Lecture Notes #1

Dr. Ting, Fridolin

(1) Go over - course outline/syllabus (see handouts)
-Blackboard system
-Student Response Systems/Flipped classrooms
(2) Why study Calculus? (Discussion)
(3) Sec. 1.1: Real numbers, set notation and inequalities (pages 1-6)
(4) Sec. 1.3: Functions: basic concepts, operations and inverse functions
(pages 7-13)
(5) Sec. 1.4: Elementary functions: polynomials, rational, algebraic,
trigonometric and inverse trigonometric.(pages 14-17)

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(3) Sec. 1.1: Real numbers, set notation and inequalities

Classification of Real Numbers:

Natural Numbers (positive integers): 1, 2, 3, 4, . . ..
Integers: . . . , ≠3, ≠2, ≠1, 0, 1, 2, 3, . . ..
Rational numbers: p
q
, where p, q are integers, q ”= 0.
Irrational numbers: Those that are not rational. V2

5
Ô Ô
Example 1.1 12 , ≠19/8, ≠4/1 = ≠4 are all rational numbers. 2, 3
2, fi, e,
are all irrational numbers.
You can represent the set of all real numbers geometrically as points on a
straight line:
3 27
Decimal Representation: 5
= 0.6, 20
= 1.35, 2/3 = 0.6666 . . . = 0.6,
116
37
= 3.135135 . . . = 3.135.
For Ô
irrational number:(neither terminates or repeats)
e.g. 2 = 1.414213562..., fi = 3.141592653..., e = 2.7182818284....

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Sec. 1.1.2: Set Notation

Definition: Set
A set is a collection of objects. Elements of a set are objects belonging to the
set.
"
"
of
Notation: an element
←
x œ S: x is an element of S.
/ S: x is NOT an element of S.
xœ
{8, fi, 54 } is the set containing the numbers 8, fi, 54 .
N = {1, 2, 3, . . .} is the set of all natural numbers. IN

Z = {..., ≠3, ≠2, ≠1, 0, 1, 2, 3...} is the set of integers.

7<

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Sec. 1.1.2: Set Notation

"
xe X
that
a

qua
Write: {x : x œ X, p(x)} is the set of all x œ X with property p(x).
? 16 ⇒ X=I4
{x : x œ Z, x2 = 16}={4, ≠4} x

Q = set of all rational numbers = { pq : p, q œ Z, q ”= 0}

R = set of all real numbers

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Sec. 1.1.2: Set Notation

Set Relationship:
A = B … every element in A is an element of B and every element in B
is an element of A.
e.g. {0, ≠2, 1} = {1, 0, ≠2} or {1, ≠2, 0} = { 55 , ≠4
2
, 08 }
A µ B every element in A is an element of B ( A contained in B; A is a
subset of B)
⑧
B←
ACB
e.g. N µ Z µ Q µ R
A fi B = {x : x œ A or x œ B} = "A union B" ← AUB
e.g. {≠1, 2} fi {0, 1} = {≠1, 0, 1, 2}
A fl B = {x : x œ A and x œ B} = "A intersect B"
AaB
e.g. {≠1, 2} fl {0, ≠1} = {≠1} ←

„= set which contains no elements = empty set ={ }

e.g., {≠1, ≠2} fl {3, 4} = „

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Sec. 1.1.3 Inequalities

Inequalities
toe
"a > 0" means "a is greater than zero", a > b
i.e., a is a positive real number.
Basic properties of real numbers:
(P1) If a > 0 and b > 0, then ab > 0 and a + b > 0.
(P2) If a œ R, then either a > 0, a = 0 or ≠a > 0 (mutually exclusive)

DEF
We say that "a > b", a is greater than b … a ≠ b > 0.
"a Ø b", a is "greater than or equal to b.

FACTS: (a) If a > b and b > c, then a > c. ⑥ ← Be careful

(b) If a U
> b and c C
> 0, then ac >
q bc.
(c) If a O
> b and c O
< 0, then ac < bc
so
flip Q
→

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Sec. 1.1.3 Inequalities

#
"
"
such that
c- means x

INTERVALS OF R:

ao×#=
x

open interval : (a, b) = {x : a < x < b}

closed interval: [a, b] = {x : a Æ x Æ b}.
b ]
half open intervals: (a, b] = {x : a < x Æ b}. Ca ,

[a, b) = {x : a Æ x < b}.

infinite intervals: (a, Œ) = {x : a < x}
(≠Œ, b) = {x : x Æ b}.
*
's
(≠Œ, Œ) = R.

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 Sec. 1.1.3 Inequalities
SOLVING INEQUALITIES:
EX (1.2) Solve ≠5(x ≠ 2) Æ 15 ← Isolate x :

⇐#
SOL: Multiply : Cx -21 3 }!
End
:& by
⇒ Ix -

217 -3 heguatmY.ee ,

⇒ x -

2-127 3 -12 ⇒
c page
-

see

EX (1.3) Solve x2 ≠ 8x + 12 Æ 0

L-khsoiutio.no
SOL: 2)
6) I O
Factor C x Cx ⇒
-

;
x=2 x=6
-

,
×=1

*4l+
x
-

-
3 x
-

- 7
c 21 C 2161 (
o
,
6,4
-

go.gs?eiIo-ntoiaeguant

we
ere C 2,61 solves inequality
* y [ 2,6g

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Sec. 1.1.3 Inequalities

a X 't bxtc

can

g-
EX (1.4) Solve x2 + 4x + 9 Æ 0

*=*¥"
factor ?
cannot
SOL: Factor : f × so

36=-20 CO
42 443191=16
-

WIN : b2 4ac =
-

Disenchant )
I
-

⇒ no real root

sahTassex-nies@f8oYnnyo.i.s
:* ¥:;
" " "

.
, .

> O ⑥
t 7 .

i.e
To .

XE¢

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Sec. 1.1.3 Inequalities
1
EX (1.5) Solve 1 < x
Æ2:
SOL:
home
Try to solve at

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 -

What does the inequality ?

KAMIL 1×1 > a mean

(cl-asxori
( a > O here )
CA I a > x > a
-

( B ) x 's
-

C D) ← lal →
xc a

X
X
×

a
O a
-

X > a a
or x a
-
ABSOLUTE SIGN
DEF

to
ya
The absolute value of a œ R, denoted by |a|
a is Carl flat
-21
;
a if aa Ø 0
|a| =
≠a if aa < 0
Ô lat -
distance from
Note: (i) a2 = |a|
-

a to number
→ (ii): |x| < a … ≠a < x < a (if a > 0) "

O
' '

EX (1.6) Solve |x ≠ 3| < 2:

=
-

I ← lat → I

Sol: " "

BY
'

⇒
Is .int
(
.

1,5
;
)
EX (1.7) Solve 0 < |x ≠ 3| < 2:
Sol:
}
these two
Solution to is ( I s) intersect
1×-31<2 ,
sets ⇒
Solution 't 3
to 0<1×-31 is X
solution is
.

( 3) ( 3,5 )
EX (1.8) Solve |5x ≠ 2| > 4: I U
,

Sol:

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Solve
15×-2/74
.

'

SOI .
.
5×-274 or 5×-2<-4

5×76 or Tx C -
Z

X 7 6- Or
X c
- 2
,
5
5

=) Ix : x >
6g } O 2x : Xc -

I }
⇐
C6g,NU(-N,-z#
Solution
TRIANGLE INEQUALITY

TRIANGLE INEQUALITY: |a + b| Æ |a| + |b|

For any triangle, length of each side is less than sum of lengths of other two
sides.
Variant: ||a| ≠ |b|| < |a ≠ b|

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Sec. 1.3: FUNCTIONS

DEF
A , B sets : A function (fct) is a rule which assigns to each element x œ A,
one unique element y = f (x) œ B
Denote function by f : A ≠æ B

A called domain of f , A = Dom (f ).

f (x) = image of x under f
= value of f at x
range (f ) = {y : y œ B and y = f (x) for some x œ A} µ B
={f (x) : x œ A}
= range of f .

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Sec. 1.3: FUNCTIONS

¥
In AMA 1101: Calculus study functions where dom (f ) ™ R, range (f ) ™ R
x = independent variable
y = f (x) = dependent variable

RULE: Domain of f = maximal set of real number for which f (x) is defined.
To help us picture functions, we can draw the graph of equation.
Let y = f (x) with x œ Dom (f ),

; <
x œ Dom (f)
graph of f = (x, y) :
y = f (x)

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Sec. 1.3: FUNCTIONS
EX (1.9) (a) f : R æ R: f (x) = 2x + 1
Dom (f ) = (≠Œ, Œ) = R
Range (f ) = R
y
y = 2x + 1
4

x
≠2 ≠1 1 2

≠2

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Sec. 1.3: FUNCTIONS

EX(1.9) (b) : y = f (x) = |x|

Dom (f ) = (≠Œ, Œ) = R
Range (f ) = [0, Œ)
2 y
y = f (x) = |x|

1.5

0.5

x
≠2 ≠1 1 2

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Sec. 1.3: FUNCTIONS

Ô
EX(1.9) (c) y = f (x) = 6 ≠ 2x

SOL:

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Sec. 1.3: FUNCTIONS
EX(1.9) (d)
;
=
x + 2, x < ≠1
y = f (x)
x2 , x Ø ≠1
SOL:

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Sec. 1.3: FUNCTIONS

Ô
9≠x2
EX(1.10) Find domain such that f (x) = x+1

SOL:

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Sec. 1.3: FUNCTIONS

Vertical Line Test for Functions A curve in x ≠ y plane is the graph if a

function … no vertical line intersects the curve more than once.
EX(1.11)

30 y graph only once!)

y
20 1
10 x
x ≠1 1
≠2 ≠1 1 2
≠10 ≠1

Graph of a function of x. NOT a graph of function since

(since every vertical line interests vertical line intersects graph twice!!

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Sec.1.3: FUNCTIONS: (Sec.1.3)

EX(1.12) x = y 2 ≠ 4
2 y

x
≠4 ≠2 2

≠2
NOT graph of function BUT

x
2 y
≠4 ≠2 y 2
1 ≠1
x
≠2
≠4 ≠2 2 y = Ôx + 4 Ô
y =≠ x+4

These are graph of functons

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 Which the
following the

and
ITA
tee
'

5
KANDI # one of is
GRAPH of
a function ?

HER
¥

HID
' I '

HIT
-1

I ( II )

YY¥%
.ba # only
C C ) I It only

(D) None of the above functions are

graphs .
of functions .
Sec. 1.3.2: Operations on Functions

DEF
sum/difference (f ± g)(x) := f (x) ± g(x) with Dom (f ± g) = Dom
(f )fl Dom (g).
sum/difference (f ± g)(x) := f (x) ± g(x) with Dom (f ± g) = Dom
(f )fl Dom (g).
product (f g)(x) := f (x) · g(x) with Dom (f g) = Dom (f )fl Dom (g).
f (x)
quotient ( fg )(x) := g(x)
with Dom ( fg ) ={x œ Dom (f )fl Dom
(g) : g(x) ”= 0}.

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Operations on Functions: (Sec.1.3.2)

Ô Ô
EX(1.13) f (x) = x, g(x) = 4 ≠ x2
(a) Find Dom (f ) and Dom (g)
(b) Find Dom (f ± g)
(c) Find Dom ( fg )
SOL:

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Sec. 1.3.2: COMPOSITION OF FUNCTIONS

Definition: Composition of functions

The composite function, denoted by g ¶ f , is defined as
(g ¶ f )(x) := g(f (x))
with domain
Dom (g ¶ f ) = {x œ Dom (f ) : f (x) œ Dom (g)}

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Sec. 1.3.2: COMPOSITION OF FUNCTIONS
Ô Ô
EX(1.14) For f (x) = x, g(x) = 4 ≠ x
Find each function and its domain : (a) (g ¶ f )(x) and
(b) (f ¶ g)(x)
SOL:

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Sec. 1.3.3: The Inverse Functions
DEF
DEF: A function is one-to-one (1-1) if it never takes on the same value twice
i.e. If x1 ”= x2 , then f (x1 ) ”= f (x2 )
EQUIVALENTLY f (x1 ) = f (x2 ) ∆ x1 = x2

Pictorially: 1-1 functions intersect horizontal lines only once!

EX(1.15) f (x) = x2
4 f (x1 ) = f (x2 ) but x1 ”= x2
f (x)
) not 1-1
3

x
≠2 ≠1 1 2

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Sec.1.3.3: The Inverse Functions

EX(1.16) f (x) = x3

f (x) 1-1 since horizontal graph only

5 intersect graph of y = x3 once!

x
≠2 ≠1 1 2

≠5

Note: f is strictly increasing or decreasing function!

( f (x1 ) < f (x2 ) … f (x1 ) < f (x2 ) or f (x1 ) < f (x2 ))
1-1 functions have inverse functions

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Sec. 1.3.3: The Inverse Functions
DEF
f is a 1-1 function with Dom (f ) = A, Range (f ) µ B
There exists an unique function, called inverse of f , denoted by f ≠1 (x), and
satisfies
f (f ≠1 (x)) = x for all x œ Range (f )
… f ≠1 (f (x)) = x for all x œ A = Dom (f )
… f ≠1 (y) = x

EX(1.17) Show f (x) = x5 is 1-1, and find f ≠1 (x)

f (x) always strictly increasing … 1 ≠ 1

20

x
≠2 ≠1 1 2

≠20

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Sec. 1.3.3 The Inverse Functions

STEPS TO FIND f ≠1 (x):

(1) Write y = f (x)
(2) Solve this eq. for x in terms of y.
(3) Interchange x and y; resulting equation gives f ≠1 (y) = x

SOL:

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Sec.1.3.3 The Inverse Functions
Ô
EX(1.18) Show f (x) = x + 1. Find dom (f ) and f ≠1
SOL:

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