green or if gray or white then with dense simple hairs, without gland
patches; corolla to 1 cm, tubular; stigma lobes (where known) equal.
20a. Inflorescences terminal cymes, panicles, or thyrses, sometimes racemelike or spikelike;
calyx usually not 2-lipped but if 2-lipped then upper lip usually emarginate or dentate
and if lower lip entire then upper lip also entire .................................................................. 9. Premna
20b. Inflorescences axillary, few flowered lax cymes; calyx obscurely 2-lipped with lower lip
2-lobed, upper lip entire ....................................................................................................... 10. Tsoongia

1. DURANTA Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 637. 1753.

假连翘属 jia lian qiao shu
Shrubs. Leaves opposite or whorled, simple, margin entire or serrate-dentate. Inflorescences axillary or terminal racemes;
bracts small. Calyx 5-veined, 5-dentate, persistent. Corolla 2-lipped, lower lip 3-lobed and largest, upper lip 2-lobed. Stamens 4,
short, inserted above middle of cylindric corolla tube, obscurely didynamous. Ovary 8-locular; ovules 1 per locule, pendulous.
Style club-shaped; stigma nearly oblique. Drupes equaling or shorter than calyx, with 2-seeded pyrenes.
About 30 species: tropical America, one species introduced to China and sometimes naturalized.

1. Duranta erecta Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 637. 1753. both surfaces. Corolla tube ca. 7 mm. Stamens included. Ovary
glabrous. Drupes ca. 5 mm in diam., shorter than calyx, shiny,
假连翘 jia lian qiao glabrous. Fl. and fr. May-Oct. 2n = 36.
Duranta repens Linnaeus. Usually cultivated or sometimes naturalized near farm houses;
Shrubs, often climbing. Branches spiny, pubescent when 200–400 m. Naturalized in Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan,
young. Petiole ca. 1 cm, pubescent; leaf blade ovate to Hunan, Jiangxi, Taiwan, Zhejiang [North and South America].
lanceolate, 2–6.5 × 1.5–3.5 cm, papery, base cuneate, margin
entire to distally crenate, veins 6 pairs. Calyx pubescent on Medicinal, ornamental.

2. LANTANA Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 626. 1753.

马缨丹属 ma ying dan shu
Shrubs, climbing, aromatic, pubescent or glabrous. Branches 4-angled, sometimes prickly. Leaves petiolate; leaf blade simple,
crenate, often rugose. Inflorescences dense capitula, pedunculate; bracts exceeding calyx. Calyx small, membranous, truncate or
sinuate dentate. Corolla nearly actinomorphic or slightly 2-lipped, tube slender; lobes 4 or 5, spreading. Stamens 4, didynamous,
included. Ovary 2-locular. Style shorter than corolla tube; stigma obliquely subcapitate. Drupes with 2 1-seeded pyrenes.
About 150 species: tropical and subtropical America, one species naturalized in China.
Additional species grown as ornamentals.

1. Lantana camara Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 627. 1753. opening. Ovary glabrous. Drupes deep purple, globose, ca. 4
马缨丹 ma ying dan mm in diam. 2n = 44.

Shrubs with long weak branches, armed with stout Open waste places and near coast; 100–1500 m. Naturalized in
recurved prickles, pubescent. Petiole 1–2 cm, pubescent; leaf Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Taiwan [tropical and
subtro-pical America, often naturalized in other tropical and
blade ovate to oblong, 3–8.5 × 1.5–5 cm, papery, wrinkled, subtropical regions].
very rough, with short stiff hairs, aromatic when crushed, base
rounded to subcordate, margin crenate; lateral veins 5 pairs, Medicinal, ornamental.
very prominent, elevated. Capitula terminal, 1.5–2.5 cm across.
A very wide range of flower colors has been developed within
Flowers yellow or orange, often turning deep red soon after cultivars.
 3. PHYLA Loureiro, Fl. Cochinch. 1: 66. 1790.
过江藤属 guo jiang teng shu
Herbs. Branches usually acutely 4-angled, sometimes spiny, hirsute, glandular. Leaves opposite. Inflorescences terminal,
spicate or capitate, elongated in fruit; bracts obovate. Flowers small. Calyx membranous, 2-lipped, 4-lobed. Corolla sometimes
2-lipped; lobes 5, spreading. Stamens 4, didynamous, inserted on distal part of corolla tube, included. Ovary 2-locular; ovule 1 per
locule. Style short; stigma capitate. Capsules small, splitting into 2 1-seeded cocci.
About ten species: Africa, America, and Asia; one species in China.
Phyla has often been combined with Lippia but differs in characters such as herbaceous habit, elongated infructescences, and obovate bracts.

1. Phyla nodiflora (Linnaeus) E. L. Greene, Pittonia 4: 46. Inflorescences cylindric to ovate capitula, 1–2.5 cm; peduncle
1899. 1–7 cm. Corolla pinkish purple or white, glabrous. Capsules ca.
过江藤 guo jiang teng 1.5 mm in diam. 2n = 36.
Verbena nodiflora Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 20. 1753; Lippia Common weed along stream banks and in grassy places;
nodiflora (Linnaeus) Michaux. 300–2300 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guizhou, Hainan, Hubei, Hunan,
Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan [tropics and
Herbs, perennial. Branches many, creeping, rooting at subtropics of both hemispheres].
distal nodes, minutely strigose. Leaves subsessile; leaf blade Medicinal.
spatulate, 1–3 × 0.5–1.5 cm, papery, pubescent, base cuneate,
margin distally sharply serrate, veins inconspicuously 4-paired.

4. STACHYTARPHETA Vahl, Enum. Pl. 1: 205. 1804, nom. cons.

假马鞭属 jia ma bian shu
Herbs or shrubs. Branches usually forked, hairy. Leaves opposite, petiolate, simple; leaf blade dentate or crenate, often rugose.
Spikes terminal, usually long, lax; rachis often angular, excavated. Flowers ± immersed in excavated rachis when young. Calyx
membranous, 4- or 5-dentate, becoming variously slit. Corolla slender, cylindric; tube often curved, ± villous in throat; lobes 5,
spreading. Stamens 2, fertile, inserted on distal part of corolla tube; anthers divaricate. Ovary supported by a short ringlike disc,
2-locular; ovules 2 per locule. Stigma capitate. Capsules splitting into 2 1-seeded cocci.
About 65 species: tropical America, a few species introduced in the Old World; one species a naturalized weed in China.

1. Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (Linnaeus) Vahl, Enum. Pl. 1: serrate, apex acuminate, veins 5 or 6 pairs. Spikes few to 20 cm
206. 1804. or longer; bracts ca. 5 mm, membranous. Calyx ca. 6 mm,
glabrous. Corolla dark blue; tube 7–12 mm, slightly curved.
假马鞭 jia ma bian
Capsules included in calyx.
Verbena jamaicensis Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 19. 1753.
Shaded grassy places in valleys; 300–600 m. Naturalized weed in
Subshrubs or robust perennial herbs, 0.6–2 m tall. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Taiwan, Yunnan [tropical
Branches 4-angled when young, sparsely pubescent to America, naturalized throughout tropics].
subglabrous. Petiole winged; leaf blade elliptic to oblong-ovate, Medicinal.
2.4–8 × 4.5 cm, papery, subglabrous, base elongated, margin

5. VERBENA Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 18. 1753.

马鞭草属 ma bian cao shu
Herbs or subshrubs, annual or perennial. Branches 4-veined. Leaves opposite, sessile, dentate, lobed, or pinnatifid. Spikes
usually terminal, simple or branched; bracts small. Flowers alternate, nearly zygomorphic. Calyx membranous, 5-dentate. Corolla
with a distinct tube; lobes 5, unequal, spreading. Stamens 4, fertile, didynamous, inserted at middle of corolla tube, included;
anthers ovate. Ovary 4-locular; ovules erect, 1 per locule. Capsules dry, included in calyx, dehiscing into 4 1-seeded pyrenes.
About 250 species: chiefly in tropical America, one species in China.
Additional species grown as ornamentals.

1. Verbena officinalis Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 20. 1753. long, slender; bracts as long as calyx. Calyx 1–4 mm,
pubescent, glandular. Corolla blue to pink, (2–)4–8 mm,
马鞭草 ma bian cao pubescent. Ovary glabrous. Nutlets oblong, ca. 2 mm. Fl. and
Herbs, annual or weakly perennial, erect, 30–140 cm tall, fr. Jul-Oct. 2n = 14.
pubescent to subglabrous. Leaves narrowed into a petiole Grassy places on mountain slopes; 100–1800 m. Anhui, Fujian,
0.3–4 cm; leaf blade ovate, obovate, or oblong, 2–8 × 1–5 cm, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hubei, Hunan,
Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xinjiang, Xizang,
papery, hirsute especially on abaxial veins, margin coarsely Yunnan, Zhejiang [worldwide weed in temperate zones and tropics].
dentate or cut to sometimes deeply pinnatifid or lobed. Spikes
6. CALLICARPA Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 111. 1753.
 紫珠属 zi zhu shu

Shrubs or trees, erect or rarely climbing; hairs stellate, verticillately branched, dendritic, mealy tomentose, or rarely simple and
hooked. Branchlets terete or 4-angled. Leaves opposite or in 3s. Cymes axillary, sessile or pedunculate; bracts linear. Calyx
campanulate, truncate or minutely 4-dentate, unaltered in fruit. Corolla actinomorphic, campanulate or tubular, lobes 4. Stamens 4,
inserted on corolla tube; filaments slender, often exserted; anthers ovate or oblong, dehiscing by longitudinal slits or circular pores.
Ovary imperfectly 2-locular; ovules 2 per locule, attached to middle or distal part of ovary. Style usually longer than stamens;
stigma usually dilated. Fruit a small globose drupe, endocarp bony, mesocarp fleshy, exocarp thin. Seeds small, oblong; seed coat
membranous; cotyledons fleshy.

About 140 species: mainly in tropical and subtropical Asia, few in tropical America and Africa, and very few in temperate Asia and North
America; 48 species in China.

1a. Plants glabrous except stems with short strongly antrorsely curved hairs ...................................................... 48. C. peichieniana
1b. Plants with stellate, whorled, dendritic, or erect simple hairs.
2a. Calyx tubular, longer than fruit, deeply dentate ........................................................................................................ 1. C. kochiana
2b. Calyx cup-shaped or campanulate, shorter than fruit, truncate, subtruncate, or short dentate.
3a. Filaments shorter than corolla, rarely equaling or longer than corolla; anthers oblong, opening by an apical
pore.
4a. Leaves and flowers densely red or dark red glandular.
5a. Leaf blade abaxially with stellate hairs along veins; calyx subglabrous; corolla white; filaments shorter
than corolla tube ................................................................................................................................................. 36. C. dentosa
5b. Leaf blade abaxially subglabrous; calyx with stellate hairs; corolla purple; filaments equal to corolla tube
or slightly exserted ........................................................................................................................................ 35. C. cathayana
4b. Leaves and flowers yellow glandular or eglandular.
6a. Leaf blade abaxially pubescent with stellate hairs.
7a. Corolla ca. 3 mm ............................................................................................................................................. 37. C. collina
7b. Corolla more than 3 mm.
8a. Calyces, corollas, and ovaries pubescent; fruit pubescent at maturity; leaf blade abaxially with only
stellate hairs ......................................................................................................................................... 38. C. tingwuensis
8b. Calyces, corollas, and ovaries glabrous or subglabrous; fruit glabrous at maturity; leaf blade
abaxially pubescent to sparsely pubescent along midvein only, with some hairs simple.
9a. Leaf blade margin serrate; calyx teeth obtusely triangular ................................................... 39. C. randaiensis
9b. Leaf blade margin subentire to sparsely serrulate towards apex; calyx teeth minute or absent
................................................................................................................................................................... 40. C. brevipes
6b. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous or subglabrous.
10a. Cymes 2- or 3-flowered; fruiting pedicel more than 4 mm ............................................................. 47. C. oligantha
10b. Cymes more than 3-flowered; fruiting pedicel 1–3 mm.
11a. Leaf blade base subcordate; petiole very short to leaf subsessile ................................................... 46. C. lingii
11b. Leaf blade base cuneate or obtuse; petiole 0.5–1.5 cm.
12a. Leaf blade subleathery; peduncle ca. 2 × or more as long as petioles ................ 41. C. remotiserrulata
12b. Leaf blade papery or membranous, rarely subleathery; peduncle shorter to slightly longer
than petioles.
13a. Leaf blade membranous, adaxially pubescent ........................................................... 45. C. anisophylla
13b. Leaf blade papery or rarely subleathery, adaxially glabrous.
14a. Petiole less than 5 mm; cymes many flowered; fruit ca. 3 mm in diam.
................................................................................................................................. 44. C. kwangtungensis
14b. Petiole 6–20 mm; cymes few flowered; fruit ca. 2.5 mm in diam.
15a. Leaf blade obovate, ovate, or elliptic; peduncle 6–10 mm; calyx obtusely
triangular ................................................................................................................... 42. C. japonica
15b. Leaf blade oblanceolate to lanceolate; peduncle less than 6 mm; calyx subtruncate
............................................................................................................................. 43. C. membranacea
3b. Filaments usually 2 × or more as long as corolla (except in C. pauciflora); anthers rounded, ovate, or elliptic,
opening by longitudinal slits.
16a. Peduncle robust, usually over 3 cm (except C. hypoleucophylla, C. macrophylla, and C. minutiflora).
17a. Leaf blade margin entire; trees or climbing shrubs.
18a. Climbing shrubs; peduncle terete; uppermost leaves very reduced so that cymes form a terminal
panicle ................................................................................................................................................... 4. C. integerrima
18b. Erect trees; peduncle 4-angled; uppermost leaves not or only slightly reduced so that cymes are
clearly axillary.
19a. Leaf blade leathery, without glands; pedicel ca. 1.5 mm .......................................................... 2. C. arborea
19b. Leaf blade papery, red-brown glandular; pedicel ca. 3 mm .............................................. 3. C. yunnanensis
17b. Leaf blade margin serrulate or serrate (sometimes undulate or subentire in C. nudiflora); shrubs or
rarely small trees.
20a. Leaf blade without glands.
 21a. Ovary puberulent; peduncle 2–3 cm ..................................................................................... 7. C. macrophylla
21b. Ovary glabrous; peduncle 3–8 cm.
22a. Calyx and corolla pubescent; calyx teeth ca. 1 mm; bracts lanceolate, 3–4 × 1 cm
.............................................................................................................................................. 5. C. longibracteata
22b. Calyx and corolla glabrous; calyx truncate or minutely 4-dentate; bracts lanceolate-linear,
smaller ......................................................................................................................................... 6. C. nudiflora
20b. Leaf blade yellow glandular.
23a. Calyx outside glabrous ................................................................................................................... 8. C. acutifolia
23b. Calyx outside densely stellate pubescent.
24a. Corolla 2–2.5 mm; leaf blade elliptic, abaxially yellowish green .............................. 10. C. minutiflora
24b. Corolla ca. 1.5 cm; leaf blade lanceolate to lanceolate-oblong, abaxially gray to whitish
......................................................................................................................................... 11. C. hypoleucophylla
16b. Peduncle slender, less than 3 cm.
25a. Leaf blade base cordate to truncate.
26a. Stems covered with predominantly long simple hairs; calyx teeth 1–2 mm; petiole 5–8 mm
...................................................................................................................................................................... 32. C. longipes
26b. Stems densely covered with stellate hairs; calyx teeth less than 0.5 mm; leaves subsessile or very
short petiolate.
27a. Leaf blade margin very shallowly crenulate; calyx teeth obsolete; corolla white, very minutely
papillate ..................................................................................................................................... 33. C. basitruncata
27b. Leaf blade margin serrate; calyx teeth acute; corolla reddish, pilose .................................... 34. C. rubella
25b. Leaf blade base cuneate, obtuse, or rounded.
28a. Leaf blade woolly-velvety, tomentose, or silky on both surfaces but especially abaxially.
29a. Calyx dentate, teeth 0.3–1 mm; branchlets densely covered with yellow-brown dendritic hairs 9. C. loboapiculata
29b. Calyx truncate or minutely dentate, teeth less than 0.3 mm; branchlets short velvety.
30a. Leaf blade abaxially with silky hairs; branchlet nodes with a transverse scar ............ 14. C. poilanei
30b. Leaf blade abaxially with stellate velvety hairs; branchlet nodes without a transverse scar.
31a. Leaf blade 8–20 × 4–8 cm, margin densely serrate; cymes many flowered; calyx
densely velvety ................................................................................................................ 12. C. candicans
31b. Leaf blade 3–6 × 2–3 cm, margin sparsely serrulate or entire; cymes few flowered;
calyx sparsely pilose ...................................................................................................... 13. C. gracilipes
28b. Leaf blade abaxially sparsely hairy with stellate or simple hairs or sometimes glabrous.
32a. Leaves and flowers usually with red, dark red, or dark purple glands.
33a. Leaf blade abaxially with uniformly stellate hairs to subglabrous ............................... 28. C. bodinieri
33b. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous or with sparse stellate pubescence only along midvein.
34a. Leaf blade narrowly lanceolate to lanceolate, base broadly cuneate to subrounded,
abaxially dark purple glandular ................................................................................... 29. C. salicifolia
34b. Leaf blade oblong-lanceolate, elliptic-lanceolate, or ovate-oblong, base cuneate,
abaxially red-brown glandular.
35a. Cymes ca. 1 cm across; fruit ca. 2 mm in diam.; fruiting calyx not thick
.................................................................................................................................. 30. C. erythrosticta
35b. Cymes ca. 2 cm across; fruit ca. 3 mm in diam.; fruiting calyx thick ............. 31. C. hungtaii
32b. Leaves and flowers usually with yellow glands.
36a. Branchlets, leaf abaxial surfaces, and cymes with yellow-brown simple hairs ...... 27. C. pilosissima
36b. Branchlets, leaf abaxial surfaces, and cymes with stellate or branched hairs or glabrous.
37a. Calyx pubescent; leaf blade abaxially with stellate hairs.
38a. Calyx truncate to minutely dentate; fruit stellate pubescent when mature; branchlets
4-angled, nodes with a transverse scar ................................................................ 19. C. longifolia
38b. Calyx teeth triangular, less than 1.5 mm; fruit glabrous when mature; branchlets
terete, nodes without a transverse scar.
39a. Ovary glabrous; peduncle longer than petioles.
40a. Petiole 5–25 mm; leaf blade adaxially minutely hispid and scabrous, base
obtuse to rounded; cymes many flowered; peduncle 1.5–2.5 cm; corolla
glabrous ....................................................................................................... 15. C. formosana
40b. Petiole 3–5 mm; leaf blade adaxially sparsely pilose, base cuneate to
broadly cuneate; cymes few flowered; peduncle 0.8–1 cm; corolla
puberulent ............................................................................................ 16. C. pseudorubella
39b. Ovary pubescent; peduncle shorter than or equal to petioles.
41a. Calyx teeth 1–1.5 mm .............................................................................. 17. C. pauciflora
41b. Calyx teeth less than 0.5 mm ....................................................................... 18. C. giraldii
37b. Calyx usually glabrous; leaf blade abaxially glabrous or sparsely stellate pubescent
only on veins.
42a. Cymes with leafy branchlets growing out from them.
 43a. Leaf blade lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate, or ovate, margin slightly sinuate,
serrate, serrulate, or entire; corolla tube ca. 2 mm ....................................... 20. C. prolifera
43b. Leaf blade elliptic to oblong-elliptic, margin distinctly triangular-serrulate;
corolla tube ca. 4 mm ............................................................................... 21. C. pingshanensis
42b. Cymes without leafy branchlets growing out from them.
44a. Branchlets 4-angled, with sparse simple hairs, nodes with a ring of hairs or
transverse scar ................................................................................................. 22. C. longissima
44b. Branchlets terete, with stellate hairs or subglabrous, nodes without a ring of
hairs or transverse scar.
45a. Peduncle 4–7 mm, shorter than petioles; fruit ca. 1 mm in diam.
................................................................................................................... 23. C. luteopunctata
45b. Peduncle 8–20 mm, longer than petioles; fruit 1–4 mm in diam.
46a. Leaf blade 2–6(–10) cm, obovate to lanceolate, margin apically coarsely
dentate..................................................................................................... 24. C. dichotoma
46b. Leaf blade 10–15 cm, elliptic-lanceolate, elliptic, or ovate-elliptic,
margin serrate to subentire.
47a. Petiole less than 1 cm; leaf blade abaxially stellate tomentose on
veins, margin serrate; peduncle 2 × as long as petioles ......... 25. C. kotoensis
47b. Petiole 1.5–2 cm; leaf blade abaxially glabrous, margin subserrate to
subentire; peduncle as long as petioles ............................... 26. C. siongsaiensis

1. Callicarpa kochiana Makino, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 28: 181.

1914. • Mountain slopes; 100–400 m. Hainan.
2. Callicarpa arborea Roxburgh, Fl. Ind. 1: 405. 1820.
枇杷叶紫珠 pi pa ye zi zhu
木紫珠 mu zi zhu
Shrubs 1–4 m tall; branchlets, petioles, and
inflores-cences densely yellow-brown stellate tomentose. Trees ca. 8 m tall; branchlets, inflorescences, and petioles
Petiole 1–3 mm; leaf blade oblong-lanceolate, elliptic, or densely tomentose, hairs stellate or verticillately branched.
ovate-elliptic, 11–22 × 4–8 cm, abaxially densely Leaf blade elliptic, oblong-elliptic, or ovate, 13–37 × 7–13 cm,
yellow-brown stellate tomentose, adaxially glabrous or slightly leathery, abaxially densely yellow-brown stellate tomentose,
pilose especially on veins, both surfaces obscurely yellow adaxially dark green and shiny, base cuneate to rounded,
glandular, margin serrate. Cymes 3–6 cm across; peduncle 1–2 margin entire. Cymes 6–11 cm across; peduncle 4-angled,
cm or longer. Calyx tubular, 2–2.5 mm, tube tomentose, teeth longer than petioles. Calyx cup-shaped, truncate or nearly so,
acute. Corolla pink to purple, lobes densely tomentose. outside densely gray stellate tomentose. Corolla purple, ca. 3
Stamens exserted. Style longer than stamens. Fruit globose, ca. mm. Stamens much longer than corolla. Ovary densely stellate
1.5 mm in diam. Fl. Jul-Aug, fr. Sep-Dec. tomentose. Fruit purple-brown, ca. 2 mm in diam. Fl. May-Jul,
fr. Aug-Dec.
100–900 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Hainan, S Henan, Hunan,
Jiangxi, Taiwan, Zhejiang [Japan, Vietnam]. Mixed forests on mountain slopes; 1000–2500 m. Guangxi, SE
Xizang, S Yunnan [Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, India, Indonesia,
1a. Leaf blade 4–8 cm wide; flowers subsessile Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam].
.................................................................... 1a. var. kochiana
1b. Leaf blade ca. 4 cm wide; flowers pedicellate 3. Callicarpa yunnanensis W. Z. Fang, Fl. Reipubl.
..................................................................... 1b. var. laxiflora Popul-aris Sin. 65(1): 209. 1982.
1a. Callicarpa kochiana var. kochiana 云南紫珠 yun nan zi zhu

枇杷叶紫珠 pi pa ye zi zhu Trees 12–18 m tall; branchlets, petioles, and inflorescences

gray-brown stellate tomentose. Petiole 1.5–3 cm; leaf blade
Callicarpa longiloba Merrill; C. loureiri Hooker & elliptic to ovate-elliptic, (12–)20(–27) × (7–)9(–13.5) cm,
Arnott ex Merrill. papery, abaxially stellate tomentose, adaxially glabrescent,
Leaf blade 12–22 × 4–8 cm. Peduncle 1–2 cm. Flowers both surfaces densely red-brown glandular, base cuneate,
subsessile. Fl. Jul-Aug, fr. Sep-Dec. margin entire. Cymes 8–13 cm across; peduncle robust, 4–5
cm. Calyx cup-shaped, ca. 0.8 mm, densely gray stellate
Forest edges, forests in valleys; 100–900 m. Fujian, Guang-dong, tomentose. Corolla purple, ca. 3 mm. Filaments ca. 2 × as long
S Henan, Hunan, Jiangxi, Taiwan, Zhejiang [Japan, Vietnam].
as corolla. Ovary pubescent, brown-red glandular. Fruit purple,
Medicinal. ca. 3 mm in diam.
1b. Callicarpa kochiana var. laxiflora (Chang) W. Z. Fang, Mixed forests in valleys; 500–600 m. S Yunnan [Vietnam].
Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 65(1): 31. 1982. Callicarpa erioclona Schauer was erroneously reported from
Yunnan in vol. 1 of Fl. Yunnan. (1977), but C. yunnanensis differs in
散花紫珠 san hua zi zhu having petioles and inflorescences gray-brown stellate tomentose and
Callicarpa loureiri Hooker & Arnott ex Merrill var. leaf blade margins entire.
laxiflora Chang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 1: 276. 1951.
4. Callicarpa integerrima Champion, Hooker's J. Bot. Kew
Leaf blade 11–15 × ca. 4 cm. Peduncles and pedicels Gard. Misc. 5: 135. 1853.
longer than in var. kochiana. Fl. Aug.
全缘叶紫珠 quan yuan ye zi zhu
 Shrubs, climbing; young branchlets, petioles, and macro-phylla Vahl var. sinensis C. B. Clarke; C. reevesii
inflo-rescences densely yellow-brown tomentose, hairs Wallich ex Schauer.
verticil-lately branched to densely dendritic. Petiole ca. 1–2 cm;
Shrubs or small trees; young branchlets, petioles, abaxial
leaf blade elliptic to ovate, 15–17 × 3–9 cm, abaxially
leaf surfaces, and inflorescences unevenly gray-brown stellate
tomentose, adaxially dark green and glabrescent, base cuneate
tomentose. Leaf blade ovate-elliptic to lanceolate, 12–22 ×
to rounded, margin entire, apex acuminate to acute. Flowering
4–7 cm, abaxially densely gray-brown unevenly stellate
stems with reduced leaves so that cymes form a terminal
tomentose, adaxially dark green-black and glabrescent except
panicle. Cymes 6–11 cm across; peduncle 2–5 cm. Corolla
for stellate tomentose veins, base obtuse to subrounded, margin
purple, ca. 2–2.5 mm, glabrous. Stamens 2 × or more as long
serrate, slightly undulate, or subentire. Cymes 8–13 cm across;
as corolla. Fruit purple, ca. 2 mm in diam., stellate tomentose
peduncle 3–8 cm; bracts linear-lanceolate. Pedicel ca. 1 mm.
when young, glabrescent. Fl. May-Jul, fr. Aug-Nov.
Calyx usually glabrous, truncate to obscurely 4-dentate.
• 200–1500 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, W Hubei, Jiangxi, Corolla purple to pink, ca. 2 mm, glabrous. Stamens 2–3 × as
E Sichuan, S Zhejiang. long as corolla. Ovary glabrous. Fruit ca. 2 mm in diam. Fl.
1a. Pedicels, calyces, and ovaries stellate tomentose Jun-Aug, fr. Aug-Dec.
............................................................... 4a. var. integerrima Mixed forests; 1000 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan
1b. Pedicels, calyces, and ovaries glabrous [Bangladesh, India, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, Sri Lanka,
.................................................................... 4b. var. chinensis Vietnam].
Medicinal.
4a. Callicarpa integerrima var. integerrima
7. Callicarpa macrophylla Vahl, Symb. Bot. 3: 13. 1794.
全缘叶紫珠 quan yuan ye zi zhu
大叶紫珠 da ye zi zhu
Leaf blade abaxially densely gray-yellow tomentose,
adaxially yellow-brown stellate tomentose. Pedicel and calyx Callicarpa dunniana H. Léveillé; C. incana Roxburgh; C.
densely stellate tomentose. Ovary stellate tomentose. Fl. macrophylla var. kouytchensis H. Léveillé.
Jun-Jul, fr. Aug-Nov. Shrubs or small trees. Branchlets nearly 4-angled. Petiole
• Mixed forests on mountain slopes and in valleys; 200–700 m. robust, 1–3 cm, densely gray unevenly stellate tomentose; leaf
Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Jiangxi, S Zhejiang. blade oblong-lanceolate, narrowly elliptic, or ovate-elliptic,
10–23 × 5–11 cm, abaxially densely unevenly gray stellate
4b. Callicarpa integerrima var. chinensis (P'ei) S. L. Chen, tomentose and glandular, adaxially pubescent especially on
Novon 1: 58. 1991. veins, base cuneate to broadly obtuse, margin serrulate. Cymes
藤紫珠 teng zi zhu 4–8 cm across, densely unevenly gray stellate tomentose.
Calyx ca. 1 mm, subtruncate, gray stellate tomentose, yellow
Callicarpa formosana Rolfe var. chinensis P'ei, Mem. Sci. glandular. Corolla purple, ca. 2.5 mm, sparsely stellate
Soc. China 1(3): 30. 1932; C. pedunculata R. Brown var. tomentose. Anthers yellow glandular. Ovary puberulent. Fruit
chinensis (P'ei) Metcalf; C. peii Chang. ca. 1.5 mm in diam., puberulent, glandular. Fl. and fr. Apr-Dec.
Leaves, pedicels, calyces, corollas, and ovaries glabrous Mixed forests; 100–2000 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou,
or only leaves pubescent when young. Fl. May-Jul, fr. Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Thailand,
Aug-Nov. Vietnam].

• Mixed forests in valleys; 300–1500 m. NW Guangdong, Indian material differs from Chinese collections in having
Guangxi, W Hubei, Jiangxi, E Sichuan. glabrous ovaries.

5. Callicarpa longibracteata Chang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 1: 8. Callicarpa acutifolia Chang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 1: 284.
277. 1951. 1951.

长苞紫珠 chang bao zi zhu 尖叶紫珠 jian ye zi zhu

Shrubs ca. 3 m tall. Young branches uniformly yellow Shrubs. Branchlets 4-angled, stellate tomentose, densely
stellate tomentose. Petiole ca. 2 cm; leaf blade oblong-elliptic yellow glandular, nodes with a transverse scar. Petiole ca. 1.5
to elliptic-lanceolate, 15–20 × 5–8 cm, abaxially densely cm; leaf blade lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 11–16 × 2–5
yellow-gray stellate tomentose, adaxially glabrous but stellate cm, yellow glandular, abaxially stellate tomentose, adaxially
tomentose along midvein when young, base obtuse to rounded puberulent especially along veins, base acute, margin serrate,
and oblique, margin entire or serrulate above to middle, veins apex acute. Cymes 7–9 cm across; peduncle 3–5.5 cm. Calyx
14 pairs. Cymes 6–9 cm across; peduncle 3–5 cm; bracts ca. 1 mm, subtruncate, glabrous. Corolla ca. 2.5 mm, glabrous.
lanceolate, 3–4 × 1 cm. Calyx campanulate, stellate tomentose; Filaments ca. 4 mm. Ovary glabrous, glandular. Fruit black
teeth linear, ca. 1 mm. Corolla pink, ca. 2 mm, puberulent. when dry, ca. 1.5 mm in diam. Fl. Jul-Sep, fr. Oct.
Filaments ca. 5 mm; anthers ca. 0.6 mm. Ovary glabrous. Style • Mountain slopes, along stream banks; 100–700 m.
6–7 mm. Fruit ca. 1.5 mm in diam. Fl. and fr. Aug. Guang-dong, Guangxi.

• Mixed forests; 100–300 m. Hong Kong. 9. Callicarpa loboapiculata Metcalf, Lingnan Sci. J. 11: 406.
1932.
6. Callicarpa nudiflora Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey Voy.
206. 1836. 尖萼紫珠 jian e zi zhu
裸花紫珠 luo hua zi zhu Shrubs; branchlets, petioles, and inflorescences densely
yellow-brown dendritic velvety. Petiole 2–3 cm; leaf blade
Callicarpa acuminata Roxburgh (1832), not Kunth elliptic, 12–22 × 5–7 cm, unevenly stellate tomentose and
(1818); C. acuminata var. angustifolia Metcalf; C. yellow glandular, adaxially glabrescent, base cuneate, margin
serrulate, apex acuminate. Cymes 4–6 cm across; peduncle Mountain slopes along roadsides and in open waste places;
1–1.5 cm. Pedicel ca. 1 mm. Calyx campanulate, prominently 100–500 m. Guangdong, Hainan [Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Laos,
Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam; Australia].
4-dentate, sparsely stellate tomentose to glabrous. Corolla
purple, ca. 2.5 mm; lobes 4, usually puberulent. Filaments ca. Medicinal.
3.5 mm. Fruit yellow, ca. 1.2 mm in diam., glandular. Fl. and fr.
Jul-Dec. 13. Callicarpa gracilipes Rehder in Sargent, Pl. Wilson. 3:
371. 1916.
• Mixed forests; 300–500 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou,
Hainan, Hunan. 湖北紫珠 hu bei zi zhu
10. Callicarpa minutiflora Y. Y. Qian, Guihaia 11: 121. Shrubs 2–3.5 m tall; branchlets, petioles, and cymes with
1991. brownish stellate hairs. Petiole 5–10 mm; leaf blade
ovate-elliptic to ovate, 3–6 × 2–3 cm, abaxially with dense
细花紫珠 xi hua zi zhu gray stellate hairs and yellow glands, adaxially green-black
Shrubs ca. 2 m tall. Branchlets nearly 4-angled, grooved, when dry and glabrous, base broadly cuneate, margin entire or
densely stellate pubescent, yellowish glandular. Petiole slender, sparsely dentate, apex acute to acuminate. Cymes 1–1.5 cm
1–2.5 cm; leaf blade elliptic, 10–16 × 4–7 cm, stellate across; peduncle equal or longer than petioles; bracts linear.
pubescent and yellowish glandular, base cuneate, apex Calyx cup-shaped, ca. 1 mm, truncate to minutely 4-dentate,
acuminate, veins 7–9 pairs. Cymes 4–6 cm across, outside with sparse stellate hairs. Corolla purple to red, ca. 3
5–7-branched; peduncle 0.6–1.5 cm. Calyx 0.7–1 mm, mm, outside with a few stellate hairs. Fruit pinkish purple,
subtruncate, stellate pubescent, outside yellow glandular. oblong, puberulent, yellow glandular. Fr. Aug-Oct.
Corolla 2–2.5 mm, densely gray tomentellous. Stamens • Mixed forests on mountain slopes; 200–1500 m. W Hubei, E
exserted; anthers longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary stellate Sichuan.
pubescent, yellow glandular. Fl. Aug.
14. Callicarpa poilanei Dop, Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Toulouse
• Forests; 1100 m. Yunnan (Jiangcheng Xian). 64: 502. 1932.
Similar to Callicarpa acutifolia and C. giraldii var. subcanescens
but differs in having smaller flowers and corolla lobes densely gray 白背紫珠 bai bei zi zhu
tomentellous. Trees, 5–8 m tall. Branchlets 4-angled, densely
11. Callicarpa hypoleucophylla Wei-Fang Lin & Jen-Li silky-velvety, nodes with a transverse scar. Petiole ca. 1 cm;
Wang, Bot. Bull. Acad. Sin., n.s. 8: 185. 1967. leaf blade narrowly elliptic to elliptic, 10–13 × 3.5–4.5 cm,
abaxially densely gray rusty colored silky, adaxially brown
里白杜虹花 li bai du hong hua when dry and mealy stellate tomentellous when young, base
cuneate, margin serrulate to subundulate, apex acute to
Shrubs 2–3 m tall. Branchlets terete, stellate tomentose. acuminate. Cymes ca. 2 cm across; peduncle 4-angled, usually
Petiole ca. 1 cm; leaf blade lanceolate to lanceolate-oblong, as long as petioles; bracts small. Pedicel ca. 1 mm. Calyx ca. 1
10–15 × 2–3.5 cm, abaxially whitish felted tomentose, mm, truncate to minutely 4-dentate, gray stellate velvety.
adaxially stellate pubescent but subglabrescent, base cuneate to Corolla purple, ca. 3 mm, puberulent. Filaments longer than
narrowly cuneate, margin finely serrate, apex acuminate to corolla. Ovary glabrous. Fl. May-Jun.
caudate, veins 9–12 pairs. Cymes ca. 2 cm; peduncle ca. 2 cm.
Calyx ca. 10 × 8 mm, slightly 4-dentate to subtruncate, outside Mixed forests; 200 m. Yunnan (Hekou Xian) [Cambodia,
with stellate hairs. Corolla white, campanulate, ca. 1.5 cm; Thailand, Vietnam].
lobes 4, apically rounded. Stamens 4, long exserted. Fruit 15. Callicarpa formosana Rolfe, J. Bot. 20: 358. 1882.
white or pale purplish, globose, ca. 2 mm in diam.
杜虹花 du hong hua
• Mixed forests on mountain slopes; 1000–1200 m. Taiwan.
Specimens of this species have not been seen by the authors.
Shrubs 1–3 m tall; branchlets, petioles, and cymes densely
gray-yellow stellate tomentose. Petiole robust, 1–2.5 cm; leaf
12. Callicarpa candicans (N. L. Burman) Hochreutiner, blade ovate-elliptic to elliptic or narrowly oblong-lanceolate,
Candollea 5: 190. 1934. 6–17 × 2–8 cm, abaxially gray-yellow stellate tomentose and
yellow glandular, adaxially minutely hispid, base cuneate,
白毛紫珠 bai mao zi zhu obtuse, or rounded, margin serrate, apex acuminate or caudate.
Urtica candicans N. L. Burman, Fl. Indica 197 (typ. err. Cymes 3–4 cm across; peduncle 1.5–2.5 cm; bracts small.
297). 1768; Callicarpa cana Linnaeus. Calyx cup-shaped, gray-yellow stellate tomentose; teeth 4,
triangular. Corolla purple to purplish, ca. 2.5 mm, glabrous.
Shrubs 1–2 m tall. Branchlets 4-angled, with dense gray Stamens ca. 5 mm. Ovary glabrous. Fruit purple, ca. 2 mm in
stellate hairs. Leaf blade elliptic, ovate-elliptic, or broadly diam.
ovate, 8–15 × 4–7 cm, densely serrate, abaxially with dense
gray stellate hairs, adaxially turning blackish when dry and 400–1600 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, S Jiangxi,
Taiwan, SE Yunnan, SE Zhejiang [Japan (Okinawa), Philippines].
glabrous to pubescent along veins, base acute to cuneate,
margin densely serrate, apex acuminate to acute. Cymes 2–3 1a. Leaf blade elliptic to ovate-elliptic
cm across; peduncle ca. 0.5 cm, with dense gray stellate hairs; ................................................................. 15a. var. formosana
bracts small, linear. Calyx obscurely 4-dentate to subtruncate, 1b. Leaf blade narrowly oblong-lanceolate
with dense gray stellate hairs. Corolla pinkish to pink, ca. 2 ................................................................... 15b. var. longifolia
mm, with sparse stellate hairs. Filaments ca. 2 × as long as
corolla tube. Ovary glabrous. Fruit black-purple, ca. 2 mm in 15a. Callicarpa formosana var. formosana
diam. Fl. and fr. Apr-Dec. 杜虹花 du hong hua
 Callicarpa aspera Handel-Mazzetti; C. integerrima tomentose. Calyx campanulate, ca. 1.5 mm, sparsely stellate
Champion var. serrulata H. L. Li; C. ningpoensis Matsumura; tomentose when young, glabrescent, yellow glandular; teeth
C. rubella Lindley f. robusta P'ei. less than 0.5 mm, obtuse. Corolla purple, ca. 3 mm, slightly
Leaf blade elliptic to ovate-elliptic, 6–15 × 3–8 cm, base puberulent, yellow glandular. Stamens ca. 4–6 mm; anthers
obtuse to rounded, apex acuminate. Fl. May-Jul, fr. Aug-Nov. ovate, yellow glandular on connective. Ovary puberulent. Fruit
2n = 36. purple, 2.5–4 mm in diam., stellate tomentose when young,
glabrescent. Fl. May-Jul, fr. Jul-Nov.
Mixed forests on mountain slopes and along streams; below 1600 • 200–3400 m. Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi,
m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, S Jiangxi, Taiwan, SE Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, S Shaanxi, Sichuan,
Yunnan, SE Zhejiang [Japan (Okinawa), Philippines]. Yunnan, Zhejiang.
Medicinal. This species can be reliably distinguished from Callicarpa
bodinieri only in having yellow instead of red glands. The two taxa
15b. Callicarpa formosana var. longifolia Suzuki, Trans. overlap in all other features including distribution, and their
Nat. Hist. Soc. Taiwan 25: 131. 1935. maintenance as distinct species merits further investigation.
长叶杜虹花 chang ye du hong hua 1a. Leaf blade lanceolate-oblong to broadly elliptic
Callicarpa pedunculata R. Brown var. longifolia (Suzu-ki) ..................................................................... 18a. var. giraldii
Chang. 1b. Leaf blade elliptic to ovate or oblong-elliptic to
Leaf blade narrowly oblong-lanceolate, 13–17 × 2–3 cm, obovate-oblong.
base cuneate, apex caudate, veins abaxially pubescent. 2a. Leaf blade ovate to elliptic, abaxially with gray
stellate hairs ............................ 18b. var. subcanescens
• Mixed forests; 400–700 m. Taiwan.
2b. Leaf blade oblong-elliptic to obovate-oblong,
16. Callicarpa pseudorubella Chang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 1: abaxially with gray-brown stellate hairs
287. 1951. ....................................................... 18c. var. chinyunensis

拟红紫珠 ni hong zi zhu

18a. Callicarpa giraldii var. giraldii
Shrubs ca. 1 m tall; branchlets, petioles, and cymes
gray-brown stellate tomentose. Petiole 3–5 mm; leaf blade 老鸦糊 lao ya hu
narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, 3–5.5 × 1.5–2 cm, yellow Callicarpa bodinieri H. Léveillé var. giraldii (Hesse ex
glandular, abaxially stellate tomentose along veins, adaxially Rehder) Rehder; C. mairei H. Léveillé.
sparsely pilose, base cuneate to broadly cuneate, margin serrate,
apex acuminate. Cymes ca. 1.5 cm across; peduncle 8–10 mm; Branchlets gray-yellow stellate tomentose. Leaf blade
bracts small. Calyx ca. 1 mm, minutely 4-dentate, with single lanceolate-oblong to broadly elliptic, 5–15 × 2–7 cm, abaxially
hairs, yellow glandular. Corolla pink, ca. 2 mm, puberulent; green, sparsely stellate tomentose, and small yellow glandular,
lobes 4, oblong. Stamens slightly exserted. Ovary yellow adaxially puberulent yellow-green, base cuneate. Fl. May-Jun,
glandular. Fruit ca. 2 mm in diam. Fl. late spring to summer. fr. Jul-Nov.
• Mountain slopes; 400–500 m. Guangdong. • Mixed forests; 200–3400 m. Anhui, Fujian, Gansu,
Guang-dong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu,
17. Callicarpa pauciflora Chun ex Hung-Ta Chang, Acta Jiangxi, S Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang.
Phytotax. Sin. 1: 275. 1951. Medicinal.
少花紫珠 shao hua zi zhu
18b. Callicarpa giraldii var. subcanescens Rehder in
Subshrubs to shrubs, 60–100 cm tall. Branchlets Sar-gent, Pl. Wilson. 3: 368. 1916.
gray-yellow, terete, with small lenticels, stellate tomentose.
Petiole 4–6 mm; leaf blade elliptic to ovate-elliptic, 毛叶老鸦糊 mao ye lao ya hu
5–8(–13) × 2.5–3.5(–5.5) cm, abaxially stellate tomentose, Callicarpa bodinieri H. Léveillé var. lyi (H. Léveillé)
adaxially puberulent, base cuneate, margin serrate, apex acute Rehder; C. giraldii var. lyi (H. Léveillé) C. Y. Wu; C. lyi H.
to acuminate. Cymes ca. 1 cm across; peduncle 4–6 mm; bracts Léveillé; C. grisea Handel-Mazzetti; C. inamoena C. Y. Wu.
small. Calyx campanulate, stellate tomentose; teeth 4,
linear-lanceolate, 1–1.5 mm. Corolla pinkish, ca. 4 mm, Leaf blade elliptic to broadly ovate, 10–17 × 4–10 cm,
sparsely stellate tomentose; lobes 4, oblong. Filaments 4–5 mm; base narrowly cuneate to cuneate. Cymes and leaf blade
abaxial surface densely gray stellate tomentose. Fl. May-Jul, fr.
anthers ca. 1.2 mm. Ovary slightly puberulent. Style ca. 6 mm. Jul-Oct.
Fl. late spring to summer.
• Mixed forests; usually below 2300 m. Anhui, Guangdong,
• Usually along rivers; 100–400 m. Guangdong (Ruyan Xian), Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hunan, S Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan,
Jiangxi (Shangrao Xian). Yun-nan, Zhejiang.
18. Callicarpa giraldii Hesse ex Rehder in Bailey, Stand. Although placed in Callicarpa bodinieri in vol. 65(1) of Fl.
Cycl. Hort. 2: 629. 1914. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. (1982), the holotype of C. giraldii var.
subcanescens has yellow glands and must be placed here.
老鸦糊 lao ya hu
Shrubs 1–3(–5) m tall. Petiole 0.6–2 cm; leaf blade 18c. Callicarpa giraldii var. chinyunensis (P'ei & W. Z.
lanceolate, oblong, oblong-elliptic, elliptic, broadly elliptic, Fang) S. L. Chen, Novon 1: 58. 1991.
obovate-oblong, or broadly ovate, 5–17 × 2–10 cm, papery, 缙云紫珠 jin yun zi zhu
base cuneate, narrowly cuneate, obtuse, or rounded, margin
serrate, apex acuminate. Cymes 1–3 cm across, stellate
 Callicarpa chinyunensis P'ei & W. Z. Fang in W. Z. Fang, Leaf blade narrowly lanceolate, 8–15 × 2–5 cm, glabrous
Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 65(1): 209. 1982. except midvein sparsely puberulent, both surfaces small
yellow glandular. Fl. Jun-Jul, fr. Aug-Dec.
Branchlets purple-brown, distinctly lenticellate. Leaf
blade oblong-elliptic to obovate-oblong, 8–13.5 × 2.5–4.5 cm, Mixed forests; 800–1700 m. Hainan, Yunnan [Bangladesh, India,
Malaysia, Vietnam].
abaxially with densely gray-brown stellate hairs, adaxially
minutely hispid and scabrous, base obtuse to rounded. Cymes 20. Callicarpa prolifera C. Y. Wu, Fl. Yunnan. 1: 404. 1977.
dense. Fl. May.
抽芽紫珠 chou ya zi zhu
• Mixed forests on mountain slopes; 300–500 m. Sichuan.
Shrubs ca. 2 m tall. Branchlets dark brown, terete, with
19. Callicarpa longifolia Lamarck, Encycl. 1: 563. 1785. gray lenticels and gray-brown stellate hairs. Leaf blade
oblong-lanceolate to ovate or lanceolate, abaxially with stellate
长叶紫珠 chang ye zi zhu hairs along veins, margin entire, slightly sinuate, or serrulate,
Shrubs 2–3(–5) m tall. Branchlets 4-angled, nodes with a apex acuminate to caudate-acuminate. Cymes ca. 1 cm across,
transverse scar. Petiole slender, 0.5–1.5 mm; leaf blade with branchlets growing out from them, with yellow-brown
narrowly lanceolate to oblong-elliptic, 8–20 × 2–6 cm, stellate hairs; peduncle slender, as long as pedicels; bracts
adaxially glabrous, base cuneate to narrowly cuneate, margin linear, ca. 2 mm. Calyx subtruncate, glabrous. Corolla purplish;
serrate, apex caudate-acuminate to cuneate, midvein and tube ca. 2 mm, glabrous. Stamens ca. 4 mm; anthers elliptic, ca.
lateral veins abaxially very prominent. Cymes 2–3 cm across; 1.2 mm. Fruit purple, 2–3 mm in diam., glabrous, yellow
peduncle slender, 0.5–1.5 cm. Calyx cup-shaped, ca. 1 mm, glandular. Fr. autumn.
truncate to minutely 4-dentate, gray puberulent. Corolla pale • 900–2200 m. Guangxi, Yunnan.
purple, ca. 2 mm, slightly puberulent. Stamens 2–3 × as long
as corolla; anthers ovate, ca. 1 mm. Ovary puberulent. Fruit ca. 1a. Petiole 5–10 mm; leaf blade oblong-lanceolate
1.5 mm in diam., stellate pubescent. Fl. May-Aug, fr. to ovate .................................................. 20a. var. prolifera
Aug-Dec. 1b. Petiole nearly absent; leaf blade lanceolate
................................................... 20b. var. rubroglandulosa
800–1700 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Sichuan,
Taiwan, Yunnan [India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, 20a. Callicarpa prolifera var. prolifera
Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam].
抽芽紫珠 chou ya zi zhu
1a. Leaf blade narrowly lanceolate, abaxially
subglabrous ...................................... 19c. var. lanceolaria Petiole 5–10 mm, stellate tomentose, yellow glandular;
1b. Leaf blade oblong-elliptic, abaxially with stellate leaf blade oblong-lanceolate to ovate, 1–9(–13) × 1.5–3(–4.5)
hairs. cm, unequally paired, abaxially orange glandular, adaxially
2a. Leaf blade abaxially sparsely yellow-brown with stellate hairs along veins and densely yellow to
stellate pilose .................................. 19a. var. longifolia yellow-brown glandular, base broadly cuneate. Calyx yellow
2b. Leaf blade abaxially with densely grayish glandular.
minutely stellate hairs .................... 19b. var. floccosa
• Mixed forests; 1500–2200 m. Guangxi, Yunnan.
19a. Callicarpa longifolia var. longifolia
20b. Callicarpa prolifera var. rubroglandulosa S. L. Chen,
长叶紫珠 chang ye zi zhu Novon 1: 58. 1991.
Branchlets, petioles, and inflorescences yellowish brown 红腺抽芽紫珠 hong xian chou ya zi zhu
stellate tomentose. Leaf blade oblong-elliptic, 9–20 × 3–6 cm,
Petiole nearly absent; leaf blade lanceolate,
abaxially yellowish brown stellate tomentose and yellow
(6–)12–16(–19) × (1–)2–4 cm, base decurrent, both surfaces
glandular. Fl. May-Aug, fr. Aug-Dec.
subglabrous, abaxially orange glandular. Calyx outside
Mixed forests; below 1400 m. Guangdong, Taiwan, Yunnan densely orange glandular.
[India, Indonesia, Myanmar, Philippines, Vietnam].
• Forests in valleys; 900 m. N Guangxi.
19b. Callicarpa longifolia var. floccosa Schauer in A. de
Candolle, Prodr. 11: 645. 1847. 21. Callicarpa pingshanensis C. Y. Wu ex W. Z. Fang in W.
Z. Fang, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 65(1): 210. 1982.
白毛长叶紫珠 bai mao chang ye zi zhu
屏山紫珠 ping shan zi zhu
Branches and cymes with gray mealy stellate hairs. Leaf Shrubs 1.5–2 m tall. Branchlets purple-brown, distinctly
blade oblong-elliptic, 12–16 × 3–5 cm, abaxially with mealy lenticellate, with sparse stellate hairs when young,
gray stellate hairs. Fl. Aug, fr. Sep-Nov. sub-glabrescent. Petiole ca. 6 mm, with stellate hairs; leaf
Mixed forests on mountain slopes; 1000 m. Guangxi, Guizhou, blade oblong-elliptic to elliptic, 8–14 × 3–5 cm, narrowed
Sichuan [India, Indonesia, Philippines, Singapore]. below middle, membranous, abaxially subglabrous and
densely yellow glandular, adaxially puberulent on veins, base
19c. Callicarpa longifolia var. lanceolaria (Roxburgh) C. B. obtuse, margin triangular serrulate, apex acute to
Clarke in J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. Ind. 4: 570. 1885. caudate-acuminate, veins 8–10 pairs. Cymes 3–9-flowered,
with branchlets growing out from them; peduncle ca. 5 mm,
披针叶紫珠 pi zhen ye zi zhu with stellate hairs; bracts linear. Pedicel glabrous. Calyx
cup-shaped, ca. 1 mm, truncate to subtruncate, glabrous.
Callicarpa lanceolaria Roxburgh, Fl. Ind. 1: 409. 1820. Corolla purple; tube ca. 4 mm, glabrous. Stamens ca. 5 mm;
anthers elliptic, ca. 1 mm. Ovary globose, glabrous. Fl. late
spring to summer.
 • Mixed forests on mountain slopes; 700–1600 m. Sichuan Medicinal.
(Pingshan Xian).
25. Callicarpa kotoensis Hayata, J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ.
22. Callicarpa longissima (Hemsley) Merrill, Philipp. J. Sci. Tokyo 30(1): 219. 1911.
12: 108. 1917.
红头紫珠 hong tou zi zhu
尖尾枫 jian wei feng
Callicarpa antaoensis Hayata; C. japonica Thunberg var.
Callicarpa longifolia Lamarck var. longissima Hemsley, kotoensis (Hayata) Masamune.
J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 26: 253. 1890.
Shrubs small. Branchlets with yellowish brown stellate
Shrubs or small trees, 1–3(–7) m tall. Branchlets purplish hairs. Petiole less than 1 cm; leaf blade elliptic to
brown, 4-angled. Petiole 1–1.5 cm; leaf blade lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, abaxially yellowish brown stellate
elliptic-lanceolate, 13–25 × 2–7 cm, abaxially glabrous, tomentose and small yellow glandular on veins, adaxially
adaxially subglabrous except long villous pubescence mainly glabrous, base cuneate, margin serrate, apex acute, veins 7–9
along veins, base cuneate, margin subentire to obscurely pairs. Cymes ca. 4 cm across, with stellate hairs; peduncle 1–2
serrulate, apex acute; veins 12–20 pairs, elevated on both cm; bracts linear-lanceolate, ca. 10 × 2 mm. Calyx cup-shaped,
surfaces. Cymes 3–6 cm across; peduncle 1.5–3 cm. Calyx sub-truncate. Corolla ca. 2.5 mm. Stamens 2 × as long as
subtruncate to obscurely dentate, glabrous, glandular. Corolla corolla tube. Ovary glabrous. Fl. summer.
purple, ca. 2.5 mm, glabrous. Stamens ca. 2 × as long as
corolla tube. Ovary glabrous. Fruit 1–1.5 mm in diam., • Near coast; 100 m. Taiwan.
glabrous, small glandular. Fl. Jul-Sep, fr. Aug-Dec. 26. Callicarpa siongsaiensis Metcalf, Lingnan Sci. J. 11: 407.
Mixed forests or open waste places on mountain slopes; below 1932.
1200 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Jiangxi, Sichuan,
Taiwan [Japan, Vietnam]. 上狮紫珠 shang shi zi zhu
Callicarpa japonica Thunberg f. glabra P'ei.
23. Callicarpa luteopunctata Chang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 1:
292. 1951. Shrubs ca. 2 m tall; petioles and inflorescences sparsely
stellate tomentose. Branchlets gray-yellow. Petiole 1.5–2 cm;
黄腺紫珠 huang xian zi zhu
leaf blade elliptic to ovate-elliptic, 10–14 × 4–6 cm, abaxially
Shrubs ca. 2 m tall; petioles and cymes densely brown small yellow glandular, adaxially glabrous or subglabrous,
stellate tomentellous. Branchlets yellowish gray, terete. Petiole base cuneate to obtuse, margin subentire to subserrate, apex
1–1.5 cm; leaf blade oblong-elliptic to ovate-lanceolate, acute to acuminate. Cymes 2–4 cm across; peduncle as long as
7–16 × 2–5 cm, densely small yellowish glandular, petioles. Calyx cup-shaped, truncate, glabrous. Fruit dark
subglabrous to adaxially sparsely yellowish brown stellate brown when dry, ca. 3 mm in diam., glabrous. Fl. early
tomentellous along midvein and lateral veins, base narrowly summer.
cuneate, margin irregularly serrate, apex acuminate. Cymes • Mountain slopes; below 100 m. E Fujian.
2–3 cm across; peduncle 4–7 mm; bracts small, linear. Calyx
cup-shaped, ca. 0.7 mm, subtruncate to obscurely dentate, 27. Callicarpa pilosissima Maximowicz, Bull. Acad. Imp.
usually glabrous, yellow glandular. Corolla purple, ca. 1.4 mm, Sci. Saint Pétersbourg, sér. 3, 31: 76. 1887.
glabrous. Stamens usually 2 × as long as corolla. Ovary
glabrous, yellow glandular. Fruit ca. 1 mm in diam., yellow 长毛紫珠 chang mao zi zhu
glandular. Fl. Jun-Jul, fr. Aug-Oct. Callicarpa pilosissima var. henryi Yamamoto.
• Mixed forests on mountain slopes or in valleys; 800–2300 m. Shrubs; branchlets, petioles, and peduncles usually densely
Sichuan, Yunnan.
yellow-brown long villous. Petiole ca. 5 mm; leaf blade
24. Callicarpa dichotoma (Loureiro) K. Koch, Dendrologie 2: narrowly lanceolate, 10–18 × 2–3 cm, abaxially densely
336. 1872. yellow-brown pilose and glandular, adaxially sparsely
pubescent, base slightly cordate to rounded, margin obscurely
白棠子树 bai tang zi shu serrulate, apex ± acuminate. Cymes 2–3 cm across; peduncle
Porphyra dichotoma Loureiro, Fl. Cochinch. 1: 70. 1790. 1–1.5 cm. Pedicel ca. 1 mm. Calyx ca. 1 mm, sparsely pilose,
Shrubs 1(–3) m tall, much branched. Branchlets slender, sometimes with short gland-tipped hairs. Corolla ca. 2 mm,
with stellate hairs when young. Leaves sessile or subsessile; glabrous. Stamens 4–5 mm; anthers small, rounded. Ovary
leaf blade lanceolate to obovate, 2–6(–10) × 1–3(–4) cm, pubescent, glandular. Fruit ca. 1 mm in diam., glandular. Fl.
papery, abaxially with small yellow-glandular stellate hairs on Oct, fr. Oct-Dec.
margins, adaxially glabrous and subscabrous, base cuneate, • Mixed forests on mountain slopes; 500–1500 m. Taiwan.
margin coarsely dentate along apical part, apex usually very
short acuminate with an obtuse tip, veins 4 or 5 pairs. Cymes 28. Callicarpa bodinieri H. Léveillé, Repert. Spec. Nov.
1–2.5 cm across; peduncle slender, 8–12 cm; bracts linear. Regni Veg. 9: 456. 1911.
Calyx cup-shaped, less than 1 mm, subtruncate, obscurely 紫珠 zi zhu
dentate, outside few glandular. Corolla purple, tube 2 × as long
as calyx tube. Stamens exserted; filaments 2 × as long as Shrubs ca. 2 m tall; branchlets, petioles, and
corolla tube, glabrous. Ovary glabrous, sparsely yellow inflores-cences with dense stellate hairs. Petiole 5–10 mm; leaf
glandular. Fruit subglobose, 1–2 mm in diam., with few glands. blade red glandular, abaxially subglabrous or stellate
2n = 36. tomentose, adaxially pubescent. Cymes 3–4.5 cm across;
peduncle less than 1 cm; bracts small. Pedicel ca. 1 mm. Calyx
Mixed forests on mountain slopes; below 600 m. Anhui, Fujian, ca. 1 mm, teeth obtusely triangular, stellate tomentose. Corolla
Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu,
Jiangxi, Shandong, Taiwan, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea, Vietnam]. purple, ca. 3 mm, stellate tomentose. Stamens ca. 6 mm;
anthers elliptic, 1 mm, dark red glandular on connective. Ovary subglabrous to sparsely stellate tomentose, abaxially dark
pubescent. Fruit purple, globose, ca. 2 mm in diam. Fl. Jun-Jul, purple glandular, base broadly cuneate to subrounded, margin
fr. Aug-Dec. sparsely serrate, apex acuminate. Cymes 1–2 cm across, dense
200–2300 m. Anhui, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, S Henan, purplish black glandular; peduncle ca. 5 mm; bracts small,
Hubei, Hunan, S Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang linear. Calyx cup-shaped, truncate to subtruncate, glabrous.
[Vietnam]. Corolla purple, ca. 3 mm. Stamens ca. 5 mm; anthers oblong.
This species is often confused with Callicarpa giraldii which Ovary sparsely gray stellate tomentose. Fruit globose, ca. 2
differs by its yellow glands. mm in diam. Fl. and fr. Jun-Nov.
1a. Leaf blade narrowly elliptic, elliptic, or ovate- • Mixed forests on mountain slopes; 500–1000 m. S and W
elliptic, 4–7 cm wide, base cuneate Sichuan, NW Yunnan.
.................................................................. 28a. var. bodinieri
1b. Leaf blade lanceolate, oblanceolate, or obovate- 30. Callicarpa erythrosticta Merrill & Chun, Sunyatsenia 5:
oblong, 2–4 cm wide, base narrowly cuneate. 178. 1940.
2a. Leaf blade abaxially grayish stellate pubescent 红腺紫珠 hong xian zi zhu
........................................................ 28b. var. rosthornii
2b. Leaf blade subglabrous on both surfaces Shrubs ca. 2 m tall. Branchlets grayish, terete, with
....................................................... 28c. var. iteophylla stellate hairs, brownish red glandular. Petiole 2–5 mm; leaf
blade ovate-oblong to elliptic-lanceolate, 4–8 × 1–2.5 cm,
28a. Callicarpa bodinieri var. bodinieri abaxially with stellate hairs on midvein and densely red-brown
glandular, adaxially glabrous, base cuneate, margin serrate
紫珠 zi zhu above middle, apex caudate-acuminate, veins 5–8 pairs.
Callicarpa feddei H. Léveillé; C. seguinii H. Léveillé; C. Cymes ca. 1 cm across; peduncle ca. 5 mm; bracts linear.
tsiangii Moldenke. Calyx ca. 1 mm, truncate, densely brownish red glandular.
Corolla pinkish to nearly white, ca. 2.5 mm. Stamens long
Leaf blade narrowly elliptic, elliptic, or ovate-elliptic, exserted. Ovary glabrous, brownish red glandular. Fruit
7–18 × 4–7 cm, papery, with small red to dark red glands, globose, ca. 2 mm in diam., sparsely brownish red glandular. Fl.
abaxially stellate tomentose, base cuneate, margin serrulate, spring.
apex long acuminate to acute. Calyx outside dark red glandular.
Corolla dark red glandular. Fl. Jun-Jul, fr. Aug-Nov. • Mixed forests on mountain slopes; 400–1400 m. Hainan.
Mixed forests; 200–2300 m. Anhui, Guangdong, Guangxi, 31. Callicarpa hungtaii P'ei & S. L. Chen in W. Z. Fang, Fl.
Guizhou, S Henan, Hubei, Hunan, S Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 65(1): 60. 1982.
Zhejiang [Vietnam].
Medicinal. 厚萼紫珠 hou e zi zhu
Premna angustifolia Chang (1960), not Callicarpa
28b. Callicarpa bodinieri var. rosthornii (Diels) Rehder, J. angustifolia King & Gamble (1908).
Arnold Arbor. 15: 323. 1934.
Subshrubs to shrubs. Branchlets stellate tomentose when
南川紫珠 nan chuan zi zhu young. Petiole ca. 2 mm; leaf blade oblong-lanceolate, 3–6 ×
Callicarpa longifolia Lamarck var. rosthornii Diels in 1–1.6 cm, subleathery, abaxially greenish with brownish red
Engler, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 29: 548. 1900; C. giraldii Hesse ex glands, adaxially dark green and glabrous except on midvein,
Rehder var. rosthornii (Diels) Rehder. base cuneate, margin sparsely serrate above middle, apex
caudate-acuminate, veins 5 or 6 pairs, midvein and veins
Leaf blade oblanceolate to obovate-oblong, membranous, conspicuous on both surfaces. Cymes ca. 2 cm across,
densely glandular, abaxially grayish stellate pubescent, base 1–7-flowered; peduncle 3–5 mm. Pedicel ca. 2 mm, minutely
narrowly cuneate, margin serrate above middle. stellate tomentose. Calyx outside reddish brown glandular.
• Mixed forests on mountain slopes; 500–1100 m. Sichuan Fruit subglobose, ca. 3 mm in diam.
(Nanchuan Xian).
• Thickets on mountain slopes; 300–600 m. Guangdong
(Yangchun Xian).
28c. Callicarpa bodinieri var. iteophylla C. Y. Wu, Fl.
Yunnan. 1: 406. 1977. Similar to Callicarpa erythrosticta but differs in having
subleathery leaf blades and calyces thickened in fruit.
柳叶紫珠 liu ye zi zhu
32. Callicarpa longipes Dunn, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 38: 363.
Leaf blade lanceolate to oblanceolate, 6–13 × 2–4 cm, 1908.
base narrowly cuneate, both surfaces subglabrous and dark red
glandular. Calyx and corolla subglabrous, dark red glandular. 长柄紫珠 chang bing zi zhu
Fl. Jun, fr. Sep-Dec. Callicarpa longipes var. laui Moldenke.
• Mixed forests; 600–1600 m. S Yunnan. Shrubs 2–3 m tall. Stems with short stellate hairs plus
29. Callicarpa salicifolia P'ei & W. Z. Fang in W. Z. Fang, Fl. fewer, simple gland-tipped hairs. Branchlets brownish pilose.
Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 65(1): 210. 1982. Petiole 5–8 mm; leaf blade elliptic to ovate-lanceolate, 6–13 ×
2–7 cm, abaxially yellow glandular, base cordate and slightly
水金花 shui jin hua oblique, margin triangular serrate, apex acute to caudate, veins
8–10 pairs. Cymes ca. 3 cm across, pilose; peduncle 1.5–3 cm.
Shrubs ca. 2 m tall. Branchlets terete, grayish yellow, Calyx campanulate, 1–2 mm; teeth 4, acute. Corolla reddish, ca.
purplish, or purplish brown stellate tomentose when young, 4 mm, pilose. Stamens 2 × as long as corolla tube; anthers
glabrescent. Leaf blade narrowly lanceolate to lanceolate, ovate, ca. 1 mm. Ovary glabrous. Fruit purple, globose, 1.5–2
5–14 × 0.8–3 cm, both surfaces subglabrous but midvein mm in diam. Fl. Jun-Jul, fr. Aug-Dec.
 • Thickets, mixed forests; 300–500 m. Anhui, Fujian, 秃红紫珠 tu hong zi zhu
Guang-dong, Jiangxi.
Callicarpa rubella var. hemsleyana Diels f. subglabra
33. Callicarpa basitruncata Merrill ex Moldenke, P'ei, Mem. Sci. Soc. China 1(3): 41. 1932.
Phytolo-gia 3: 406. 1951.
Branchlets, leaves, inflorescences, calyces, and corollas
平基紫珠 ping ji zi zhu glabrous. Fl. Jun-Jul, fr. Jul-Sep.
Shrubs. Branches and branchlets obtusely 4-angled, • Thickets or forests on mountain slopes or along stream banks;
stellate puberulent when young, subglabrescent; twigs brown, 100–1200 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangxi,
slender, sparsely stellate tomentellous with short gray hairs. Zhejiang.
Petiole 1–2 mm; leaf blade oblong-oblanceolate, 6–12.5 ×
1–2.5 cm, abaxially stellate tomentellous on main veins, 35. Callicarpa cathayana Chang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 1: 305.
adaxially glabrous except for a few brown peltate glands near 1951.
base, dark yellow glandular, base truncate to shallowly cordate, 华紫珠 hua zi zhu
margin very shallowly crenulate to subentire and minutely
revolute, apex subacuminate. Cymes few flowered; peduncle Shrubs 1.5–3 m tall. Branchlets slender, slightly stellate
slender, ca. 5 mm. Calyx ca. 1 × 1 mm, obscurely 4-dentate to tomentose when young, glabrescent. Petiole 4–8 mm; leaf
almost truncate, very sparsely stellate puberulent to blade elliptic to ovate, 4–8 × 1.5–3 cm, subglabrous, red
glabrescent, very sparsely glandular. Corolla white; tube ca. 2 glandular, base narrowly cuneate, margin serrulate, apex
mm, very minutely papillate, glandular. Stamens exserted. acuminate, veins 5–7 pairs. Cymes slender, ca. 1.5 cm across,
sparsely stellate tomentose; peduncle 4–7 mm; bracts small.
• Bank by a small grove, 400 m. Hainan. Calyx cup-shaped, truncate to minutely 4-dentate, teeth
Known only from the type collection of which only a obtusely triangular, stellate tomentose, red glandular. Corolla
photo-graph of the holotype has been seen by the authors. purple, sparsely stellate tomentose, red glandular. Filaments
equal or slightly longer than corolla; anthers ca. 1.2 mm. Ovary
34. Callicarpa rubella Lindley, Bot. Reg. 11: t. 883. 1825. glabrous. Style slightly longer than stamens. Fruit purple,
红紫珠 hong zi zhu globose, ca. 2 mm in diam. Fl. May-Jul, fr. Aug-Nov.

Shrubs ca. 2 m tall. Petiole very short to leaf subsessile; • Mixed forests on mountain slopes or in valleys; below 1200 m.
Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Henan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Jiangxi,
leaf blade lanceolate, oblanceolate, obovate-elliptic, or ovate, Yunnan, Zhejiang.
(4.5–)8–14(–21) × (1.1–)2–8(–10) cm, base cordate and
sometimes oblique, margin serrulate, irregularly serrate, or 36. Callicarpa dentosa (Chang) W. Z. Fang, Fl. Reipubl.
serrate, apex acuminate to caudate; veins 6–10 pairs, midvein, Popularis Sin. 65(1): 66. 1982.
lateral veins, and reticulate veins elevated on both surfaces.
Cymes 2–4 cm across; peduncle ca. (0.6–)1–3 cm; bracts small. 多齿紫珠 duo chi zi zhu
Calyx subtruncate to slightly dentate with obtusely triangular
Callicarpa brevipes (Bentham) Hance var. dentosa
teeth. Corolla purple, greenish, or white, ca. 3 mm. Fruit purple,
Chang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 1: 300. 1951.
(1–)2 mm in diam. Fl. May-Jul, fr. Jul-Nov.
Shrubs. Branchlets purplish brown with stellate hairs
100–3500 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou,
Hainan, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Indonesia, Laos, when young, becoming grayish brown and glabrous. Petiole ca.
Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam]. 4 mm; leaf blade elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, 16–25 × 5–7 cm,
abaxially stellate tomentose on veins and densely purple
1a. Branchlets, cymes, and abaxial leaf surfaces glandular, adaxially glabrous except midvein sparsely
pubescent with stellate hairs ............... 34a. var. rubella puberulent, base cuneate, margin serrulate, apex acute, veins 8
1b. Branchlets, cymes, and leaves glabrous or 9 pairs. Cymes dense, ca. 1 cm across; peduncle shorter than
................................................................ 34b. var. subglabra petioles; bracts small. Pedicel ca. 1.5 mm. Calyx cup-shaped,
truncate, subglabrous, purple glandular. Corolla white, 3.5 mm
34a. Callicarpa rubella var. rubella in diam., subglabrous, purple glandular. Filaments shorter than
红紫珠 hong zi zhu corolla tube. Fl. Jun-Jul, fr. Jul-Sep.

Callicarpa dielsii (H. Léveillé) P'ei; C. panduriformis H. • Dense forests on mountain slopes or along stream banks;
400–1000 m. N Guangdong.
Léveillé; C. rubella var. dielsii (H. Léveillé) H. L. Li; C.
rubella var. hemsleyana Diels; C. tenuiflora Champion; Related to Callicarpa brevipes but differs in elliptic to
Viburnum dielsii H. Léveillé. oblong-lanceolate leaf blades and densely purple glandular calyces and
corollas.
Branchlets with brown stellate and glandular hairs. Leaf
blade abaxially with stellate, simple, and glandular hairs and 37. Callicarpa collina Diels, Notizbl. Bot. Gart.
yellow glandular, adaxially with glandular hairs. Cymes with Berlin-Dahlem 9: 1030. 1926.
brown stellate and glandular hairs. Calyx with stellate hairs,
丘陵紫珠 qiu ling zi zhu
glandular hairs, and yellow glands. Corolla puberulent, yellow
glandular. Fl. May-Jul, fr. Jul-Nov. Callicarpa brevipes (Bentham) Hance f. yingtakensis P'ei.
Thickets or mixed forests on mountain slopes or in valleys; Shrubs 1–2 m tall. Branchlets terete, yellowish brown
100–3500 m. Anhui, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hunan, stellate tomentose. Petiole ca. 5 mm; leaf blade oblanceolate to
Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar,
Thailand, Vietnam]. elliptic-lanceolate, 12–19(–25) × 3–6(–8) cm, abaxially with
sparse yellowish brown stellate hairs denser along midvein and
34b. Callicarpa rubella var. subglabra (P'ei) Chang, Acta obscurely small yellow glands, adaxially glabrous, base
Phytotax. Sin. 1: 297. 1951. cuneate to broadly cuneate, margin sparsely serrulate, apex
acuminate to acute. Cymes dense, 1–1.5 cm across; peduncle densely yellow glandular. Ovary glabrous, glandular. Style
ca. 5 mm, sparsely yellowish brown stellate tomentose; bracts slightly longer than stamens. Fruit red to purple, 2–9 mm in
small. Pedicel ca. 1.5 mm, glabrous. Calyx ca. 1.2 mm, diam. Fl. Apr-Jun, fr. Jul-Nov.
subtruncate, obscurely dentate, glabrous. Corolla white or 300–1400 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, S Zhejiang
pinkish, ca. 3 mm; lobes 4, apex obtuse to subrounded. [Vietnam].
Filaments shorter than corolla tube; anthers exserted. Ovary
glabrous. Fruit globose, ca. 2 mm in diam. Fl. May-Jul, fr. 1a. Leaf blade narrowly lanceolate to lanceolate, apex
Jun-Aug. acuminate ................................................ 40a. var. brevipes
1b. Leaf blade obovate-elliptic to broadly ovate, apex
• Mountain slopes; 700–1000 m. Guangdong, S Jiangxi. acute ........................................................ 40b. var. obovata
38. Callicarpa tingwuensis Chang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 1: 40a. Callicarpa brevipes var. brevipes
302. 1951.
短柄紫珠 duan bing zi zhu
鼎湖紫珠 ding hu zi zhu
Callicarpa longifolia Lamarck var. brevipes Bentham, Fl.
Shrubs ca. 1 m tall. Branchlets yellowish brown stellate Hongk. 270. 1861; C. brevipes f. serrulata P'ei.
tomentose. Petiole 1–1.5 cm, stellate tomentose; leaf blade
Leaf blade narrowly lanceolate to lanceolate, 9–24 × 1–5
elliptic to oblong, 14–20 × 5–8.5 cm, abaxially stellate cm, base obtuse to rarely cuneate or slightly cordate, apex
tomentose, adaxially pubescent along veins, base broadly acuminate. Fl. Apr-Jun, fr. Jul-Oct.
cuneate to subrounded and slightly oblique, margin serrulate,
Mixed forests on mountain slopes; 600–1400 m. Guangdong,
apex acuminate, veins 10–12 pairs. Cymes 1.5–2.5 cm across, Guangxi, S Zhejiang [Vietnam].
yellowish brown stellate tomentose; peduncle ca. 5 mm; bracts
small. Pedicel ca. 1 mm. Calyx ca. 1 mm, truncate, outside 40b. Callicarpa brevipes var. obovata Chang, Acta
stellate tomentose. Corolla white, 3–4 mm, slightly puberulent. Phyto-tax. Sin. 1: 301. 1951.
Filaments shorter than corolla; anthers oblong, ca. 1.5 mm.
Ovary densely stellate tomentose. Style ca. 5 mm. Fruit ca. 3 倒卵叶短柄紫珠 dao luan ye duan bing zi zhu
mm in diam., stellate tomentose. Fl. May, fr. Sep-Oct. Leaf blade obovate-elliptic to broadly ovate, 6–16 ×
• Mixed forests on mountain slopes, 400–500 m. Guangdong 3.5–6 cm, base subcordate to rounded, apex acute. Fl. Apr-May,
(Dinghu Shan). fr. Oct-Nov.
Similar to Callicarpa brevipes and C. collina but differs from
both in having calyces, ovaries, and fruit stellate tomentose and • Mixed forests; 300–600 m. Guangdong, Hainan.
corollas slightly puberulent.
41. Callicarpa remotiserrulata Hayata, J. Coll. Sci. Imp.
39. Callicarpa randaiensis Hayata, J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Univ. Tokyo 30(1): 223. 1911.
Tokyo 30(1): 222. 1911.
疏齿紫珠 shu chi zi zhu
峦大紫珠 luan da zi zhu Callicarpa remotiflora Wei-Fang Lin & Jen-Li Wang.
Shrubs. Petioles and inflorescences stellate tomentose. Shrubs. Branchlets stellate pubescent when young,
Branchlets yellowish brown. Petiole 2–5 mm; leaf blade glabrescent. Petiole robust, 6–8 mm; leaf blade
lanceolate, 4–9 × 1–2(–3) cm, yellow glandular, abaxially oblong-lanceolate to oblong, 6–10 × 2–3 cm, subleathery,
stellate tomentose on veins, adaxially sparsely puberulent, base shiny, glabrous and glandular, base cuneate, margin sparsely
cuneate, margin serrate, apex acuminate, veins 6–9 pairs. serrulate, apex acuminate; veins 6–10 pairs, abaxially slightly
Cymes delicate, ca. 1.5 cm across; peduncle ca. 8 mm; bracts elevated. Cymes ca. 1.5 cm across; peduncle ca. 1.5 cm in fruit.
small, linear. Calyx cup-shaped, teeth obtusely triangular, Calyx cup-shaped, subtruncate to minutely 4-dentate, teeth
glabrous, yellow glandular. Corolla ca. 4 mm, glabrous, yellow obtusely triangular. Corolla white, ca. 3.5 mm. Anthers elliptic.
glandular. Filaments slightly longer than or equal to corolla; Fruit globose, ca. 2.5 mm in diam., glabrous. Fr. Dec.
anthers oblong. Ovary glabrous, yellow glandular. Style
slightly longer than stamens; stigma emarginate. Fruit globose, • Mountain slopes; 300–800 m. S Taiwan.
ca. 2 mm in diam. Fl. Jul, fr. Jul-Dec.
42. Callicarpa japonica Thunberg in Murray, Syst. Veg. ed.
• Mixed forests on mountain slopes; 1000–2500 m. Taiwan. 14, 153. 1784.
40. Callicarpa brevipes (Bentham) Hance, Ann. Sci. Nat. 日本紫珠 ri ben zi zhu
Bot., sér. 5, 5: 233. 1886.
Shrubs ca. 2 m tall. Branchlets terete, glabrous. Leaf blade
短柄紫珠 duan bing zi zhu elliptic, ovate, or obovate, 7–18 × 4–8 cm, glabrous, base
Shrubs 1–2.5 m tall. Branchlets obscurely 4-angled, cuneate, margin serrulate above middle, apex bluntly
yellow-brown stellate pubescent when young, glabrescent. caudate-acuminate to acute. Cymes delicate, ca. 2 cm across;
Petiole ca. 5 mm; leaf blade narrowly lanceolate, lanceolate, peduncle 6–10 mm. Calyx cup-shaped, teeth obtusely
obovate-elliptic, or broadly ovate, 6–24 × 1–6 cm, abaxially triangular. Corolla white or purplish, ca. 3 mm, glabrous.
stellate pubescent on veins and yellow glandular, adaxially Filaments equal or slightly longer than corolla tube; anthers ca.
glabrous, margin subentire to sparsely serrulate along apical 1.8 mm, exserted. Fruit globose, ca. 2.5 mm in diam. Fl.
part, apex acuminate or acute, veins 9–12 pairs. Cymes ca. 1.5 Jun-Jul, fr. Jul-Oct.
cm across; peduncle slender, subequal to slightly longer than 200–900 m. Anhui, Guizhou, Hebei, W Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu,
petioles. Flowers small, usually pendent. Calyx cup-shaped, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Shandong, E Sichuan, Taiwan, Zhejiang [Japan,
subtruncate to minutely 4-dentate. Corolla white, ca. 3.5 mm, Korea].
glabrous. Filaments nearly as long as corolla; anthers oblong, 1a. Peduncle equal or longer than petioles
 ................................................................... 42a. var. japonica 45. Callicarpa anisophylla C. Y. Wu ex W. Z. Fang in W. Z.
1b. Peduncle shorter than petioles ........ 42b. var. luxurians Fang, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 65(1): 210. 1982.

42a. Callicarpa japonica var. japonica 异叶紫珠 yi ye zi zhu

日本紫珠 ri ben zi zhu Subshrubs to shrubs, 30–100 cm tall. Branchlets terete,

sparsely yellowish gray stellate tomentose. Petiole less than 5
Callicarpa japonica f. kuruninsularis Masamune; C. mm; leaf blade linear-lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate,
taquetii H. Léveillé. usually oblique, 10–33 × 1.5–4.5 cm, membranous, abaxially
Petiole ca. 6 mm; leaf blade 7–12 × 4–6 cm. Fl. Jun-Jul, fr. glabrous and densely yellow glandular, adaxially pubescent
Aug-Oct. especially on midvein, base narrowly cuneate, margin
subentire to loosely serrulate, apex attenuate-acuminate, veins
Mixed forests on mountain slopes or in valleys; 200–900 m.
9–12 pairs. Cymes small, 5–10 mm across; peduncle ca. 3 mm,
Anhui, Guizhou, Hebei, W Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Liaoning, stellate tomentose, yellow glandular; bracts lanceolate. Pedicel
Shandong, E Sichuan, Taiwan, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea]. ca. 2 mm. Calyx cup-shaped, ca. 1.2 mm, teeth obtusely
triangular. Corolla white, ca. 3 mm. Filaments shorter than
42b. Callicarpa japonica var. luxurians Rehder in Sargent, corolla tube; anthers exserted, elliptic, ca. 1.5 mm, yellow
Pl. Wilson. 3: 369. 1916. glandular. Fruit elliptic to subglobose, ca. 2 mm in diam. Fl.
and fr. Jun-Aug.
朝鲜紫珠 chao xian zi zhu
• Dense forests on mountain slopes; 900–1300 m. Guangxi,
Callicarpa australis Koidzumi. Guizhou.
Petiole 1.5–2 cm; leaf blade 12–18 × 6–8 cm. Peduncle 46. Callicarpa lingii Merrill, J. Arnold Arbor. 8: 16. 1927.
shorter than petioles. Flowers smaller than in var. japonica. Fl.
Jun, fr. Jul-Oct. 光叶紫珠 guang ye zi zhu
Sparse forests; 200–400 m. Taiwan (Lanyu Dao) [Japan, Korea]. Shrubs ca. 1.5 m tall. Branchlets purplish brown, 4-angled,
sparsely stellate pubescent when young, becoming terete,
43. Callicarpa membranacea Chang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 1: grayish brown, and glabrous. Petiole very short to leaf
306. 1951. subsessile; leaf blade narrowly elliptic to obovate-elliptic,
窄叶紫珠 zhai ye zi zhu narrowing below middle, 13–18 × 3–5 cm, glabrous or
adaxially puberulent, abaxially densely small yellow glandular,
Callicarpa japonica var. angustata Rehder. base subcordate, margin subentire to serrulate, apex acuminate
Shrubs ca. 2 m tall. Petiole less than 5 mm; leaf blade to acute, veins 10–12 pairs. Cymes slender, ca. 2.5 cm across,
purplish green, lanceolate to oblanceolate, 6–10 × 2–3(–4) cm, yellowish brown stellate pubescent; peduncle 4–8 mm; bracts
papery, often glabrous, obscurely glandular, margin serrate linear-lanceolate. Calyx cup-shaped, ca. 2 mm, minutely
above middle, veins 6–8 pairs. Cymes ca. 1.5 cm across; 4-dentate to subtruncate, glabrous or sparsely stellate
peduncle less than 6 mm. Calyx subtruncate. Corolla ca. 3.5 pubescent. Corolla purple, ca. 4 mm, subglabrous. Filaments
mm. Fruit ca. 3 mm in diam. shorter than corolla; anthers ca. 1.5 mm, oblong. Style slightly
longer than stamens. Fruit obovate to ovate, ca. 2.5 mm in
• Forest thickets on mountain slopes or in valleys; below 1300 m. diam., yellow glandular. Fl. Jun, fr. Jul-Oct.
Anhui, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu,
Jiangxi, Shaanxi, E Sichuan, Zhejiang. • Mountain slopes; 300 m. S Anhui, Jiangxi, Zhejiang.
44. Callicarpa kwangtungensis Chun, Sunyatsenia 1: 302. 47. Callicarpa oligantha Merrill, Philipp. J. Sci. 13: 155.
1934. 1918.
广东紫珠 guang dong zi zhu 罗浮紫珠 luo fu zi zhu
Shrubs ca. 2 m tall. Branchlets purplish, sparsely stellate Shrubs 2–3 m tall, slender. Branchlets sparsely stellate
tomentose when young, becoming yellowish gray and glabrous. pilose when young, becoming terete, grayish, and glabrous or
Petiole 5–8 mm; leaf blade narrowly linear-lanceolate, subglabrous. Petiole ca. 2 mm; leaf blade narrowly lanceolate,
elliptic-lanceolate, or lanceolate, 15–26 × 3–5 cm, base 6–12 × 0.8–1.5 cm, papery, abaxially glabrous except stellate
cuneate, usually glabrous, abaxially densely small yellow pilose along midvein when young and grayish glandular,
glandular, margin serrulate above middle, apex acuminate; adaxially dark brownish green, smooth, shiny, glabrous, and
veins 12–15 pairs, glabrous. Cymes 3–5-branched, many without glands, base cuneate, margin distinctly serrate along
flowered, 2–3 cm across, sparsely stellate tomentose; peduncle apical 2/3, apex acuminate to acute, veins 7–9 pairs. Cymes 2-
5–8 mm. Calyx with obtusely triangular teeth, slightly stellate or 3-flowered; peduncle obsolete to ca. 2 mm. Fruiting pedicel
tomentose when young, glabrescent. Corolla white or purplish, more than 4 mm. Fruit dark brown when dry, subglobose to
ca. 4 mm, slightly stellate tomentose. Filaments shorter than or globose, 3–3.5 mm in diam., glabrous.
equal to corolla; anthers oblong. Ovary glabrous, yellow
glandular. Fruit ca. 3 mm in diam., yellow glandular. Fl. • Thickets along stream banks; 900 m. Guangdong (Loufu
Shan).
Jun-Jul, fr. Aug-Oct.
Related to Callicarpa membranacea and C. brevipes but differs
• Mixed forests; 300–1600 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, in having inflorescences simple with only 2 or 3 flowers and longer
Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Yunnan, Zhejiang. pedicels.
Similar to Callicarpa membranacea but differs in having longer
leaf blades with abaxial small dense yellow glands and having larger 48. Callicarpa peichieniana Chun & S. L. Chen in W. Z.
cymes. Fang, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 65(1): 78. 1982.
钩毛紫珠 gou mao zi zhu
 Premna peii Chun ex Chang (1960), not Callicarpa peii bracts linear. Pedicel capillary, ca. 4 mm. Calyx cup-shaped, ca.
Chang (1951). 1.5 mm, truncate, yellow glandular. Filaments equal or slightly
Shrubs ca. 2 m tall, pubescent with strongly curved stem longer than corolla; anthers oblong. Ovary globose, glabrous,
hairs. Branchlets terete, slender, densely strigose yellow densely glandular. Style longer than stamens. Fruit purple,
glandular. Petiole very short to leaf subsessile; leaf blade globose, ca. 4 mm in diam.; pyrenes 4. Fl. Jun-Jul, fr.
ovate-elliptic to ovate, 2.5–6 × 1–3 cm, glabrous and densely Aug-Nov.
yellow glandular, base cuneate to subrounded, margin serrulate
above middle, apex acuminate to caudate-acuminate; veins 4 • Mixed forests; 200–700 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan.
or 5 pairs, reticulate veins obscure. Cymes simple, rarely Included in Callicarpa because of its axillary inflorescences,
dichotomous, (1–)3(–7)-flowered; peduncle capillary, 1–2 cm; actinomorphic corollas, 4 equal stamens, capitate stigmas, etc.

7. HYMENOPYRAMIS Wallich ex Griffith in McClelland, Calcutta J. Nat. Hist. 3: 365. 1842.

膜萼藤属 mo e teng shu
Shrubs, climbing, or small trees. Leaves opposite. Inflorescences terminal or axillary irregular thyrses. Calyx minutely
4-dentate in flower. Corolla nearly funnelform; lobes 4, unequal, spreading. Stamens 4, inserted at corolla throat; anthers ovate,
dehiscing by longitudinal slits. Ovary 2-locular; ovules 2 per locule. Style exserted; stigma 2-cleft. Fruiting calyx tube greatly
inflated, bladderlike, translucently membranous, with reticulate veins, teeth remaining minute. Fruit a globose schizocarp.
About six species: chiefly in SE Asia, one species in China.

1. Hymenopyramis cana Craib, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew midvein, base cuneate to rounded-cuneate, margin entire, apex
1922: 240. 1922. acuminate, veins abaxially prominent. Inflorescences terminal,
膜萼藤 mo e teng densely clustered rounded thyrses; basal peduncles over 1 cm.
Flowers minute. Calyx ca. 1.3 mm at anthesis, densely
Shrubs, straggling to climbing; most parts with a mixture canescent. Corolla tube ca. 1 mm, lobes ca. 2 mm. Fruiting
of short gland–tipped hairs and longer slender whitish hairs. calyx pale brown, ca. 1 cm. Fruit ca. 4 mm, minutely hirsute.
Branchlets 4-angled, lenticellate. Petiole 6–10 mm; leaf blade
elliptic-ovate to ovate, rarely lanceolate or obovate, 9–16 × Mountain slopes; 100–500 m. Hainan (Dongang Xian and
5.5–7.5 cm, papery to subleathery, abaxially grayish when dry Changjiang Xian) [Thailand].
and tomentose, adaxially brown when dry and pubescent on

8. TECTONA Linnaeus f., Suppl. Pl. 151. 1781 (publ. 1782), nom. cons.
柚木属 you mu shu
Trees, tall, deciduous. Indumentum stellate. Leaves large, opposite or whorled, petiolate. Panicles terminal, with many
dichotomous cymes; bracts small, narrow, early deciduous. Calyx campanulate, tube short, lobes spreading. Stamens 5 or 6,
inserted on apical part of tube, exserted; anthers dehiscing by longitudinal slits. Ovary 4-locular; ovule 1 per locule. Stigma 2-cleft.
Fruit enclosed in enlarged persistent calyx, endocarp bony, exocarp thin. Seeds oblong.
About three species: mainly in India, Malaysia, Myanmar, and Philippines; one species introduced and sometimes naturalized in tropical and
subtropical China.

1. Tectona grandis Linnaeus f., Suppl. Pl. 151. 1781. (publ. 7–12 pairs. Panicles 25–40 × 30 cm. Flowers fragrant. Calyx
1782). tube 2.5–3 mm, with white stellate hairs. Corolla white; tube
2.5–3 mm, outside puberulent glandular; lobes ca. 2 mm,
柚木 you mu obtuse. Ovary strigose. Style 3–4 mm. Fruit globose, 1.2–1.8
Trees to 40 m tall. Branchlets gray to grayish brown, cm in diam., minutely tomentose. Fl. Jun-Aug, fr. Sep-Dec.
4-angled, yellowish to grayish brown stellate tomentose.
Petiole robust, 2–4 cm; leaf blade ovate-elliptic to ovate, Cultivated and sometimes naturalized; below 900 m. Fujian,
15–45(–70) × 8–23(–37) cm, papery, abaxially densely Guangdong, Guangxi, Taiwan, Yunnan [native to India, Indonesia,
grayish brown to yellowish brown minutely stellate tomentose, Malaysia, and Myanmar].
adaxially scabrous and puberulent along veins, base cuneate Medicinal, timber.
and de-current, margin entire, apex acuminate to obtuse, veins

9. PREMNA Linnaeus, Mant. Pl. 154. 1771, nom. cons.

豆腐柴属 dou fu chai shu
Pygmaeopremna Merrill.
Trees, shrubs, or subshrubs, erect or rarely climbing. Branches usually terete, usually with round or elliptic yellowish
glandular lenticels. Leaves simple, opposite, margin entire or 3–5-crenate. Inflorescences terminal trichotomous panicles, leaf
opposed cymes, clusters, paniculate corymbs, or spikelike thyrses. Flowers small. Calyx ± cup-shaped or campanulate, truncate,
sinuately dentate, or rarely long dentate, teeth equal or clearly 2-lipped. Corolla with a short tube; lobes 4 or obscurely 5, spreading,
subequal to clearly 2-lipped. Stamens 4, often didynamous, shorter than corolla or sometimes slightly exserted. Ovary (2- or)
4-locular; ovules 1 (or 2) per locule, pendulous or laterally attached. Style capillary; stigma 2-cleft. Fruit a small drupe, usually with
a 4-locular pyrene.
About 200 species: Old World tropics and subtropics, 46 species in China.

1a. Suffrutescent herbs with a woody rhizome; ovary 2-locular .................................................................................... 46. P. herbacea
1b. Trees or shrubs; ovary 4-locular.
2a. Inflorescences spikelike or racemelike thyrses; calyx lips entire or upper lip slightly emarginate.

3a. Inflorescences racemelike thyrses with pedunculate cymes ........................................................................... 43. P. racemosa
3b. Inflorescences spikelike thyrses with sessile cymes.
4a. Shrubs; leaf blade papery; bracts ca. 10 mm ................................................................................................. 44. P. interrupta
4b. Trees; leaf blade subleathery; bracts ca. 5 mm .............................................................................................. 45. P. bracteata
2b. Inflorescences compound cymes; calyx not 2-lipped or if 2-lipped then lips dentate or lobed.
5a. Calyx 4-dentate or subtruncate, not indistinctly 2-lipped.
6a. Leaf blade leathery or thickly papery, both surfaces glabrous.
7a. Erect trees or shrubs; leaf blade thickly papery, veins elevated on both surfaces ............................ 37. P. scoriarum
7b. Plants climbing; leaf blade leathery, veins abaxially obscure or only slightly distinct ..................... 38. P. scandens
6b. Leaf blade papery or submembranous, pubescent.
8a. Branches gray-yellow; leaf blade base rounded or truncate .................................................................. 34. P. fohaiensis
8b. Branches brown to black-brown; leaf blade base cuneate to subrounded.
9a. Leaf blade broadly ovate to ovate-lanceolate, papery .................................................................... 35. P. szemaoensis
9b. Leaf blade narrowly elliptic to elliptic, submembranous ............................................................... 36. P. paisehensis
5b. Calyx 5-dentate, 5-lobed, or distinctly 2-lipped.
10a. Calyx distinctly 2-lipped.
11a. Calyx lower lip emarginate, upper lip with 3 minute emergences ................................................... 42. P. laevigata
11b. Calyx lower lip subentire to shortly 3-lobed, upper lip emarginate or 2-dentate.
12a. Calyx 4–5 mm.
13a. Base of leaf blade cuneate to decurrent ......................................................................................... 8. P. confinis
13b. Base of leaf blade rounded to somewhat cordate ...................................................................... 39. P. odorata
12b. Calyx 1.5–3 mm.
14a. Lower lip of calyx subentire to slightly 2-dentate; corolla yellow or white ................. 41. P. hainanensis
14b. Lower lip of calyx subentire to 3-dentate; corolla greenish yellow ................................ 40. P. serratifolia
10b. Calyx not 2-lipped, actinomorphic (calyx nearly 2-lipped in P. confinis).
15a. Cymes in a lax conical panicle.
16a. Branchlets, leaves, and petioles with stellate hairs ...................................................................... 1. P. pyramidata
16b. Branchlets, leaves, and petioles without stellate hairs.
17a. Leaf blade base narrow cuneate or decurrent.
18a. Evergreen; leaf blade leathery, adaxially dark yellow glandular; calyx nearly 2-lipped
............................................................................................................................................................. 8. P. confinis
18b. Deciduous; leaf blade papery, adaxially without glands; calyx equally 5-dentate.
19a. Leaf blade margin serrate or entire; corolla ca. 7–9 mm ...................................... 3. P. microphylla
19b. Leaf blade margin entire or 3–5-crenate; corolla 3–5 mm ................................... 4. P. ligustroides
17b. Leaf blade base cuneate or subcordate.
20a. Inflorescence branches not scorpioid; flowers usually persistent.
21a. Leaf blade pubescent, without glands or with minute inconspicuous glands; branchlets
horizontal .............................................................................................................................. 2. P. puberula
21b. Leaf blade subglabrous on both surfaces, abaxially brownish red glandular; branches
ascending ............................................................................................................................ 5. P. sunyiensis
20b. Inflorescence branches often scorpioid; flowers usually deciduous but pedicel usually
persistent.
22a. Shrubs, usually climbing; panicles 2–5 cm wide ............................................................... 9. P. fordii
22b. Shrubs or trees, usually erect; panicles 8–15 cm wide.
23a. Leaf blade 9–15 × 5–9 cm; petiole 2–5 cm; branchlets puberulent when young;
panicles always conical ............................................................................................ 6. P. cavaleriei
23b. Leaf blade 5–9 × 3–4 cm; petiole (0.1–)0.2–0.3 cm; branchlets tomentellous when
young; panicles often rounded ................................................................................ 7. P. chevalieri
15b. Cymes in a lax flat-topped corymb or dense capitulum.
24a. Cymes in a lax flat-topped corymb.
25a. Leaf blade densely pubescent or pilose on 1 or both surfaces.
26a. Flowers dusty yellow ................................................................................................................ 14. P. latifolia
26b. Flowers white to greenish or yellowish green.
27a. Leaf pairs equal ............................................................................................................ 18. P. tapintzeana
27b. Leaf pairs unequal.
28a. Leaves, branchlets, and petioles densely villous ........................................................ 16. P. fulva
 28b. Leaves, branchlets, and petioles pilose.
29a. Branchlets with white lenticels; inflorescences 6–17 cm across; stamens
didynamous, exserted ....................................................................................... 15. P. flavescens
29b. Branchlets with yellow lenticels; inflorescences less than 6 cm across; stamens
subequal, included .................................................................................................. 19. P. crassa
25b. Leaf blade adaxially glabrous or subglabrous except for pubescent veins.
30a. Leaf blade leathery .................................................................................................................. 12. P. maclurei
30b. Leaf blade papery or membranous.
31a. Leaf blade membranous, abaxially sparsely white or yellow glandular; stamens
subequal; ovary apex white glandular ................................................................ 17. P. straminicaulis
31b. Leaf blade papery, abaxially without glands; stamens didynamous; ovary glabrous,
without glands.
32a. Erect shrubs or trees; leaves black when dry.
33a. Leaf blade 3–4(–5) cm wide; panicles to 25 cm .......................................... 7. P. chevalieri
33b. Leaf blade 5–6 cm wide; panicles 3–7 cm ................................................. 13. P. octonervia
32b. Climbing shrubs; leaves dark green, brownish, or dark brown when dry.
34a. Leaf blade ovate, oblong, or rarely obovate, dark green or brownish when dry;
bracts lanceolate ................................................................................................. 11. P. puerensis
34b. Leaf blade broadly ovate to elliptic, dark brown when dry; bracts awl-shaped
........................................................................................................................... 10. P. subscandens
24b. Cymes in a dense capitulum.
35a. Leaf blade and calyx red, purple-red, or orange glandular.
36a. Leaf blade and calyx red or purple-red glandular; calyx lobes less than half the calyx.
37a. Leaf blade purple-red glandular on both surfaces; corolla violet to pinkish, 4.5–5 mm
.............................................................................................................................................. 20. P. glandulosa
37b. Leaf blade deep red glandular abaxially; corolla nearly orange, ca. 6 mm ......... 21. P. henryana
36b. Leaf blade and calyx orange glandular; calyx lobes more than half the calyx.
38a. Calyx teeth linear-lanceolate; ovary pilose, apically white glandular; leaf blade 1.5 cm
wide ....................................................................................................................................... 22. P. punicea
38b. Calyx teeth narrowly triangular; ovary glabrous, without glands; leaf blade 2–4 cm
wide ....................................................................................................................... 23. P. rubroglandulosa
35b. Leaf blade and calyx yellow glandular.
39a. Corolla white, yellow, to greenish.
40a. Leaf blade cordate .............................................................................................................. 31. P. velutina
40b. Leaf blade ovate-lanceolate, to rounded.
41a. Corolla tube glabrous outside; ovary glabrous ............................................. 29. P. mekongensis
41b. Corolla tube pubescent outside; ovary pubescent.
42a. Leaf blade broadly ovate to rounded; petiole ca. 3 mm ...................................... 32. P. tenii
42b. Leaf blade ovate to ovate-oblong; petiole 4–10 mm .............................. 33. P. subcapitata
39b. Corolla pinkish, purple, rose, or rose red.
43a. Leaf blade abaxially densely pubescent ................................................................ 30. P. yunnanensis
43b. Leaf blade abaxially sparsely pubescent.
44a. Calyx equal to or shorter than fruit; corolla pinkish.
45a. Leaf blade 2–6 cm wide, ovate, base cordate; ovary glabrous; calyx shorter than
fruit ...................................................................................................................... 24. P. urticifolia
45b. Leaf blade 0.3–1.1 cm wide, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, base cuneate to
rounded; ovary sparsely pubescent; calyx as long as fruit ..................... 25. P. parvilimba
44b. Calyx longer than fruit; corolla purple, rose, or rose red.
46a. Ovary sparsely pubescent; calyx teeth linear to linear-lanceolate ............... 28. P. acutata
46b. Ovary glabrous; calyx teeth lanceolate or triangular-lanceolate.
47a. Leaf blade 1.5–3.5 cm; petiole 4–5 mm; inflorescences 12-flowered
.......................................................................................................................... 26. P. steppicola
47b. Leaf blade (2.5–)5–6 cm; petiole 1–2 mm; inflorescences 2–4(–6)-flowered
........................................................................................................................... 27. P. oligantha

1. Premna pyramidata Wallich ex Schauer in A. de margin entire, apex acuminate to acute. Panicles 6–8 × 3.5–4
Can-dolle, Prodr. 11: 633. 1847. cm; peduncle 1.5–2.5 cm, with stellate hairs; bracts linear, less
than 5 mm. Calyx campanulate, 5-dentate, outside stellate
塔序豆腐柴 ta xu dou fu chai
pubescent; teeth subequal, very short, obtusely triangular.
Shrubs or small trees, ca. 6 m tall, erect. Branchlets with Corolla slightly 2-lipped, lower lip usually 3-lobed, upper lip
sparsely stellate hairs when young, glabrescent. Petiole 1.5–3.5 rounded to emarginate, outside with stellate hairs, villous in
cm, 4-angled, with stellate hairs; leaf blade oblong, elliptic, or throat. Stamens 4, didynamous. Style 3–4 mm. Fruit globose,
oblong-ovate, 7.5–15 × 4–7 cm, papery, with stellate hairs and 3–5 mm in diam. Fl. and fr. Jul-Sep.
yellow glands along veins, base broadly cuneate to rounded, Thickets or forests on mountain slopes or along river banks;
300–600 m. Guangdong [India, Myanmar].
2. Premna puberula Pampanini, Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital., n.s., Shrubs, erect. Branchlets pubescent when young,
17: 701. 1910. glabrescent. Leaves sessile or short petiolate with a winged
petiole; leaf blade ovate-lanceolate, elliptic, ovate, or obovate,
狐臭柴 hu xiu chai 3–13 × 1.5–6 cm, subglabrous to pubescent, base narrowly
Shrubs or small trees, erect to slightly climbing. cuneate, margin entire or lobed to sometimes serrulate, apex
Branchlets green when young, becoming brown. Petiole long acuminate to acute. Inflorescences conical panicles.
(0.5–)1–2(–3.5) cm; leaf blade brown when dry, Calyx green and slightly purplish, cup-shaped, subequally
oblong-elliptic, ovate-elliptic, or ovate, 2.5–11 × 1.5–5.5 cm, 5-dentate, densely pubescent to subglabrous. Corolla yellowish,
papery, base cuneate, rounded, or slightly cordate, margin (6.5–)7(–9) mm, outside puberulent and glandular, inside
entire, apex caudate to acute, reticulate veins abaxially distinct. pilose especially at throat. Fruit purple, globose to obovate. Fl.
Panicles 4–14 × 2–9 cm, subglabrous to puberulent; bracts and fr. May-Oct.
linear to lanceolate. Calyx cup-shaped, 1.5–2.5 mm, outside Mixed forests on mountain slopes; 200–1000 m. Anhui, Fujian,
pubescent and yellow glandular; teeth 5, minute, triangular, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Henan, Hubei, Hunan,
ciliate. Corolla white, yellowish, orange, purple, or brown Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan].
striate, 5–7 mm, tube 2.5–4 mm, slightly 2-lipped, villous in The species is extremely variable in leaf characters.
throat, lower lip 3-lobed; upper lip rounded to emarginate,
outside densely glandular. Stamens slightly exserted; filaments 4. Premna ligustroides Hemsley, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 26: 256.
glabrous. Ovary glabrous, apically glandular. Style shorter 1890.
than stamens. Fruit purple-black, obovate. Fl. and fr. May-Sep. 臭黄荆 xiu huang jing
• 700–1800 m. Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Shrubs 1–3 m tall. Branches many, slender, pubescent
Hubei, Hunan, S Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan. when young. Leaves subsessile to short petiolate; leaf blade
lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 1.5–8 × 1–3 cm, pilose,
The two Chinese varieties are rather poorly differentiated;
however, there does appear to be a good correlation within the material abaxially purple-red glandular, base cuneate, margin entire or
available between flower color and flower size. Plants with white coarsely 3–5-dentate, apex acuminate to acute. Panicles
corollas have tubes less than 3 mm, whereas those with yellow corollas 2–7.5 × 1–4.5 cm, pilose. Calyx cup-shaped, ca. 2 mm, nearly
or yellow marked with brown have tubes 2.4–4 mm. This distinction 2-lipped, 5-dentate, outside puberulent and glandular, inside
merits further investigation.
sparsely glandular. Corolla yellow, 3–5 mm, nearly 2-lipped,
1a. Branchlets pilose when young, glabrescent; 4-lobed; lower lip with 3 slightly unequal lobes and narrower
petioles glabrous ................................... 2a. var. puberula than upper lip, both surfaces velvety and yellow glandular.
1b. Branchlets densely pubescent; petioles densely Ovary glabrous, glandular. Style ca. 4 mm. Fruit globose,
pubescent ................................................ 2b. var. bodinieri 2.5–5 × 2.5–4 mm, apically glandular. Fl. and fr. May-Jul.
• Mixed forests; 500–1000 m. Guizhou, Hubei, Jiangxi, Sichuan.
2a. Premna puberula var. puberula
Medicinal.
狐臭柴 hu xiu chai
5. Premna sunyiensis P'ei, Mem. Sci. Soc. China 1(3): 84.
Premna martinii H. Léveillé; P. subcordata Nakai. 1932.
Branchlets pilose when young, glabrescent. Petiole 塘虱角 tang shi jiao
glabrous; leaf blade subglabrous to pubescent on both surfaces.
Shrubs 1–2 m tall, erect to climbing; branches, petioles,
Fl. and fr. May-Aug.
and inflorescences brownish and dark gray velvety. Petiole
• Mixed forests; 700–1800 m. Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, 0.6–2 cm; leaf blade ovate-lanceolate to ovate, 3–7.5 × 1–4.5
Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, S Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan. cm, papery, both surfaces subglabrous, abaxially brownish red
Medicinal. glandular, base cuneate to subrounded, margin entire, apex
acuminate; veins 3–5 pairs, abaxially prominent. Panicles
2b. Premna puberula var. bodinieri (H. Léveillé) C. Y. Wu 5–12 × 2.5–4 cm; bracts linear to linear-lanceolate, 2–6 mm,
& S. Y. Pao, Fl. Yunnan. 1: 422. 1977. velvety. Calyx ca. 1.5 mm, slightly 5-dentate, outside brown
glandular and pubescent when young but glabrescent, inside
毛狐臭柴 mao hu xiu chai glabrous. Corolla yellow, tube ca. 7 mm; lower lip 3-lobed,
Premna bodinieri H. Léveillé, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni middle lobe 1.5–2 mm, longer than lateral lobes; upper lip
Veg. 10: 440. 1912. emarginate, white villous in throat. Anthers brown. Ovary
glabrous, apically brown glandular. Fruit dark red, obovate, ca.
Young branchlets, both leaf surfaces, petioles, and 4 mm in diam., brown glandular. Fl. and fr. May-Oct.
inflorescences densely pubescent. Fl. and fr. May-Sep.
• Mixed thickets on mountain slopes; 300–700 m. Guangdong
• Thickets on mountain slopes in calcareous soil; 700–1800 m. (Ruyuan Xian).
W Guangxi, Guizhou, SE Yunnan. Medicinal.

3. Premna microphylla Turczaninow, Bull. Soc. Imp. 6. Premna cavaleriei H. Léveillé, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni
Nat-uralistes Moscou 36(3): 217. 1863. Veg. 10: 439. 1912.
豆腐柴 dou fu chai 黄药 huang yao
Premna formosana Maximowicz; P. japonica Miquel; P. Clerodendrum elachistanthum Merrill ex H. L. Li.
microphylla var. glabra Nakai. Trees 4–9 m tall; bark pale gray. Branches red-brown,
terete, with small elliptic lenticels, densely tomentellous when
young, glabrescent. Petiole 2–5 cm, sparsely velvety to 长序臭黄荆 chang xu xiu huang jing
subglabrous; leaf blade ovate to ovate-elliptic, 9–15 × (3.5–)
5–9 cm, thinly papery, both surfaces sparsely pubescent to Shrubs, erect to climbing. Petiole 0.5–2 mm; leaf blade
subglabrous, abaxially obscurely glandular, base broadly ovate-oblong to ovate, 4–11 × 3–4.5 cm, papery, abaxially
cuneate, rounded, truncate, or subcordate, margin entire, apex dark yellow glandular, base truncate to subcordate, margin
acuminate to obtuse. Inflorescences paniculate cymes, entire or sparsely serrate above middle, apex long acuminate.
11–32 × 8–15 cm; branches trichotomous. Calyx campanulate, Panicles 2.5–17 × 2–5 cm. Calyx cup-shaped, 1–2 mm,
1–2.5 mm, slightly 2-lipped, outside pubescent and obscurely slightly 2-lipped, 5-dentate, upper teeth obtuse, outside
glandular; teeth 5, obtuse, triangular. Corolla yellowish, pubescent or glabrous and small yellow glandular. Corolla
slightly 2-lipped, 4-lobed, outside pubescent and glandular; yellow or white, (3–)8 mm, tube slender, outside minutely
tube 2–3 mm, villous in throat. Ovary glabrous, apically tomentose or glabrous and glandular, inside glabrous except
densely yellow glandular. Fruit ovate-globose, ca. 2 mm in white villous at throat. Filaments glabrous. Ovary glabrous,
diam. Fl. and fr. May-Jul. apically yellow glandular. Style ca. 5.5 mm. Fruit subglobose,
ca. 4 mm in diam. Fl. and fr. May-Jul.
• Mixed forests on mountain slopes; 800 m. Guangdong,
Guangxi, Guizhou, E Hunan, W Jiangxi. • 1000–1200 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan.
1a. Calyx pubescent; corolla minutely tomentose
7. Premna chevalieri Dop, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 70: 445.
.......................................................................... 9a. var. fordii
1923.
1b. Calyx and corolla glabrous ..................... 9b. var. glabra
尖叶豆腐柴 jian ye dou fu chai
Premna acuminatissima Merrill. 9a. Premna fordii var. fordii
Shrubs or trees, 2–5 m tall. Branchlets brown, terete, 长序臭黄荆 chang xu xiu huang jing
puberulent when young, glabrescent. Petiole slender, (1–) Premna stenantha Merrill.
2.5–3 mm, pubescent; leaf blade elliptic-ovate to ovate, 5–9 ×
3–4(–5) cm, papery to subleathery, shiny, glabrous or abaxially Leaf blade 4–8.5 cm. Panicles 2.5–10 cm. Calyx outside
puberulent, base cuneate to rounded and usually oblique, pubescent. Corolla outside minutely tomentose.
margin entire or obscurely serrulate near base, apex acuminate • Forests or along streams; 1000–1200 m. Guangdong, Guangxi,
to caudate; veins 4 or 5 pairs, elevated on both surfaces. Hainan.
Inflorescences lax panicles, 25 × 10 cm, puberulent. Calyx ca.
1 mm, slightly 2-lipped, glandular; teeth 5, minute, nearly 9b. Premna fordii var. glabra S. L. Chen, Fl. Reipubl.
triangular. Corolla ca. 5 mm, outside puberulent and glandular, Pop-ularis Sin. 65(1): 211. 1982.
villous in throat, slightly 2-lipped; lower lip 3-lobed, lobes
subrounded; upper lip subrounded, entire, Stamens nearly as 无毛臭黄荆 wu mao xiu huang jing
long as corolla; anthers subglobose. Ovary glabrous, glandular. Leaf blade to 11 cm. Panicles to 17 cm. Calyx and corolla
Style ca. 5 mm, sparsely glandular. Fruit black, (4.5–)5 mm in outside glabrous.
diam.
• Dense forests; 1000–1200 m. Guangxi (Dongxing Xian).
Mixed forests on mountain slopes; 800–1100 m. Hainan, SE
Yunnan [Laos, Vietnam].
10. Premna subscandens Merrill, Philipp. J. Sci. 1 (Suppl.):
8. Premna confinis P'ei & S. L. Chen ex C. Y. Wu, Fl. 230. 1906.
Yun-nan. 1: 437. 1977.
攀援臭黄荆 pan yuan xiu huang jing
滇桂豆腐柴 dian gui dou fu chai
Shrubs, climbing, 3–5 m tall; petioles and inflorescences
Shrubs or small trees, 1.5–6 m tall, evergreen. Branchlets sparsely yellow-brown pubescent when young, becoming gray
brown, terete, with dotted or linear lenticels, glabrous, densely and glabrous. Branchlets grayish green. Petiole 1–4 cm; leaf
scurfy glandular. Petiole 2–4 cm, densely glandular; leaf blade blade dark brown when dry, elliptic to broadly ovate, 6–13.4 ×
oblong, lanceolate, or rarely elliptic, 9–16 × 3.5–8 cm, leathery, 4–7 cm, papery, subglabrous to pilose on veins, base broadly
adaxially glabrous and dark brown when dry, both surfaces truncate-rounded to subcordate, margin entire or irregularly
dark yellow glandular, base cuneate to decurrent, margin entire serrulate, apex acuminate to acute; veins 3–6 pairs, ± 3-veined
or repaned, apex acute to acuminate; veins 6 or 7 pairs, near base. Inflorescences 2–6 × 5–8 cm, branches
abaxially elevated. Panicles large and lax, ca. 20 cm, branches dichotomous or trichotomous; bracts awl-shaped, 3–6 mm,
trichotomous; peduncle 1–3.5 cm; bracts 3–6(–12) mm. Calyx both surfaces pubescent. Calyx campanulate, 2–3 mm, slightly
4–5 mm, papery, nearly 2-lipped, lower lip 3-dentate, upper lip 2-lipped, 5-dentate, outside pubescent. Corolla white, ca. 4 mm,
2-dentate, both surfaces glabrous and glandular. Corolla slightly 2-lipped, 4-lobed, outside densely pubescent
yellow or white, ca. 8 mm, outside glabrous and densely especially apically, villous in throat with hairs usually slightly
glandular, densely villous in throat, 2-lipped; lower lip 3-lobed, exserted, lower lip 3-lobed, upper lip entire or emarginate.
ciliate; upper lip entire or emarginate. Filaments glabrous, Stamens exserted. Ovary glabrous, glandular. Fruit globose, ca.
slightly exserted; anthers dark brown. Ovary obovate, glabrous, 4 mm in diam. Fl. and fr. Apr-Jul.
apically glandular. Fruit purple-red, ca. 3 mm in diam., slightly
Mountain slopes; 400–800 m. Hainan [Philippines].
tubercular, glandular.
• Mixed forests; 600 m. W Guangxi, SE Yunnan. 11. Premna puerensis Y. Y. Qian, Guihaia 11: 123. 1991.
9. Premna fordii Dunn, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew, Add. Ser. 普洱豆腐柴 pu er dou fu chai
10: 203. 1912.
 Shrubs, climbing, ca. 2 m tall; petioles and when young, glabrescent. Corolla ca. 4 mm, slightly 2-lipped,
inflores-cences pubescent when young, glabrescent. 4-lobed; lower lip 3-lobed, lobes subequal or middle lobe
Branchlets subterete, grooved. Petiole 0.8–2 cm; leaf blade slightly longer; upper lip entire or emarginate, outside
oblong, ovate, or rarely obovate, 3–8 × 2–4 cm, papery, subglabrous, long villous in throat with hairs usually exserted.
abaxially dark green but becoming brownish when dry, Ovary glabrous, without glands. Style longer than stamens.
adaxially dark green and glabrescent but pubescent along Fruit obovate to globose, 3–5 × 3–4 mm, tuberculate. Fl. and fr.
midvein, base broadly cuneate to rounded, margin entire or Aug-Nov.
irregularly serrate, apex acuminate to acute, veins 4–6 pairs.
Inflorescences corymbose cymes, 2–4 × 3–4 cm, dichotomous • Mixed forests on mountain slopes or in open places; 200–800
m. Hainan.
or trichotomous; bracts lanceolate, 5–6 mm, both surfaces
pubescent. Calyx campanulate, 1.5–2 mm, slightly 2-lipped;
lobes 5, pubescent. Corolla greenish, 3.8–4 mm, slightly 14. Premna latifolia Roxburgh, Fl. Ind. ed. 1832, 3: 76. 1832.
2-lipped; lower lip 3-lobed, middle lobe longest; upper lip 大叶豆腐柴 da ye dou fu chai
emarginate. Stamens inserted at corolla throat; filaments
Shrubs or small trees. Branchlets dark brown, striate,
basally villous. Style slightly longer than stamens. Fl. Jun.
pubescent when young, subglabrescent. Petiole 1–2 cm, yellow
• Thickets on mountain slopes; 1400 m. Yunnan (Puer Xian). pilose; leaf blade ovate-oblong, ovate, subrounded, or cordate,
5–20 × 4–10 cm, papery, abaxially densely yellow pilose, base
Allied to Premna subscandens and P. puberula but differs from cuneate, rounded, or cordate, apex acuminate to obtuse; veins
the former in having leaf blades oblong, ovate, or rarely obovate and 5–8 pairs, reticulate veins obscure. Inflorescences 3–6 × 4–8
bracts lanceolate, and from the latter in having corymbose cymes,
calyces campanulate, and calyx lobes obtuse. cm, densely pubescent; bracts linear, 1–3 mm, deciduous.
Calyx ca. 2 mm, slightly 2-lipped, 5-dentate, outside minutely
12. Premna maclurei Merrill, Lingnan Sci. J. 6: 330. 1928. hirsute, inside glabrous. Corolla dusty yellow, slightly 2-lipped,
5-lobed, outside puberulent, villous in throat. Stamens equal or
弯毛臭黄荆 wan mao xiu huang jing longer than style, exserted; anthers black. Fruit black,
tuberculate, glabrous. Fl. late spring to summer.
Shrubs, erect to climbing. Branchlets yellow-brown, with
small lenticels, densely yellow-brown pilose when young, 500–800 m. S Yunnan [Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Laos,
becoming brown and subglabrous. Petiole 1–1.5 cm, densely Myanmar, Philippines, Vietnam].
yellow-brown pilose; leaf blade oblong, elliptic, or 1a. Leaf blade base rounded to cordate ... 14a. var. latifolia
obovate-oblong, 6–15 × 3–7 cm, leathery, rust colored, 1b. Leaf blade base cuneate ....................... 14b. var. cuneata
pubescent only along veins or abaxially densely pubescent,
base rounded, margin entire, apex acuminate; veins 5–7 pairs, 14a. Premna latifolia var. latifolia
curve apically along margins and anastomose, reticulate veins
elevated on both surfaces. Inflorescences 4–7 × 5–8 cm, 大叶豆腐柴 da ye dou fu chai
densely yellow-brown pilose; branches 4 or 5 pairs; bracts Leaf blade 5–14 × 4–10 cm, base rounded to cordate,
awl-shaped, 2–3 mm. Calyx cup-shaped, ca. 2 mm, slightly adaxially brown-black when dry.
2-lipped, 5-dentate, pubescent. Corolla purplish in bud,
becoming greenish white to greenish, ca. 4 mm, slightly Mixed evergreen forests; 600–700 m. S Yunnan [India,
2-lipped, 4-lobed; outside pubescent, white villous in throat; Indonesia, Laos, Myanmar, Philippines].
lower lip 3-lobed, lobes oblong, subequal; upper lip Timber.
subrounded. Stamens exserted. Ovary pubescent, apically
yellowish glandular. Style ca. 6 mm. Fruit red, globose, 4–7 × 14b. Premna latifolia var. cuneata C. B. Clarke in J. D.
4–5 mm. Fl. and fr. Mar-Jun. Hooker, Fl. Brit. Ind. 4: 578. 1885.

• Mixed forests on mountain slopes; 400–900 m. Hainan. 楔叶豆腐柴 xie ye dou fu chai
Allied to Premna subscandens but differs in having Premna latifolia var. viburnoides (Wallich ex Schauer) C.
yellow-brown branches with distinctly yellowish rust colored lenticels, B. Clarke; P. viburnoides Wallich ex Schauer.
leaf blades usually oblong with both surfaces rust colored pubescent,
and ovaries sparsely tomentose. Leaf blade 13–20 × 10 cm, base cuneate, adaxially
blue-black when dry.
13. Premna octonervia Merrill & Metcalf, J. Arnold Arbor.
Near farm houses; 500–800 m. S Yunnan [Cambodia, India,
20: 354. 1939. Indonesia, Myanmar, Philippines, Vietnam].
八脉臭黄荆 ba mai xiu huang jing
15. Premna flavescens Buchanan–Hamilton ex C. B. Clarke
Shrubs or trees, erect; bark gray. Branchlets terete, with in J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. Ind. 4: 578. 1885.
small rounded to elliptic lenticels, sparsely puberulent when 淡黄豆腐柴 dan huang dou fu chai
young, glabrescent. Petiole 1–2.5 cm; leaf blade black and
shiny when dry, ovate-oblong to ovate, 8–12 × 4–6 cm, papery, Shrubs. Branchlets with white linear lenticels, pilose
subglabrous to pubescent along veins, base broadly cuneate to when young. Petiole 2–3 cm; leaf blade ovate-lanceolate to
subrounded, margin entire, apex acuminate to acute; veins 4 or ovate, ca. 15 × 6.5 cm, papery, abaxially pilose, adaxially
5 pairs, curve apically along margins and anastomose. minutely hirsute, base obtuse to subcordate, apex acuminate to
Inflorescences 3–7 × 5–13 cm, sparsely puberulent; branches acute. Inflorescences 6–17 cm across, usually rust colored
3–5 pairs; bracts linear, ca. 6 mm. Calyx cup-shaped, ca. 1.5 pilose; bracts linear, ca. 6 mm. Calyx ca. 2.5 mm, 5-dentate,
mm, slightly 2-lipped, 5-dentate, pubes-cent and subglandular pilose. Corolla greenish white, 4–5 mm, 4-lobed, both surfaces
puberulent, densely villous in throat. Stamens and style
exserted. Fruit black when dry, 3–5 mm in diam. Fl. and fr. lanceolate, ca. 3 mm. Calyx ca. 3 mm, puberulent; teeth 5,
summer. obtuse. Corolla greenish white, villous in throat. Stamens not
exserted. Ovary flattened globose, glabrous. Style shorter than
Open forests on mountain slopes in calcareous soil; 100–1300 m.
S Guangdong, W Guangxi, S Yunnan [India, Indonesia, Malaysia, corolla. Fruit dark purple to black, obovate, tuberculate.
Vietnam]. • Mixed forests; 1700–2400 m. NW Yunnan.
Allied to Premna crassa but differs in having calyces equally
16. Premna fulva Craib, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1911: 442. 5-dentate and corolla tubes slender and shorter than calyx.
1911.
黄毛豆腐柴 huang mao dou fu chai 19. Premna crassa Handel-Mazzetti, Akad. Wiss. Wien,
Math.-Naturwiss. Kl., Anz. 58: 230. 1921.
Premna fortunati Dop; P. longipila P'ei.
石山豆腐柴 shi shan dou fu chai
Shrubs or trees, sometimes climbing. Branchlets yellow
villous when young, subglabrescent. Petiole 1.5–5.5 cm; leaf Shrubs 1–5 m tall, nearly climbing. Branches brown;
blade ovate-lanceolate, elliptic, oblong-ovate, ovate, or branchlets with small yellow lenticels. Leaves unequal in pairs,
subrounded, 4–15 × 3–10 cm, papery, abaxially densely easily deciduous; petiole robust, 0.5–6 cm; leaf blade elliptic to
tomentose, adaxially yellow villous especially on veins, base ovate, (3–)5–11 × (2–)4–8 cm, papery, abaxially tomentose,
cuneate and oblique, subrounded, or subcordate, margin entire, adaxially pubescent, base rounded to subcordate and oblique,
repand, or serrate, apex acuminate, acute, or rarely subrounded margin entire or dentate below middle, apex acuminate to
to emarginate; veins 5–7 pairs, abaxially elevated. obtuse; veins (4 or) 5–7 pairs, abaxially elevated, 3-veined near
Inflorescences 2.5–6(–10) × 4–9(–17) cm; branches 5 or 6 base. Inflorescences 1.5–5(–6) cm across; peduncle 0.5–1.8 cm;
pairs, spreading; bracts linear to rarely linear-lanceolate, bracts linear-lanceolate, 4–8 mm. Calyx campanulate, 2–3 mm,
densely pubescent. Calyx 2–2.5 mm, slightly 2-lipped, slightly 2-lipped, 5-dentate, outside minutely hirsute and
5-dentate, outside pubescent. Corolla greenish white, 4–5 mm, glandular. Corolla white or yellowish green, tube longer than
tube ca. 2 mm, slightly 2-lipped, lower lip 3-lobed, upper lip calyx, slightly 2-lipped, lower lip deeply 3-lobed, upper lip
rounded to emarginate, throat pilose, outside puberulent to slightly 2-lobed, villous in throat. Anthers brown. Ovary
subglabrous. Stamens as long as style; anthers brown. Ovary glabrous. Style as long as stamens. Fruiting calyx ca. 5 mm in
apically sparsely pubescent. Fruit black, ovate to globose, diam. Fruit dark black when mature, obovate to globose, 2–4
3–5(–6) mm in diam., tuberculate. mm in diam., tuberculate.
500–1800 m. W Guangxi, SW Guizhou, Yunnan [Vietnam].
Mixed evergreen forests; 500–1200 m. SW Guangxi, S Guizhou,
S Yunnan [Laos, Thailand, Vietnam]. 1a. Corolla white ........................................... 19a. var. crassa
Allied to Premna crassa and P. flavescens but differs in having 1b. Corolla yellowish green ............................... 19b. var. yui
young branchlets, petioles, and leaves yellow villous with long usually
spreading hairs. 19a. Premna crassa var. crassa
17. Premna straminicaulis C. Y. Wu, Fl. Yunnan. 1: 426. 石山豆腐柴 shi shan dou fu chai
1977.
Branchlets, leaves, and inflorescences yellow-brown
草黄枝豆腐柴 cao huang zhi dou fu chai pubescent, glabrescent. Corolla white. Fl. May, fr. Oct.
Shrubs ca. 2 m tall. Branchlets shiny, striate, pilose and Mixed forests on mountain slopes in calcareous soil; 500–1600 m.
glandular when young, glabrescent. Petiole 3–6 cm, glabrous; W Guangxi, SW Guizhou, SE Yunnan [Vietnam].
leaf blade green, broadly elliptic to ovate, 6–12 × 6–8 cm, Medicinal.
membranous, adaxially glabrous or puberulent only along
veins, white glandular, base rounded and slightly oblique, 19b. Premna crassa var. yui Moldenke, Phytologia 18: 421.
margin serrate, apex acuminate to rarely caudate; veins 5 or 6 1967.
pairs, abaxially elevated. Inflorescences 2.5–3 × 3–3.5 cm, 凤庆豆腐柴 feng qing dou fu chai
sparsely pubescent, densely white glandular; peduncle 1–1.5
cm; bracts linear, ca. 2 mm. Calyx 5-dentate, densely white Branchlets, leaves, and inflorescences subglabrous.
glandular, sparsely puberulent to subglabrous. Corolla Corolla yellowish green. Fl. Jun.
greenish white, outside pubescent, inside glabrous except for a • Open forests; 1500–1800 m. Yunnan (Fengqing Xian and
ring of hairs at throat; lobes 4, rounded. Anthers purple-brown, Longling Xian).
subrounded. Fruit oblong, glabrous. Fl. May.
20. Premna glandulosa Handel-Mazzetti, Akad. Wiss. Wien,
• Moist places; 1000 m. Yunnan (Ruili Xian). Math.-Naturwiss. Kl., Anz. 58: 232. 1921.
18. Premna tapintzeana Dop, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 70: 836. 腺叶豆腐柴 xian ye dou fu chai
1923.
Shrubs 1–1.5 m tall; branchlets, petioles, and
大坪子豆腐柴 da ping zi dou fu chai inflorescences densely circinate pubescent when young,
Shrubs 1–4 m tall. Branches spreading, shiny, glabrescent. Branches slender, erect to horizontal; branchlet
yellow-brown, puberulent when young, glabrescent. Petiole brown with sparse small round lenticels. Leaves easily
1–5 cm; leaf blade ovate, subrounded, or cordate, 7–15 × 4–10 deciduous; petiole slender, 0.5–1.5 mm; leaf blade ovate,
cm, papery, base rounded to cordate, margin subentire to 2.5–4.5(–5) × 1.5–3(–4) cm, submembranous, minutely
slightly dentate to subentire, apex acuminate to obtuse; veins 6 hirsute on veins and purple-red glandular, base broadly
or 7 pairs, abaxially elevated, 3-veined near base. rounded to subcordate and usually oblique, margin serrulate,
Inflorescences 3–4(–7) × 6–8 cm, puberulent; bracts apex acuminate, obtuse, or emarginate; veins 3 or 4 pairs,
abaxially with densely pitted reticulate veins. Inflorescences base. Inflorescences 1.5–2.5 cm; peduncle ca. 1 cm. Calyx 6–7
1.5–2.5 cm across; peduncle 0.6–1.7 cm; bracts linear to mm, outside densely puberulent, inside sparsely puberulent,
lanceolate, 4–5 mm. Calyx campanulate, 1.5–2 mm, scaly both surfaces orange glandular; teeth 5, narrowly triangular, ca.
pubescent, glandular; teeth 5, narrowly triangular to ovate. 2 × as long as tube. Fruit black, obovate, ca. 4 × 3 mm,
Corolla violet to pinkish, 4.5–5 mm, 2-lipped, lower lip ca. 1/2 4-veined when dry, glabrous, without glands.
as long as upper lip, outside white puberulent, inside glabrous • Mountain slopes along roadsides; 1100 m. SW Yunnan.
but white villous in throat. Stamens as long as style, shorter
than corolla. Ovary globose, apically glandular. Fl. Jul. 24. Premna urticifolia Rehder in Sargent, Pl. Wilson. 3: 458.
• Roadsides; 1500–1900 m. Yunnan (Dayao Xian and Chuxiong 1917.
Xian).
麻叶豆腐柴 ma ye dou fu chai
21. Premna henryana (Handel-Mazzetti) C. Y. Wu, Fl. Shrubs 1–3 m tall. Branchlets with small elliptic and
Yunnan. 1: 433. 1977. round lenticels, pilose when young, glabrescent. Petiole 1–4
蒙自豆腐柴 meng zi dou fu chai cm, circinate pubescent; leaf blade ovate, 3–9 × 2–6 cm,
submembranous, sparsely pubescent, glandular, usually pitted
Premna steppicola Handel-Mazzetti var. henryana by deciduous glands, base rounded to cordate, apex acuminate.
Handel-Mazzetti, Symb. Sin. 7: 902. 1936. Inflorescences subglobose, 1.5–2.5 × 2–3.5 cm; peduncle
Shrubs. Branchlets dark brown, robust, short, striate, with 1–2.6 cm; bracts linear, ca. 6 mm, densely pubescent. Pedicel
white lenticels, dusty yellow puberulent when young, densely pilose, glandular. Calyx cup-shaped, ca. 2 mm, slightly
glabrescent. Petiole 1–1.5 cm, pilose; leaf blade ovate to 2-lipped, both surfaces pilose and glandular; teeth 5, obtusely
broadly ovate, 4–7 × 2–4.5 cm, papery, abaxially gray triangular, 0.5–0.8 mm. Corolla pinkish, ca. 6 mm, slightly
puberulent and deep red glandular, adaxially puberulent and 2-lipped, 4-lobed, outside pilose and glandular, villous in
orange glandular, base rounded to subcordate, margin crenate throat; upper lip entire, covering other 3 lobes in bud. Ovary
to basally subentire, apex acute to acuminate; veins 3 or 4 pairs, glabrous, apically yellow and purple-red glandular. Fruit black,
adaxially slightly elevated. Inflorescences ca. 1.5 cm across, ovate, 3–5 × 2–4 mm, longer than calyx. Fl. and fr. Jul-Sep.
pilose. Calyx 5-dentate, teeth triangular-lanceolate, pilose, • Mixed forests on mountain slopes; 1600 m. S Yunnan.
deep red glandular. Corolla ca. 6 mm, 2-lipped, outside
Medicinal.
puberulent, deep red glandular, white villous in throat. Ovary
basally pilose, glandular. Allied to Premna glandulosa and P. rubroglandulosa but differs
in having yellow glandular leaf blades pitted by deciduous glands.
• Mixed forests; 1300–1500 m. SW Sichuan, NW Yunnan.
Medicinal. 25. Premna parvilimba P'ei, Mem. Sci. Soc. China 1(3): 62.
1932.
22. Premna punicea C. Y. Wu, Fl. Yunnan. 1: 433. 1977.
小叶豆腐柴 xiao ye dou fu chai
玫红豆腐柴 mei hong dou fu chai Celastrus yunnanensis H. Léveillé (1916), not P.
Shrubs; branchlets, petioles, and peduncles pilose when yunnanensis W. Smith (1916), not P. yunnanensis Dop (1923).
young, glabrescent. Branchlets dark gray, slender, short, with Shrubs. Branchlets and petioles densely pubescent.
tuberculate lenticels. Petiole ca. 5 mm, circinate pilose; leaf Branchlets slender. Petiole terete, 2–6 mm; leaf blade
blade oblong, 2–3.5 × 1–1.5 cm, papery, minutely hirsute and lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 0.5–3.8 × 0.3–1.1 cm, papery,
orange glandular, base rounded, margin subentire or only sparsely pubescent, base rounded, margin apically sparsely
serrate at middle, apex slightly acuminate to acute or rarely serrate, apex obtuse; veins 3 or 4 pairs, abaxially elevated.
obtuse to slightly emarginate; veins 2 or 3 pairs, abaxially Inflorescences to 2.5 cm across, few to 25-flowered, densely
slightly elevated. Inflorescences ca. 1 cm across; peduncle ca. pubescent, glandular; peduncle ca. 5 mm; bracts lanceolate, ca.
5 mm. Calyx campanulate, ca. 8 mm, deeply 5-dentate below 4 mm. Pedicel ca. 2 mm. Calyx tube ca. 2 mm, teeth 5,
middle, minutely hirsute and orange glandular; teeth pubescent and glandular but more densely so outside. Corolla
linear-lanceolate, ca. 6 mm. Corolla pinkish, 6–8 mm, slightly pinkish, ca. 6 mm, villous in throat, 2-lipped, lower lip concave,
2-lipped; tube glabrous outside, white villous in throat, lobes 4, outside pubescent and glandular. Stamens slightly exserted.
outside white pilose and orange glandular. Ovary obovate, Style glabrous. Ovary with few hairs, glandular.
pilose, apically white glandular. Style robust, ca. 4 mm,
slightly puberulent. Fl. Jul-Aug. • Valleys; 400 m. Yunnan (Jinsha Jiang valley).
Allied to Premna steppicola but differs in having leaf blades
• Mixed forests; 1600 m. Yunnan (Heqing Xian). lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, bracts lanceolate, and stamens exserted.
23. Premna rubroglandulosa C. Y. Wu, Fl. Yunnan. 1: 431.
1977. 26. Premna steppicola Handel-Mazzetti, Symb. Sin. 7: 902.
1936.
红腺豆腐柴 hong xian dou fu chai 草坡豆腐柴 cao po dou fu chai
Shrubs ca. 1 m tall; branchlets, petioles, and peduncles Shrubs. Branchlets, petioles, and inflorescences densely
yellowish brown glandular when young, glabrescent. puberulent when young, glabrescent. Branchlets slender.
Branchlets slender, with sparse gray elliptic lenticels. Petiole Petiole 4–5 mm; leaf blade broadly ovate, 1.5–3.5 × 1.2–2 cm,
1–1.5 cm; leaf blade ovate, 3–6.5 × 2–4 cm, papery, adaxially abaxially densely puberulent along veins, adaxially minutely
sparsely pubescent when young, densely orange glandular hirsute, base subrounded, margin slightly dentate near base,
puberulent on veins, base rounded to subcordate, margin apex acuminate, veins 3 or 4 pairs. Inflorescences ca. 1.5–2 cm
dentate, apex acuminate to acute, veins 3 or 4 pairs, 3-veined at across; bracts linear, densely white pilose. Calyx campanulate,
3–4 mm; teeth 5, lanceolate, ca. 2/3 calyx length, sparsely 0.4–3 cm, papery, abaxially densely tomentellous, adaxially
minutely hirsute, densely glandular. Corolla ca. 6 mm, sparsely grayish puberulent, base rounded, margin subentire, repand, or
minutely hirsute, densely glandular, villous in throat, slightly serrulate, apex acuminate to obtuse. Inflorescences few to
2-lipped, lower lip 3-lobed, upper lip emarginate. Stamens 12-flowered, 1–2.5 cm across; peduncle subsessile or very
nearly included. Ovary apically glandular. Fruit black, ca. 2.5 short, grayish pilose; bracts linear, densely pilose. Pedicel very
mm in diam. Fr. Oct. short, grayish pilose. Calyx cup-shaped, 6–7 mm, 5-dentate
basally to middle, densely grayish pilose, sparsely yellow
• Valleys or waste places; 1400–1500 m. SW Sichuan, NW
Yunnan. glandular; teeth linear-lanceolate, subequal. Corolla yellow or
white, ca. 8 mm, slightly longer than calyx, white villous in
Medicinal. throat, 2-lipped, tube outside glabrous; lower lip 3-lobed;
27. Premna oligantha C. Y. Wu, Fl. Yunnan. 1: 434. 1977. upper lip rounded, emarginate; lobes puberulent, sparsely
glandular. Stamens included; filaments glabrous. Ovary ovate,
少花豆腐柴 shao hua dou fu chai glabrous. Fruiting calyx ca. 1 cm. Fruit black, globose, ca. 4
Shrubs 30–100 cm tall, much branched. Branchlets mm in diam., glabrous, apically glandular. Fl. and fr. Jun-Sep.
grayish when young, becoming dark gray, dark striate. Petiole • 1800–2700 m. NW and W Yunnan.
slender, 1–2 mm, puberulent; leaf blade ovate-lanceolate,
ovate, or subrounded, (2.5–)5–6 × (0.3–)1–1.5 cm, abaxially The corolla exterior of the holotype of Premna mekongensis is
distinctly hairy.
puberulent on veins, adaxially dark green and minutely hirsute,
yellow glandular, base cuneate to subrounded, margin entire or 1a. Leaf blade 2.5–5.5 × 2–3 cm ..... 29a. var. mekongensis
serrate, apex obtuse; veins 2 or 3 pairs, abaxially elevated. 1b. Leaf blade 0.8–2 × 0.4–0.7 cm ..... 29b. var. meiophylla
Inflorescences 2–4(–6)-flowered; peduncle 1–2 mm; bracts
linear. Calyx ca. 5 mm, 5-dentate to middle, puberulent, 29a. Premna mekongensis var. mekongensis
glandular. Corolla purplish, ca. 6 mm, 2-lipped, tube outside
澜沧豆腐柴 lan cang dou fu chai
glabrous and glandular; lower lip with 3 rounded lobes; upper
lip rounded, lobes densely puberulent, glandular. Ovary Leaf blade 2.5–5.5 × 2–3 cm. Inflorescences
black-brown, obovate, ca. 1.5 mm, glabrous, apically glandular. 6–12-flowered; peduncle short.
Style capillary, puberulent. Fruit black. Fl. and fr. Jun-Oct.
• Mixed forests on mountain slopes; 1800–2700 m. NW and W
• Dry mountain slopes; 2100–3200 m. Sichuan, SE Xizang, NW Yunnan.
Yunnan.
29b. Premna mekongensis var. meiophylla W. Smith, Notes
28. Premna acutata W. Smith, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 9: 120. 1916.
Edin-burgh 9: 119. 1916.
小叶澜沧豆腐柴 xiao ye lan cang dou fu chai
尖齿豆腐柴 jian chi dou fu chai
Branchlets more slender than in var. mekongensis. Leaf
Shrubs 1–4 m tall. Branchlets sparsely lenticellate, dusty blade 0.8–2 × 0.4–0.7 cm. Inflorescences subsessile, few
yellow tomentose when young, becoming yellow-brown and flowered.
glabrous. Leaves pairs unequal; petiole 4–12 mm, pubescent,
glandular; leaf blade ovate-lanceolate to ovate, 4–8 × 2–4 cm, • Grasslands; 2100–2400 m. Yunnan (Lijiang Xian).
glandular, abaxially yellow-green and subglabrous, adaxially
dark green and minutely hirsute especially on veins, base 30. Premna yunnanensis W. Smith, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard.
cuneate to subrounded, margin deeply and sharply serrate, Edinburgh 9: 120. 1916.
apex acuminate to caudate-acuminate; veins 3 or 4 pairs, 云南豆腐柴 yun nan dou fu chai
3-veined at base. Inflorescences subsessile, 1.5–2.5 cm across.
Calyx 5–8 mm, tube ca. 1.5 mm, deeply 5-dentate, minutely Shrubs 0.8–2 m tall. Branchlets grayish minutely
hirsute and yellow glandular. Corolla rose red, slightly longer tomentose when young, glabrescent. Petiole terete, 5–10 mm;
than calyx, 2-lipped, outside puberulent and glandular, inside leaf blade ovate-lanceolate to ovate, 2–6 × 1.5–3 cm, papery,
villous. Stamens nearly as long as corolla. Ovary with a few golden glandular, abaxially densely gray circinate pilose,
hairs, glandular. Fruit black, ovate-globose, ca. 4 mm in diam. adaxially dark green and pilose, base subrounded and slightly
Fl. and fr. summer-autumn. oblique, margin subentire to serrate, apex acuminate to acute.
Calyx ca. 4 mm, deeply 5-dentate below middle, teeth
• Thicket edges; 2700–3000 m. SW Sichuan, NW Yunnan. narrowly triangular, both surfaces pubescent and golden
Species 28–33 in this account are very similar, and their status glandular. Corolla pinkish to purple, ca. 6 mm, tube
requires further investigation. Key characters such as flower color and subglabrous but densely villous in throat, 2-lipped; lower lip
corolla indumentum show more variation than has traditionally been 3-lobed; upper lip ca. 4 mm, subrounded; lobes puberulent,
accepted.
outside glandular. Stamens slightly exserted; filaments
29. Premna mekongensis W. Smith, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. glabrous but villous at base. Ovary obovate, glabrous, apically
Edinburgh 9: 120. 1916. glandular. Fruit black, 3–5 × 2–3 mm. Fl. and fr. May-Sep.

澜沧豆腐柴 lan cang dou fu chai • Grasslands; 1800–2200 m. SW Sichuan, W Yunnan.

Allied to Premna mekongensis but differs in corollas pinkish to
Shrubs ca. 1 m tall, erect. Branchlets yellow-brown, purple, fruit as long as fruiting calyces, and calyx teeth narrowly
becoming dark brown, with striate lenticels, grayish circinate triangular. Some of the P. yunnanensis paratype collections of G.
Forrest are described as having yellowish flowers but are otherwise
tomentellous when young. Petiole ca. 1 cm, grayish indistinguishable from the holotype.
puber-ulent; leaf blade ovate-lanceolate to ovate, 0.8–5.5 ×
31. Premna velutina C. Y. Wu, Fl. Yunnan. 1: 428. 1977. • Mixed forests on mountain slopes; 2600 m. SW Sichuan,
NE Yunnan.
黄绒豆腐柴 huang rong dou fu chai
34. Premna fohaiensis P'ei & S. L. Chen ex C. Y. Wu,
Shrubs ca. 50 cm tall. Branches, petioles, and axis of Fl. Yunnan. 1: 436. 1977.
inflorescences densely dusty villous. Branches terete, striate.
Petiole robust, (1–)2–3 cm; leaf blade cordate, (2.5–)6–9 × 勐海豆腐柴 meng hai dou fu chai
(1–)3.5–6 cm, abaxially densely dusty tomentose and
glandular, adaxially dark green, densely dusty yellow villous, Shrubs or trees. Branchlets, petioles, and inflorescences
orange glandular, margin serrate, apex acuminate to acute; yellow-brown circinate tomentose. Branchlets with small
veins 5 or 6 pairs, curve apically along margins and lenticels, becoming grayish yellow and glabrous. Petiole
ana-stomose. Inflorescences capitate to nearly conical; 3–4.5 cm; leaf blade elliptic-lanceolate, elliptic, or broadly
peduncle ca. 5 mm; bracts linear lanceolate, densely pilose. ovate, 14–18 × 7–9.5 cm, papery, abaxially tea brown when
Calyx ca. 4 mm, slightly 2-lipped, lower lip 2-dentate with dry and tomentose when young, adaxially dark brown when
lanceolate teeth, upper lip 3-dentate with triangular teeth, dry and densely minutely hirsute, base rounded to truncate,
outside minutely hirsute and orange. Corolla yellow, ca. 5 mm; margin entire, apex acuminate; veins 7–9 pairs, curve apically
tube glabrous outside, dark villous in throat; lower lip 3-lobed; along margins and slightly anastomose. Inflorescences
upper lip rounded, lobes outside glandular and puberulent. 5–8 ×8–13 cm. Calyx cup-shaped, ca. 1 cm, slightly 2-lipped,
Ovary ca. 1 mm, obovate, glabrous, glandular. Style glabrous. pilose, 4-toothed; teeth ovate, with small yellow glands.
Fruit brownish, oblong, 3–4 mm. Fl. and fr. Jun-Sep. Corolla yellow-green, ca. 2 mm; tube ca. 1.5 mm, glabrous
except for a ring of hairs inside above throat; lobes 4, oblong,
• Mixed forests; 1500 m. SW Yunnan. spreading. Stamens and style exserted. Ovary glabrous,
apically glandular. Fruit black, ovate, sparsely yellowish
32. Premna tenii P'ei, Mem. Sci. Soc. China 1(3): 66. 1932. glandular. Fl. and fr. May-Jul.
圆叶豆腐柴 yuan ye dou fu chai • Forests; 1500–1800 m. S Yunnan.
Shrubs. Branches, branchlets, leaves, and inflorescences
35. Premna szemaoensis P'ei, Mem. Sci. Soc. China 1(3): 76.
densely pubescent. Petiole ca. 3 mm, densely circinate pilose;
1932.
leaf blade broadly ovate to subrounded, 2–8 × 0.9–5.7 cm,
membranous, densely pubescent, sparsely glandular, base 思茅豆腐柴 si mao dou fu chai
cuneate to rounded, margin subentire, undulate, or crenate,
apex obtuse to rounded, veins 3–6 pairs. Inflorescences Trees (4–)7–12 m tall. Branchlets, petioles, and
subsessile. Calyx deeply 5-dentate, teeth ca. 6 mm, both inflorescences brown tomentose. Branchlets lenticellate, nodes
surfaces villous and sparsely glandular. Corolla ca. 7 mm, usually with a rounded or half rounded leaf scar, with
outside villous, throat villous and sparsely glandular. Stamens gland-tipped hairs when young, glabrescent. Petiole terete,
slightly exserted; filaments and style glabrous. Ovary with few 0.5–6 cm; leaf blade broadly ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 8–18 ×
hairs, glandular. 6–14 cm, papery, abaxially densely brown tomentose,
adaxially sparsely pubescent, base broadly cuneate
• Mixed forests; 1300–1600 m. Yunnan (Dayao Xian). to subrounded, margin entire or irregularly serrate, apex
Allied to Premna acutata but differs in leaf blade shape acuminate to acute; veins 6–8 pairs, abaxially elevated.
and margins. Inflorescences 5–12 × 7–23 cm; peduncle 1.5–3 cm; bracts
linear, 4–15 mm. Calyx campanulate, ca. 1.5 mm, subtruncate
33. Premna subcapitata Rehder in Sargent, Pl. Wilson. to slightly 2-lipped; lips usually slightly 2-dentate, pubescent,
3: 458. 1917. yellow glandular. Corolla greenish to yellowish, 3.5–4 mm,
近头状豆腐柴 jin tou zhuang dou fu chai outside puberulent, inside glabrous except villous at throat.
Stamens and style exserted; filaments puberulent at base.
Premna pilosa P'ei. Ovary glabrous, apically yellow glandular. Fruit black,
obovate to rounded, 5–7 × 4–5 mm. Fl. and fr. Jun-Sep.
Shrubs 1–2 m tall. Branches brown to brownish, with
elliptic to rounded yellowish lenticels, yellowish pilose when • Open forests; 500–1500 m. S Yunnan.
young, subglabrescent. Petiole 4–10 mm; leaf blade Medicinal.
ovate-oblong to ovate, 2.5–8.5 × 1.5–4.8 cm, abaxially
tomentose and glandular, adaxially dark yellow-green pilose Allied to Premna fohainensis but differs in having subtruncate to
slightly 2-lipped calyces, lips usually slightly 2-dentate, and branchlet
and yellow glandular, base rounded to truncate, margin serrate nodes with a rounded or half rounded leaf scar.
except for apex and base, apex acuminate to acute.
Inflorescences 0.6–2.5 × 1–3.5 cm; peduncle 0.5–2 cm; bracts 36. Premna paisehensis P'ei & S. L. Chen in S. L. Chen,
linear to sub-lanceolate, 5–10 mm. Calyx cup-shaped, ca. 4 Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 65(1): 211. 1982.
mm, deeply 5-dentate, both surfaces pubescent and yellowish
百色豆腐柴 bai se dou fu chai
glandular; teeth lanceolate to narrowly triangular, ca. 2 × 1 mm.
Corolla yellow-green to greenish, ca. 6 mm, outside puberulent Trees ca. 13 m tall; bark gray. Branchlets green
and glandular, throat villous, 2-lipped, tube ca. 3 mm, lower pubes-cent when young, becoming brown, glabrous, and striate.
lip 3-lobed with lobes rounded, upper lip entire. Stamens Leaf blade narrowly elliptic to elliptic, 9–15 × 3–6.5 cm,
slightly exserted. Ovary sparsely puberulent, densely glandular. sub-membranous, abaxially yellowish green, adaxially
Style ca. 6 mm. Fruit dark black, ovate, 3–4 × 2–3 mm, minutely hispid, densely brown tomentose, and yellowish
sparsely pubescent, yellowish glandular. Fl. and fr. May-Aug. glandular, base obtuse to broadly cuneate, margin entire or
slightly irregularly undulate, apex acute to subacuminate; veins
5 or 6 pairs, abaxially elevated. Inflorescences lax, spreading, Thickets and forests near seashore. N and S Taiwan
dichotomous, 12–15 × 10–20 cm; peduncle 4–6 cm, densely [Philippines].
yellow-brown pubescent; bracts linear, 2–9 mm. Fruiting calyx Specimens of this species have not been seen by the authors.
subtruncate, outside sparsely pubescent and glandular. Fruit Typical material from Philippines reportedly has leaf blades ovate
purple, globose to ovate, 5–6 × 4–5 mm, pubescent, glandular. to broadly ovate and to 20 cm long.
Fr. Jul-Aug.
40. Premna serratifolia Linnaeus, Mant. Pl. 253. 1771.
• Mixed forests on mountain slopes; 1000 m. Guangxi (Bose Xian).
伞序臭黄荆 san xu xiu huang jing
Allied to Premna szemaoensis but differs in having narrower
submembranous leaf blades. Cornutia corymbosa N. L. Burman; Premna corymbosa
Rottler & Willdenow; P. corymbosa (N. L. Burman) Merrill
37. Premna scoriarum W. Smith, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. (1917), not Rottler & Willdenow (1803); P. integrifolia
Edinburgh 12: 219. 1920. Linnaeus; P. integrifolia var. obtusifolia (R. Brown) P'ei;
腾冲豆腐柴 teng chong dou fu chai P. obtusifolia R. Brown.

Trees 20 m tall. Branchlets black when young, becoming Shrubs or trees, 1–8 m tall, erect or rarely climbing.
gray-brown, terete, with sparse linear lenticels. Petiole Branchlets with elliptic yellowish lenticels, densely pubescent
1.5–3.5 cm; leaf blade narrowly elliptic, ovate-lanceolate, when young, subglabrescent. Petiole 0.3–5 cm, puberulent;
or ovate, 10–15(–21) × 5–9(–10) cm, thickly papery, both leaf blade oblong to broadly ovate, 3–15 × 2.5–9.5 cm, papery,
surfaces glabrous and with elevated veins, abaxially green, subglabrous or pubescent only along veins, base broadly
adaxially shiny and dark green but black when dry, veins 6 or 7 cuneate, rounded, or truncate, margin entire, slightly undulate,
pairs. Inflorescences lax corymbs, 8–10 × 14 cm, 3–5 × or crenate, apex acute to rarely acuminate or obtuse.
dichotomously branched; peduncle ca. 3 cm, sparsely Inflorescences 1.5–15 × 2.5–24 cm; peduncle 0.8–3 cm; bracts
puberulent; bracts linear-lanceolate, ca. 5 mm, sparsely linear to lanceolate, to 6 mm, puberulent. Calyx cup-shaped,
puberulent. Calyx campanulate, ca. 1 mm, 4-dentate to middle, 1.5–3 mm, 2-lipped, lower lip subentire to shortly 3-dentate,
outside puberulent; teeth oblong, subequal, apex obtuse. Fruit upper lip longer than lower lip and 2-dentate, outside
dark green, oblong-obovate, 2.5–3(–4) mm. puberulent and yellow glandular. Corolla yellowish green,
outside glandular, villous in throat, slightly 2-lipped; lower lip
Dense forests; 1300–1700 m. W Yunnan [Myanmar]. 3-lobed, lobes subequal or middle lobe slightly longer and
broader; upper lip entire or emarginate. Ovary glabrous,
38. Premna scandens Roxburgh, Fl. Ind. ed. 1832, 3: 82. apically glandular. Style 3.5–4 mm. Fruit globose, 2–4 mm in
1832. diam. Fl. and fr. Apr-Oct.
藤豆腐柴 teng dou fu chai Mixed and open forests on mountain slopes and along
streams; 100–300 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Taiwan [S and SE Asia,
Plants climbing. Branchlets and inflorescences sparsely Australia, Pacific Islands].
puberulent when young, glabrescent. Branchlets terete, brown,
lenticellate. Petiole black, 1–3.5 cm, glabrous; leaf blade 41. Premna hainanensis Chun & How, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 7:
lanceolate, elliptic, ovate, or rarely obovate, 10–16× 77. 1958.
(4–)5–8 cm, abaxially brown when dry, midvein elevated,
reticulate veins slightly evident, adaxially black and shiny, 海南臭黄荆 hai nan xiu huang jing
base rounded to cordate and oblique, apex abruptly acuminate Shrubs 1–3 m tall, erect to climbing. Branchlets and
to acute. Inflorescences spreading, 7–10 × (9–)20–30 cm; inflorescences mealy when young, subglabrescent. Branchlets
branches 5 or 6 pairs, puberulent; bracts lanceolate, 3–6 mm. brown striate, conspicuously lenticellate. Petiole 0.8–1.2 cm;
Flowers subsessile, 4–5 mm. Calyx cup-shaped, ca. 1.5 mm, leaf blade dark green when dry, elliptic to ovate-elliptic, 4–9 ×
truncate to slightly 2-lipped; lips slightly 2-dentate, puberulent. 2–4.5 cm, papery to subleathery, shiny, glabrous or pubescent
Corolla grayish yellow, ca. 3 mm; tube ca. 2 mm, villous in along veins, midvein abaxially raised and adaxially impressed,
throat, outside glabrous; lobes 4, subequal, apex obtuse to base broadly cuneate to subrounded, margin entire, apex
rounded. Stamens as long as style, slightly exserted. Ovary acuminate to obtuse; veins 5 or 6 pairs, curve apically along
glabrous. Fruit blue-black, obovate, 7–8 × 4–6 mm, margins and anastomose. Inflorescences 2–5 cm across;
tuberculate. Fl. and fr. May-Jul. peduncle 0.5–1.5 mm; bracts awl-shaped, ca. 1.5 mm. Calyx
Mixed forests; 500 m. Yunnan (Mengla Xian) 1.8–2 mm, puberulent to subglabrous. Corolla yellow or white,
[Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Vietnam]. outside puberulent, white villous in throat, slightly 2-lipped,
tube 3–4 mm, lower lip 3-lobed with middle lobe longer than
39. Premna odorata Blanco, Fl. Filip. 488. 1837. laterals, upper lip emarginate. Stamens exserted. Ovary
subrounded, glabrous. Style ca. 3 mm. Fruiting calyx 2-lipped
毛鱼臭目 mao yu xiu mu to subtruncate, lower lip subentire to slightly 2-dentate, upper
Premna vestita Schauer. lip 2-dentate. Fruit green when young, becoming brown,
obovate, 2–3 mm in diam. Fl. and fr. Sep-Nov.
Trees, small. Branchlets pubescent. Petioles 3–7 cm; leaf
blade oblong to ovate, 10–12(–20) × 6–7 cm, base rounded • Thickets on mountain slopes; 200–400 m. Hainan.
to somewhat cordate, abaxially uniformly densely softly Allied to Premna serratifolia but differs in having papery
pubescent, margin entire or crenulate, apex acute, veins 6 pairs. to subleathery leaf blades, lateral veins adaxially obscure, and calyces
Inflorescences 8–20 cm wide. Calyx 2-lipped, 5-lobed. with lower lip subentire to slightly 2-dentate.
Corolla greenish white to nearly white, 4–5 mm. Fruit dark
purple, globose, ca. 4 mm in diam. 42. Premna laevigata C. Y. Wu, Fl. Yunnan. 1: 440. 1977.
平滑豆腐柴 ping hua dou fu chai Mixed forests; 1500–2600 m. Guangxi, Sichuan, SE Xizang,
Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal].
Shrubs 2–3 m tall. Branchlets purple-brown when young
but becoming brown, terete, striate, glabrous, with sparse small 45. Premna bracteata Wallich ex C. B. Clarke in J. D. Hooker,
yellow lenticels, mealy. Petiole 2.7–3 cm, glabrous; leaf blade Fl. Brit. Ind. 4: 572. 1885.
ovate-oblong to elliptic, 7–14 × 3–7 cm, leathery, glabrous,
abaxially yellow-green, adaxially brownish green to tea green, 苞序豆腐柴 bao xu dou fu chai
base cordate to subrounded, margin serrate above middle, apex
acuminate to caudate-acuminate; veins 6 or 7 pairs, midvein Trees ca. 13 m tall. Branchlets and inflorescences densely
abaxially raised and adaxially slightly compressed, reticulate dusty yellow to gray velvety. Branchlets purple-brown, with
veins obscure. Inflorescences 3–8× 2–3.5 cm; peduncle sparse oblong to linear lenticels, subglabrescent, nodes with a
1–1.5 cm; bracts linear-lanceolate, ca. 3 mm, easily deciduous. prominent leaf scar. Petiole 1.5–2 cm; leaf blade elliptic to
Calyx 3–3.5 mm, 2-lipped, lips entire or lower lip emarginate broadly ovate, 6.5–17 × 5.5–10 cm, subleathery, abaxially
and upper lip with 3 minute emergences. Corolla 3–6 mm, pubescent, adaxially shiny, base subrounded, apex abruptly
2-lipped, lower lip 3-lobed, upper lip entire and larger than acuminate; veins 6–8 pairs, midvein abaxially very prominent.
lower lip, villous in throat. Stamens shorter than corolla; Inflorescences spikelike thyrses with sessile cymes laxly
filaments glabrous. Ovary globose, glabrous. Style ca. 4 mm, arranged on axis; bracts ovate, ca. 5 × 2 mm, minutely
glabrous. Fruiting calyx tuberculate. Fruit dark brown, 6 × tomentose. Calyx ca. 2 mm, 2-lipped; lips entire, yellowish
4–4.5 mm. Fr. Sep-Nov. velvety. Corolla exserted from calyx, 4-lobed, tube ca. 2 mm,
pilose in throat. Stamens and style exserted; filaments glabrous.
• Mixed forests; 500–600 m. Yunnan (Mengla).
Ovary apically pubescent. Fruit globose, 1.5–2 mm in diam. Fl.
43. Premna racemosa Wallich ex Schauer in A. de Candolle, May.
Prodr. 11: 633. 1847.
Mixed forests; 600–1300 m. SE Xizang, S Yunnan [Bangladesh,
总序豆腐柴 zong xu dou fu chai Bhutan, India].

Shrubs (3–)5–6 m tall, erect to climbing. Branchlets,

46. Premna herbacea Roxburgh, Fl. Ind. ed. 1832, 3: 80. 1832.
petioles, inflorescence rachises, and leaf veins rust colored
hirsute. Branchlets terete, becoming yellowish brown to 千解草 qian jie cao
red-brown and subglabrous, nodes with an elevated leaf scar.
Petiole 8–10 mm; leaf blade rhomboid-elliptic to ovate, 6–10 × Premna humilis Merrill; P. nana Collett & Hemsley;
3.7–6 cm, subleathery, minutely hirsute especially on veins, P. obovata Merrill; Pygmaeopremna herbacea (Roxburgh)
base broadly cuneate to subrounded, margin entire or rarely Moldenke.
obscurely serrulate, apex acuminate, acute, or rarely obtuse;
veins 6 or 7 pairs, slightly elevated on both surfaces. Subshrubs ca. 9 cm tall. Rhizomes woody. Branches
Inflorescences racemelike thyrses; bracts lanceolate to ovate, sparsely yellow-brown pilose or glabrous. Leaves rosulate; leaf
sparsely minutely hispid. Calyx with a tube ca. 2 mm, blade obovate-oblong to spatulate, 3–14 × 2–6(–9) cm,
2-lipped; lips entire, sparsely minutely hirsute, glandular. sparsely pubescent and yellow glandular, base cuneate, margin
Corolla white, 4-lobed, exserted from calyx, tube ca. 4 mm, sparsely serrate to sparsely crenulate above middle or rarely
outside sparsely glandular, inside puberulent, yellowish villous entire, apex rounded. Inflorescences paniculate capitate
in throat. Stamens conspicuously exserted. Ovary glabrous. corymbs, 1–2.3 × 1–2.4 cm, ca. 10-flowered; peduncle 5–13
Styles shorter than stamens; stigmas 2. Fruit narrowly obovate, mm, densely puberulent; bracts linear to lanceolate, 3–8 mm.
ca. 4 mm, apically glabrous. Fl. and fr. May-Jul. Calyx cup-shaped, ca. 2.5 mm, outside pubescent and yellow
Mixed forests; 1400–2900 m. Xizang, SE Yunnan [Bangladesh,
glandular. Corolla purple in bud, white in bloom, slightly
India, Myanmar, Nepal]. 2-lipped, 4-lobed, outside puberulent. Ovary 2-locular. Fruit ca.
5 × 4 mm. Fr. Jun.
44. Premna interrupta Wallich ex Schauer in A. de Candolle,
Prodr. 11: 633. 1847. Dry places; 200–1700 m. Hainan, W Yunnan [Bhutan, Cambodia,
India, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Philippines, Thailand,
间序豆腐柴 jian xu dou fu chai Vietnam; Australia].

Shrubs, erect to slightly climbing. Branchlets brownish,

pubescent when young, glabrescent. Petiole 3–4 mm or leaves
subsessile; leaf blade ovate-oblong to obovate, 8.5–13 × 4–8
cm, papery, pubescent especially on veins or abaxially
subglabrous and yellow glandular, base acuminate to rarely
cuneate or rounded, margin entire or obscurely serrulate above
middle, apex acuminate. Inflorescences spikelike thyrses, ca.
7 × 1.5 cm; peduncle ca. 1.8 cm, densely velvety; bracts
lanceolate, ca. 1 cm, pilose. Calyx campanulate, ca. 2 mm,
2-lipped; lips entire or upper lip emarginate and ciliate,
subglabrous to sparsely puberulent, yellow glandular. Corolla
white or yellowish green, 4-lobed, subglabrous, outside
glandular, villous in throat. Stamens exserted. Ovary glabrous
or sparsely pubescent, glandular. Fruit black, obovate, apically
yellow glandular. Fl. and fr. May-Aug.
 10. TSOONGIA Merrill, Philipp. J. Sci. 23: 264. 1923.
假紫珠属 jia zi zhu shu
Shrubs or small trees, erect; branchlets, petioles, and peduncles rust colored tomentose when young. Leaves opposite, simple,
lobed, or palmately 3-foliolate; petiole long. Cymes axillary, lax, few flowered; peduncle shorter than petioles. Calyx small,
campanulate, 2-lipped, lower lip 2-lobed, upper lip entire, outside glandular. Corolla weakly 2-lipped, with elongated tube, throat
not bearded but with a ring of minute hairs near base; lobes 4 or 5, subequal, much shorter than tube. Stamens 4, didynamous,
inserted at middle of corolla tube, slightly exserted. Ovary 2-locular; ovules 1 or 2 per locule. Style elongate; stigma slightly 2-cleft.
Monotypic: China, Myanmar, and Vietnam.

1. Tsoongia axillariflora Merrill, Philipp. J. Sci. 23: 264. broadly cuneate, margin entire, apex acuminate to acute; veins
1923. 4–7 pairs, abaxially prominent. Bracts and bractlets persistent.
假紫珠 jia zi zhu Calyx 2–3 mm. Corolla yellow, tube ca. 9 mm, outside
Tsoongia axillariflora var. trifoliolata H. L. Li. glandular. Ovary apically densely yellow glandular. Fruit
black-brown when mature, nearly ovoid, ca. 4 mm in diam.,
Shrubs or small trees, 1–7 m tall. Branchlets purple-red, shiny, sparsely glandular. Fl. and fr. May-Sep.
terete. Petiole 2–5.5 cm, pubescent, glandular; leaf blade
elliptic to ovate-elliptic, 6–15 × 3–6.5 cm, submembranous, Dense forests in mountain valleys; 900–1000 m. Guangdong,
sparsely pubescent and glandular especially abaxially, base Guangxi, Hainan, SE Yunnan [Myanmar, Vietnam].

11. VITEX Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 638. 1753.

牡荆属 mu jing shu
Trees or shrubs. Branches glabrous or sparsely pubescent. Leaves opposite, palmately (1–)3–8-foliolate; leaflets petiolulate,
margin entire, dentate, serrate, or incised. Inflorescences terminal or axillary cymes, thyrses, or panicles; bracts usually small, often
early deciduous. Calyx campanulate, tubular, or funnelform, sometimes 2-lipped, usually truncate or shortly 5-dentate. Corolla blue,
white, or yellow, 2-lipped, lower lip 3-lobed with middle lobe greatly elongated, upper lip usually 2-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous,
sometimes exserted; anther locules attached only at tip, becoming divaricate. Ovary 2–4-locular; ovules 1 or 2 per locule. Style
filiform; stigma 2-cleft. Drupes subtended by enlarged calyx, globose, ovoid, or obovoid, normally 4-locular and 4-seeded but
often some locules suppressed and base of pyrene forming a hollowed cavity, endocarp a bony pyrene, mesocarp generally fleshy.
Seeds obovoid or oblong, endosperm absent; cotyledons usually fleshy.
About 250 species: chiefly tropical, few in temperate regions of both hemispheres; 14 species in China.
1a. Inflorescences axillary, subtended by normal leaves.
2a. Leaflets glabrous; inflorescences thyrses with a well-defined main axis and short lateral cymes ........ 10. V. peduncularis
2b. Leaflets pubescent; inflorescences cymes, usually rounded.
3a. Leaves often with more than 3 leaflets; cymes to 3, produced in succession from 1 axil ....................... 11. V. burmensis
3b. Leaves always 3-foliolate; cymes rarely more than 1 per axil.
4a. Corolla yellow, tube slender and cylindric .......................................................................................................... 12. V. vestita
4b. Corolla white flushed with pink or blue, tube funnelform to campanulate.
5a. Cyme branches narrowly divergent; corolla to 1.7 cm ....................................................................... 13. V. yunnanensis
5b. Cyme branches widely divergent; corolla to 1 cm ................................................................................... 14. V. duclouxii
1b. Inflorescences terminal, not subtended by normal leaves.
6a. Peduncles, pedicels, and calyces glabrous or subglabrous.
7a. Leaflets serrate; calyx distinctly dentate .............................................................................................................. 3. V. sampsonii
7b. Leaflets entire; calyx teeth rudimentary.
8a. Branchlet lenticels obscure; corolla outside puberulent .......................................................................... 1. V. kwangsiensis
8b. Branchlet lenticels conspicuous; corolla outside glabrescent ...................................................................... 2. V. tripinnata
6b. Peduncles, pedicels, and calyces pubescent.
9a. Leaflets abaxially pubescent only along main veins.
10a. Leaflets lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate; bractlets persistent in flower ................................................... 4. V. pierreana
10b. Leaflets obovate to elliptic or oblong; bractlets early deciduous ..................................................................... 5. V. quinata
9b. Leaflets abaxially densely pubescent.
11a. Leaflets with glandular hairs, adaxially glabrescent and grayish dotted; bracts deciduous ................ 6. V. canescens
11b. Leaflets puberulent, not adaxially dotted; bracts persistent.
12a. Prostrate shrubs ......................................................................................................................................... 8. V. rotundifolia
12b. Erect shrub or small trees.
13a. Leaves (1–)3(–5)-foliolate; middle leaflet sessile; calyx with 5 obscure teeth, shorter than fruit
........................................................................................................................................................................... 7. V. trifolia
13b. Leaves 3–7-foliolate; middle leaflet distinctly petiolulate; calyx with 5 distinct teeth, as long as
fruit ............................................................................................................................................................... 9. V. negundo
Flora of China 17: 1–49. 1994.

1. Vitex kwangsiensis P'ei, Mem. Sci. Soc. China 1(3): 93. 莺哥木 ying ge mu
1932.
Trees 6–15 m tall; bark gray-brown. Branchlets pilose to
广西牡荆 guang xi mu jing subglabrous. Leaves (3- or) 5-foliolate; petiole 2.5–7 cm,
sparsely hairy; petiolules 5–15 mm; central leaflet lanceolate to
Trees. Branchlets grayish green, obscurely lenticellate. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, 9–14 × 2.5–5 cm, glabrous except
2–5-foliolate; petiole 2–7 cm; petiolules 1–1.5 cm; leaflets puberulent along midvein, abaxially yellow glandular,
ovate-lanceolate to ovate, abaxially bluish green, glabrous, and adaxially grayish, base cuneate to slightly decurrent, margin
yellow glandular, adaxially green and glabrescent except entire, apex acuminate. Panicles terminal, 13–20 cm; bracts
pubescent along veins especially along midvein, base cuneate, linear, ca. 3 mm, pubescent. Calyx cup-shaped, ca. 2 mm,
margin entire, apex acuminate to caudate-acuminate; central minutely 5-dentate, outside pubescent and glandular. Corolla
leaflet 3–6.5 × 2–3.5 cm, lateral leaflets smaller. Panicles 6–10 yellowish white, 5–6 mm, outside puberulent and glandular.
cm; peduncle subglabrous. Calyx ca. 2.5 mm, minutely and Filaments pilose at base. Ovary yellow glandular. Fruit black,
regularly 5-dentate, outside glabrous and glandular. Corolla obovoid to subglobose, glabrous, glandular. Fl. Mar-May, fr.
yellow; tube 3.5–6 mm, outside puberulent and glandular. May-Jul.
Stamens exserted; filaments puberulent on basal half. Ovary Mixed forests on mountain slopes; 300–500 m. Hainan [Laos,
glabrous. Style glabrous. Fruit globose. Fl. May-Jun, fr. Vietnam].
Jul-Sep.
5. Vitex quinata (Loureiro) Williams, Bull. Herb. Boissier,
• Sparse forests on mountain slopes; 300–600 m. Guangxi sér. 2, 5: 431. 1905.
(Longzhou Xian and Ningming Xian).
山牡荆 shan mu jing
2. Vitex tripinnata (Loureiro) Merrill, Trans. Amer. Trees 4–12 m tall, evergreen; bark brown. Branchlets
Philos. Soc., n.s. 24(2): 335. 1935. pubescent and glandular when young, glabrescent. Leaves
越南牡荆 yue nan mu jing 3–5-foliolate; petiole 2.5–6 cm; petiolules 0.5–2 cm; leaflets
obovate-elliptic to obovate or oblong to elliptic, thickly papery,
Tripinna tripinnata Loureiro, Fl. Cochinch. 2: 391. 1790; both surfaces shiny, abaxially yellow glandular, base cuneate,
Vitex annamense Dop. margin entire or sometimes apically crenulate dentate, apex
Shrubs or trees, 4–8 m tall. Branches gray-brown; acuminate, acute, or obtuse; central leaflet 5–20 × 2.5–8.5 cm.
branchlets black-purple when dry, conspicuously lenticellate. Panicles terminal, lax, 9–18 cm, densely yellowish brown
Leaves 3-foliolate; petiole 2–5 mm; petiolules 0.5–1.7 cm; pubescent. Calyx 2–3 mm, rudimentarily dentate, densely
leaflets narrowly elliptic, narrowly ovate, ovate, or obovate, yellowish brown pubescent, glandular. Corolla yellowish, 6–8
glabrous, abaxially greenish and yellow glandular, base mm, 2-lipped, 5-lobed, outside pubescent and glandular.
cuneate to subrounded, margin entire, apex acuminate to short Stamens exserted. Ovary glandular. Fruiting calyx truncate.
caudate-acuminate; central leaflet 3–11 × 2–4 cm. Panicles Fruit black, obovoid to globose, ca. 8 mm in diam. Fl. May-Jul,
6–11 cm; branches dichotomous or trichotomous; peduncle fr. Aug-Sep.
5–10 mm. Calyx 2–3 mm, minutely 5-dentate, subglabrous, 200–1700 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan,
yellow glandular. Corolla yellow to purplish; tube ca. 5 mm, Hunan, Jiangxi, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [India, Indonesia,
outside subglabrous and glandular, villous in throat. Stamens Japan, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand].
exserted. Ovary glabrous. Fruit black when dry, globose, ca. 1 1a. Filaments glabrous at base ..................... 5a. var. quinata
cm in diam. Fl. May, fr. Jun-Jul. 1b. Filaments distinctly pilose at base ...... 5b. var. puberula
Forest edges on mountain slopes; 300–600 m. Hainan [Cambodia,
Vietnam]. 5a. Vitex quinata var. quinata
山牡荆 shan mu jing
3. Vitex sampsonii Hance, J. Bot. 6: 115. 1868.
Cornutia quinata Loureiro, Fl. Cochinch. 2: 387. 1790;
广东牡荆 guang dong mu jing
Vitex heterophylla Roxburgh.
Shrubs 1–2 m tall. Branchlets sparsely pubescent to
Central leaflet obovate-elliptic to obovate, 5–9 × 2.5–4
subglabrous; buds yellowish brown puberulent. Leaves
cm, adaxially subglabrous, with appressed hairs on midvein,
3–5-foliolate; petiole 1–3 cm; leaflets subsessile to very short
and grayish dotted. Filaments widened and glabrous at base. Fl.
petiolulate, elliptic-lanceolate, obovate-lanceolate, or obovate,
May-Jul, fr. Aug-Sep.
base acuminate to cuneate, margin coarsely dentate with 1–5
teeth per side, apex acuminate, acute, or obtuse; central leaflet Forests on mountain slopes; 200–1200 m. Fujian, Guangdong,
1.5–4 × 1–2 cm. Panicles 10–20 cm. Calyx ca. 3 mm, teeth Guangxi, Hunan, Jiangxi, Taiwan, Zhejiang [India, Japan, Malaysia,
Philippines].
acuminate at maturity, both surfaces slightly pubescent to
subglabrous. Corolla bluish purple, ca. 1 cm, both surfaces 5b. Vitex quinata var. puberula (H. J. Lam) Moldenke,
densely pubescent. Filaments pilose at base. Ovary apically Phytologia 3: 489. 1951.
with a few hairs. Fruiting calyx equal or longer than fruit. Fruit
subglobose, ca. 3 mm in diam. 微毛布惊 wei mao bu jing
Vitex heterophylla Roxburgh var. puberula H. J. Lam,
• Mountain slopes along roadsides; 400–600 m. Guangdong,
Guangxi, Hunan, Jiangxi. Verben. Malay. Archip. 189. 1919.
Central leaflet oblong to elliptic, 15–20 × 5–8.5 cm,
4. Vitex pierreana Dop, Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Toulouse 57: adaxially glabrescent. Filaments distinctly pilose at base.
205. 1928.
 Mixed forests on mountain slopes and along roadsides; Open places or along river banks; 100–400 m. Fujian,
700–1700 m. Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan Guangdong, Guangxi, Taiwan, Yunnan [SE Asia, Australia, Pacific
[Philippines, Thailand]. Islands].
6. Vitex canescens Kurz, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 7b. Vitex trifolia var. subtrisecta (Kuntze) Moldenke,
42(2): 101. 1873. Phytologia 8: 88. 1961.
灰毛牡荆 hui mao mu jing 异叶蔓荆 yi ye man jing
Vitex kweichowensis P'ei. Vitex agnuscastus Linnaeus var. subtrisecta Kuntze,
Trees 3–15(–20) m tall; bark black-brown. Branchlets Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 510. 1891.
densely gray-yellow pubescent. Leaves 3–5-foliolate; petiole
Shrubs, erect. Leaves both simple and compound;
(3.5–)7–10 cm; petiolules 0.5–3 cm; leaflets elliptic-lanceolate,
compound leaves usually 3-foliolate. Fl. Apr-Jul, fr. Sep-Nov.
elliptic, or ovate, 6–18 × 2.5–9 cm, papery, abaxially densely
softly pubescent, sometimes glabrescent, and glandular, Mixed forests on mountain slopes and along roadsides;
adaxially pubescent, base cuneate to subrounded and 300–1700 m. Guangdong, S Yunnan [S and SE Asia, Australia, Pacific
sometimes oblique, margin entire or obscurely undulate, apex Islands].
acuminate to acute. Thyrses 10–30 cm; peduncle densely
gray-yellow pubescent; bracts deciduous. Calyx minutely 7c. Vitex trifolia var. taihangensis (L. B. Guo & S. Q. Zhou)
5-dentate, outside densely pubescent and glandular, inside S. L. Chen, Novon 1: 58. 1991.
pubescent. Corolla yellowish, outside densely pubescent and 太行荆 tai hang jing
glandular, pilose at insertion of stamens. Stamens exserted.
Ovary apically glandular. Style glabrous. Drupes yellow, Vitex taihangensis L. B. Guo & S. Q. Zhou, Bull. Bot.
becoming black, globose, shiny, smooth. Res., Harbin 9(4): 61. 1989.
Mixed forests; 200–1600 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Shrubs, erect, 40–90 cm tall. Leaves simple or rarely
Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [Cambodia, India, compound; blade lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate. Ovary
Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam]. glabrous, without glands. Fl. Aug.
Medicinal, timber. • Mountain slopes in calcareous soil; 1400 m. Shanxi (Taihang
Shan).
7. Vitex trifolia Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 638. 1753.
8. Vitex rotundifolia Linnaeus f., Suppl. Pl. 294. 1781 (publ.
蔓荆 man jing 1782).
Shrubs or small trees, 1.5–5 m tall, erect. Branchlets 单叶蔓荆 dan ye man jing
densely pubescent. Leaves 1–3(–5)-foliolate; petiole 1–3 cm;
leaflets sessile, oblong, lanceolate, or obovate, abaxially Vitex ovata Thunberg; V. trifolia var. ovata (Thunberg)
densely gray tomentose, adaxially green and glabrous or Makino; V. trifolia var. simplicifolia Chamisso; V. trifolia var.
subglabrous, base cuneate, margin entire, apex obtuse, veins ca. unifoliolata Schauer.
8 pairs and slightly prominent on both surfaces; central or Shrubs, prostrate. Stems prostrate to creeping, rooting at
single leaflet 2.5–9 × 1.7–3 cm. Panicles 3–15 cm; peduncle nodes; branchlets silky tomentose when young. Leaves mostly
densely gray tomentose. Calyx slightly 5-dentate, outside gray 1(–3)-foliolate, sessile or short petiolate; blade
pubescent, inside glabrous. Corolla purplish to bluish purple, obovate-spatulate, ovate-elliptic, broadly oblong-elliptic, or
6–10 mm, outside scaly white, pubescent at filament bases and circular, 2.5–5 × 1.5–3 cm, abaxially velvety to minutely silky
on inside of lower lobe. Stamens exserted. Ovary glabrous, tomentose, adaxially usually pale dull green and pubescent,
with or without glands. Style glabrous. Fruit black, subglobose, base attenuate to rounded, margin entire, apex abruptly
ca. 5 mm in diam. Fl. Apr-Aug, fr. Aug-Nov. subacuminate to rounded. Inflorescences terminal thyrses,
100–1700 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hebei, 3–10 × 1–2.5 cm. Calyx cup-shaped, 4–5 mm, slightly
Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Shandong, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [S 2-lipped, 5-denticulate, outside minutely silky tomentose and
and SE Asia, Australia, Pacific Islands]. glandular, inside glabrous. Corolla purplish mauve to lilac blue,
1a. Ovary without glands ...................... 7c. var. taihangensis salverform, outside minutely silky tomentose and glandular,
1b. Ovary glandular. villous in tube and inside on lower half of large anterior lobe of
2a. Leaves usually 3(–5)-foliolate ........... 7a. var. trifolia lower lip. Stamens and style exserted. Ovary globose, glabrous,
2b. Leaves both simple and compound densely glandular. Fruit dark brown when dry, globose. Fl.
............................................................. 7b. var. subtrisecta
Jul-Sep, fr. Sep-Nov.
Open sandy areas, usually near sea. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong,
7a. Vitex trifolia var. trifolia Hebei, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Shandong, Taiwan, Zhejiang [Japan;
SE Asia, Pacific Islands].
蔓荆 man jing
Medicinal.
Vitex bicolor Willdenow; V. negundo Linnaeus var.
bicolor (Willdenow) H. J. Lam; V. trifolia var. bicolor 9. Vitex negundo Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 638. 1753.
(Willdenow) Moldenke; V. trifolia var. trifoliolata Schauer. 黄荆 huang jing
Leaves 3(–5)-foliolate; middle leaflet 5–9 × 1.7–3 cm. Fl. Shrubs or small trees. Branchlets densely gray tomen-tose.
Jul, fr. Sep-Nov. Leaves 3–7-foliolate; central leaflet distinctly petiolulate.
Calyx campanulate, 5-dentate, gray tomentose. Corolla
2-lipped, 5-lobed, outside puberulent. Stamens exserted. Ovary 牡荆 mu jing
subglabrous. Vitex cannabifolia Siebold & Zuccarini, Abh. Math.-Phys.
100–3200 m. Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Cl. Königl. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. 4(3): 152. 1846; V. negundo f.
Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Nei intermedia P'ei.
Mongol, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan,
Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan; E Africa, S and SE Asia, Pacific Shrubs or small trees. Leaves (3–)5-foliolate; leaflets
Islands]. lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, abaxially greenish, minutely
Fiber, medicinal. pilose, adaxially green, base cuneate, margin regularly coarse
serrate, apex acuminate. Panicles 10–20 cm. Corolla purplish.
1a. Leaflets distinctly serrate. Fruit black, globose. Fl. Jun-Jul, fr. Aug-Nov.
2a. Leaflets regularly serrate, abaxially sparsely
Mixed thickets on mountain slopes and along roadsides;
pubescent ..................................... 9d. var. cannabifolia 100–1100 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hunan,
2b. Leaflets irregularly serrate, abaxially densely Sichuan [India, Nepal; SE Asia].
gray tomentose ........................... 9e. var. heterophylla
1b. Leaflets entire, rarely sparsely serrate. 9e. Vitex negundo var. heterophylla (Franchet) Rehder, J.
3a. Inflorescences racemelike thyrses, ultimate Arnold Arbor. 28: 258. 1947.
cymes lax ........................................ 9c. var. thyrsoides 荆条 jing tiao
3b. Inflorescences spikelike thyrses, ultimate cymes
Vitex incisa Lamarck var. heterophylla Franchet, Nouv.
compact.
Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat., sér. 2, 6: 112. 1883; V. chinensis Miller;
4a. Central leaflet 4–13 × 1–4 cm ... 9a. var. negundo
V. incisa Lamarck; V. negundo var. incisa (Lamarck) C. B.
4b. Central leaflet 1.5–4 × 0.5–1 cm Clarke.
...................................................... 9b. var. microphylla
Leaflets deeply incised, essentially pinnatifid, abaxially
9a. Vitex negundo var. negundo densely gray tomentose.
黄荆 huang jing Mixed thickets on mountain slopes and along roadsides;
200–1800 m. Anhui, Gansu, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hunan, Jiangsu,
Vitex arborea Fischer; V. negundo f. alba P'ei; V. Jiangxi, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan
negundo f. laxipaniculata P'ei; V. paniculata Lamarck. [India; SE Asia].
Leaves usually (3–)5-foliolate; leaflets lanceolate, 10. Vitex peduncularis Wallich ex Schauer in A. de Candolle,
oblong-lanceolate, broadly lanceolate, or ovate, abaxially scaly Prodr. 11: 687. 1847.
white, adaxially green or scaly white, base cuneate, margin
entire or rarely with 1–3 teeth along apical part; central leaflet 长序荆 chang xu jing
4–13 × 1–4 cm. Inflorescences 10–27 cm; peduncle densely Trees 5–15 m tall. Branchlets sparsely pubescent when
gray tomentose. Fl. Apr-Jun, fr. Jul-Oct. young, glabrescent. Leaves 3-foliolate; petiole 4–7 cm;
Mixed thickets on mountain slopes; 200–1400 m. Anhui, Fujian, petiolules 5–12 mm; leaflets broadly lanceolate to oblong,
Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, glabrous, abaxially densely glandular, base cuneate and
Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan, slightly oblique, margin entire or slightly undulate and ciliate,
Zhejiang [Japan; E Africa, S and SE Asia, Pacific Islands]. apex acuminate to acute; central leaflet 10–15 × 4–5 cm.
Thyrses 7–17 cm; bracts linear, early deciduous. Calyx 1.8–2.5
9b. Vitex negundo var. microphylla Handel-Mazzetti, Symb. cm, outside pubescent and glandular, inside glabrous. Corolla
Sin. 7: 906. 1936. white, outside puberulent, lower lip pilose inside. Stamens
小叶荆 xiao ye jing included; filaments glabrous. Ovary glabrous. Fruiting calyx
minutely 5-dentate to subtruncate. Fruit black, subglobose, ca.
Vitex microphylla (Handel-Mazzetti) P'ei ex C. Y. Wu.
7 mm in diam., with longitudinal veins when dry. Fl. and fr.
Leaves (3–)5(–7)-foliolate; leaflets elliptic-lanceolate, Jul-Aug.
abaxially scaly white, adaxially green, base cuneate, margin
Mixed forests; 600–1200 m. S Yunnan [Bangladesh, Cambodia,
entire, apex acuminate; middle leaflet 1.5–4 × 0.5–1 cm. India, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam].
Inflorescences 5–11 cm. Fruit pubescent. Fl. and fr. Jul-Nov.
• Thickets along stream banks; 1200–3200 m. Sichuan, Xizang, 11. Vitex burmensis Moldenke, Phytologia 8: 30. 1961.
Yunnan. 长叶荆 chang ye jing
9c. Vitex negundo var. thyrsoides P'ei & S. L. Liou in S. L. Vitex lanceifolia S. C. Huang; V. lanceolata P'ei (1932),
Liou, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 65(1): 212. 1982. not Turczaninow (1863).
拟黄荆 ni huang jing Shrubs or trees 2–12 m tall. Branches and branchlets
pubescent, densely yellowish glandular. Leaves 3–5-foliolate;
Leaves 3–5-foliolate; leaflets lanceolate to narrowly petioles 2–12 cm; petiolules 0.3–2 cm; leaflets oblong,
elliptic, abaxially gray tomentose, adaxially sparsely pubescent lanceolate, or ovate-lanceolate, papery, abaxially yellow
or only pubescent along veins. Inflorescences large, lax, glandular, adaxially sparsely pubescent and glandular, base
racemelike thryses. Fl. and fr. Aug-Oct. cuneate to subrounded and sometimes oblique, margin entire,
• Mixed forests on mountain slopes; 300–2100 m. Guangdong, apex caudate-acuminate to acute, veins 13–15 pairs and
Sichuan. abaxially prominent; central leaflet 7–17 × 2.5–8 cm. Panicles
axillary, 1–3 per axil; peduncle 1.5–7 cm, densely short
9d. Vitex negundo var. cannabifolia (Siebold & Zuccarini) pubescent, sparsely glandular. Calyx slightly 2-lipped,
Handel-Mazzetti, Acta Horti Gothob. 9: 67. 1934. 5-dentate, outside pubescent and glandular, inside glabrous.
Corolla pink, ca. 1 cm, tube ca. 6 mm, both surfaces pubescent Shrubs or small trees, 1–5 m tall. Branchlets and
especially on central lobe of lower lip. Stamens slightly peduncles densely minutely tomentose when young,
exserted; filaments pubescent on basal half; anthers divaricate. subglabrescent. Leaves 3–5-foliolate; petiole 1–6 cm,
Ovary glabrous, apically glandular. Style as long as corolla yellow-brown minutely tomentose; petiolules 2–4 mm; leaflets
tube. Fruit globose, ca. 1 cm in diam. Fl. Jun, fr. Oct. elliptic-oblong, ovate-oblong, or ovate, abaxially greenish to
Dense forests in moist valleys; 1300–2400 m. Guangxi, Guizhou, yellowish green and yellow glandular pilose on veins,
Xizang, Yunnan [Myanmar]. adaxially green and sparsely yellow glandular pubescent on
veins, base broadly cuneate to subrounded, margin subentire
12. Vitex vestita Wallich ex Schauer in A. de Candolle, Prodr. and usually ciliate, apex acuminate, acute, or obtuse; central
11: 692. 1847. leaflet 2.5–5.5 cm. Cymes 3–7-flowered; peduncle shorter than
黄毛牡荆 huang mao mu jing petioles. Calyx campanulate, ca. 3 mm, minutely 5-dentate,
teeth broadly triangular, outside pilose and glandular. Corolla
Shrubs or small trees, 1–5(–8) m tall. Branchlets densely white flushed with pink or blue, to 1.7 cm; tube ventricose,
yellow-brown pubescent when young, glabrescent. Leaves outside puberulent and glandular, villous at insertion of
3-foliolate; petiole 2–6 cm; petiolules ca. 1 cm; leaflets filaments. Stamens slightly exserted. Ovary and style glabrous.
elliptic-oblong to elliptic, membranous, abaxially softly tawny Fruit globose, ca. 1 cm in diam. Fl. and fr. May-Nov.
pubescent villous on veins and glandular, adaxially sparsely
hispid and glandular dotted, base cuneate to rounded, margin • Mixed forests on mountain slopes; 1800–3500 m. Sichuan,
Yunnan.
entire or sparsely serrate above middle, apex acuminate to 14. Vitex duclouxii Dop, Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Toulouse 57:
acute; central leaflet largest, 2.5–15 × 1.5–8 cm. Cymes 208. 1928.
axillary, sometimes to 3 per axil, 2.5–4 cm, dichotomous or
trichotomous, tawny pubescent; peduncle shorter than petioles, 金沙荆 jin sha jing
densely pilose; bracts linear, pilose. Calyx with a tube ca. 3 Shrubs or trees; bark dark brown. Branchlets glandular
mm, minutely 5-dentate to subtruncate, outside densely yellow-brown pubescent when young, glabrescent. Leaves
pubescent and glandular. Corolla yellowish, tube slender and (3–)5-foliolate; petiole 2–6 cm; petiolules 1–1.5 cm; leaflets
1–1.2 cm, outside yellow glandular, inside glabrous except oblong-lanceolate, abaxially pilose on veins densely so when
villous below insertion of stamens. Stamens included. Ovary young, adaxially subglabrous, both surfaces yellowish
apex densely glandular. Fruiting calyx enlarged, saucer-shaped. glandular, base cuneate and slightly oblique, margin entire,
Drupes black, obovoid, 5–9 × 4–8 mm. Fl. Jun-Sep, fr. apex acuminate to nearly caudate; central leaflet 5–10 × 2–3
Oct-Nov. cm. Cymes dichotomous, pubescent to subglabrous; bracts
Mixed forests on mountain slopes; 800–1800 m. Yunnan [SE small. Calyx campanulate, ca. 4 mm, outside pubescent and
Asia]. densely glandular; teeth 5, triangular. Corolla ca. 1 cm,
Some Chinese collections are described as having white or pink 2-lipped, tube ca. 6 mm, lower lip 3-lobed, upper lip 2-lobed
flowers. and larger than lower lip, outside puberulent and glandular
13. Vitex yunnanensis W. Smith, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. except at base, inside puberulent on lower lip and villous at
Edinburgh 9: 141. 1916. insertion of filaments. Stamens included. Ovary glabrous.
滇牡荆 dian mu jing Style as long as stamens. Fruit globose, ca. 1 cm in diam.
• Thickets along streams; 1000–2300 m. Sichuan, Xizang
(Mêdog), Yunnan.

12. GMELINA Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 626. 1753.

石梓属 shi zi shu
Trees, tall shrubs, or rarely subshrubs, often climbing when young. Branchlets tomentose, often spiny. Leaves opposite,
simple, sometimes lobed, usually with large gland patches near base, often abaxially gray mealy. Inflorescences usually terminal
cymes or panicles, sometimes 1-flowered in leaf axils; cymules axillary, decussate, few flowered, short; bracts leaflike. Calyx
persistent, campanulate, enlarged in fruit, truncate, 4- or 5-dentate or lobed, often somewhat unequal or oblique, usually with large
glands. Corolla zygomorphic, ventricose funnelform, tube narrow at base, throat wide; limb oblique, ca. 2-lipped, upper lip 2-lobed
or entire, lower lip 3-lobed with middle lobe larger. Stamens 4, distinctly didynamous, inserted on basal part of corolla tube, usually
included, sometimes slightly exserted; anthers divaricate, opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary (2–)4-locular; ovules pendulous or
laterally attached, often with a central cavity. Style slender, usually unequally 2-lobed or stigma awl-shaped. Fruit a succulent drupe,
endocarp bony, mesocarp fleshy. Seeds 4 or by abortion 2 or 3.
About 35 species: Asia, Australia, and New Guinea; seven species in China.
1a. Bracts rounded to broadly ovate, persistent .......................................................................................................... 1. G. szechwanensis
1b. Bracts linear, lanceolate, to ovate, deciduous before anthesis.
2a. Calyx distinctly dentate or lobed.
3a. Subshrubs or shrubs; branchlets slender; leaf blade 1.5–2.5(–5) cm .......................................................... 2. G. delavayana
3b. Trees; branchlets robust; leaf blade more than 5 cm.
4a. Calyx 1.5–1.8 cm, teeth ovate-triangular; ovary mealy; fruit shorter than calyx ................................ 3. G. hainanensis
4b. Calyx 0.3–0.5 cm, teeth sharply triangular; ovary glabrous; fruit much longer than calyx ..................... 4. G. arborea
2b. Calyx truncate.
5a. Climbing shrubs; branchlets with axillary spines; ovary glabrous ..................................................................... 5. G. asiatica
 5b. Trees; branchlets without spines; ovary pubescent or mealy.
6a. Leaves glabrous; corolla 4-lobed, glabrous ...................................................................................................... 6. G. chinensis
6b. Leaves densely puberulent; corolla 5-lobed, puberulent ................................................................................. 7. G. lecomtei

1. Gmelina szechwanensis K. Yao in S. L. Chen & K. Yao, Fl. acuminate to acute; veins 3 or 4 pairs, abaxially prominently
Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 65(1): 211. 1982. elevated. Inflorescences terminal, cymose paniculate; peduncle
6–8 cm, yellowish pubescent; bracts subsessile, leaflike,
四川石梓 si chuan shi zi ovate-lanceolate to ovate, 0.8–1 × 0.5–2.5 cm, gray pubescent,
Trees ca. 12 m tall, deciduous; bark dark brown. with circular gland patches. Calyx 1.5–1.8 cm, 2-lipped,
Branchlets terete, slender, striate, with elliptic white lenticels, outside pubescent and glandular, accrescent and spreading in
leaf scars prominent, white puberulent when young, fruit; teeth 5, ovate-triangular. Corolla pinkish white, red, or
glabrescent. Petiole 2–5 cm, puberulent; leaf blade ovate to rarely yellowish, darker in center, 3.5–4.5 cm, tube ca. 2.5 cm.
obovate, 5–9 × 4–6.5 cm, papery, abaxially grayish green, Stamens sparsely glandular. Ovary pubescent. Fruit ovoid,
sparsely puberulent, and densely glandular, adaxially glabrous, 2–2.2 × 1.5 cm, as long as fruiting calyx. Fl. May-Jun, fr.
base cuneate to broadly cuneate and oblique, margin entire, Jun-Sep.
apex obtuse to acuminate, veins 3 or 4 pairs. Inflorescences
terminal; peduncle densely grayish puberulent; bracts Open grassy hillsides, sparse forests; 300–500 m. Guangdong,
Guangxi, Hainan, S Jiangxi [Vietnam].
persistent, with petioles ca. 5 mm, blade rounded to broadly
ovate, 1–2 × 1–1.5 cm, outside densely puberulent and Fine timber.
glandular, inside sparsely puberulent. Calyx unequally 4- or
4. Gmelina arborea Roxburgh, Pl. Coromandel 3: 41. 1815.
5-dentate, outside sparsely puberulent, inside glabrous in fruit.
Ovary ovoid, glabrous. Fruit black when dry, obovoid, 1–1.5 云南石梓 yun nan shi zi
cm in diam., shorter than persistent calyx.
Trees ca. 15 m tall; bark grayish brown; branchlets,
• Mixed forests on mountain slopes and along streams; petioles, and inflorescences densely yellow-brown tomentose.
1200–3000 m. SW Sichuan. Branchlets slightly 4-angled when young, becoming terete,
Described from fruiting material. Allied to Gmelina delavayana lenticellate, leaf scars prominent. Petiole terete, 3.5–10 cm;
but differs in having bracts and bractlets persistent, broadly ovate to leaf blade broadly ovate, 8–19 × 4.5–15 cm, thickly papery,
rounded, and densely puberulent and calyces much longer than fruit.
Gmelina hainanensis can have a similar calyx to G. szechwanensis, base broadly cuneate to subcordate, apex acuminate; veins 3–5
and these species need further study. pairs, abaxially prominent. Inflorescences terminal, narrow
2. Gmelina delavayana Dop, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 61: 321. thyrses; peduncle 15–30 cm. Calyx 3–5 mm, with several black
1914. discoid gland patches; teeth 5, sharply triangular. Corolla
yellow, 3–4 cm, 2-lipped, sparsely glandular; lower lip 3-lobed,
小叶石梓 xiao ye shi zi outside yellowish brown puberulent, inside glabrous; upper lip
Gmelina montana W. Smith. entire or slightly 2-cleft. Ovary glabrous, glandular. Stigma
unequally 2-cleft. Drupes yellow when ripe and black when
Subshrubs to shrubs, 0.3–3 m tall. Branchlets terete, dry, ellipsoid to obovoid-ellipsoid, 1.5–2 cm. Fl. Apr-May, fr.
slender, striate, with sparse small lenticels, puberulent when May-Jul.
young, glabrescent. Petiole 3–8 mm; leaf blade broadly ovate
Open forests along roadsides and near farm houses; below 1500
to ovate-rhomboid, 1.5–2.5(–5) cm, abaxially glandular, m. S Yunnan [Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia,
adaxially glabrous, base cuneate to broadly cuneate and Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam].
slightly oblique, margin entire or coarsely serrate below Allied to Gmelina asiatica but differs in having erect
middle, apex acuminate, veins 3 or 4 pairs. Inflorescences lax inflorescences and larger leaves.
terminal thyrses, terminal flowers solitary, basal bracts leaflike,
bractlets lanceolate. Calyx campanulate, 6–8 mm, 5-dentate, 5. Gmelina asiatica Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 626. 1753.
grayish glandular, outside with several disc-shaped black 亚洲石梓 ya zhou shi zi
glands. Corolla bluish to reddish purple, base yellow, 3–4 cm,
2-lipped; lower lip 3-lobed, central lobe largest, hooded; upper Shrubs, climbing, 1–3(–10) m tall, usually with spines
lip entire or slightly 2-cleft, puberulent. Stamens slightly and minute yellowish brown hairs on young shoots. Petiole
exserted. Ovary glabrous, sparsely glandular. Style ± as long as 0.5–4.5 cm; leaf blade ovate to obovate, 3–5(–9) × 2.2–3
stamens, glabrous. Fruit black when dry, obovoid, 1–1.5 cm, (–8.5) cm, papery, abaxially dark brown villous and glandular,
longer than persistent calyx. Fl. May-Jul, fr. Jul-Sep. adaxially glabrescent, base cuneate, margin entire or ca.
3–5-lobed, apex acuminate, veins 3 or 4 pairs. Inflorescences
• Thickets on mountain slopes; 1500–3000 m. SW Sichuan, NW terminal, usually pendulous, few to many flowered; primary
Yunnan.
floral branches very short, 1–5-flowered; bracts leaflike, small
3. Gmelina hainanensis Oliver, Hooker's Icon. Pl. 19: t. 1874. to large. Flowers pendulous. Calyx 3–6 × 2.5–4 mm, outside
1889. densely dark brown pubescent and with 2 to several
disc-shaped glands, inside glabrous. Corolla yellow, 2–5 cm,
苦梓 ku zi 2-lipped and 4-lobed, lower lip 3-lobed, upper lip entire,
Trees ca. 15 m tall; bark gray. Branchlets yellowish, leaf outside with scattered appressed hairs, inside with dense
scars and lenticels very prominent, pubescent when young, glandular hairs. Filaments with dense glandular hairs. Ovary
glabrescent; buds brownish woolly. Petiole brown, 2–4(–6.5) 4-locular, glabrous. Style slender, hardly exserted, apically
cm, pubescent; leaf blade ovate to broadly ovate, 5–16 × 4–8 curved; stigma unequally 2-cleft. Drupes yellow, ovoid to
cm, papery, abaxially bluish green mealy, adaxially shiny obovoid, glabrous.
green and glabrous, base cuneate to truncate, apex short
 Mixed forests; 400–800 m. Guangdong, S Guangxi [Bangla-desh, 7. Gmelina lecomtei Dop, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 61: 322.
Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand, 1914.
Vietnam].
Differs from other species in its climbing habit, branch spines, 越南石梓 yue nan shi zi
small leaves, and long narrow corollas. Trees ca. 15 m tall. Branchlets 4-angled and densely
6. Gmelina chinensis Bentham, Fl. Hongk. 272. 1861. yellow pubescent when young, becoming terete and glabrous,
sparsely lenticellate. Petiole terete, 6–7 cm, channeled, yellow
石梓 shi zi puberulent; leaf blade ovate-elliptic to ovate, 9–20 × 6–12 cm,
Trees or shrubs, 3–12 m tall; bark gray. Branchlets abaxially bluish green, yellowish brown puberulent, and gray
yellow-brown pubescent when young, glabrescent. Petiole glandular, adaxially subglabrous except pubescent along veins,
2–5.5 cm, channeled, pubescent when young, glabrescent; leaf base broadly cuneate to subrounded, margin entire, apex
blade ovate-elliptic to ovate, 5–15 × 3–7(–9) cm, papery to acuminate to acute; veins 3 or 4 pairs, abaxially very prominent,
thickly papery, abaxially bluish green mealy with gland reticulate, adaxially pitted. Inflorescences terminal cymose
patches scattered to almost absent, adaxially glabrous, base panicles, cymes narrowly divergent, proximal cymes as long as
cuneate, margin entire, apex acuminate, veins 3–5 pairs. panicle; bracts deciduous, linear to linear-lanceolate, 5–7 mm,
Inflorescences terminal thyrses; bracts leaflike, deciduous. densely puberulent, black disc-shaped glandular. Calyx
Calyx truncate, 5–12 mm, outside densely gray downy and cup-shaped, almost rotate in fruit, 5–8 mm. Corolla yellow, ca.
with several disc-shaped glands, inside glabrous and sparsely 3 cm; lobes 5, equal, rounded. Stamens slightly exserted.
glandular. Corolla white or pinkish, 3–3.5 cm, throat ca. 2.5 cm Ovary ovoid, pubescent. Style sparsely glandular. Fruit
in diam., outside densely glandular, inside sparsely glandular. obovoid, 2.5–4 cm, fleshy. Fl. Jun-Jul, fr. Jul-Sep.
Ovary apically densely pubescent, basally glabrous. Drupes
obovoid, ca. 2.2 × 1.5 cm, apex truncate. Fl. Apr-May, fr. Aug. Open forests; 200–1000 m. Yunnan (Hekou Xian and Pingbian
Xian) [Laos, Vietnam].
• Mixed forests on mountain slopes; 500–1200 m. Fujian,
Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou.

13. GARRETTIA Fletcher, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1937: 71. 1937.
辣莸属 la you shu
Shrubs. Leaves opposite, simple or 3-lobed. Cymes usually axillary, with monochasial branches. Flowers minute. Calyx
campanulate, minutely 5-dentate or subtruncate. Corolla 2-lipped, lower lip 3-lobed, upper lip usually 2-lobed, lobes entire.
Stamens didynamous, shorter or longer than corolla. Ovary 2-locular when young, becoming 4-locular; ovules 1 per locule. Stigma
2-cleft. Fruiting calyx inflated. Schizocarp globose, reticulately ridged, breaking into 4 mericarps each enclosing 1 seed.
One or two species: SE Asia, one species in China.

1. Garrettia siamensis Fletcher, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew veins 4–6 pairs. Cymes with up to 4 monochasial branches;
1937: 71. 1937. peduncle 1–1.5 cm; bracts linear-lanceolate. Calyx ca. 1.5 mm,
membranous. Corolla with a tube 1.5–2 mm, 2-lipped, lower
辣莸 la you
lip ca. 2 mm, upper lip ca. 1 mm, pilose at insertion of
Shrubs 1–1.5(–4) m tall. Branchlets 4-angled and brown filaments. Stamens slightly exserted. Schizocarp globose,
puberulent when young, becoming terete and glabrous. Petiole 1.5–2 mm in diam., densely yellow glandular, surface
1.5–5 cm, puberulent; leaf blade ovate, 4.5–8 × 2–4 cm, reticulate, apex truncate, flattened.
papery, abaxially greenish, adaxially green, both surfaces
puberulent and golden glandular especially abaxially, base Open forests on mountain slopes in calcareous soil; 600–1200 m.
rounded to slightly cordate, margin serrulate, apex acuminate, SE Yunnan [Indonesia, Thailand].

14. CLERODENDRUM Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 637. 1753.

大青属 da qing shu

Shrubs or small trees, rarely subshrubs or herbs, erect or rarely climbing, deciduous or evergreen. Branchlets usually 4-angled
when young. Leaves simple, opposite or rarely whorled. Inflorescences loosely cymose or capitate, in terminal or rarely axillary
paniculate thyrses. Calyx campanulate or cup-shaped, ca. 5-dentate or deeply 5-lobed. Corolla with a slender tube; lobes 5,
spreading. Stamens 4, ± exserted. Ovary 4-locular; ovules pendulous or laterally attached. Style with 2 acute stigmatic lobes.
Fruiting calyx ± inflated. Fruit a drupe with 4 1-seeded pyrenes, sometimes separating into 2 2-loculed or 4 1-locular mericarps.
About 400 species: mostly tropical and subtropical, few in temperate Asia, Africa, and America; 34 species in China.

1a. Corolla tube 5 cm or longer; leaves in whorls of 3–5 ..................................................................................................... 1. C. indicum

1b. Corolla tube less than 5 cm; leaves opposite, rarely in whorls of 3.
2a. Calyx truncate or subtruncate at anthesis.
3a. Subshrubs 0.3–0.5 m tall; leaf blade membranous; calyx ca. 2 mm; corolla tube ca. 5 mm, lobes ca. 5 mm
................................................................................................................................................................................. 33. C. subscaposum
 3b. Shrubs 1–4 m tall; leaf blade papery; calyx ca. 5 mm; corolla tube ca. 7 mm, lobes 6–12 mm ............... 34. C. serratum
2b. Calyx 5-lobed or 5-dentate at anthesis.
4a. Inflorescences 3–10-flowered.
5a. Corolla tube equal or slightly longer than calyx; calyx lobes triangular-ovate to broadly ovate ..... 10. C. fortunatum
5b. Corolla tube much longer than calyx; calyx lobes triangular-lanceolate.
6a. Leaf blade papery; inflorescences terminal; calyx deeply lobed, lobes ca. 1 cm, triangular-lanceolate
........................................................................................................................................................................ 31. C. griffithianum
6b. Leaf blade thick papery; inflorescences axillary or rarely subterminal; calyx dentate or subtruncate in
fruit ............................................................................................................................................................................ 32. C. inerme
4b. Inflorescences more than 10-flowered.
7a. Leaf blade abaxially with numerous peltate glands usually covered with a sand-colored secretion.
8a. Leaf blade shallowly palmately 3–5-lobed ............................................................................................. 4. C. paniculatum
8b. Leaf blade not lobed.
9a. Stamens ca. 2 cm .................................................................................................................................... 2. C. intermedium
9b. Stamens 4.5–7.5 cm ................................................................................................................................... 3. C. japonicum
7b. Leaf blade abaxially with few or no peltate glands.
10a. Leaf blade 2–3 × as long as wide.
11a. Inflorescences capitate or flat-topped cymes with a short axis.
12a. Leaf blade densely yellow glandular on both surfaces ................................................. 11. C. luteopunctatum
12b. Leaf blade without glands or glands only on 1 surface.
13a. Inflorescences capitate, ca. 5.5 cm; calyx lobes lanceolate, reflexed at anthesis
.................................................................................................................................. 12. C. ervatamioides
13b. Inflorescences flat-topped, 7–16 cm; calyx lobes triangular-lanceolate, erect at
anthesis.
14a. Leaf blade papery; corolla tube ca. 1 cm; calyx 3–4 mm ................................... 13. C. cyrtophyllum
14b. Leaf blade membranous; corolla tube 2–3 cm; calyx 6–7 mm ..................... 14. C. kwangtungense
11b. Inflorescences thyrsoid with an elongated axis.
15a. Branchlets 4-angled, winged ............................................................................................................ 5. C. wallichii
15b. Branchlets terete or slightly 4-angled, not winged.
16a. Inflorescences more than 15 cm; leaf blade usually membranous ............................. 9. C. longilimbum
16b. Inflorescences less than 15 cm; leaf blade usually papery.
17a. Leaf pairs with unequal blades and petioles ............................................................ 6. C. garrettianum
17b. Leaf pairs with equal blades and petioles.
18a. Leaves black when dry; inflorescences slightly pendulous, racemosely arranged
thyrses; calyx lobes ovate-oblong ................................................................................... 7. C. henryi
18b. Leaves green when dry; inflorescences thyrsoid cymes; calyx lobes triangular-
lanceolate ..................................................................................................................... 8. C. hainanense
10b. Leaf blade less than to 2 × as long as wide.
19a. Cymes not crowded.
20a. Inflorescences without a distinct axis.
21a. Leaf blade adaxially sparsely pubescent to subglabrous, abaxially puberulent; calyx densely
pubescent; corolla lobes without glands ................................................................. 24. C. colebrookianum
21b. Leaf blade adaxially sparsely strigose, abaxially strigose only on veins; calyx puberulent;
corolla lobes glandular outside .......................................................................................... 25. C. kaichianum
20b. Inflorescences with a distinct axis.
22a. Inflorescences rounded ................................................................................................................ 26. C. villosum
22b. Inflorescences flat topped.
23a. Calyx 3–6 mm, teeth awl-shaped or narrowly triangular.
24a. Leaf blade papery, abaxially densely small glandular; calyx ca. 6 mm, teeth
narrowly triangular ................................................................................................. 27. C. kiangsiense
24b. Leaf blade subleathery, abaxially without glands; calyx 3–4 mm, teeth awl-shaped
................................................................................................................................. 28. C. mandarinorum
23b. Calyx 11–15 mm, teeth ovate-elliptic or ovate.
25a. Branchlets, petioles, and peduncles densely tomentose and glandular; stamens equal
to or slightly longer than corolla tube; style slightly longer than stamens
................................................................................................................................... 29. C. brachystemon
25b. Branchlets, petioles, and peduncles ± pubescent to subglabrous; stamens exserted;
style shorter than stamens ................................................................................... 30. C. trichotomum
19b. Cymes crowded.
26a. Inflorescences axillary.
27a. Leaf blade subglabrous; bracts deciduous in fruit ....................................................................... 15. C. peii
27b. Leaf blade densely pubescent; bracts persistent in fruit ............................................... 16. C. bracteatum
26b. Inflorescences terminal.
28a. Plants densely villous; calyx longer than fruit, without peltate glands ........................ 17. C. canescens
 28b. Plants pilose or tomentose; calyx shorter than fruit, with peltate glands.
29a. Calyx and bracts pubescent with densely purplish red jointed glands ................... 18. C. tibetanum
29b. Calyx and bracts pubescent but not as above.
30a. Calyx lobes linear-lanceolate or lanceolate.
31a. Corolla lobes elliptic to ovate, ca. 10 mm ........................................................ 19. C. chinense
31b. Corolla lobes obovate, 5–7 mm ............................................................................ 20. C. lindleyi
30b. Calyx lobes narrowly triangular, triangular, triangular-lanceolate, or ovate-
lanceolate.
32a. Corolla tube shorter than or equal to calyx; leaf blade adaxially strigose,
abaxially densely yellowish brown pubescent especially on veins ........ 21. C. yunnanense
32b. Corolla tube longer than calyx; leaf blade adaxially sparsely pubescent, abaxially
sparsely glandular pubescent, subglabrous, or pubescent on veins.
33a. Bractlets lanceolate, ca. 1.8 cm; calyx 2–6 mm, lobes narrowly triangular to
triangular, not longer than calyx tube ............................................................ 22. C. bungei
33b. Bractlets linear, 0.5–0.8 cm; calyx 10–15 mm, lobes triangular-lanceolate,
longer than calyx tube ...................................................................................... 23. C. confine
1. Clerodendrum indicum (Linnaeus) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl.
??桐 cheng tong
2: 506. 1891.
Volkameria japonica Thunberg, Nova Acta Regiae Soc.
长管大青 chang guan da qing Sci. Upsal. 3: 203. 1780; Clerodendrum darrisii H. Léveillé; C.
Siphonanthus indica Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 109. 1753; esquirolii H. Léveillé; C. japonicum var. album P'ei; C.
Clerodendrum siphonanthus R. Brown. kaempferi (Jacquin) Siebold; C. kaempferi var. album (P'ei)
Moldenke; C. squamatum Vahl; Volkameria kaempferi
Subshrubs to shrubs 1–2 m tall. Branchlets purple to Jacquin.
purplish, channeled, smooth. Leaves whorled with 3–5 per Shrubs 1–4 m tall. Branchlets 4-angled, pubescent to
node or opposite, sessile or subsessile, with nodal hairs at subglabrous, nodes sometimes villous. Petiole 0.5–15(–27) cm,
petiole base; leaf blade narrowly lanceolate to densely yellow-brown pubescent; leaf blade subcordate,
oblong-lanceolate, 10–21 × 1.3–2.5 cm, membranous, 8–35 × 6–27 cm, sparsely pubescent, abaxially densely
glabrous, base attenuate, margin entire or sinuate, apex short covered with numerous peltate glands often covered with a
acuminate; midvein prominent, veins 10–12 pairs. sand-colored secretion, base cordate, margin sparsely serrulate
Inflorescences terminal leafy thyrses, 20–45 × 10–15 cm; to dentate, apex acuminate to acute. Inflorescences terminal
cymes red, few flowered; peduncle to 3 cm; bracts thyrses, 15–34 × 13–35 cm; bracts and bractlets usually
linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, 1–2 cm; bractlets awl-shaped. reddish. Calyx red, 1–1.5 cm, deeply 5-lobed, pubescent,
Calyx 1–1.5 cm, divided 3/4 to base, densely minute round outside sandy glandular; lobes ovate-lanceolate to ovate,
glandular; lobes ovate-lanceolate, 8–15 × 3–6 mm, apex acute. 0.7–1.3 cm. Corolla white or red, tube 1.5–2.2 cm; lobes
Corolla white, becoming cream colored; tube funnelform, oblong, 1–1.5 cm. Stamens and style 3 × or more longer than
curved, 5–9 cm; lobes spreading, lanceolate, elliptic, or corolla tube. Fruiting calyx much longer than fruit, becoming
ovate-oblong, 8–15 × 3–6 mm, apex obtuse. Stamens long reflexed. Drupes green when young, blue-black at maturity,
exserted. Ovary glabrous. Style longer than stamens. Fruiting subglobose, 7–10 mm in diam. Fl. and fr. May-Nov.
calyx crimson, to 3.8 cm in diam., leathery. Drupes dark blue,
ca. 1.2 cm in diam., 2–4-lobed depending on number of Thickets in valleys, along streams, in grassy openings; 100–1200
pyrenes. Fl. and fr. Aug-Nov. m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangsu, S Jiangxi,
Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan, S Zhejiang [Bangladesh, Bhutan,
Roadsides on mountain slopes; 500–1000 m. Guangdong, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Vietnam].
Yunnan [Bhutan, Cambodia, India, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal,
Thailand]. Medicinal, ornamental.

Medicinal, ornamental. 4. Clerodendrum paniculatum Linnaeus, Mant. Pl. 90. 1767.

2. Clerodendrum intermedium Chamisso, Linnaea 7: 105 圆齿大青 yuan chi da qing
(typ. err. 150). 1832. Clerodendrum pyramidale Andrews; Volkameria
垦丁苦林盘 ken ding ku lin pan angu-lata Loureiro.
Shrubs 1–2 m tall. Branches 4-angled. Leaf blade ovate, Shrubs ca. 1 m tall. Branchlets 4-angled, subglabrous to
8–20 cm, abaxially glandular dotted, base cordate, margin pubescent, nodes villous. Leaves palmately lobed; petiole 3–11
shallowly dentate, apex acuminate. Panicles terminal, bright cm, yellow-brown pubescent; leaf blade broadly ovate to
red, to 25 cm. Flowers odorless. Corolla tube slender, ca. 1 cm; subrounded, 5–17 × 7.5–19 cm, abaxially sparsely pubescent
lobes oblong, subequal, spreading. Stamens red to purplish, ca. and sandy glandular, adaxially sparsely pubescent to
2 cm, deflexed to recurved. Fruiting calyx enlarged, red, subglabrous, base cordate, margin entire or minutely
spreading to reflexed. Fruit blue, depressed globose, ca. 1 cm denticulate, apex acute. Inflorescences conical to rounded
in diam. thyrses, 15–26 × 16–22 cm; peduncle long; bracts
300–500 m. S Taiwan [Indonesia, Philippines].
ovate-lanceolate to ovate; bractlets linear. Calyx ca. 7 mm,
deeply 5-lobed, dotted; lobes usually lanceolate, ca. 5 mm.
Specimens of this species have not been seen by the authors. Corolla red to orange, tube 1–1.5 cm, dotted, outside pubescent,
inside subglabrous; lobes oblong to ovate, spreading. Stamens
3. Clerodendrum japonicum (Thunberg) Sweet, Hort. Brit.
and style 4 × as long as corolla tube. Drupes globose, 5–9 mm
322. 1826.
in diam. Fl. and fr. Apr-Feb.
 Wet places; 100–500 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Taiwan enlarged. Drupes black, globose, 1–1.2 cm in diam. Fl. and fr.
[Bang-ladesh, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Sep-Jan.
Thailand, Vietnam].
• Forests on mountain slopes or along valleys; 700–1200 m. SW
5. Clerodendrum wallichii Merrill, J. Arnold Arbor. 33: 220. Yunnan.
1952.
8. Clerodendrum hainanense Handel-Mazzetti, Oesterr. Bot.
垂茉莉 chui mo li Z. 80: 343. 1931.
Clerodendrum nutans Wallich ex D. Don (1825), not Jack 海南??桐 hai nan cheng tong
(1820).
Shrubs 1–4 m tall. Branchlets green, 4-angled,
Shrubs or small trees, 2–4 m tall, erect. Branchlets sub-glabrous to pubescent when young, becoming yellowish
4-angled, ± winged, glabrous. Petiole ca. 1 cm; leaf blade oblong brown to gray, terete, and glabrous. Petiole 0.5–2.5 cm; leaf
to oblong-lanceolate, 11–18 × 2.5–4 cm, subleathery, glabrous, blade oblanceolate, narrowly elliptic, or obovate, 7–26 × 2–8
base narrowly cuneate, margin entire, apex acuminate to acute; cm, membranous to papery, glabrous, abaxially densely small
veins 7 or 8 pairs, adaxially slightly distinct. Inflorescences yellowish glandular, base narrowly cuneate to cuneate, margin
pendent thyrses, 20–33 cm, glabrous, axis and peduncle entire, apex short caudate, veins 6–11 pairs. Inflorescences
4-angled or winged; bracts small, linear to awl-shaped. Calyx terminal, rarely axillary, lax thyrses, 8–14 cm, lateral cymes
red to purple, ca. 1 cm, tube very short; lobes ovate-lanceolate, dichasial with peduncle to 3 cm; bracts linear to awl-shaped,
7–8 mm. Corolla white, tube ca. 1.1 cm; lobes ovate, 1.1–1.5 2–8 mm. Calyx pinkish to purple, ca. 5 mm; lobes
cm. Stamens and style exserted. Fruiting calyx red to purple, triangular-lanceolate, ca. 4 mm. Corolla white, 0.5–4 cm, tube
inflated, thickened. Drupes yellow-green when young, black slender, outside puberulent and glandular; lobes obovate, 6–8
and shiny at maturity, globose, 1–1.3 cm in diam. Fl. and fr. mm. Stamens long exserted. Ovary glabrous. Style longer than
Oct-Apr. stamens. Fruiting calyx rotate, leathery. Drupes purple,
Open forests on mountain slopes; 100–1200 m. SW Guangxi, globose, ca. 1 cm in diam. Fl. and fr. Sep-Dec.
Xizang, SW Yunnan [Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Vietnam].
• Forests on mountain slopes; 200–900 m. Guangxi, Hainan.
6. Clerodendrum garrettianum Craib, Bull. Misc. Inform.
1911: 444. 1911. 9. Clerodendrum longilimbum P'ei, Mem. Sci. Soc. China
1(3): 151. 1932.
泰国垂茉莉 tai guo chui mo li
长叶大青 chang ye da qing
Shrubs 1–2 m tall, usually climbing; bark yellow-brown,
gray-brown, or brown. Branchlets slender, pubescent when Shrubs 1–3 m tall. Branchlets 4-angled, glabrous. Petiole
young, glabrescent. Petiole 0.5–7 cm, unequally paired, 2–6 cm; leaf blade elliptic, 2–20 × 4–8 cm, membranous,
pubescent; leaf blade oblong to elliptic, 4–17 × 2–7 cm, pairs subglabrous or adaxially sparsely puberulent, base broadly
usually unequal, thinly papery to papery, pubescent, base cuneate to rounded, margin entire or slightly undulate, apex
broadly cuneate to truncate, margin entire and ciliate, apex acuminate; veins 7 or 8 pairs, abaxially distinct. Panicles
acuminate to short caudate; veins 5–7 pairs, midvein and terminal, narrow; peduncle slender; bracts linear to lanceolate,
lateral veins distinct. Panicles of thyrsoid cymes, 3.5–11 cm; deciduous in fruit. Calyx campanulate, 7–9 mm, deeply
bracts lanceolate, 0.5–2 cm, apex acuminate. Calyx ca. 0.7 mm, 5-lobed, glabrous or sparsely puberulent; lobes oblong to
deeply 5-lobed, outside pubescent; lobes narrowly lanceolate, elliptic, 4–6 mm. Corolla yellowish or white, tube 1.5–1.8 cm,
ca. 5 mm. Corolla greenish to yellowish greenish, outside outside puberulent and glandular; lobes spatulate, ca. 8 mm.
pubescent; tube slender, ca. 1.5 cm; lobes 6–8 mm. Stamens Stamens and style long exserted. Fruiting calyx red, inflated.
and style exserted. Fruiting calyx slightly inflated, reflexed. Drupes globose. Fl. and fr. Aug-Dec.
Drupes red, globose, ca. 6 mm. Fl. and fr. Aug-Nov. Dense forests on mountain slopes; 400–2400 m. W Guangxi, S
Yunnan [Vietnam].
Dense forests on mountain slopes; 500–1100 m. S and SW
Yunnan [Laos, Thailand]. Allied to Clerodendrum wallichii but differs in having elliptic
membranous leaf blades and corolla tubes 1.5–1.8 cm.
7. Clerodendrum henryi P'ei, Mem. Sci. Soc. China 1(3):
152. 1932. 10. Clerodendrum fortunatum Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. ed. 2, 889.
1763.
南垂茉莉 nan chui mo li
白花灯笼 bai hua deng long
Shrubs 1.5–3 m tall. Branchlets slightly 4-angled when
young, becoming terete, glabrous. Petiole 2–7 cm, glabrous; Clerodendrum castaneifolium Hooker & Arnott; C.
leaf blade ± black when dry, lanceolate, elliptic-lanceolate, or lividum Lindley; C. oxysepalum Miquel; C. pentagonum
elliptic, 7–21 × 2–7 cm, papery, subglabrous, base cuneate to Hance; C. pumilum (Loureiro) Sprengel; Volkameria pumila
broadly cuneate, margin entire, slightly undulate, or irregularly Loureiro.
dentate, apex acuminate to caudate; veins 7 or 8 pairs,
abaxially prominent. Inflorescences racemosely arranged Shrubs ca. 2.5 m tall. Branches densely yellow-brown
thyrses, slightly pendulous, 9–15 cm; peduncle slender, pubescent when young; branchlets dark brown. Petiole
glabrous; bracts linear, lanceolate, or elliptic-lanceolate, 0.5–3(–4) cm, densely yellow-brown pubescent; leaf blade
0.5–1.7 cm. Calyx purplish, 6–9 mm, glabrous; lobes elliptic, ovate-lanceolate, or rarely ovate-elliptic, 5–17.5 ×
ovate-oblong, 4–6 mm. Corolla white, yellowish, or rarely 1.5–5 cm, papery, abaxially pubescent and densely small
purplish, tube 1–1.9 cm, outside puberulent; lobes ovate, 6–8 yellow glandular, adaxially pubescent, base cuneate to broadly
mm. Stamens and styles exserted. Fruiting calyx purple, cuneate, margin entire, undulate, or sparsely dentate-serrate,
apex acuminate. Cymes axillary, shorter than subtending
leaves, 3–9(–18)-flowered; peduncle 1–4 cm, densely brown 13. Clerodendrum cyrtophyllum Turczaninow, Bull. Soc.
pubescent; bracts linear, densely brown pubescent. Calyx Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 36(3): 222. 1863.
purple, deeply 5-lobed, outside pubescent, inside glabrous;
大青 da qing
lobes broadly ovate, forming 5 angles with their united edges.
Corolla white or pinkish, salverform; tube straight, somewhat Shrubs or small trees, 1–10 m tall. Branchlets
funnelform, slightly longer than calyx; limb oblique; lobes yellow-brown, pubescent. Petiole 1–8 cm; leaf blade oblong,
oblong, ca. 6 mm, reflexed. Stamens longer than corolla, oblong-lanceolate, elliptic, or ovate-elliptic, 6–20 × 3–9 cm,
declinate, inserted at ± middle of tube, base pubescent; anthers papery, glabrous or sparsely pubescent along veins, abaxially
dark brown, sagittate, smooth. Style filiform, shorter than glandular, base rounded to cuneate, margin entire or rounded
stamens. Fruiting calyx inflated. Drupes dark blue-green, serrate, apex acuminate to acute, veins 6–10 pairs.
subglobose, ca. 5 mm in diam., enclosed by calyx. Fl. and fr. Inflorescences corymbose, formed from terminal and
Jun-Nov. subterminal cymes, 7–16 × 8–25 cm; bracts linear, 3–7 mm.
Mountain slopes along roadsides; 1000 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Flowers small, fragrant. Calyx yellow-brown, cup-shaped, 3–4
Guangxi, Jiangxi [Philippines, Vietnam]. mm, outside minutely tomentose and glandular, inside
Medicinal.
glabrous; lobes ca. 1 mm. Corolla white, ca. 1 cm, tube slender,
sparsely puberulent, glandular; lobes ovate, ca. 5 mm. Stamens
11. Clerodendrum luteopunctatum P'ei & S. L. Chen in P'ei, and style exserted. Ovary glabrous. Fruiting calyx red. Drupes
L. K. Fu, G. Y. Sheng, & T. D. Zhuang, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis blue-purple, obovate to globose, 5–10 mm in diam. Fl. and fr.
Sin. 65(1): 212. 1982. Jun-Feb.
500–1700 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou,
黄腺大青 huang xian da qing Hainan, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan,
Zhejiang [Korea, Malaysia, Vietnam].
Shrubs 2–4 m tall. Branchlets and stems with yellowish
elliptic lenticels, densely rust colored pubescent. Petiole 1–5 1a. Leaf blade entire ............................ 13a. var. cyrtophyllum
cm, densely pubescent; leaf blade oblong-lanceolate, 7–15 × 1b. Leaf blade rounded serrate ........... 13b. var. kwangsiense
2.5–5 cm, papery, pubescent especially on veins, densely
13a. Clerodendrum cyrtophyllum var. cyrtophyllum
yellow glandular, base broadly cuneate to rounded and rarely
oblique, margin entire and ciliate, apex acuminate to caudate, 大青 da qing
veins 4–7 pairs, adaxially prominent. Inflorescences terminal
Clerodendrum amplius Hance; C. formosanum
corymbose cymes; bracts purple, lanceolate, 10–15 × 2–4 mm,
Maximowicz; Cordia venosa Hemsley.
apex acute, yellow glandular. Calyx red, campanulate, ca. 1.3
cm, submembranous, deeply 5-lobed, glandular; lobes Leaf blade oblong, oblong-lanceolate, ovate-elliptic, or
elliptic, margin entire, apex acuminate to acute. Inflorescences
lanceolate, ca. 9 mm. Corolla white, tube 2–2.5 cm; lobes 10–16 × 20–25 cm. Fl. and fr. Jun-Feb.
oblong, ca. 5 mm. Stamens exserted. Ovary glabrous. Style
shorter than or equal to stamens. Drupes subglobose, ca. 6 mm Forests on mountain slopes or along streams; below 1700 m.
Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Henan, Hubei,
in diam., enclosed in calyx. Fl. and fr. Jun-Oct. Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Korea, Malaysia,
• Thicket on mountain slopes and along roadsides; 600–1200 m. Vietnam].
Guizhou, Hubei, Sichuan.
13b. Clerodendrum cyrtophyllum var. kwangsiense S. L.
12. Clerodendrum ervatamioides C. Y. Wu, Fl. Yunnan. 1: Chen & T. D. Zhuang in P'ei, L. K. Fu, G. Y. Sheng, & T. D.
460. 1977. Zhuang, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 65(1): 212. 1982.
狗牙大青 gou ya da qing 广西大青 guang xi da qing
Shrubs 0.8–3 m tall, erect to climbing. Branchlets grayish Leaf blade oblong, margin rounded serrate, apex obtuse.
brown to brown, 4-angled when young, becoming subterete, Inflorescences 7–12 × 8–15 cm.
sparsely lenticellate, densely minutely hirsute to subglabrous.
• Thickets on mountain slopes; 500–1000 m. Guangxi.
Petiole 0.5–1.6 cm, densely minutely hirsute; leaf blade oblong
to elliptic, 5.5–12.5 cm, subleathery, adaxially subglabrous, 14. Clerodendrum kwangtungense Handel-Mazzetti, Akad.
base broadly cuneate to subrounded, margin entire or slightly Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl., Anz. 59: 111. 1922.
undulate, apex caudate; veins 5 or 6 pairs, abaxially prominent.
Cymes terminal, capitate, erect, ca. 5.5 cm; peduncle ca. 7 mm; 广东大青 guang dong da qing
bracts linear, 4–7 mm, densely minutely hirsute. Pedicel Shrubs 2–3 m tall. Branchlets yellowish brown, pubescent.
densely minutely hirsute. Calyx red, campanulate, 1–1.3 cm, Petiole 1–4(–7) cm, slightly pubescent; leaf blade oblong to
outside sparsely minutely hirsute and glandular, inside ovate, 6–18 × 2–7 cm, membranous, both surfaces glabrous
glabrous and sparsely scaly glandular; lobes reflexed. Corolla except for pubescent veins, base broadly cuneate to
white, ca. 3.3 cm, tube slender, outside glandular; lobes subrounded, margin entire, irregularly serrate, or slightly
ovate-lanceolate, ca. 6 mm. Stamens exserted. Style longer undulate, apex acuminate to caudate, veins 4–6 pairs.
than stamens. Fruiting calyx enlarged, thickened. Drupes Inflorescences erect, lax corymbose cymes, 7–12 × 8–15 cm,
subglobose, ca. 1 cm in diam. Fl. and fr. Apr-May. densely pubescent; bracts lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate,
• Mixed forests on mountain slopes; 100–700 m. Yunnan. 0.8–1.2 cm; bractlets linear to lanceolate. Calyx 6–7 mm, tube
Allied to Clerodendrum garrettianum but differs in having as long as lobes, deeply 5-lobed, lobes lanceolate to triangular,
shorter capitate inflorescences and longer corolla tube with shorter outside sparsely puberulent. Corolla white, 2–3 cm, tube
lobes. slender; lobes oblong, 4–5 mm. Stamens and style exserted.
Fruiting calyx red, inflated. Drupes globose, 5–6 cm in diam. cordate, rarely ovate, 6–18 × 4–15 cm, villous especially on
Fl. and fr. Aug-Nov. veins, base cordate to subtruncate, margin entire or sparsely
mucronate-dentate, apex acuminate. Inflorescences terminal,
• Forests, forest edges; 600–1300 m. N Guangdong, NE Guangxi,
NE Guizhou, Hunan, Yunnan. subconical; peduncle robust, 1.5–11 cm; bracts leaflike, elliptic
to ovate, 0.5–2.4 cm. Calyx green when young, ca. 1.3 cm,
Medicinal. membranous, deeply 5-lobed, lobes ovate to broadly ovate.
Corolla white or pinkish, outside puberulent; tube slender, ca. 2
15. Clerodendrum peii Moldenke, Geogr. Distr. Avicenn. 79.
cm; lobes obovate-oblong, 5–6 mm, reflexed. Stamens and
1942.
style exserted. Fruiting calyx red. Drupes green when young,
长梗大青 chang geng da qing dark blue to black at maturity, subglobose, ca. 7 mm in diam.
Fl. and fr. Apr-Oct.
Shrubs 1–3(–7) m tall. Branchlets 4-angled, densely
yellowish brown pubescent when young, glabrescent. Petiole Open forests on mountain slopes; 200–800 m. Fujian,
6–11.5 cm, yellowish brown pubescent when young, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan,
glabrescent; leaf blade broadly ovate to cordate, 6–17.5 × Yunnan, Zhejiang [India, Vietnam].
6.2–12.5 cm, when young both surfaces puberulent especially
on veins and small glandular, glabrescent, with several large 18. Clerodendrum tibetanum C. Y. Wu & S. K. Wu, Acta
glands near base, base broadly cuneate, truncate, or cordate, Phytotax. Sin. 16(4): 122. 1978.
margin entire or sparsely undulate, apex acuminate. Cymes
西藏大青 xi zang da qing
axillary, capitate; bracts lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, ca. 1.9
cm, puberulent, sparsely glandular, deciduous in fruit. Calyx Herbs 2–3 m tall. Branchlets gray-green, sparsely
cup-shaped, ca. 8 mm, outside pubescent and large glandular; pubescent. Petiole 4–5 cm, densely rust colored pubescent; leaf
lobes triangular, ca. 2 mm. Corolla white or pink, ca. 1.4 cm, blade elliptic, ca. 27 × 18 cm, 6–8 × 4–4.5 cm just below
tube funnelform. Stamens and style exserted. Fruiting calyx inflorescences, papery, abaxially densely pilose along veins,
red, ca. 6 mm, reflexed. Drupes green when young, blue-black adaxially many-celled pilose, base broadly cuneate to
at maturity, subglobose, 5–7 mm in diam. Fl. and fr. Jun-Oct. subrounded, margin mucroserrulate and ciliate; veins 6–8 pairs,
• Forests along streams and roadsides; 1400–2400 m. S Yunnan. abaxially prominent. Inflorescences terminal, corymbose
cymes, densely purplish red jointed glandular pubescent;
16. Clerodendrum bracteatum Wallich ex Walpers, Repert. bracts lanceolate, ca. 1.5 × 3 cm. Calyx ca. 1.3 cm, deeply
Bot. Syst. 4: 106. 1845. 5-lobed; lobes linear-lanceolate, ca. 1 cm. Corolla purple, tube
1–2 cm; lobes elliptic, much shorter than tube, acute. Filaments
苞花大青 bao hua da qing
compressed, glabrous. Ovary glabrous. Style shorter than
Shrubs or small trees, 3–4(–10) m tall. Branchlets stamens. Fl. and fr. Aug.
4-angled, densely yellowish brown tomentose. Petiole 2.5–4.5
cm, densely pubescent; leaf blade ovate to broadly ovate, • Mixed forests on mountain slopes; 900 m. Xizang.
11–16 × 6–10 cm, abaxially densely villous, adaxially 19. Clerodendrum chinense (Osbeck) Mabberley, Pl.-Book,
strigose-minutely hirsute, both surfaces yellow to orange repr. ed. 707. 1989.
glandular dotted, base broadly cuneate to subtruncate, margin
重瓣臭茉莉 chong ban xiu mo li
entire or subentire, apex acuminate. Inflorescences axillary,
cymelike capitula; peduncle 3.5–13 cm; bracts persistent, Shrubs 0.5–1.2 m tall. Branchlets nearly 4-angled to terete,
elliptic to ovate, 1–3 cm, apex acuminate to caudate, pubescent, pubescent when young, glabrescent. Petiole 3–17 cm,
glandular. Calyx red, ca. 1.6 cm, membranous, deeply 5-lobed, pubescent to tomentose; leaf blade broadly ovate to
outside puberulent, with several small and large glands, inside sub-cordate, 9–22 × 8–21 cm, abaxially pubescent especially
glabrous; lobes ovate-lanceolate, ca. 1.1 cm, acuminate. on veins and with several large glands near base, adaxially
Corolla white, 1.8–3.5 cm; tube slender, outside puberulent strigose, base truncate, broadly truncate, or subcordate, margin
and glandular, inside glabrous; lobes oblong, 6–8 mm. sparsely irregularly dentate, apex acuminate. Inflorescences
Stamens equal or slightly longer than style. Drupes enclosed in terminal, dense corymbose cymes; peduncle tomentose; bracts
calyx, green when young, purple-black at maturity, subglobose, lanceolate, 1.5–3 cm; pubescent, with several large glands.
ca. 6 mm in diam. Fl. and fr. Jul-Nov. Flowers single or double, fragrant. Calyx 1.5–2.5 cm, deeply
5-lobed, pubescent, with several large glands; lobes
Bamboo or mixed forests on mountain slopes; 900–1900 m. NW
Xizang, Yunnan [Bangladesh, Bhutan, India]. linear-lanceolate or lanceolate, 0.7–1.6 cm. Corolla white,
pinkish, or red, lobes elliptic or ovate.
Allied to Clerodendrum peii but differs in having densely • Wild in Guangxi, Guizhou, and Yunnan [cultivated in tropical
yellow-brown tomentose branchlets, petioles, and peduncles, and subtropical Asia].
persistent bracts, and stamens and styles as long as corolla.
1a. Flowers double; corolla lobes ovate
17. Clerodendrum canescens Wallich ex Walpers, Repert. .................................................................. 19a. var. chinense
Bot. Syst. 4: 105. 1845. 1b. Flowers single; corolla lobes elliptic
.................................................................... 19b. var. simplex
灰毛大青 hui mao da qing
19a. Clerodendrum chinense var. chinense
Clerodendrum haematocalyx Hance.
重瓣臭茉莉 chong ban xiu mo li
Shrubs 1–3.5 m tall; petioles and peduncles densely
yellowish to brownish tomentose to nearly villous. Branchlets Cryptanthus chinense Osbeck, Dagb. Ostind. Resa 215.
4-angled. Petiole 1.5–12 cm; leaf blade broadly ovate or 1757; Clerodendrum fragrans (Ventenat) Willdenow var.
multiplex Sweet; C. fragrans var. pleniflorum Schauer; C. Style exceeding stamens. Drupes mostly enclosed by persistent
philippinum Schauer; Volkameria fragrans Ventenat. inflated calyx, blue-black, subglobose, ca. 7 mm in diam. Fl.
and fr. Apr-Oct.
Flowers double. Calyx 1.5–1.7 cm; lobes
linear-lanceolate, 7–10 mm. Corolla red, pinkish, or white, • 2000–3000 m. SW Sichuan, Yunnan.
lobes ovate. 1a. Calyx lobes triangular ................... 21a. var. yunnanense
• Cultivated in Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Taiwan, and 1b. Calyx lobes linear-lanceolate ..... 21b. var. linearilobum
Yunnan [widely cultivated ornamental in tropical and subtropical
Asia]. 21a. Clerodendrum yunnanense var. yunnanense
19b. Clerodendrum chinense var. simplex (Moldenke) S. L. 滇常山 dian chang shan
Chen, Novon 1: 58. 1991.
Calyx lobes triangular. Corolla tube ± shorter than calyx.
臭茉莉 xiu mo li • Thickets on mountain slopes and in valleys; 2000–3000 m. SW
Sichuan, Yunnan.
Clerodendrum philippinum var. simplex Moldenke,
Phytologia 20: 338. 1970. 21b. Clerodendrum yunnanense var. linearilobum S. L.
Plants densely pubescent. Flowers simple. Calyx 1.5–2.5 Chen & G. Y. Sheng in P'ei, L. K. Fu, G. Y. Sheng & T. D.
cm; lobes lanceolate, 1–1.6 cm. Corolla white or pinkish, tube Zhuang, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 65(1): 213. 1982.
2–3 cm; lobes elliptic, ca. 1 cm. Drupes enclosed by persistent 线齿滇常山 xian chi dian chang shan
inflated calyx, blue-black, 8–10 mm in diam.
Calyx lobes linear-lanceolate. Corolla tube slightly longer
• Forests along streams; 700–1500 m. Guangxi, Guizhou, to rarely shorter than calyx.
Yunnan.
Medicinal. • Thickets along streams; 2000–2300 m. Yunnan.
22. Clerodendrum bungei Steudel, Nomencl. Bot., ed. 2, 1:
20. Clerodendrum lindleyi Decaisne ex Planchon, Fl. Serres Jard.
382. 1840.
Eur. 9: 17. 1853.
臭牡丹 xiu mu dan
尖齿臭茉莉 jian chi xiu mo li
Shrubs 1–2 m tall. Branchlets subterete, distinctly
Shrubs 0.5–3 m tall. Branchlets pubescent, nearly lenticellate. Petiole 4–17 cm, densely brown, yellow-brown, or
4-angled when young, becoming subterete. Petiole 2–11 cm, purplish pubescent when young, glabrescent; leaf blade ovate
pubescent; leaf blade broadly ovate to cordate, 6.5–12.5(–22) × to broadly ovate, 8–20 × 5–15 cm, papery, abaxially sparsely
5.5–10(–20) cm, papery, pubescent especially abaxially, with glandular pubescent to subglabrous and with several peltate
several peltate glands at base, base truncate to cordate, margin glands near base, adaxially sparsely pubescent, base cuneate,
irregularly undulate, apex acuminate. Inflorescences terminal, truncate, or cordate, margin serrate, apex acuminate to acute,
dense, capitate corymbose cymes; peduncle pubescent; bracts veins 4–6 pairs. Inflorescences terminal, dense, capitate,
lanceolate, 2.5–4 cm, puberulent, with several peltate glands. flat-topped cymes; bracts lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, ca. 3
Calyx 1–1.5 cm, deeply 5-lobed, densely puberulent, with cm, deciduous; bractlets lanceolate, ca. 1.8 cm. Calyx
several peltate glands; lobes linear-lanceolate, 4–10 mm. campanulate, tube 2–6 mm, pubescent, with several peltate
Corolla pinkish to purple, tube 2–3 cm; lobes obovate, 5–7 mm. glands; lobes narrowly triangular to triangular, 1–10 mm.
Stamens exserted. Style exceeding stamens. Drupes enclosed Corolla pinkish, red, or purple, tube 2–3 cm; lobes obovate,
in purple, inflated, persistent calyx, blue-black, subglobose, 5–8 mm. Stamens and style exserted. Drupes blue-black,
5–6 mm in diam. Fl. and fr. Jun-Nov. subglobose, 6–12 mm in diam. Fl. and fr. May-Nov.
• Mixed forests on mountain slopes and along roadsides; 1100–2500 m. Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi,
1200–2800 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi,
Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang. Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan,
Medicinal. Yunnan, Zhejiang [Vietnam].
Medicinal.
21. Clerodendrum yunnanense Hu ex Handel-Mazzetti,
Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl., Anz. 61: 168. 1924. 1a. Inflorescences dense; calyx teeth 1–3 mm
...................................................................... 22a. var. bungei
滇常山 dian chang shan 1b. Inflorescences lax; calyx teeth ca. 10 mm
............................................................... 22b. var. megacalyx
Shrubs 1–3 m tall. Branchlets distinctly lenticellate,
densely yellow-brown tomentose when young, glabrescent. 22a. Clerodendrum bungei var. bungei
Petiole 1.5–6 cm; leaf blade ovate, broadly ovate, or cordate,
4–14 × 3–10 cm, papery, abaxially densely yellowish or 臭牡丹 xiu mu dan
yellow-brown pubescent especially on veins and with several Clerodendrum fragrans (Ventenat) Willdenow var.
peltate glands near base, adaxially strigose, base broadly foetidum (Bunge) Bakhuizen; C. yatschuense H. Winkler;
cuneate, rounded, or cordate, margin entire or irregularly Pavetta esquirolii H. Léveillé.
sparsely serrate, apex acuminate to acute. Inflorescences
terminal, dense flat-topped cymes; bracts ovate-elliptic, 2–3.5 Inflorescences dense. Calyx teeth 1–3 mm.
cm, deciduous; bractlets linear, 1–2.2 cm. Calyx campanulate, Mixed forests on mountain slopes and along roadsides; below
6–9 mm, minutely tomentose, with several large glands; lobes 2500 m. Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou,
linear lanceolate or triangular, ca. 2 mm. Corolla white or Hainan, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Ningxia,
Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan,
pinkish, 4–7 mm, lobes oblong to ovate. Stamens exserted. Zhejiang [Vietnam].
 Medicinal. and slightly oblique, margin entire, apex acuminate, veins 5 or
6 pairs. Inflorescences terminal, corymbose cymes, 4- or
22b. Clerodendrum bungei var. megacalyx C. Y. Wu ex S.
5-branched near base; bracts deciduous. Calyx pinkish, ca. 3
L. Chen in P'ei, L. K. Fu, G. Y. Sheng, & T. D. Zhuang, Fl.
mm, outside puberulent and glandular; teeth triangular, ca. 1
Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 65(1): 213. 1982.
mm. Corolla cream white to pinkish, tube 1–1.5 cm, outside
大萼臭牡丹 da e xiu mu dan glandular; lobes oblong, ca. 6 × 3 mm. Stamens exserted;
filaments longer than style. Fruiting calyx purplish, inflated.
Inflorescences lax. Calyx teeth ca. 10 mm. Drupes blue-green, obovate to globose, ca. 1 cm in diam. Fl.
• Forest edges on mountain slopes; 1100 m. Sichuan. and fr. Jul-Oct.
23. Clerodendrum confine S. L. Chen & T. D. Zhuang in P'ei, • Valleys; 500–1300 m. Anhui, Fujian, Jiangxi, Zhejiang.
L. K. Fu, G. Y. Sheng, & T. D. Zhuang, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis 26. Clerodendrum villosum Blume, Bijdr. 811. 1826.
Sin. 65(1): 213. 1982.
绢毛大青 juan mao da qing
川黔大青 chuan qian da qing
Shrubs 2.5–4 m tall, sometimes climbing. Branchlets
Shrubs 1–2 m tall. Branchlets yellow-brown to purplish, 4-angled, densely yellow-brown sericeous. Petiole terete, 3–14
subterete to nearly 4-angled, with elliptic lenticels, pubescent. cm, densely sericeous; leaf blade broadly ovate-cordate to
Petioles 3–5.5 cm, densely pubescent; leaf blade elliptic to cordate, 11–21 × 7–16 cm, villous especially on veins, base
ovate-elliptic, 6–15 × 3.5–7 cm, papery, abaxially pubescent truncate to cordate, margin entire, apex acuminate, veins
on veins and glandular, adaxially sparsely pubescent, base prominent on both surfaces. Inflorescences terminal cymose
broadly cuneate to rounded or rarely truncate, margin entire or panicles, 15–25 × 14–20 cm, densely sericeous; bracts ovate,
rarely several dentate, apex acuminate, veins 6 or 7 pairs. 4.5–6.5 cm, persistent; bractlets ovate, 6–10 mm, deciduous,
Inflorescences terminal, lax corymbose cymes; peduncle 2–3.5 with several peltate glands. Calyx campanulate, ca. 7 mm,
cm, densely pubescent; bracts deciduous; bractlets linear, 5–8 outside densely sericeous and with peltate glands, inside
mm. Calyx 1–1.5 cm, submembranous, deeply 5-lobed, pubescent; lobes subsecund, obovate-oblong, as long as tube.
puberulent, with several peltate glands; lobes Corolla white or pinkish yellow, tube equal or slightly longer
triangular-lanceolate, as long as tube. Corolla pinkish, tube 1–2 than calyx, limb subsecund, outside densely sericeous, inside
mm; lobes spatulate, ca. 1 cm. Stamens and style exserted. glabrous; lobes obovate-oblong, ca. 7 mm. Stamens exserted,
• Thickets; 1400–2000 m. Guizhou, Sichuan. as long as style. Drupes green-black, globose, 8–10 mm in
diam. Fl. and fr. Mar-Apr.
24. Clerodendrum colebrookianum Walpers, Repert. Bot.
Syst. 4: 114. 1845. Forests or thickets in valleys and along roadsides; 700–900 m.
Yunnan [Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam].
腺茉莉 xian mo li
27. Clerodendrum kiangsiense Merrill ex H. L. Li, J. Arnold
Shrubs or small trees, 1.5–3(–6) m tall. Branchlets robust, Arbor. 25: 426. 1944.
4-angled, densely yellow-brown puberulent when young,
glabrescent. Petiole 2–20 cm; leaf blade broadly ovate to 江西大青 jiang xi da qing
elliptic-cordate, 7–17 × 6–21 cm, papery, abaxially puberulent Shrubs 2–3 m tall. Branchlets densely brown pubescent.
and with several peltate glands near base, adaxially sparsely Petiole 2–4.5 cm, pubescent; leaf blade lanceolate to ovate,
pubescent to subglabrous, base cuneate to cordate, margin (5–)10–13 × (3–)5–6(–9) cm, papery, both surfaces pubescent,
entire to slightly undulate, apex acuminate to acute. abaxial glands small and inconspicuous, base subrounded to
Inflorescences terminal corymbose cymes, 4–6-branched; subtruncate, margin entire or subentire, apex acuminate to
peduncle robust, 1.5–13 cm; bracts lanceolate, ca. 1.5 cm, short caudate, veins 4–7 pairs. Inflorescences terminal,
deciduous. Calyx campanulate, 3–5 mm, tube 1–3 mm, densely corymbose thyrses, 3–10 × 7–19 cm; bracts oblong, 8–10 ×
pubescent, with several peltate glands; teeth triangular, less 3–4 mm, pubescent glandular. Calyx campanulate, ca. 6 mm,
than 1 mm. Corolla white or rarely pinkish, tube 1.2–2.5 cm, teeth triangular, outside pubescent glandular. Corolla white or
without glands; lobes oblong, 3–6 mm. Stamens and style pinkish, puberulent; tube slender, 7–10 × 1 mm; lobes oblong,
exserted. Fruiting calyx purple, inflated. Drupes blue-green, ca. 6 mm. Stamens exserted. Style longer than stamens. Drupes
becoming black when dry, subglobose, ca. 1 cm in diam. Fl. green, subglobose. Fl. and fr. Jun-Oct.
and fr. Aug-Dec.
• Forests; 100–400 m. Jiangxi, Zhejiang.
Forests or thickets on mountain slopes and along roads;
500–2000 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Xizang, Yunnan [Bangladesh, 28. Clerodendrum mandarinorum Diels in Engler, Bot.
Bhutan, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand,
Vietnam]. Jahrb. Syst. 29: 549. 1900.
海通 hai tong
25. Clerodendrum kaichianum Hsu, Observ. Fl.
Hwang-shan. 165. 1965. Clerodendrum bodinieri H. Léveillé; C. cavaleriei H.
Léveillé; C. kwangtungense Handel-Mazzetti var. puberulum
浙江大青 zhe jiang da qing
H. L. Li; C. tsaii H. L. Li.
Shrubs or small trees, 2–5 m tall. Branchlets nearly
Shrubs or trees 2–20 m tall. Branchlets nearly 4-angled,
4-angled, densely yellow-brown, brown, or reddish brown
densely yellow-brown tomentose. Leaf blade ovate-elliptic,
pubescent when young. Petiole 3–6 cm; leaf blade
broadly ovate, or cordate, 10–27 × 6–20 cm, subleathery,
elliptic-ovate to ovate, 8–18 × 5–11 cm, papery, abaxially
abaxially densely gray tomentose, adaxially green, base
strigose only on veins and with several peltate glands near base,
truncate to subcordate and suboblique, apex acuminate.
adaxially sparsely strigose, base broadly cuneate to subtruncate
Inflorescences terminal, lax, corymbose, many branched,
densely yellow-brown tomentose; bracts 4–5 mm, deciduous; 30a. Clerodendrum trichotomum var. trichotomum
bractlets linear, ca. 3 mm. Flowers fragrant. Calyx
campanulate, 3–4 mm, densely pubescent, with several peltate 海州常山 hai zhou chang shan
glands; teeth awl-shaped, 1.5–2.5 mm. Corolla white or Clerodendrum fargesii Dode; C. koshunense Hayata; C.
pinkish, 7–10 mm, tube slender; lobes oblong, ca. 3.5 mm. serotinum Carrière; C. trichotomum var. fargesii (Dode)
Stamens and style exserted. Fruiting calyx red to pink, inflated, Rehder; C. trichotomum var. villosum Hsu; Siphonanthus
thickened, enclosing 2/3 of drupe. Drupes blue-black, trichotomum (Thunberg) Nakai; S. trichotomum var. fargesii
subglobose, reflexed. Fl. and fr. Jul-Dec. (Dode) Nakai.
Thickets along streams and roadsides; 300–2200 m. Guangdong, Branchlets, petioles, and peduncles ± yellow-brown
Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan
[Vietnam]. pubescent to subglabrous. Leaf blade 5–16 × 2–13 cm, gray
pubescent when young, glabrescent.
Medicinal.
Thickets on mountain slopes; below 2400 m. Throughout China
Allied to Clerodendrum kaichianum but differs in having much except Nei Mongol, Xinjiang, and Xizang [India, Japan, Korea; SE
branched inflorescences and calyx teeth narrowly triangular and longer Asia].
than tube.
30b. Clerodendrum trichotomum var. ferrugineum Nakai,
29. Clerodendrum brachystemon C. Y. Wu & R. C. Fang, Fl. Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 31: 109. 1917.
Yunnan. 1: 475. 1977.
锈毛海州常山 xiu mao hai zhou chang shan
短蕊大青 duan rui da qing
Branchlets and inflorescences rust colored tomentose.
Shrubs 4 m tall, densely yellow-brown tomentose on Leaf blade 5–10 × 3–6 cm, densely rust colored tomentose.
branches, petioles, leaves abaxially, peduncles, and pedicels. • Below 2400 m. S Taiwan.
Branchlets 4-angled, glandular. Petiole 3.5–8 cm, glandular;
leaf blade 10–20 × 5–10 cm, glandular, adaxially densely Specimens of this variety have not been seen by the authors. The
variety is possibly close to Clerodendrum brachystemon.
pubescent, base rounded to truncate, margin entire, apex
acuminate. Inflorescences dichotomous, lax; peduncle 2–7 cm; 31. Clerodendrum griffithianum C. B. Clarke in J. D. Hooker,
bracts deciduous; bractlets elliptic-lanceolate, ca. 1 cm. Calyx Fl. Brit. Ind. 4: 590. 1885.
campanulate, ca. 1.5 cm, yellow-brown pubescent, glandular,
with several peltate glands; lobes lanceolate to ovate, ca. 9 mm, 西垂茉莉 xi chui mo li
acuminate. Corolla white, 3–3.5 cm, tube slender, pilose, Shrubs 1–4 m tall; branchlets, petioles, peduncles,
outside glandular; lobes ovate, 7–10 mm. Stamens equal or pedicels, and calyces viscid pubescent. Petiole 1.5–4 cm; leaf
slightly longer than corolla tube. Style slightly longer than blade elliptic-lanceolate to elliptic, 5–12 × 2.5–6 cm, papery,
stamens. Drupes enclosed in inflated persistent calyx, globose, pubescent or adaxially subglabrous, base cuneate to
ca. 4 mm. Fl. and fr. Aug-Oct. subrounded, margin usually entire, apex acuminate to caudate.
• Open forests along valleys; 800–1400 m. Xizang (Mêdog), Inflorescences terminal, few to many 3-flowered cymes; bracts
Yunnan (Xishuangbanna Zizhizhou). linear, 1–1.5 cm. Calyx purple, ca. 1.5 cm, tube short. Corolla
white, ca. 4 cm, outside densely yellow glandular; tube slender,
Allied to Clerodendrum trichotomum but differs in stamens and ca. 3 cm; lobes spatulate, ca. 1 cm. Fruiting calyx enlarged;
styles not as exserted and petioles densely yellow-brown tomentose. teeth triangular-lanceolate, overtopping drupe. Drupes black,
30. Clerodendrum trichotomum Thunberg, Nova Acta globose, ca. 1 cm in diam. Fl. and fr. Nov-Jun.
Regiae Soc. Sci. Upsal. 3: 201. 1780. Forests; 800–1700 m. S Yunnan [India, Myanmar].
海州常山 hai zhou chang shan 32. Clerodendrum inerme (Linnaeus) Gaertner, Fruct. Sem.
Shrubs or small trees, 1.5–10 m tall. Branchlets Pl. 1: 271. 1788.
lenticellate. Petiole 2–8 cm; leaf blade greenish abaxially and 苦郎树 ku lang shu
dark green adaxially, ovate-elliptic, triangular-ovate, or ovate,
5–16 × 2–13 cm, papery, base broadly cuneate, truncate, or Volkameria inermis Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 637. 1753;
rarely cordate, margin entire or rarely undulate, apex Clerodendrum neriifolium (Roxburgh) Schauer; V. neriifolia
acuminate, veins 3–5 pairs. Inflorescences axillary or terminal, Roxburgh.
lax, corymbose cymes, dichotomous, 8–18 cm; peduncle 3–6 Shrubs. Branches and branchlets pubescent. Petiole ca. 1
cm; bracts elliptic, deciduous. Flowers fragrant. Calyx cm to leaf subsessile; leaf blade elliptic-lanceolate,
greenish, becoming purple, deeply 5-lobed; lobes ovate-lanceolate, or elliptic, thick papery, abaxially pubescent,
triangular-lanceolate to ovate, acute. Corolla white or pinkish, adaxially subglabrous and glandular, base obtuse, margin
ca. 2 cm, tube slender; lobes oblong, 5–10 × 3–5 mm. Style entire, apex obtuse. Inflorescences usually 3-flowered,
shorter than stamens, both exserted. Drupes blue-purple, pubescent; peduncle 2–4 mm; bracts linear, ca. 2 cm. Calyx
subglobose, ca. 6–8 mm in diam. subtruncate, with minute rudimentary teeth, outside pubescent,
Below 2400 m. Throughout China except Nei Mongol, Xinjiang, inside glabrous, sparsely glandular. Corolla white; tube 2–3 cm,
and Xizang [India, Japan, Korea; SE Asia]. ca. 2 mm in diam. at throat; lobes elliptic, ca. 7 mm. Stamens
1a. Branchlets, leaves, and inflorescences slightly exserted, pubescent at base of filaments. Style and ovary
puberulent or glabrous ................ 30a. var. trichotomum glabrous. Drupes gray-yellow, obovoid to subglobose, 6–11
1b. Branchlets, leaves, and inflorescences densely rust mm in diam. Fl. and fr. Mar-Dec.
colored tomentose ........................ 30b. var. ferrugineum
 Sea coast; 100–200 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Taiwan [S 2a. Base of leaf blade clasping ... 34c. var. amplexifolium
and SE Asia, Australia, Pacific Islands]. 2b. Base of leaf blade not clasping.
Medicinal. 3a. Inflorescences conical; leaves opposite or
in 3s .............................................. 34a. var. serratum
33. Clerodendrum subscaposum Hemsley, Hooker's Icon. Pl. 3b. Inflorescences cylindric; leaves opposite
27: t. 2675. 1900. ..................................................... 34b. var. herbaceum
抽葶大青 chou ting da qing 34a. Clerodendrum serratum var. serratum
Subshrubs 30–50 cm tall. Branchlets greenish when 三对节 san dui jie
young, becoming gray-brown, shiny, and glabrous. Petiole
subglabrous, 7–18 cm but leaf subsessile below inflorescence; Volkameria serrata Linnaeus, Mant. Pl. 90. 1767.
leaf blade ovate, 5.5–15 × 4.5–13 cm, membranous, abaxially Leaves opposite or in 3s; blade oblong to obovate-oblong,
gray and subglabrous to sparsely small glandular especially 6–30 × 2.5–11 cm, base decurrent to cuneate, margin serrulate.
along veins, adaxially pubescent and gray glandular, base Inflorescences conical, 10–30 × 9–12 cm.
cordate, margin irregularly serrate, apex acuminate to acute.
Forests on mountain slopes and in valleys; 200–1800 m. Guangxi,
Thyrses of 3–5-flowered cymes, 30–40 cm; peduncle purple, Guizhou, Xizang, Yunnan [E Africa, S and SE Asia].
sparsely small glandular; bracts linear to narrowly lanceolate,
3–7 mm; bractlets linear, ca. 2 mm. Pedicel slender, 1.5–2.5 34b. Clerodendrum serratum var. herbaceum (Roxburgh
cm. Calyx campanulate, ca. 2 × 2–4 mm, truncate to minutely ex Schauer) C. Y. Wu, Fl. Yunnan. 1: 468. 1977.
5-dentate, glabrous. Corolla bluish purple, deeply 5-lobed,
sparsely glandular; tube slender, ca. 5 mm; lobes elliptic to 草本三对节 cao ben san dui jie
obovate, ca. 5 mm. Stamens and style long exserted. Fruiting
calyx not enlarged. Drupes ca. 3 mm in diam., apically Clerodendrum herbaceum Roxburgh ex Schauer in A. de
glandular. Candolle, Prodr. 11: 675. 1847.
Mountain slopes; 1400–2100 m. S Yunnan [India, Vietnam]. Leaf blade oblanceolate-ovate, (9–)12–16(–18) × (2.5–)
4.5–6(–8) cm, margin sparsely coarse serrate. Inflorescences
34. Clerodendrum serratum (Linnaeus) Moon, Cat. Pl. cylindric.
Ceylon 46. 1824. Mixed forests on mountain slopes; 400–1500 m. Guangxi,
三对节 san dui jie Guizhou, Yunnan [E Africa, S and SE Asia].

Shrubs 1–4 m tall. Branchlets densely yellow pubescent 34c. Clerodendrum serratum var. amplexifolium
especially on nodes when young, becoming dark brown to Mold-enke, Phytologia 4: 51. 1952.
gray-yellow and glabrous. Leaves opposite or in threes; petiole
to 5 cm or leaf subsessile; leaf blade oblong, obovate-oblong, 三台花 san tai hua
elliptic, or ovate, 6–30 × 2.5–11 cm, papery, pubescent, margin
subentire to serrulate or sparsely coarse serrate, apex Leaves subsessile, base clasping.
acuminate to acute; veins 10 or 11 pairs, abaxially prominent. • Thickets; 600–1600 m. Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan.
Inflorescences terminal thyrses, densely yellow-brown
pubescent, cymes sometimes monochasial; bracts sessile, 34d. Clerodendrum serratum var. wallichii C. B. Clarke in J.
ovate to broadly ovate, 1.5–4.5 × 0.5–1.8 cm, pubescent; D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. Ind. 4: 592. 1885.
bractlets lanceolate to ovate. Calyx ca. 5 mm, truncate to
minutely 5-dentate, pubescent. Corolla white, bluish, or 大序三对节 da xu san dui jie
purplish, tube ca. 7 mm; lobes oblong to obovate, 6–12 mm.
Stamens ca. 2–4 cm, long exserted, base pubescent. Ovary Clerodendrum divaricatum Jack.
glabrous. Style long exserted. Drupes green when young,
becoming black, subglobose. Fl. and fr. Jun-Dec. Petiole 2–5 cm; leaf blade elliptic to ovate, 10–14(–25) ×
6–8(– 13) cm, base broadly cuneate to subrounded, margin
200–1800 m. Guangxi, Guizhou, Xizang, Yunnan [E Africa, S subentire to serrulate. Inflorescences conical thyrses, spreading.
and SE Asia].
Calyx ± truncate.
Medicinal.
Open forests on mountain slopes; 700–1800 m. Xizang, Yunnan
1a. Leaves petiolate with petioles 2–5 cm; filament [Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Vietnam].
bases compressed ................................ 34d. var. wallichii
1b. Leaves sessile or subsessile; filament bases
cylindric.

15. CARYOPTERIS Bunge, Pl. Mongholico-Chin. 27. 1835.

莸属 you shu
Cardioteucris C. Y. Wu.
Herbs, subshrubs, or shrubs, erect or climbing. Leaves opposite, simple, entire or dentate, usually with glistening glands.
Flowers in lax or dense cymes often aggregate into thyrses, rarely solitary. Calyx (4- or) 5- (or 6)-dentate or -lobed. Corolla short
tubed, slightly 2-lipped, margin entire or dentate; lobes 5, spreading; lower lobe larger, concave, fringed. Stamens 4, often strongly
exserted, inserted on apical part of corolla tube. Ovary 4-locular; ovules pendulous or laterally attached. Stigma 2-cleft. Fruit dry,
usually dividing into four nutlets.
Sixteen species: C and E Asia, 14 species in China.
1a. Inflorescences terminal, narrowly cylindric thyrses, sharply differentiated from vegetative shoots, cymes
subtended by very reduced bracts.
2a. Thyrses lax; lateral cymes to 5-flowered; calyx clearly 2-lipped; corolla white .............................................. 12. C. siccanea
2b. Thyrses very dense; lateral cymes more than 5-flowered; calyx deeply 6-lobed; corolla bluish purple ......... 13. C. bicolor
1b. Inflorescences axillary or subterminal, mostly cymes, sometimes compact thyrses or reduced to a solitary flower, all
except sometimes the uppermost subtended by normal leaves.
3a. Inflorescences dense axillary thyrses; fruit globose, ca. 4 × as long as calyx ............................................... 14. C. paniculata
3b. Inflorescences axillary or subterminal cymes, often corymbose, sometimes reduced to 1 flower; fruit usually
winged or lobed, to 2 × as long as calyx.
4a. Leaf blade entire or with occasional teeth.
5a. Leaf blade linear-lanceolate or linear-oblong to narrowly oblanceolate, abaxial veins often darker than rest of
leaf surface.
6a. Leaf blade adaxially puberulent; corolla 10–15 mm; ovary glabrous ................................................ 1. C. mongholica
6b. Leaf blade adaxially glutinous and shiny; corolla 6–8 mm; ovary hairy .............................................. 2. C. glutinosa
5b. Leaf blade elliptic to subrounded, abaxial veins same color or paler than rest of leaf surface.
7a. Leaf blade elliptic to narrowly ovate; corolla whitish to yellow, rarely pale blue ................................. 3. C. forrestii
7b. Leaf blade ovate to subrounded; corolla purplish .......................................................................... 4. C. jinshajiangensis
4b. Leaf blade regularly crenate or serrate.
8a. Cymes dense, corymbose, without bracts and bractlets; abaxial corolla lobe fringed to dentate; nutlets
winged, glabrous or with subapical tuft of stiff coarse hairs.
9a. Corolla glabrous except for a patch of long lanate hairs on each lobe ........................................... 7. C. trichosphaera
9b. Corolla uniformly appressed puberulent.
10a. Leaf blade same color on both surfaces; nutlets with subapical patch of stiff coarse hairs ............. 5. C. incana
10b. Leaf blade distinctly white abaxially; nutlets glabrous ...................................................................... 6. C. tangutica
8b. Cymes lax, rarely clearly corymbose, with bracts and bractlets; abaxial corolla lobe entire; nutlets not
winged, uniformly puberulent.
11a. Cymes more than 5-flowered, branches divaricate; calyx shallowly bowl-shaped, exposing nutlets
.............................................................................................................................................................................. 11. C. divaricata
11b. Cymes 1–5-flowered, branches not divaricate; calyx campanulate, enclosing nutlets.
12a. Leaf blade irregularly sharply serrate with 1–3 teeth per side, those subtending cymes subentire;
ovary and nutlets with yellow hairs ...................................................................................... 10. C. aureoglandulosa
12b. Leaf blade, including those subtending cymes, regularly serrate to crenate with 4–10 teeth or lobes
per side; ovary and nutlets with white hairs.
13a. Leaf blade crenate with 4–6 rounded lobes per side; flowers always solitary .................... 8. C. nepetifolia
13b. Leaf blade serrate with 6–10 sharp teeth per side; flowers mostly in (2- or) 3–5-flowered cymes,
rarely solitary ...................................................................................................................................... 9. C. terniflora

1. Caryopteris mongholica Bunge, Pl. Mongholico-Chin. 28.

1835. 粘叶莸 nian ye you
Shrubs 0.5–1.5 cm tall. Branchlets terete, pubescent.
蒙古莸 meng gu you
Petiole ca. 2 mm; leaf blade narrowly oblanceolate to narrowly
Caryopteris mongholica var. serrata Maximowicz. oblong, 1–3 × 0.3–0.8 cm, abaxially white scaly and with
black veins, adaxially glutinous and shiny, base cuneate,
Subshrubs 30–150 cm tall, aromatic, usually branched
margin entire, apex obtuse. Cymes axillary or terminal,
from base. Branchlets purple-brown, pubescent when young,
pubescent. Calyx cup-shaped, ca. 3 mm, outside silvery
glabrescent. Petiole ca. 3 mm; leaf blade linear-lanceolate to
tomentose; lobes 5, lanceolate. Corolla blue-purple, 6–8 mm;
linear-oblong, 0.8–4 × 0.2–0.7 cm, papery, abaxially densely
tube ca. 3 mm, outside silvery tomentose, villous in throat.
gray tomentose, adaxially dark green and puberulent, margin
Ovary pubescent. Fruiting calyx ca. 5 mm. Fruit ovoid, ca. 3
entire or subentire. Cymes axillary. Calyx campanulate, ca. 3
mm in diam., pilose above middle. Fl. and fr. Sep-Oct.
mm, deeply 5-lobed, outside densely gray tomentose; lobes
linear to linear-lanceolate, ca. 1.5 mm. Corolla blue-purple, • Valleys; 1600–1800 m. Sichuan (Min Jiang valley).
1–1.5 cm, tube ca. 5 mm, pilose in throat, lower lobe strongly Related to Caryopteris mongholica but differs in shorter corolla
fringed. Stamens and style exserted. Ovary glabrous. Fruit tubes and fringed abaxial corolla lobes.
subglobose, glabrous. Nutlets with winged edges. Fl. and fr.
Aug-Oct. 3. Caryopteris forrestii Diels, Notes Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 5:
296. 1912.
Dry open slopes, boulder strewn washes, open canyons;
1100–1300 m. Gansu, Hebei, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shanxi 灰毛莸 hui mao you
[Mongolia].
Subshrubs, aromatic. Branchlets terete, grayish brown
2. Caryopteris glutinosa Rehder in Sargent, Pl. Wilson. 3: tomentose when young, glabrescent. Petiole 2–10 mm; leaf
378. 1916. blade narrowly elliptic to ovate-lanceolate, 0.5–6 × 0.2–2.5 cm,
thickly papery, abaxially densely gray tomentose, adaxially thickly papery, pubescent, yellow glandular, base cuneate,
green and pubescent, base cuneate, apex obtuse. Inflorescences subrounded, or truncate, margin coarsely serrate to rarely
axillary or terminal, dense corymbose cymes; peduncle subentire, apex obtuse to acute. Inflorescences axillary or
densely gray tomentose. Calyx campanulate, 2–4 mm, outside terminal, dense corymbose cymes. Calyx cup-shaped, ca. 2
gray tomentose; lobes 5, lanceolate. Corolla greenish white to mm, outside pubescent. Corolla purplish to bluish, tube ca. 3.5
greenish yellow, ca. 5 mm, tube ca. 2 mm, lower lobe dentate mm, lower lobe fringed, both surfaces pubescent. Stamens and
to nearly fringed, both surfaces puberulent especially outside, style exserted. Ovary pubescent. Fruiting calyx 4–5 mm. Fruit
villous at insertion of filaments. Stamens and style exserted. ca. 2.5 mm in diam., hirsute, nutlets with winged edges. Fl. and
Ovary pubescent, apically glandular. Fruiting calyx 5–7 mm. fr. Jun-Oct.
Fruit ca. 2 mm in diam., hirsute, apical part glandular, nutlets 100–800 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hubei, Hunan,
winged, oblong-oblanceolate, ca. 3 mm, glabrous or with short Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Taiwan, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea].
spreading hairs near tip. Medicinal.
• 1700–4000 m. Guizhou, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan. 1a. Leaf blade lanceolate, ovate, or oblong, 0.8–4 cm
1a. Lower corolla lobe dentate; leaf blade 2–6 × wide ............................................................. 5a. var. incana
0.5–2.5 cm ................................................ 3a. var. forrestii 1b. Leaf blade narrowly lanceolate, 0.4–0.8 cm wide
............................................................... 5b. var. angustifolia
1b. Lower corolla lobe nearly fringed; leaf blade
0.5–2 × 0.2–0.5 cm .................................... 3b. var. minor 5a. Caryopteris incana var. incana
3a. Caryopteris forrestii var. forrestii 兰香草 lan xiang cao
灰毛莸 hui mao you Nepeta incana Thunberg ex Houttuyn, Nat. Hist. 2(9):
307. 1778; Barbula sinensis Loureiro; Caryopteris ovata
Plants 30–120 cm tall. Leaf blade 2–6 × 0.5–2.5 cm. Miquel; C. sinensis (Loureiro) Dippel; Mastacanthus sinensis
Lower corolla lobe dentate. (Loureiro) Endlicher ex Walpers.
• Thickets on mountain slopes, in valleys, or along roadsides; Leaf blade lanceolate, oblong, or ovate, 1.5–9 × 0.8–4 cm,
1700–3000 m. Guizhou, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan.
apex obtuse to acute. Fl. and fr. Jun-Oct.
3b. Caryopteris forrestii var. minor P'ei & S. L. Chen ex C. Slopes along roadsides; 100–800 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong,
Y. Wu, Fl. Yunnan. 1: 481. 1977. Guangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea].

小叶灰毛莸 xiao ye hui mao you 5b. Caryopteris incana var. angustifolia S. L. Chen & R. L.
Guo, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 65(1): 213. 1982.
Plants very short, much branched from base. Leaf blade
5–20 × 2–5 mm. Lower corolla lobe larger, nearly fringed. 狭叶兰香草 xia ye lan xang cao
• Dry mountain slopes; 2000–4000 m. SW Sichuan, SE Xizang, Leaf blade narrowly lanceolate, 3–4.5 × 0.4–0.8 cm, apex
NW Yunnan. acuminate. Fl. and fr. Sep-Oct.

4. Caryopteris jinshajiangensis Y. K. Yang & X. D. Cong, • Thickets in stony places; 300 m. Jiangxi.
Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 10(1): 45. 1990. 6. Caryopteris tangutica Maximowicz, Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci.
金沙江莸 jin sha jiang you Saint-Pétersbourg, sér. 3, 27: 525. 1881.
Subshrubs 30–70 cm tall, usually branched from base. 光果莸 guang guo you
Branchlets densely brown tomentose when young, glabrescent. Shrubs 0.5–2 m tall, erect. Branchlets gray tomentose.
Petiole (0.2–)1–2 cm, densely puberulent; leaf blade broadly Petiole 0.4–1 cm; leaf blade lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate,
ovate to subrounded, (0.3–)1–3.2 × (0.4–)1–3 cm, papery, 2–5.5 × 0.5–2 cm, abaxially densely gray tomentose, adaxially
densely glandular, abaxially glaucous, margin entire or green pilose, base cuneate to rounded, margin deeply serrate,
subentire, veins 3 or 4 pairs. Inflorescences axillary or terminal, apex acuminate to obtuse, veins 5–8 pairs. Inflorescences
corymbose cymes; peduncle slender, 0.5–2.2 cm, brown pilose. axillary or subterminal, very dense corymbose cymes. Calyx ca.
Calyx campanulate, 1.7–2.2 mm, lobes oblong-lanceolate, 2.5–4 mm, deeply 5-lobed, outside densely villous; lobes
outside brown puberulent and glandular. Corolla tube 6–8 mm, lanceolate, usually longer than tube. Corolla blue-purple, tube
puberulent at insertion of stamens, lower lobe slightly dentate. 5–7 mm, lower lobe fringed. Stamens and style exserted.
Stamens and style exserted. Ovary subglabrous. Fruit Ovary glabrous. Fruiting calyx ca. 6 mm. Fruits
ovate-elliptic, 2.7–3.2 × 2–2.4 mm. obovate-globose, ca. 5 × 4 mm, glabrous, nutlets with broadly
• Valleys; 1400 m. SW Yunnan (Jinsha Jiang valley). winged edges.
Related to Caryopteris forrestii but differs in its broadly ovate to • Dry slopes; 2500 m. Gansu, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Shaanxi,
subrounded leaf blades and purplish corollas. Sichuan.

5. Caryopteris incana (Thunberg ex Houttuyn) Miquel, Ann. 7. Caryopteris trichosphaera W. Smith, Notes Roy. Bot.
Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavum 2: 97. 1865. Gard. Edinburgh 10: 18. 1917.

兰香草 lan xiang cao 毛球莸 mao qiu you

Herbs, perennial, 25–50 cm tall, aromatic, with woody Caryopteris incana (Thunberg ex Houttuyn) Miquel var.
base, pubescent. Petiole 0.3–1.7 mm; leaf blade narrowly brachyodonta (Handel-Mazzetti) Moldenke; C. tangutica
lanceolate, lanceolate, oblong, or ovate, 1.5–9 × 0.4–4 cm, Maximowicz var. brachyodonta Handel-Mazzetti.
 Shrubs 50–100 cm tall, aromatic. Branchlets pubescent • Mountain slopes in open places along streams; 600–2600 m.
and glandular when young. Petiole 3–9 mm or apical leaves Gansu, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shanxi,
Sichuan, Yunnan.
subsessile; leaf blade ovate-oblong to broadly ovate, 1–3 ×
1.5–3 cm, papery, pubescent, glandular especially abaxially, Medicinal.
base rounded to truncate, margin coarsely serrate, apex obtuse;
veins 6–8 pairs, abaxially prominent. Inflorescences axillary or 10. Caryopteris aureoglandulosa (Vaniot) C. Y. Wu, Fl.
terminal, dense cymes, densely villous; peduncle ca. 1 cm. Yunnan. 1: 484. 1977.
Calyx campanulate, ca. 3 mm, lobes oblong-lanceolate, outside
金腺莸 jin xian you
densely villous and glandular. Corolla bluish to purplish, ca. 6
mm, outside glabrous or nearly so except for lobes each with a Ocimum aureoglandulosum Vaniot, Bull. Acad. Int.
distinct patch of villous to lanate hairs, pubescent at insertion Géogr. Bot. 14: 171. 1904.
of stamens, tube ca. 5 mm, lower lobe fringed. Stamens ca. 2 × Subshrubs 30–100 cm tall, erect to ascending. Branches
as long as corolla tube. Ovary and style glabrous. Fruiting 4-angled, densely puberulent. Petiole 1–5 mm; leaf blade
calyx ca. 6 mm. Fruit oblong to ovoid, 2–3 × 2 mm, nutlets ovate-lanceolate to ovate, 2–14 × 1.2–5 cm, membranous,
with winged edges. Fl. and fr. Aug-Sep. densely puberulent when young, glabrescent, abaxially
• Thickets on mountain slopes, dry grassy places in valleys; sparsely yellow glandular, base cuneate to subrounded, margin
2700–3300 m. W Sichuan, E Xizang, NW Yunnan. with 1–3 irregular serrations per side above middle, rarely
Related to Caryopteris tangutica but differs in having leaf blades subentire, apex acute. Inflorescences axillary, 1–3-flowered,
ovate-oblong to broadly ovate, both surfaces glandular, and calyces densely puberulent, cymes aggregated into poorly defined
and corollas glandular outside. thyrses; peduncle 1–3(–10) mm; bracts and bractlets linear.
8. Caryopteris nepetifolia (Bentham) Maximowicz, Bull. Pedicel ± as long as peduncle. Calyx campanulate, ca. 5 mm,
Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg, sér. 3, 23: 390. 1877. sparsely puberulent; teeth 4 or 5, lanceolate to ovate-triangular,
acuminate. Corolla white or pinkish, ca. 1.2 cm; tube ca. 8 mm,
单花莸 dan hua you outside puberulent, inside glabrous. Stamens exserted. Ovary
Teucrium nepetifolium Bentham in A. de Candolle, Prodr. apically densely white puberulent. Style as long as stamens.
12: 580. 1848. Nutlets ovoid, puberulent, slightly reticulate. Fl. Apr.
• Grasslands; 600–800 m. S to W Guizhou, Hubei, SW Si-chuan,
Herbs, perennial, 30–60 cm tall, prostrate. Branches SW Yunnan.
pubescent, 4-angled. Petiole ca. 3–10 mm, pubescent; leaf
blade broadly ovate to subrounded, 1.5–5 × 1.5–4 cm, papery, 11. Caryopteris divaricata Maximowicz, Bull. Acad. Imp.
pubescent, glandular, base broadly cuneate to rounded, margin Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg, sér. 3, 23: 390. 1877.
coarsely serrate, apex obtuse, veins 3–5 pairs. Flowers axillary,
solitary; bractlets short, linear. Pedicel slender. Calyx 莸 you
cup-shaped, ca. 6 mm, pubescent, glandular; lobes 5, Clerodendrum divaricatum Siebold & Zuccarini (1846),
ovate-lanceolate to ovate. Corolla bluish, tube 6–9 mm, lobes not Jack (1820).
entire, lower lobe largest, outside sparsely puberulent and
glandular. Stamens inserted near corolla throat; filaments Herbs, perennial, ca. 80 cm tall. Branches 4-angled,
basally hairy. Ovary densely pubescent. Nutlets ovoid, hirsute, subglabrous to pubescent. Petiole 0.5–2 cm; leaf blade
without winged edges. Fl. and fr. May-Sep. ovate-oblong to ovate, 12–14 × 1.2–5 cm, membranous,
sparsely pubescent, base cuneate to subrounded, margin
• Forest edges along streams and roadsides; 100–700 m. Anhui, coarsely serrate, apex acuminate to caudate, veins 3–5 pairs.
Fujian, Jiangsu, Zhejiang.
Inflorescences axillary, cymes, dichotomous, sparsely
Medicinal. pubescent; peduncle 2–3(–11) cm; bracts linear to lanceolate.
9. Caryopteris terniflora Maximowicz, Bull. Soc. Imp. Calyx cup-shaped, broader than long, 2–4 mm, inside
Naturalistes Moscou 54(1): 40. 1879. pubescent; teeth 5, triangular, 0.6–1 mm. Corolla pinkish to
purple to pinkish, 1–2 cm, outside pubescent, villous in throat,
三花莸 san hua you tube 0.8–1.6 cm, lobes entire, lower lobe broadly obovate.
Caryopteris terniflora f. brevipedunculata P'ei & S. L. Stamens and style exserted. Ovary pubescent, ± glandular, apex
Chen. rudimentarily 4-lobed. Fruiting calyx twice as long as
flowering calyx, broader than long. Nutlets pale brown ovoid,
Shrubs 15–60 cm tall, erect, usually branched from base. shorter than calyx tube, reticulate, glabrescent. Fl. and fr.
Petiole 2–15 cm, pubescent; leaf blade lanceolate-oblong to Jul-Sep.
ovate, 1.5–4 × 1–3 cm, papery, pubescent and glandular
Mixed forests on mountain slopes and along roadsides;
especially abaxially, base broadly cuneate to rounded, margin 700–2900 m. Gansu, Henan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan
serrate, apex acute. Inflorescences axillary cymes, [Japan, Korea].
(1–)3(–5)-flowered; peduncle (0.1–)1–3 cm; bracts awl-shaped.
Pedicel (0.5–)3–6 mm. Calyx campanulate, (4–)8–9 mm, 12. Caryopteris siccanea W. Smith, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard.
5-lobed, lobes lanceolate, both surfaces pubescent and Edinburgh 10: 18. 1917.
glandular. Corolla pinkish to purple, 1.1–1.8(–2) cm, 5-lobed, 腺毛莸 xian mao you
lower lobe broadly obovate to subrounded, outside sparsely
puberulent and glandular. Stamens and style exserted. Ovary Cardioteucris cordifolia C. Y. Wu.
pubescent. Nutlets ovoid, densely hirsute, with distinctly Herbs, perennial, rhizomatous, 50–90 cm tall, usually
reticulate veins. Fl. and fr. Jun-Sep. unbranched, minutely hirsute, glandular. Petiole 3–8(–10) cm,
much shorter on apical leaves, minutely hirsute and sparsely
glandular; leaf blade broadly ovate, 6–12 × 5–10 cm, exserted. Ovary pubescent, glandular. Style longer than
membranous, strigose, base cordate, margin with 8–15 stamens. Fruiting calyx ca. 6 mm. Fruit subglobose, ca. 4 mm
serrations per side, apex acute. Inflorescences slender, lax in diam. Fl. Mar.
terminal thyrses, sometimes also in most apical leaf axils, Dry mountain slopes; 900–2000 m. Yunnan [Bhutan, India,
densely minutely hirsute, glandular; bracts linear-lanceolate to Nepal, Thailand].
lanceolate, 1–6(–10) mm, shorter than pedicel. Calyx 5–7 mm,
outside minutely hirsute and glandular, 2 lipped, lower lip 14. Caryopteris paniculata C. B. Clarke in J. D. Hooker, Fl.
2-dentate, upper lip 3-dentate or rarely subentire in fruit. Brit. Ind. 4: 597. 1885.
Corolla white, ca. 1.2 cm, outside puberulent. Stamens and 锥花莸 zhui hua you
style exserted. Fruit shallowly lobed; nutlets ca. 3 mm,
glabrous, faintly ridged. Fl. Jun-Aug. Callicarpa esquirolii H. Léveillé; C. martinii H. Léveillé.
Open or forested slopes; 2000–3000 m. Sichuan, Yunnan Shrubs 1–3 m tall, spreading, climbing, much branched,
[Myanmar]. pubescent. Petiole 5–10 mm; leaf blade broadly lanceolate to
ovate-lanceolate, 9–14 × 3–6.5 cm, thickly membranous,
13. Caryopteris bicolor (Roxburgh ex Hardwicke) sparsely pubescent, densely yellow glandular, base broadly
Mabberley in Manilal, Bot. Hist. Hort. Malab. 83. 1980. cuneate to rounded, margin sparsely serrate, apex
香莸 xiang you caudate-acuminate; veins 5 pairs, abaxially prominent.
Inflorescences axillary, paniculate, densely pubescent; bracts
Volkameria bicolor Roxburgh ex Hardwicke, Asiat. Res. and bractlets minute. Calyx ca. 3 mm, 5- or 6-lobed, pubescent,
6: 366. 1799; Caryopteris odorata (D. Don) Robinson; C. densely glandular. Corolla pinkish, deep red, or purple, ca. 4
wallichiana Schauer. mm, tube ca. 2 mm, 5-lobed, outside pubescent and glandular.
Shrubs 1–3 m tall, spreading. Branchlets 4-angled, gray Stamens exserted. Style slightly longer than stamens. Fruiting
minutely tomentose. Petiole 5–10 mm; leaf blade calyx ca. 4 mm. Fruit usually orange at maturity, globose, ca. 2
lanceolate-elliptic, 5.5–13 × 2–4 cm, papery, abaxially mm in diam., pubescent, glandular, tardily breaking up. Fl. and
pubescent and glandular, adaxially subglabrous, base cuneate, fr. Mar-Sep.
margin subentire to serrate, apex acuminate Inflorescences
tight terminal thyrses, densely pubescent; bracts and bractlets Mixed forests on mountain slopes, along roadsides; 700–2300 m.
lanceolate, to 1.5 cm, margins entire. Calyx 3–4.5 mm, usually Guangxi, W Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Myan-mar,
Nepal, Thailand].
6-lobed, pubescent, densely glandular. Corolla bluish purple,
tube ca. 5 mm, lobes ca. 8 mm, pubescent, glandular. Stamens

16. SCHNABELIA Handel-Mazzetti, Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl., Anz. 58: 92. 1921.
四棱草属 si leng cao shu
Herbs, perennial. Rhizomes short, thick. Stems and twigs 4-angled, distinctly winged along edges. Leaves opposite, small,
simple to deeply 3-lobed and almost palmate, usually early deciduous. Inflorescences axillary, simple cymes or reduced to 1 flower.
Flowers usually of 2 kinds, open or cleistogamous. Calyx deeply 4- or 5-lobed, slightly enlarged in fruit, conspicuously
8–10-veined; lobes linear-lanceolate, equal or subequal. Stamens 4, didynamous. Ovary 4-locular; ovules 1 per locule. Stigma
slightly 2-cleft. Open flowers with corolla longer than calyx, tube slender, 2-lipped, lower lip 3-lobed, upper lip erect and 2-lobed;
stamens exserted; style longer than stamens. Cleistogamous flowers with corolla shorter than calyx; stamens and style shorter than
corolla. Nutlets 4, obovate, puberulent, basally obscurely reticulate.
Two species: endemic to China.
The genus is sometimes included in Lamiaceae. There are collections that are somewhat intermediate between the two species.
1a. Cymes usually reduced to 1 flower; peduncle longer than 7 mm; calyx 5-dentate ............................................ 1. S. oligophylla
1b. Cymes usually 1–3-flowered; peduncle less than 2 mm; calyx 4-dentate .............................................................. 2. S. tetradonta

1. Schnabelia oligophylla Handel-Mazzetti, Akad. Wiss. lower lip with middle lobe ca. 0.5 mm and lateral lobes ca. 0.2
Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl., Anz. 58: 93. 1921. mm; upper lip ovate to subrounded, ca. 0.2 mm. Nutlets ca. 5 ×
四棱草 si leng cao 2.8 mm.
• 600-1900 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hunan,
Herbs 60–100(–120) cm tall, erect to climbing. Stems Jiangxi, Sichuan, NE Yunnan.
minutely puberulent, soon glabrous; internodes 0.5–8(–12) cm.
Petiole 0.3–2.3 cm; leaf blade oblong, triangular-ovate, or Medicinal.
ovate, sometimes deeply 3-lobed, 1–5 × 0.8–2 cm, papery, 1a. Leaf blade 1–3 × 0.8–1.7 cm ...... 1a. var. oligophylla
base cuneate, subrounded, or subcordate, margin serrate, apex
1b. Leaf blade 4–5 × 1.5–2 cm .......... 1b. var. oblongifolia
short acuminate to acute. Cyme usually 1-flowered; bracts
awl-shaped. Open flowers: Calyx 10-veined; teeth 5, 5–8 × 1
1a. Schnabelia oligophylla var. oligophylla
mm, margin entire, ciliate, apex acuminate. Corolla bluish
purple to purple, 1.4–1.8 cm, tube ca. 12 × 2 mm; lower lip 四棱草 si leng cao
wedge-shaped to obovate-triangular, middle lobe 8–5.5 mm, Petiole 3–9 mm; leaf blade ovate to triangular-ovate,
lateral lobes 3–5 mm; upper lip broadly elliptic, ca. 4 × 3 mm. 1–3 × 0.8–1.7 cm. Fl. and fr. Apr-Jun.
Cleistogamous flowers: Calyx ca. 3 mm. Corolla ca. 1.5 mm,
 Chienodoxa tetrodonta Sun, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 1: 22.
• Open forests in valleys in calcareous soil; 700 m. Fujian, 1951.
Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan.
Herbs 30–70 cm tall. Stems erect, puberulent; internodes 0.5–6
1b. Schnabelia oligophylla var. oblongifolia C. Y. Wu & C. cm. Petiole 3–8 cm; leaf blade ovate, 1–1.4 × 0.7–0.9 cm or
Chen in C. Chen, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 9: 11. 1964. smaller, papery, minutely hirsute, base cuneate, margin serrate,
长叶四棱草 chang ye si leng cao apex acute. Cymes 1–3-flowered. Open flowers unknown.
Cleistogamous flowers: Calyx 8-veined; teeth 4,
Petiole 1.8–2.3 cm; leaf blade oblong, 4–5 × 1.5–2 cm. Fl. linear-lanceolate, 2.5 × 0.8 mm, entire, ciliate. Corolla ca. 1.5
Apr-May, fr. Oct. mm, early deciduous, 2-lipped; lower lip 3-lobed, central lobe
• Forests; 600–1900 m. S Sichuan, NE Yunnan. ca. 0.5 mm, acute, with lateral lobes similar to upper lobes of
upper lip; upper lip erect, 2-lobed, lobes ovate, ca. 0.2 mm.
2. Schnabelia tetrodonta (Sun) C. Y. Wu & C. Chen in C. Stamens 4, didynamous, shorter than corolla; disc cup-shaped.
Chen, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 9: 7. 1964. Ovary pubescent, ca. 0.5 mm. Style as long as ovary, glabrous.
四齿四棱草 si chi si leng cao Fruiting calyx broadly lanceolate, 3.5–4 × 1.3 mm. Nutlets ca.
3 × 2 mm, pubescent. Fl. and fr. May-Jul.
• Mountain slopes in thickets; 500–1800 m. N Guizhou, C Sichuan.

17. SYMPHOREMA Roxburgh, Pl. Coromandel 2: 46. 1805.

六苞藤属 liu bao teng shu
Shrubs, usually climbing. Hairs stellate. Leaves opposite, simple, margin entire or serrate. Inflorescences pedunculate, capitate
cymes, subtended by a whorl of 6 prominent involucral bracts. Calyx 5- or 6-dentate. Corolla white, small, tube cylindric, lobes
6–16(–18). Stamens 6–16(–18). Ovary 2- or imperfectly 4-locular; ovules 2 per locule, pendulous, only 1 fertile. Capsules
indehiscent, included within an enlarged calyx. Cotyledons fleshy, usually with abundant oil.
About three species: India, Myanmar, Philippines, and Thailand; one species in China.

1. Symphorema involucratum Roxburgh, Pl. Coromandel 2: base rounded to slightly cordate, margin subentire to dentate.
46. 1805. Peduncle long, pubescent. Involucral bracts oblong, enlarged
in fruit. Calyx 4–5 mm, outside tomentose, inside glabrous.
六苞藤 liu bao teng
Corolla white, 6–8 mm; lobes 6–8, narrowly oblong, 2–3 mm.
Shrubs, climbing. Branchlets terete, hairy when young. Fruit subglobose, 4–6 mm in diam.
Leaf blade subelliptic to ovate, puberulent when young, Forests; 500–800 m. S Yunnan [India, Myanmar, Sri Lanka,
abaxially densely stellate tomentose, adaxially glabrescent, Thailand].

18. SPHENODESME Jack, Malayan Misc. 1: 19. 1820.

楔翅藤属 xie chi teng shu
Shrubs, climbing. Hairs simple or stellate. Stems lenticellate when young. Leaves opposite, short petiolate, margin entire.
Inflorescences capitate cymes, 3–7-flowered, subtended by a whorl of 5 or 6 prominent involucral bracts. Calyx funnelform,
5-dentate, sometimes enlarged or inflated in fruit. Corolla tube short cylindric; lobes 5 (or 6), narrowly lanceolate to ovate-oblong.
Stamens 5(–7); anthers ovate. Ovary imperfectly 2-locular; ovules 2 per locule, pendulous from apex of a placenta bearing axis.
Stigma 2-cleft. Fruit indehiscent, small, obovoid to globose, included or nearly included in calyx, 1- (or 2)-seeded.
About 16 species: mainly in tropical and subtropical Asia, four species in China.
1a. Cyme 5-flowered; calyx glabrous ...................................................................................................................................... 1. S. pentandra
1b. Cyme 7-flowered; calyx with pilose or stellate hairs.
2a. Hairs simple; involucral bracts oblanceolate-spatulate to spatulate; calyx usually with accessory teeth; fruit
hairy .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 2. S. mollis
2b. Hairs stellate; involucral bracts spatulate-lanceolate or obovate; calyx without accessory teeth; fruit glabrous.
3a. Leaf blade narrowly elliptic to ovate; involucral bracts oblanceolate; flowers 4- or 5-merous; stamens
included ................................................................................................................................................................... 3. S. involucrata
3b. Leaf blade obovate-elliptic; involucral bracts spatulate-lanceolate; flowers 5- or 6-merous; stamens exserted
................................................................................................................................................................................... 4. S. floribunda

1. Sphenodesme pentandra var. wallichiana (Schauer)

Indumentum of simple hairs. Branchlets 4-angled,
Munir, Gard. Bull. Straits. Settlem., ser. 3, 21: 360. 1966.
densely pubescent when young, glabrescent. Petiole 0.5–1.5
山白藤 shan bai teng cm; leaf blade lanceolate-oblong to elliptic-oblong, 5.5–18 ×
2.5–7 cm, papery to thin leathery, subglabrous to pilose,
Sphenodesme wallichiana Schauer in A. de Candolle, adaxially usually shiny, base cuneate to rounded. Cymes
Prodr. 11: 622. 1847.
capitate, 5-flowered; peduncle to 3 cm; involucral bracts 5 or 6,
oblong-spatulate, 1.5–2.8 × 0.5–1 cm, glabrous. Calyx 4–7
mm, 5-dentate, with indistinct accessory teeth between main Vitex involucrata Presl, Bot. Bemerkungen 148. 1844;
teeth, glabrous. Corolla purple, 5-lobed, pubescent in throat. Symphorema unguiculatum Kurz.
Stamens 5, exserted. Ovary densely hispid, glandular. Indumentum of simple and stellate hairs. Branchlets
Capsules globose, ca. 4 mm in diam., yellow hispid. Fl. and fr. slender, with stellate hairs when young, glabrescent. Petiole ca.
Feb-May. 1 cm, with dense stellate hairs; leaf blade narrowly elliptic to
Mixed forests; 500–700 m. Guangdong, Hainan, Yunnan ovate, 6–13 × 3–7 cm, leathery, abaxially with stellate and
[Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, simple hairs, base cuneate to subrounded, margin entire.
Thailand, Vietnam]. Cymes 7-flowered, with rusty pilose and stellate hairs;
peduncle with dense stellate hairs; involucral bracts
Sphenodesme pentandra var. pentandra occurs in oblanceolate to obovate. Calyx ca. 5 mm, nearly 2-lipped, 4- or
Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Thailand, and Vietnam but is 5-dentate, with yellow stellate hairs. Corolla white or pink, 4–6
absent from China.
mm, 4- or 5-lobed. Stamens 4 or 5, included. Ovary yellow,
glabrous, apex glandular dotted. Capsules enclosed in calyx,
2. Sphenodesme mollis Craib, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1912: glabrous. Fl. and fr. Nov-Jun.
154. 1912.
Mixed forests; 500–700 m. Guangdong, Hainan, Taiwan [India,
毛楔翅藤 mao xie chi teng Malaysia].
Sphenodesme annamitica Dop. 4. Sphenodesme floribunda Chun & How, Acta Phytotax.
Indumentum of simple hairs. Branchlets slender, Sin. 7: 79. 1958.
tomentose to pubescent when young, glabrescent. Leaf blade
elliptic-oblong, 4–12 × 3.5–6(–8.5) cm, papery to thin leathery, 多花楔翅藤 duo hua xie chi teng
tomentose to subglabrous, base cuneate. Cymes 7-flowered, Bracts and young shoots with stellate hairs. Branchlets
arranged in loose terminal or axillary panicles; involucral terete, prominently lenticellate, grayish rusty tomentose.
bracts 6, oblanceolate-spatulate to spatulate, abaxially densely Petiole 3–9 mm; leaf blade obovate-elliptic, 6–9 × 2–4 cm,
appressed pubescent, adaxially pilose. Calyx ca. 5 mm. Corolla glandular, abaxially pilose, base cuneate, margin entire or
mauve to purple, pubescent in throat; lobes 5, oblong. Stamens sinuate-dentate. Cymes 7-flowered; involucral bracts
spatulate-lanceolate, 8–15 × 2–4 mm, membranous, densely
5, exserted. Ovary ovate, hispid. Capsules enclosed in calyx, rusty stellate pubescent. Calyx ca. 5 mm, densely yellowish
pilose-hispid. Fr. Oct-Nov. rusty stellate pubescent; lobes 5 or 6, ovate-triangular, ca. 1
Mixed forests on mountain slopes and along stream banks; mm. Corolla ca. 9 mm, tube slender, white ciliate; lobes 5 or 6,
600–l500 m. S Yunnan [Thailand, Vietnam]. oblanceolate, ca. 4 mm. Stamens 5, exserted. Ovary ca. 1.2 mm,
glabrous. Style ca. 4 mm. Fl. Mar-Apr.
3. Sphenodesme involucrata (Presl) Robinson, Proc. Amer.
Acad. Arts 51: 531. 1916. • Mixed forests; 300–700m. Guangdong, Hainan.
爪楔翅藤 zhua xie chi teng

19. CONGEA Roxburgh, Pl. Coromandel 3: 90. 1820.

绒苞藤属 rong bao teng shu
Shrubs, climbing. Branchlets subterete, tomentose with stellate and/or simple hairs. Leaves opposite. Cymes capitate,
3–9-flowered, arranged in panicles, pedunculate; involucral bracts 4 or by fusion reduced to 3 with third bract deeply emarginate.
Calyx funnelform or campanulate, 5-dentate, slightly enlarged in fruit. Corolla with a slender tube, outside glabrous, pubescent in
throat, 2-lipped, lower lip 3-cleft, upper lip 2-cleft. Stamens 4, didynamous, inserted at corolla throat; anthers subglobose. Ovary
obovate, apex glandular, imperfectly 2-locular; ovules 2 per locule. Stigma capitate or shortly 2-cleft. Fruit obovate, indehiscent.
About ten species: mainly in SE Asia, two species in China.
1a. Leaf blade narrowly elliptic; involucral bracts narrowly oblong, 5–8 mm wide, basally united for ca. 6 mm,
grayish ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 1. C. chinensis
1b. Leaf blade elliptic, broadly elliptic, or ovate; involucral bracts oblong, obovate-oblong, or broadly elliptic, 8–12 mm
wide, basally united for 1–3 mm, blue-purple .............................................................................................................. 2. C. tomentosa

1. Congea chinensis Moldenke, Phytologia 2: 311. 1947.

绒苞藤 rong bao teng
华绒苞藤 hua rong bao teng Congea tomentosa var. oblongifolia Schauer.
Branchlets densely grayish pilose. Petiole to 7 mm, pilose; Branchlets densely yellowish tomentose when young,
leaf blade narrowly elliptic, 8–14.5 × ca. 5 cm, abaxially becoming grayish. Petiole 5–13 mm, densely tomentose; leaf
densely pilose, base subrounded to cordate, margin entire, apex blade elliptic, broadly elliptic, or ovate, 6–16 × 3–9.5 cm,
acuminate; veins abaxially prominent, pilose when young. papery, abaxially densely pilose, adaxially densely pilose
Cymes 5–7-flowered, densely grayish pilose; peduncle 1–2 cm; when young but becoming sparsely pilose to subglabrous, base
involucral bracts 4, narrowly oblong, 2.5–3 × 0.5–0.8 cm. rounded to subcordate, margin entire, apex acuminate to acute;
Calyx campanulate, 7–8 mm, outside densely white pilose, veins 5 or 6, abaxially prominent. Cymes (5–)7(–9)-flowered,
inside pubescent. Corolla grayish, ca. 7 mm, tube cylindric. densely white pilose; involucral bracts 3 or 4, purple, oblong,
Stamens 4, long exserted. Ovary ca. 2 mm, glabrous. Fl. Oct. obovate-oblong, or broadly elliptic, 2–3 × 0.8–1.2 cm,
Mixed forests; 700–1500 m. S Yunnan [Myanmar].
pubescent, base pilose. Calyx funnelform, ca. 7 mm, lobes 1/2
as long as tube, outside densely pilose, inside pubescent.
2. Congea tomentosa Roxburgh, Pl. Coromandel 3: 90. 1820. Corolla, glabrous except pilose in throat, tube longer than
calyx. Stamens long exserted. Ovary glabrous. Style exserted. Mixed forests; 600–1200 m. SW Yunnan [Bangladesh, India,
Drupes enclosed in an enlarged calyx. 2n = 34. Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam].

20. AVICENNIA Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 110. 1753.

海榄雌属 hai lan ci shu
Shrubs or trees, maritime. Branches terete, sometimes 4-ridged when young. Leaves opposite. Inflorescences small spikes or
capitula; bracts and bractlets ovate, shorter than calyx, persistent. Flowers small, opposite, sessile. Calyx cup-shaped, deeply
5-lobed; lobes overlapping, persistent. Corolla nearly actinomorphic, campanulate, shortly inserted on an inconspicuous disc; lobes
4 or 5, upper lobe often broader than others. Stamens 4, adnate to apical part of corolla tube. Ovary imperfectly 4-locular, with a
free central winged placenta; ovules pendulous. Capsules subtended by persistent calyx, dehiscent into 2 leathery valves.
About 14 species: maritime in tropics and subtropics of both hemispheres, one species in China.
Avicennia is sometimes placed in the monogeneric family Avicenniaceae.

1. Avicennia marina (Forsskål) Vierhapper, Denkschr. entire. Inflorescences capitate; peduncle 1–2.5 cm. Flowers ca.
Kaiserl. Acad. Wiss., Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 71: 435. 1907. 5 mm in diam. Calyx and corolla outside densely pubescent,
inside subglabrous, margin densely persistent ciliate. Stamens
海榄雌 hai lan ci slightly exserted. Ovary densely pubescent. Style short, 2-cleft.
Sceura marina Forsskål, Fl. Aegypt.-Arab. 37. 1775. Fruit nearly ovoid, ca. 1.2 cm in diam., pubescent.

Branchlets ridged when young. Leaves subsessile; leaf Maritime. Fujian, Guangdong, Hainan, Taiwan [E Africa, S and
blade elliptic to ovate, 2–7 × 2–3.5 cm, leathery, abaxially SE Asia, N Australia].
pubescent, adaxially glabrous and shiny, base acuminate, margin