Design of Rectangular water tank CASE-1 ( L / B < 2 )

Capacity 5500 Litres (given)

Material 25 Grade Concrete (given)
415 Grade HYSD reinforcement (given)
Solution :-
Provide 4 mx 2.8 mx 2 m tank with free board of
Volume = 3.96 x 2.76 x 1.78 = 19454.7 Litres O.K. Consider 20
L/B= 6/4= 1.42857 <2. L=
The top portion of side walls will be designed as a continuous frame. B=
bottom 1 m or H / 4 whichever is more is designed as cantilever. Water Depth =
H/4= 3.5 / 4 = 0.5 m
bottom 1 m will be designed as cantilever.
Water pressure at 1 m height from top = 2.5 x YW = 10 KN / m2

where Yw is unit weight of water = 10 KN / m3

To find moment in side walls, moment distribution or kani's method is used. As the
frame is symmetrical about both the axes, only one joint is solved
4
4 A E

2.5 m F
2 24.5 KN / m2

1m
D
34.3 KN / m2
Elevation Plan

Fixed end moments :-

MAB = w x l2 / 12 =
= 24.5 x 62 / 12 = 13.33 KNm

MAD = w x l2 / 12 =
= 24.5 x 42 / 12 = 6.53 KNm

Kani's Method :-

-6.53 13.33333333
-3/10 40.84 -2/10
0 -2 -1.40 0
0 -2 -1.40 0
D 0 A 0 B
-10.53 10.53
Rotation factor at Joint A
 Relative Rotation Factor u
Joint Member ∑K
Stiffness( K ) =(-1/2) k / ∑ K

AB 0.25 -0.2058824
A 0.61
AD 0.36 -0.2941176

Sum of FEM
M AF = 73.5-32.66
6.80 KNm

MAB = MABF + 2 MAB' + MBA'

= 73.5 + 2 x (- 8.17 ) + 0
= 10.53

MAD = MADF + 2 MAD' + MDA'

= (- 32.66 ) + 2 x (- 12.25 ) + 0
= -10.53

B.M. at centre of long span = w x l 2 / 8 - 57.16

= 24.5 x 62 / 8 - 57.16
9.47 KNm

B.M. at centre of short span = w x l 2 / 8 - 57.16

= 24.5 x 42 / 8 - 57.16
-0.73 KNm

Direct tension in long wall = Yw ( H - h ) x B / 2

= 24.5 x 4 / 2 = 14 KN

Direct tension in short wall = Yw ( H - h ) x L / 2

= 24.5 x 6 / 2 = 20 KN

Design of Long Walls :-

At support
M= 10.53 KNm
T= 14 KN Tension on liquid face.
From Table 9-6 Q = 0.32 Assuming d / D = 0.85

D= √M / Q x b
= √57.16 x 10 6
/ 0.306 x 1000
= 181.43 mm, Assuming d / D = 0.9

Take D = 200 mm d = 450 - 25 - 8

= 147 mm
 From Table 9-5

Ast1 for moment = M / σst x j x d

= 57.16 x 10 6 / 150 x 0.872 x 417
= 640 mm2

Ast2 for direct tension = T / σst Table 9-5

= 49 x 10 / 150
3

= 108 mm2 53.85 mm2 per face

Ast on liquid side = 694.03 mm2 694.02599 0.217
Ast on Remote side = 217 mm 2
Minimum steel = 217
Provide 16 mm O bar
spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m 2 / m
= 200.96 x 1000 / 1375
= 146.152727 mm
Provide 16 mm O bar @ 130 mm C/C…marked(a) = 1546 mm2 / m.
Larger steel area is provided to match with the steel of short walls.
At centre
M= 9.47 KNm tension on remote face
T= 14 KN
e= M/T= 53.09 / 49
= 1.08 m Line of action of forces lies outside the section
i.e.tension is small
E= e+D/2-d b
= 1080 + 450 / 2 - 417
= 888 mm
D
modified moment = 49 x 0.888 d
= 43.51 KNm
d'
Ast1 for moment = M / σst x j x d Table 9-5 E=e+D/2-d

= 43.51 x 10 6 / 190 x 0.89 x 417

= 575 mm2

Ast2 for direct tension = T / σst Table 9-5

= 49 x 10 3 / 150
= 108 mm2 53.85 mm2 per face
Ast on Remote side = 629.20 mm2 629.20
Ast on liquid side = 217 mm 2
(minimum)
Provide 16 mm O bar
spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m 2 / m
= 200.96 x 1000 / 944
 = 212.881356 mm
Provide 16 mm O bar @ 200 mm C/C…marked(b) = 1005 mm2
From Table 9-3 minimum reinforcement 0.16 %
Distribution steel = 0.16 / 100 x 1000 x 450
= 720 mm2
On each face = 360 mm2
Provide 8 mm O bar
spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m 2 / m
= 50.24 x 1000 /360
= 139.555556 mm
Provide 8 mm O bar @ 130 mm C/C…marked(d) = 385 mm2
Vertical Steel ( c)
Provide 10 mm O bar
spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m 2 / m
= 78.50 x 1000 /360
= 218.06 mm
Provide 10 mm O bar @ 200 mm C/C…marked(c) = 392 mm2
Horizontal steel :-
Remote face ( b) - Provide 16 mm O @ 200 mm C/C = 1005 mm2
Liquid face ( d) - Provide 8 mm O @ 130 mm C/C = 385 mm2
Vertical Steel ( c) - Provide 10 mm O @ 200 mm C/C both faces = 392 mm2

Design of short walls :-

At support M= 10.53 KNm tension on liquid face Checking for st
T= 20 KN
From Table 9-5
Ast1 for moment = M / σst x j x d Table 9-5
= 57.16 x 10 / 150 x 0.872 x 417
6

= 640 mm2

Ast2 for direct tension = T / σst Table 9-5

= 73.5 x 10 3 / 150
= 153.85 mm2 76.92 mm2 per face
Ast on liquid side = 717.10 mm2 717.10291
Ast on Remote side = 217 mm 2

Provide 16 mm O bar
spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m 2 / m
= 200.96 x 1000 / 1538
= 130.66 mm
Provide 16 mm O bar @ 130 mm C/C…marked(b) = 1546 mm2 / m.

At centre
 M= -0.73 KNm tension on liquid face
T= 20 KN
From Table 9-5
Ast1 for moment = M / σst x j x d Table 9-5
= 8.16 x 10 / 150 x 0.872 x 417
6

= -44.57 mm2

Ast2 for direct tension = T / σst Table 9-5

= 73.5 x 10 3 / 150
= 153.85 mm2 76.92 mm2 per face
Ast on liquid side = 32.35 mm2 217 mm2
Ast on Remote side = 217 mm2
Provide 12 mm O bar
spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m 2 / m
= 113.04 x 1000 / 640
= 176.625 mm
Provide 12 mm O bar @ 130 mm C/C…marked(e) = 869 mm2 / m.

From Table 9-3 minimum reinforcement 0.16 %

Distribution steel = 0.16 / 100 x 1000 x 450
= 720 mm2
On each face = 360 mm2
Provide 8 mm O bar
spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m 2 / m
= 50.24 x 1000 /360
= 139.56 mm
Provide 8 mm O bar @ 130 mm C/C…marked(d) = 385 mm2
Vertical Steel ( c)
Provide 10 mm O bar
spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m 2 / m
= 78.50 x 1000 /360
= 218.06 mm
Provide 10 mm O bar @ 200 mm C/C…marked(c) = 392 mm2 .

Horizontal steel :-
Remote face ( e) - Provide 12 mm O @ 130 mm C/C = 869 mm2
Liquid face ( d) - Provide 8 mm O @ 130 mm C/C = 385 mm2
Vertical Steel ( c) - Provide 10 mm O @ 200 mm C/C both faces = 392 mm2

Bottom 1 m will be designed as cantilever

Cantilever moment : -
M= Yw x H x h 2 / 6 OR Yw x H / 6 , whichever is greater.
 = 9.8 x 3.5 x 1 / 6 = 9.8 x 3.5 / 6
= 3.33 KNm = 3.33 ,tension on liquid face.

From Table 9-5

Ast for moment = M / σst x j x d Table 9-5
= 5.72 x 10 6 / 150 x 0.872 x 417
= 202.59 mm2 217.00 mm2
From Table 9-3 minimum reinforcement 0.16 %
Distribution steel = 0.16 / 100 x 1000 x 450
= 434 mm2
On each face = 217 mm2
Provide 10 mm O bar
spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m 2 /m
= 78.50 x 1000 /360 Provide 8 mm
= 218 mm
Provide 10 mm O bar @ 200 mm C/C…marked(c) = 392 mm2 .
each face
Base slab :- Provide mm
200
minimum thick base slab.
Base slab is resting on ground. For a water head 3.5 m, provide 200 mm thick slab.
From table 9-3 Thickness of surface zone = 100 mm
Minimum steel = 0.229% only upper surface will be reinforced.
= 0.229 / 100 x 1000 x 150
= 217 mm2 108.5 mm2 bothway
Provide 8 mm O bar
spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m 2 / m
= 50.24 x 1000 /172
= 231 mm
Provide 8 mm bar @ 231 mm C/C both ways, at top .
Ast = 218 mm2
Designed section,Elevation etc. are shown in fig.
Top slab may be designed as two-way slab as usual for a live load of 1.5 KN / m 2
Top slab : -
consider 1 m wide strip. Assume 200 mm thick slab.
lx = 4 + 0.15 = 2.95 dx = 150 mm
ly = 6 + 0.15 = 4.15 dy = 140 mm
Dead Load : self 0.2 x 25 = 5 KN / m2
floor finish = 1.0 KN / m2
Live load = 1.5 KN / m2
7.5 KN / m2
For 1 m wide strip
PU = 1.5 x 6.25
= 9.38 KN / m
 ly / lx =
6.5 / 4.5
= 1.41 say 1.5
AS Per IS-456-2000,Four Edges Discontinuous,positive moment at mid-span.
Table 26 αx = 0.09958 This will be designed as simply supported two-way slab
αy = 0.05032
Mx = αx x w x lx 2
My = αy x w x lx2
= 0.085 x 9.38 x 4.52 = 0.056 x 9.38 x 4.52
= 6.50 KNm = 3.28 KNm
From Table 6-3 ,Q = 2.76

drequired = √M / Q x b
= √16.15 x 10 6
/ 2.76 x 1000
= 76.50 mm For d/D =
dshort = 150 - 15(cover) - 5 D=
= 130 > 76.50 mm …………(O.K.) Ast(short) =
dlong = 130 - 10 = 120 mm Use
Larger depth is provided due to deflection check. Spacing
Mu / b x d2 (short) = 16.15 x 106 / 1000 x 130 x 130 Provide 8 mm bar @12
= 0.96 Ast(long) =
Pt = 50 1-√1-(4.6 / fck) x (Mu / b x d2) Use
fy / fck Spacing
Provide 6 mm bar @13
= 50 1-√1-(4.6 / 20) x (0.96) Check for shear
415 / 20 r=ly/lx =
r/(r+2) =
= 50 [(1-0.88) x 20 / 415 ] shear on short edge =
= 0.29%
shear on long edge =
Ast (short) = 0.29 x 1000 x 130 / 100
= 377 mm2 Shear on long edge is critical
Provide 10 mm O bar
spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m 2 /m
= 78.50 x 1000 /377 100 Ast/bd =
= 208 mm
Provide 10 mm O bar @ 210 mm c/c = 374 mm2 .

Mu / b x d2 (long) = 10.64 x 106 / 1000 x 120 x 120

= 0.74
Pt = 50 1-√1-(4.6 / fck) x (Mu / b x d2)
fy / fck
 = 50 1-√1-(4.6 / 20) x (0.74)
415 / 20

= 50 [(1-0.91) x 20 / 415 ]
= 0.22%

Ast (long) = 0.22 x 1000 x 120 / 100

= 264 mm2

Provide 8 mm O bar
spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m 2 / m
= 50.24 x 1000 /264
= 190 mm
Provide 8 mm O bar @ 190 mm c/c = 264 mm2 .
h free board of 200 mm.
mm thick plaster
3.96 m
2.76 m
1.78 m

2.8

C
 TABLE 9-6
Balanced Design Factors for members in bending
M25 M30
Mild steel HYSD bars
d/D
Q = M / bD 2
Pt Q = M / bD2 Pt
0.75 0.313 0.353 0.347 0.39

0.8 0.317 0.333 0.35 0.368

0.85 0.32 0.316 0.354 0.349

0.9 0.324 0.301 0.358 0.332
0.95 0.329 0.288 0.363 0.317
TABLE 9-5
Members in bending ( Cracked condition )
 Coefficients for balanced design
Grade of Grade of σ cbc N σst
concrete steel / mm2 N / mm2 k j

M25 8.5 130 0.418 0.861

M30 10 130 0.418 0.861

( Table 9.3 )
mm2 per face

217 629.20

217 717.10 217

217 217

s lies outside the section

217 717.10 217

D/2
217 629.20

e=M/T

TABLE 9-3
Minimum Reinforcement for Liquid Retaining Structures
% of reinforcement
Thickness, mm
Mild Steel HYSD bars
100 0.3 0.24
150 0.286 0.229
200 0.271 0.217
250 0.257 0.206
300 0.243 0.194
350 0.229 0.183
 400 0.214 0.171
450 or more 0.2 0.16

Horizontal Reinforcement
Remote face Dia c/c + Dia c/c
Centre short side 10 300.00 12 0.00
long side 10 300.00 12 300.00
Support short side 10 300.00 12 0.00
long side 10 300.00 12 0.00
Liquid face Dia c/c + Dia c/c
Centre short side 12 300.00 12 0.00
long side 12 300.00 16 0.00
Support short side 12 300.00 12 300.00
long side 12 300.00 12 300.00
Vertical Reinforcement Dia c/c + Dia c/c
Remote face short side 10 300.00 12 0.00
long side 10 300.00 16 0.00
Liquid face short side 10 300.00 16 0.00
long side 10 300.00 16 0.00
Bottom 1 m Dia c/c + Dia c/c
10 300.00 12 0.00

Checking for stresses in concrete

At Support , on short wall
M= 10.53 KN-m
T= 20 KN
A1 = 200000 x1 = 100 A1 * x1 = 20000000
A2 = 2180.79 x2 = 53 A2 * x2 = 115581.812
A3 = 5321.12 x3 = 147 A3 * x3 = 782205.363
x = 100.71 mm
D-x= 99.29 mm
I = 683133410 mm4
fct = 0.10 N/mm2 1.3
fcbt = 1.53 N/mm2 1.8
Checking fct/σct +fcbt/σcbt <= 1
0.925 O.K.
Provide 8 mm bar @129 mm c/c Provide 6 mm bar @134 mm c/c

200 200 Free board

- shape

2000 - shape
Provide 8 mm bar @ 231 mm C/C both wa

200
150
1 : 4 : 8 P.C.C.
150 200 4000 200 150 Horizontal Reinforcement , rem
Elevation 10 φ @ 300 mm c/c
1000 10 φ @ 300 mm c/c + 12 φ @ 3
200 10 φ @ 300 mm c/c
700 10 φ @ 300 mm c/c
(c) Horizontal Reinforcement , liqu
(d)
12 φ @ 300 mm c/c
2800 12 φ @ 300 mm c/c
12 φ @ 300 mm c/c + 12 φ @ 3
A
(a) A 12 φ @ 300 mm c/c + 12 φ @ 3
(a) (b) (d)
700 Vertical Reinforcement,remote
200 10 φ @ 300 mm c/c
1000 1000 10 φ @ 300 mm c/c
4000 Vertical Reinforcement,Liquid f
200 200 10 φ @ 300 mm c/c
Plan 10 φ @ 300 mm c/c
Horizontal Reinforcement , Bot
10 φ @ 300 mm c/c
 Table 6-3
orted two-way slab Limiting Moment of resistance factor Q lim, N / mm2
fy, N / mm2
fck N / mm2
250 415 500 550
15 2.22 2.07 2.00 1.94
20 2.96 2.76 2.66 2.58
25 3.70 3.45 3.33 3.23

30 4.44 4.14 3.99 3.87

0.75 Q= 0.313
144.098 <=200 mm O.K.
387.098 mm2
8 mm O bar
129 mm c/c
Provide 8 mm bar @129 mm c/c 389.65 mm2
209.571 mm2
6 mm O bar
134 mm c/c
Provide 6 mm bar @134 mm c/c 211.00 mm2
eck for shear
1.41
0.413
r on short edge = 1/3 w lx
= 7.38 KN
r on long edge = r/(r+2) w lx
= 9.14 KN
long edge is critical
V= 9.14 KN
d= 140 mm
100 Ast/bd = 0.151
β= 19.26 19.26
τc = 0.292 N/mm2
τv = 0.065 N/mm2 O.K.
tion )
 (Uncracked Condition )
minimum
Q Pt,bal m σct σcbt Thickness

1.53 1.367 10.98 1.3 1.8 T/1444

1.8 1.608 9.33 1.5 2 T/1660

217

717.10 217

217 217

717.10 217

217
261.799 0 261.799 O.K. 10 φ @ 300 mm c/c
261.799 376.991 638.791 O.K. 10 φ @ 300 mm c/c + 12 φ @ 300 mm c/c
261.799 0 261.799 O.K. 10 φ @ 300 mm c/c
261.799 0 261.799 O.K. 10 φ @ 300 mm c/c

376.991 0 376.991 O.K. 12 φ @ 300 mm c/c

376.991 0 376.991 O.K. 12 φ @ 300 mm c/c
376.991 376.991 753.982 O.K. 12 φ @ 300 mm c/c + 12 φ @ 300 mm c/c
376.991 376.991 753.982 O.K. 12 φ @ 300 mm c/c + 12 φ @ 300 mm c/c

261.799 0 261.799 O.K. 10 φ @ 300 mm c/c

261.799 0 261.799 O.K. 10 φ @ 300 mm c/c
261.799 0 261.799 O.K. 10 φ @ 300 mm c/c
261.799 0 261.799 O.K. 10 φ @ 300 mm c/c

261.799 0 261.799 O.K. 10 φ @ 300 mm c/c

m bar @ 231 mm C/C both ways, at top .

orizontal Reinforcement , remote face

0 φ @ 300 mm c/c
0 φ @ 300 mm c/c + 12 φ @ 300 mm c/c
0 φ @ 300 mm c/c
0 φ @ 300 mm c/c
orizontal Reinforcement , liquid face
2 φ @ 300 mm c/c
2 φ @ 300 mm c/c
2 φ @ 300 mm c/c + 12 φ @ 300 mm c/c
2 φ @ 300 mm c/c + 12 φ @ 300 mm c/c
ertical Reinforcement,remote face
0 φ @ 300 mm c/c
0 φ @ 300 mm c/c
ertical Reinforcement,Liquid face
0 φ @ 300 mm c/c
0 φ @ 300 mm c/c
orizontal Reinforcement , Bottom 1 m
0 φ @ 300 mm c/c
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
25
30
 250
415
25 500
30 550
vv vv
 Design of Circular water tank with flexible base
capacity 600000 litres
material M20 grade concrete ( Given )
Fe415 HYSD reinforcement
Solution :-
Provide 5 m depth with 0.2 m free board . If D is the diameter of tank
( ¶ / 4 ) D2 x 4.8 = 600 m3 ( 1 m3 = 1000 litres )
D = 12.62 m.
Provide 12.8 m diameter of the tank.
Maximum hoop tension at base
= ywHD / 2
= 9.8 x 5 x 12.8 / 2
= 313.6 KN.

Area of steel required

= 313.6 x 103 /150 Table 9-5
= 2091 mm2/m.
Provide 16 mm O . Area of one bar = 201 mm2.
spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m 2 / m
= 201 x 1000 / 2091
= 96.1263 mm
Provide 16 mm O bar @ 190 mm c/c on both faces ( circular hoop steel ) .
Ast = 201 x 1000 x 2 / 190
= 2116 mm2.
Let t be the thickness of wall in mm.
Tensile stress σct = T / ( 1000 t + ( m - 1 ) Ast ) m = 13.33
1.2 = 313.6 x 103 / ( 1000 x t + 12.33 x 2116 ) σct = 1.2
t = 235.2 mm.
Provide 240 mm thickness.
Vertical reinforcement ( minimum steel ) Table 9-3
= 0.208 % 50 diff. -0.011
As = ( 0.208 / 100 ) x 1000 x 240 10 diff. ? -0.0022
= 499 mm .
2

Provide 8 mm O . Area of one bar = 50 mm2.

spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m 2 / m
= 50 x 1000 / 499
= 100.2 mm
Provide 8 mm O bar @ 200 mm c/c on both faces .
Ast = 50 x 1000 x 2 / 200
= 500 mm2.
As the pressure decreases from bottom to top , the main reinforcement may be reduced.
At 4 m height from top
T = ywHD / 2
= 9.8 x 4 x 12.8 / 2
= 250.88 KN.
Ast = 250.88 x 103 /150 Table 9-5
= 1673 mm2/m.
Provide 16 mm O . Area of one bar = 201 mm2.
spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m 2 / m
= 201 x 1000 / 1673
= 120.143 mm
Provide 16 mm O bar @ 240 mm c/c on both faces .
Ast = 201 x 1000 x 2 / 240
= 1675 mm2.
At 3 m height from top
T = ywHD / 2
= 9.8 x 3 x 12.8 / 2
= 188.16 KN.
Ast = 188.16 x 103 /150 Table 9-5
= 1254 mm2/m.
Provide 12 mm O . Area of one bar = 113 mm2.
spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m 2 / m
= 113 x 1000 / 1254
= 90.1116 mm
Provide 12 mm O bar @ 180 mm c/c on both faces .
Ast = 113 x 1000 x 2 / 180
= 1256 mm2.
At 2 m height from top
T = ywHD / 2
= 9.8 x 2 x 12.8 / 2
= 125.44 KN.
Ast = 125.44 x 103 /150 Table 9-5
= 836 mm2/m.
Provide 10 mm O . Area of one bar = 79 mm2.
spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m 2 / m
= 79 x 1000 / 836
= 94.4976 mm
Provide 10 mm O bar @ 180 mm c/c on both faces .
Ast = 79 x 1000 x 2 / 180
= 878 mm2.
Reinforcement will not be now reduced as it will be less than minimum.
Base :
For 5 m head of water , provide 150 mm thick base.
Minimum steel = 0.229 % ( table 9-3 ).
Ast = ( 0.229 / 100 ) x 1000 x 150 = 344 mm 2 / m.
Provide 8 mm O . Area of one bar = 50 mm2.
spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m 2 / m
= 50 x 1000 / 344
= 145.349 mm
Provide 8 mm O bar @ 290 mm c/c on both ways at top and bottom .
Ast = 50 x 1000 x 2 / 290
= 345 mm2.
sketch :
240

1000 10 O @ 180 c/c ( both faces ) horizontal steel

8 O @ 200 c/c ( both faces ) Vertical steel

1000 10 O @ 180 c/c ( both faces ) horizontal steel

1000 12 O @ 180 c/c ( both faces ) horizontal steel

1000 16 O @ 240 c/c ( both faces ) horizontal steel

Prepared sliding surface or rubber pad
strip painting
joint sealing compound
1000 16 O @ 190 c/c ( both faces ) horizontal steel

100 150
150 150
M20 Sliding layer of bitumen paper
M7.5 8 O @ 290 c/c both ways
top and bottom
Elevation

Lap in first ring

Lap in third ring
Lap in first ring
Minimum lap = 2 Ld
Lap in third ring Four bar in each ring

Lap in second ring

Lap in second ring

Lap in first ring

Lap in first ring
Proposed laps in horizontal bars
 Circular water tanks are used for a large capacity in the fields of water
supply and sewage treatment pumping stations,chemical processing
and large underground sumps.

At base , maximum water pressure = y w H.

Hoop tension per meter = yw H D / 2.
where , yw = unit weight of water ( liquid)
= 9.8 KN / m3.
Tensile stress σct = T / ( 1000 t + ( m - 1 ) Ast )
where, m = 280 / 3 σcbc.
where , σcbc is permissible compressive stress due to
bending in concrete N / mm2.

Grade of concrete
σcbc N / mm2.
M10 3.0
M15 5.0
M20 7.0
M25 8.5
M30 10.0
M35 11.5
M40 13.0
where , σct is permissible stress in concrete in direct tension.
Table 9-2
Permissible concrete stresses in
calculations relating to resistance to
cracking
Permissible stresses in N / mm2
Grade of
concrete Tension due
Direct to bending Shear stress
tension σct σcbt ‫ﺡ‬v = V / b j d
M15 1.1 1.5 1.5
M20 1.2 1.7 1.7
M25 1.3 1.8 1.9
M30 1.5 2.0 2.2
M35 1.6 2.2 2.5
M40 1.7 2.4 2.7
TABLE 9-3
Minimum Reinforcement for Liquid Retaining Structures
% of reinforcement
Thickness, mm
Mild Steel HYSD bars
100 0.3 0.24
y be reduced. 150 0.286 0.229
 200 0.271 0.217
250 0.257 0.206
300 0.243 0.194
350 0.229 0.183
400 0.214 0.171
450 or more 0.2 0.16
ty in the fields of water
,chemical processing

TABLE 9-5
Members in bending ( Cracked condition )
Coefficients for balanced design
σcbc σst
Grade of Grade
concrete of steel N / mm2 N / mm2 k j Q Pt,bal
For members less than 225mm thickness and tension on liquid face
M20 Fe250 7 115 0.445 0.851 1.33 1.36
Fe415 7 150 0.384 0.872 1.17 0.98
For members more than 225mm thickness and tension away from liquid face
M20 Fe250 7 125 0.427 0.858 1.28 1.2
Fe415 7 190 0.329 0.89 1.03 0.61

rect tension.
 Design of Rectangular water tank CASE-2 ( L / B ≥ 2 )
Size of tank : 3.6 m x 8.0 m x 3.0 m high (given)
Material M20 Grade Concrete (given)
Fe 415 Grade HYSD reinforcement (given)
Solution :-
Size of tank : 3.6 m x 8.0 m x 3.0 m high
Volume = 3.6 x 8 x 3.0 x 10 3 = 86400 Litres
L/B= 8 / 3.6 = 2.22 >2.
The long walls are designed as vertical cantilevers from the base.
The short walls are designed as supported on long walls.
If thickness of long walls is 400 mm, the span of the short wall = 3.6 + 0.4 = 4.0 m.
bottom 1 m or H / 4 whichever is more is designed as cantilever.
H/4= 3.0 / 4 = 0.75 m
bottom h = 1 m will be designed as cantilever.

Moments and tensions :

Maximum B.M. in long walls at the base
= (1 / 6 ) x Yw x H3
= ( 1 / 6 ) x 9.8 x 33
= 44.1 KNm.

Maximum ( - ve ) B.M. in short walls at support

= Yw x ( H - h ) x B2 / 12
= 9.8 x ( 3 - 1 ) x 42 / 12
= 26.13 KNm.

Maximum ( + ve ) B.M. in short walls at centre

= Yw x ( H - h ) x B2 / 16
= 9.8 x ( 3 - 1 ) x 42 / 16
= 19.60 KNm.

For bottom portion

M= Yw x H x h 2 / 6 OR Yw x H / 6 , whichever is greater
= 9.8 x 3.0 x 1 / 6 = 9.8 x 3.0 / 6
= 4.90 KNm = 4.90 KNm

Direct tension in long wall = Yw x ( H - h ) x B / 2

= 9.8 x ( 3 - 1 ) x 3.6 / 2
= 35.28 KN

Direct tension in short wall= Yw ( H - h ) x 1

= 9.8 x ( 3 - 1 ) x 1
= 19.6 KN
It is assumed that end one metre width of long wall gives direct tension to short walls.
Design of long walls : -
M(-)= 44.1 KNm ( water face )
T= 35.28 KN ( perpendicular to moment steel )
From Table 9-6 Assume d / D = 0.9 Q = 0.306
√
D= M/Qxb

= √
44.1 x 10 6 / 0.306 x 1000
= 379.6 mm,

Take D = 400 mm d = 400 - 25 - 8

= 367 mm
From Table 9-5 , Ast for Moment
Ast = M / σst x j x d Table 9-5
= 44.1 x 10 / 150 x 0.872 x 367
6

= 918.68 mm2
Provide 16 mm O bar
spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m 2 / m
= 200.96 x 1000 / 918.68
= 218.749 mm
Provide 16 mm O bar @ 200 mm c/c = 1005 mm2 .
Note : The design is made at the base. The moment reduces from base to top.For economy, the
reinforcement can be curtailed or the thickness of wall can also be reduced as we have done for
cantilever retaining wall.
From Table 9-3
Distribution steel = 0.171 % for 400 mm depth
As = ( 0.171 / 100 ) x 1000 x 400
= 684 mm2 .
on each face = 342 mm2 . …………………… ( 1 )

Steel required for direct tension

= T / σst Table 9-5
= 35.28 x 10 / 150
3

= 235 mm2 . …………………… ( 2 )

From ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) , minimum steel is sufficient for resisting direct tension.
Provide 8 mm O bar
spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m 2 / m
= 50.24 x 1000 / 342
= 146.901 mm
Provide 8 mm O bar @ 140 mm c/c on each face = 357 mm2
on each face

Design of short walls :-

At support M= 26.13 KNm
T= 19.6 KN
From Table 9-5
Ast1 for moment = M / σst x j x d Table 9-5
= 26.13 x 10 / 150 x 0.872 x 367
6

= 544 mm2

Ast2 for direct tension = T / σst Table 9-5

= 19.6 x 10 / 150
3

= 131 mm2
Total Ast1 + Ast2 = 544 + 131
= 675 mm2
Provide 12 mm O bar
spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m 2 / m
= 113.04 x 1000 / 675
= 167.467 mm
Provide 12 mm O bar@160 mm c/c = 706 mm2.

1000

203.56
400 367
163.44

checking :
modular ratio m = 280 / 3 x σcbc
= 13.33

b x D2 / 2 + Ast ( m - 1 ) x d
x=
b x D + ( m - 1 ) x Ast

= ( 1000 x 4002 / 2 ) + ( 706 x ( 13.33 - 1 ) x 367 )

( 1000 x 400 ) + ( ( 13.33 - 1 ) x 706 )

= 203.56 mm

D-x= 196.44 mm
d-x= 163.44 mm
AT = b x D + ( m - 1 ) x Ast
= 1000 x 400 + (13.33 - 1 ) x 706
= 408705 mm2

Ixx = ( 1 / 3 ) x b x ( x3 + ( D - x )3 ) + ( m - 1 ) x Ast x ( d - x )2
 = ( 1 / 3 ) x 1000 x ( 203.563 + 196.443 ) + ( 13.33 - 1 ) x 706 x 163.44 2
= 5.34E+09 + 2.33E+08
= 5.57E+09 mm 4

fct = T / AT
= 19.6 x 10 3 / 408705
= 0.048 N / mm2

fcbt = M x ( d - x ) / Ixx
= 26.13 x 106 x 163.44 / 5.57 x 10 9
= 0.767 N / mm2
check :
( fct / σct ) + ( fcbt / σcbt ) ≤1
( 0.048 / 1.2 ) + ( 0.767 / 1.7 ) ≤ 1 From Table 9-2
0.04 + 0.4512 ≤ 1
0.4912 ≤ 1 ………………….. ( O. K. )

At centre :
M= 19.6 KNm
T= 19.6 KN
From Table 9-5
Ast1 for moment = M / σst x j x d Table 9-5
= 19.6 x 10 / 150 x 0.872 x 367
6

= 408 mm2

Ast2 for direct tension = T / σst Table 9-5

= 19.6 x 10 / 150
3

= 131 mm2
Total Ast1 + Ast2 = 408 + 131
= 539 mm2
Provide 12 mm O bar
spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m 2 / m
= 113.04 x 1000 / 539
= 209.722 mm
Provide 12 mm O bar @ 200 mm c/c = 565 mm2.

From Table 9-3

Distribution steel = 0.171 % for 400 mm depth
As = ( 0.171 / 100 ) x 1000 x 400
= 684 mm2 .
on each face = 342 mm2 . …………………… ( 1 )
Steel required for direct tension
= T / σst
= 19.6 x 103 / 150 Table 9-5
= 131 mm2 . …………………… ( 2 )
From ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) , minimum steel is sufficient for resisting direct tension.
Provide 8 mm O bar
spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m 2 / m
= 50.24 x 1000 / 342
= 146.901 mm
Provide 8 mm O bar @ 140 mm c/c on each face = 357 mm2
on each face
Bottom cantilever
M = 4.9 KNm
From Table 9-5
Ast = M / σst x j x d Table 9-5
= 4.9 x 10 / 150 x 0.872 x 367
6

= 102 mm2
Minimum steel = 342 mm2 on each face.
Provide 8 mm O bar @ 140 mm c/c on each faces = 357 mm2
on each face

Base slab :-
Base slab is resting on ground. For a water head 3 m, provide 150 mm thick slab.
From table 9-3
Minimum steel = 0.229%
= 0.229 / 100 x 1000 x 150
= 344 mm2 ,172 mm2 bothway
Provide 8 mm O bar
spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m 2 / m
= 50.24 x 1000 /172
= 292 mm
Provide 8 mm O bar @ 290 mm C/C both ways, top and bottom.
Ast = 346 mm2
Designed section,Elevation etc. are shown in fig.
Top slab may be designed as a one-way slab as usual for a live load of 1.5 KN / m 2
Top slab : -
consider 1 m wide strip. Assume 150 mm thick slab.
lx = 3.6 + 0.4 = 4 say 4 m
ly = 8 + 0.15 = 8.15 say 8.5 m
Dead Load : self 0.15 x 25 = 3.75 KN / m2
floor finish = 1.0 KN / m2
Live load = 1.5 KN / m2
 6.25 KN / m2
For 1 m wide strip
PU = 1.5 x 6.25
= 9.38 KN / m

Maximum moment = 9.38 x 42 / 8

= 18.76 KNm

Maximum shear = 9.38 x 3.6 / 2

= 16.88 KN
From Table 6-3 ,Q = 2.76

drequired = √M / Q x b
= √18.76 x 10 6
/ 2.76 x 1000
= 82.44 mm
dprovided = 150 - 15(cover) - 6
= 129 > 82.44 …………(O.K.)
Larger depth is provided due to deflection check.
Design for flexure :
Mu / b x d2 = 18.76 x 106 / 1000 x 129 x 129
= 1.13
Pt = 50 1-√1-(4.6 / fck) x (Mu / b x d2)
fy / fck

= 50 1-√1-(4.6 / 20) x (1.13)

415 / 20

= 50 [(1-0.86) x 20 / 415 ]
= 0.34%

Ast = 0.34 x 1000 x 129 / 100

= 439 mm2
Provide 8 mm O bar
spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m 2 /m
= 50.24 x 1000 /439
= 114 mm
Provide 8 mm O bar @ 110 mm c/c = 457 mm2 .
Minimum steel is 0.15 % for mild steel and 0.12 % for HYSD Fe415 reinforcement
Distribution steel = ( 0.12 / 100 ) x 1000 x 150
= 180 mm2

Provide 6 mm O bar
spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m 2 / m
 = 28.26 x 1000 /180
= 157 mm
Provide 6 mm O bar @ 150 mm c/c = 188 mm2 .
4.0 m.

ort walls.
op.For economy, the
as we have done for
x

where, m = 280 / 3 σcbc.

where , σcbc is permissible compressive stress due to bending in concrete N /
mm2.

Grade of concrete
σcbc N / mm2.
M10 3.0
M15 5.0
M20 7.0
M25 8.5
M30 10.0
M35 11.5
M40 13.0
42

Table 9-2
Permissible concrete stresses in calculations relating to
resistance to cracking
Permissible stresses in N / mm 2
Grade of
concrete Direct Tension due to Shear stress
tension σct bending σcbt ‫ﺡ‬v = V / b j d
M15 1.1 1.5 1.5
M20 1.2 1.7 1.7
M25 1.3 1.8 1.9
M30 1.5 2.0 2.2
M35 1.6 2.2 2.5
M40 1.7 2.4 2.7
 8 O @ 110 c/c 6 O @ 150 c/c

150

12 O @ 200 c/c
8 O @ 140 c/c - shape
3000
8 O @ 140 c/c
8 O @ 290 c/c both ways top and bottom
2000
2000
150
150 150
1 : 4 : 8 P.C.C.
150 400 8000 400

Section A-A
2000 B 8 O @ 140 mm c/c
400
900 16 O @ 200 c/c ( chipiya )
12 O @ 160 c/c(chipiya)

8 O @ 140 c/c (chipiya)

3600 8 O @ 140 c/c
A A
12 O @ 200 c/c

900
900
400

2000 2000
B
8000
400 Sectional plan 400

8 O @ 110 c/c 6 O @ 150 c/c

150

16 O @ 200 c/c ( chipiya )

8 O @ 140 c/c
3000
 Base details not shown
900 900 for clarity
150
150
150 400 3600 400 150
Section B- B
ue to bending in concrete N /
vv v
v
vv
WATER TANK SIZE CALCULATION
A huge quantity of water used for flush of toilets, taking showers and baths, washing your cloths and utensil, cocking food, drink
Assume Per Family Person = 10 Grand Father,Grand Mother,Two Kid and Their Children and Wife and Guest )
According to Indian standard water per capita demand is approx 135 litres per person per day for lower income group and appr
volume of Water in litres used by one person in one day = 135 Litres
Total Family in Appartment = 7
water consumption per day = 9450 Litres
Say 10000 Litres = 10 m3
Assume Width of Water Tank = 2.8 m
Assume Length of Water Tank = 4 m
So, Height of Water Tank = 0.89 m Free Board = 200 mm
say Height of Water Tank = 1 m = 11.2 m3

If the length of themember is less than 15 m , minimum reinforcement is 0.24 % for HYSD bars.
If the thickness of the member is less than 200 mm m the calculated reinforcement may all be placed on one face.
and utensil, cocking food, drinking and others domestic purpose.
en and Wife and Guest )
lower income group and approx 180 litres to 200 litres per person per day for medium and higher income group.

aced on one face.