INTRODUCTION

This book is based on our experience over the past few

years. This material covers extensively the fundamental
principles and concepts involved, solved problems which
highlight the application of these concepts, exercises and
assignments for practice by the students.

In order to get maximum benefit from this material, ‘word of

Advice’ given overleaf has to be carefully followed.

The book besides IITJEE will also prove useful to students

for other Engineering examinations as well as their school
curriculum.

Wishing you all success.

 A WORD OF ADVICE

 Try to do the solved problems and exercises given, after

completion of related topics in the chapter. Attempt the
assignments.

 The purpose of the assignments is to give you a practice in

solving various levels and varieties of problems. Each problem
has some important concept which it highlights. When you do a
problem from an assignment, make sure that you have completed
the study material, have committed the formulae to your memory
and have solved the solved problems (most of them on your own
before seeing the solution). Do not open the study material to
refer to formulae/theoretical concepts while doing the
assignment problems unless it is absolutely essential to do so.

 Do full justice to the exercises and assignment problems. Even

if you do not get the answer to a problem, keep trying on your
own and only approach your friends or teachers after making lot
of attempts.

 Do not look at the answer and try to work backwards. This would
defeat the purpose of doing the problem. Remember the purpose
of doing an assignment problem is not simply to get the answer
(it is only evidence that you solved it correctly) but to develop
your ability to think. Try to introduce twists and turns in given
problem to create similar problems.
 ABOUT THE CHAPTER

As you enter your 11th standard you will find a substantial change
in the course content and level of difficulty. You will find some
totally new concepts of Mathematics widely used in Physics (e.g.
in velocity, acceleration, rate of change of momentum etc.) and in
Chemistry (e.g. in rate of reaction, rate of nuclear decay etc.). May
be you are completely unfamiliar with concepts of absolute value,
derivative of a function, integral of a function.

This package has been prepared for you to learn the basic
concepts of algebra and calculus. This package on Basic
Mathematics is prepared to serve as a bridge between 10th to 11th
standards. Illustrations, exercises and assignments supplement
the concepts.
 CONTENT

BASIC CONCEPT …1
Set Theory …1
CALCULUS …6
Functions …6
Limits …8
Differential Calculus …10
Integral Calculus …14
Definite Integral …16
Answers to Exercises …18
Solved Problems …19
Subjective …19
Objective …22
Chapter Practice Problems …24
Subjective …24
Objective …25

Assignments …26
Part-A …26
Part-B …29

Answers to Assignment Problems …31

BASIC MATHEMATICS
BASIC CONCEPTS
SET THEORY
Set
A set is a well-defined collection of objects or elements. Each element in a set is unique. Usually but not
necessarily a set is denoted by a capital letter e.g. A, B,... , U, V etc. and the elements are enclosed between
brackets { }, denoted by small letters a, b,.... , x, y etc. For example:
A = Set of all small English alphabets
= {a, b, c, …, x, y, z}
B = Set of all positive integers less than or equal to 10
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
R = Set of all real numbers
= {x:   < x < }
The elements of a set can be discrete (e.g. set of all English alphabets) or continuous (e.g. set of real
numbers). The set may contain finite or infinite number of elements. A set containing no element is called
Void set or Null set or empty set and is denoted by  (phi). The number of elements of a set A is denoted
as n(A) and hence n() = 0 as it contains no element.

Union of Sets
Union of two or more sets is the set of all elements that belong to any of these sets. The symbol used for
union of sets is ‘’
i.e. A  B = Union of set A and set B = {x: x  A or x  B (or both)}
e.g. If A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {2, 4, 5, 6} and C={1, 2, 6, 8} then ABC = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8}.

Intersection of Sets
It is the set of all the elements, which are common to all the sets. The symbol used for intersection of sets is
‘’ i.e. A  B = {x: x  A and x  B}
e.g If A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {2, 4, 5, 6} and C = {1, 2, 6, 8}, then A  B  C = {2}.
Remember that n(A  B) = n(A) + n(B) – n(A  B).

Difference of two sets

The difference of set A and B is denoted as A  B; is the set of those elements that are in the set A but not in
the set B i.e. A  B = {x: x A and x  B}
Similarly B  A = {x: xB and x A}. In general AB  BA
e.g. If A = {a, b, c, d} and B = {b, c, e, f}, then AB = {a, d} and BA = {e, f}.
Complement of a set
Let X be the universal set and let A be a set such that A  X. Then the complement of A with respect to X
is denoted by A or AC and is defined as the set of all those elements of X which are not in A.
Thus, A = {x  X : x  A}.

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Note:
(i) De-Morgan’s Law: If A and B are any two sets, then
(a) (A  B) = A  B (b) (A  B) = A  B
n
(ii) The total number of subsets of a finite set containing n elements is 2 .

Illustration 1: If A = {a, b, c} and B = {b, c, d}, then evaluate A  B, A  B, A  B and B  A.

Solution: A  B = {x: x  A or x  B or x  both A and B} = {a, b, c, d},

A  B = {x: x  A and x  B} = {b, c},
A  B = {x: x  A and x  B} = {a},
B  A = {x: x  B and x  A} = {d}.

Intervals
Intervals are basically subsets of R and are of very much importance in calculus as you will get to know
shortly. If there are two numbers a, b  R such that a < b, we can define four types of intervals as follows:
 Open Interval: (a, b) = {x: a < x < b} i.e. end points are not included.
 Closed Interval: [a, b] = {x: a  x  b} i.e. end points are also included. This is possible only when
both a and b are finite.
 Open-closed Interval: (a, b] = {x: a < x  b}.
 Closed –open Interval: [a, b) = {x: a  x < b}.
The infinite intervals are defined as follows
 (a, ) = { x: x > a}
 [a, ) = { x: x  a}
 ( , b) = {x: x< b)
 ( , b] = { x: x  b}
Intervals are particularly important in solving inequalities or in finding domains etc.

The Method of Intervals (Wavy Curve Method)

The Method of intervals (or wavy curve) is used for solving inequalities of the form
 x  a1   x  a2   x  ak 
n1 n2 nk
....
f(x) = > 0 ( < 0,  0, or  0) where n1, n2, …, nk, m1, m2,…,mp are
 
mp
 x  b1 m  x  b2 m
1 2
.... x  bp
natural numbers and the numbers a1, a2, …, ak; b1, b2,…, bp are any real numbers such that ai  bj, where
i = 1, 2, 3,…, k and j = 1, 2, 3,…, p .
It consists of the following statements:
 All zeroes1 of the numerator of the function f(x) contained on the left hand side of the inequality
should be marked on the number line with inked (black) circles.
 All zeroes of the denominator of the function f(x) contained on the left hand side of the inequality
should be marked on the number line with un-inked (white) circles.
 Check the value of f(x) for any real number greater than the right most marked number on the
number line.
 From right to left, beginning above the number line (in case of value of f(x) is positive in step (iii),
otherwise, from below the number line), a wavy curve should be drawn to pass through all the
marked points so that when it passes through a simple point2, the curve intersects the number
line, and, when passing through a double point3, the curve remains located on one side of the
number line.

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 The appropriate intervals are chosen in accordance with the sign of inequality (the function f(x) is
positive whenever the curve is situated above the number line, it is negative if the curve is found
below the number line). Their union represents the solution of inequality.

C1 C2 C3 Cm+n-2 Cm+n-1 Cm+n

......

Remark:
(i) Points where denominator is zero will never be included in the answer as at these points f (x) is
not defined.
(ii) If you are asked to find the intervals where f(x) is non-negative or non-positive then make the
intervals closed corresponding to the roots of the numerator and let it remain open corresponding
to the roots of denominator.
1
The point for which f(x) vanishes (becomes zero) are called zeros of function e.g. x = ai.
2
If the exponents of a factor is odd then the point is called a simple point.
3
If the exponent of a factor is even then the point is called a double point.

 x  1 x  2  x  3 
Illustration 2: Let f(x) = . Find intervals, where f(x) is positive or negative.
x 3  6x 2  11x  6

Solution:  x  1 x  2  x  3 
Clearly f (x) =
 x  1 x  2  x  3 

2 1 1 2 3
3

 f(x) > 0  x  (– , – 3)  ( 2,  1) (1, 2)  (3, )

and f(x) < 0  x  (– 3, – 2)  (–1, 1)  (2, 3).

1
Illustration 3: Find the set of all x for which  1.
 x  1 3  x 
Solution: On solving, we have
1  x  2 2
1 0  0
 x  1 x  3   x  1 x  3 
1 2 3

 x  ( , 1)  (3, )  {2}.

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Absolute Value
Let x  R. Then the magnitude of x is called it’s absolute value and in general, denoted by x and is
 x, x0
defined as x   .
 x, x  0
Note that x= 0 can be included either with positive values of x or with negative values of x. As we know all
real numbers can be plotted on the real number line, |x| in fact represents the distance of number ‘x’ from
the origin, measured along the number-line. Thus |x|  0. Secondly, any point ‘x’ lying on the real number
line will have it’s coordinate as (x, 0). Thus it’s distance from the origin is x2 . Hence |x| = x2 .Thus we
can define |x| as x  x2 , e.g if x = -2.5, then x = 2.5, and if x = 3.8 then x = 3.8.

Basic Properties of
 x  x
 x  x
+ –
 x > a  x > a or x < -a if a  R and x  R if a  R
+ –
 x < a  - a < x < a if a  R and no solution if a  R  {0}
 xy  x y
x x
  , y0
y y

Illustration 4: Solve for x, if |x –1|  3.

Solution: Given x  1  3
 x  1   3 or x  1  3  x   2 or x  4.
Hence x (  ,  2] U [ 4,  ).

Exercise 1:
(i) Find A  B, A B, A – B, B – A, where
(a) A = {1, 2, 3 ,4 ,5 ,6 7, 8, 9, 10}, B = { 1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
(b) A = { x : x  N}, B = { x : x  I}.
(ii) Solve for x, if |x –1|  1.
(iii) Two finite sets have m and n elements. The total number of subsets of the first
set is 56 more than the total number of subsets of the second set. Find the value
of m and n.
(iv) If A and B be two sets containing 3 and 6 elements respectively. What can be the
minimum number of elements in A  B? Find also, the maximum number of
elements in A  B.
(v) For the sets X = {10, 11, 12, 13, …, 17, 18},
A = {11, 13, 15}, B = {12, 14, 16}, show that BC  AC = A  B = A  BC.
(vi) If X = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g}, A = {a, b, c, d}, B = {c, d, e, f}, then verify that
(A  B)C = AC  BC.
(vii) Solve for x, if |x| + x3 = 0.
(viii) Solve for x, if |x2 + 3x + 5| + x2 + 3x + 5 = 0.
2
(ix) Solve for x, if x + 3 |x| + 2 = 0.

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Logarithmic of a Positive Number

If a > 0 and  1, then logarithm of a positive number m is defined as the index x of that power of ‘a’ which
equals m i.e. logam = x if and only if ax = m
 aloga m  m . …(1)
The function defined by f(x) = logax, a > 0, a  1 is called logarithmic function. It is defined for all x  (0, )
and assumes all real values.
When base is ‘e’ then the logarithmic function is called natural logarithmic function and when base is 10
then it is called common logarithmic function.
Properties of Logarithmic Function
 logaa = 1
 loga1 = 0
 aloga x  x
 loga(xy) = logax + logay
 loga  x  = logax – logay
y
 logaxn = n logax
m
 logan bm  loga b
n
logc b
 loga b 
logc a
1
 logab =
logb a
 logab  logbc  logca = 1

 8 
  3  log8 x  .
2
Illustration 5: Solve for x, log8  2
x 

Solution: On solving, we have

log8 8  log8 x 2  3 log8 x   3z + 2z  1 = 0, where z = log8 x; x > 0
2 2

 z = log8 x =  1 or 1/3  x = 1/8 or 2.

Exercise 2:
(i) If A = log2 log2 log4 256  2 log 2
2 , then find the value of A.
(ii) If log10 3 = 0.477, then find the number of digits in 340.
1 1 1
(iii) Evaluate   .
log xy  xyz  log yz  xyz  logzx  xyz 
(iv) If log12 (27) = a, then find the value of log6 (16).
log a log b log c
(v) If   , then find the value of aabbcc.
bc c a a b

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CALCULUS
Calculus is the study of the concept of functions and their behavior. These concepts are based on the
theory of real numbers. Broadly, it is classified into two parts: Differential calculus and Integral Calculus.

Differential Calculus deals with finding the rate of change of one physical quantity with respect to (written
as w.r.t. from now onwards) another when the two are connected by a functional relation. For example,
finding the speed (rate of change of distance with respect to time) when the distance is given as a
function of time. The advantage it offers is that we can get the exact rate of change at any given time
provided we know the functional dependence.

Integral Calculus deals with finding one physical quantity in terms of the other (i.e, the functional
dependence) given the rate of change of the first with respect to the second, i.e., it is just the reverse
process of Differential Calculus. For example finding distance as a function of time given, we know the
speed (as a function of t, of course) and one condition (e.g., distance at a particular time).
Before we go for details let us go through the fundamentals of variable functions and their types.

Variable and Constant

A variable is a quantity that takes on various numerical values. A constant is a quantity whose numerical
value remains fixed e.g. when a body falls towards the surface of the earth, its velocity increases but the
acceleration (due to gravity) remains constant.

It should be noted that when considering specific physical phenomena, it may happen that one and the
same quantity in one phenomena is a constant while in another it is a variable. For example, the velocity
in a uniform motion is constant, whereas the velocity in a uniformly accelerated motion is variable.

Quantities that have the same value under all circumstances are called absolute constants. For
example, the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter is an absolute constant , period of
rotation of earth about its axis or around the sun, universal gravitational constant, permeability of free
space, etc.
FUNCTIONS
In the study of natural phenomena and the solution of technical and mathematical problems, it is
necessary to consider the variation of one quantity as dependent on the variation of another. For
example, in studies of motion, the path traversed is regarded as a variable, which varies with time. Here
we say that the distance traversed is a function of time. The area of a circle, in terms of its radius R, is
R2. If R takes on various numerical values, the area assumes different numerical values. So the variation
of one variable brings about a variation in the other. Hence area of the circle is a function of its radius R.
If to each value of variable x (within a certain range) there corresponds a unique value of another variable
y, then we say that y is a function of x, or, in functional notation y = f(x). The variable x is called the
independent variable or argument and the variable y is called the dependent variable. The relation
between the variable x and y is called a functional relation. The letter 'f ' in the functional notation y = f(x)
indicates that some kind of operation must be performed on the values of x in order to obtain the values
of y.

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 7

f(x) L
y = f(x)
C f(x, y) =0
y3
y2 y2 B

y1 y1
A

x2
x1 x3 x x0 x
Fig. (a) Fig . (b)

These figures show the graph of two arbitrary curves. In fig.(a) any line drawn parallel to y-axis would meet
the curve at only one point. That means each element of x would have one and only one image. Thus fig (a)
would represent the graph of a function.
In fig.(b) certain line (e.g. line L) would meet the curve in more than one points (A, B and C). Thus
element xo of x would have three distinct images. Thus this curve will not represent a function.
The set of all possible values which the independent variable (here 'x') is permitted to take for a given
functional dependence to be defined is called the domain of definition or simply the domain of the
function.
e.g. The function y = sin x is defined for all values of x. Therefore its domain of definition is the infinite
interval - <x<.
1
The function y = is defined for all x  1  its domain is (1,  ).
x 1

Range of a Variable
The set of all numerical values of a dependent variable quantity is called the range of the variable. e.g.
The range of values of the variable y = cos x for all possible values of x is the interval [-1,1] i.e. –1  y  1.

Basic Elementary Functions

(i) Constant function: y = c where 'c' is a constant, defined for all real x.
(ii) Power function: y = x
(a) If  is positive integer, the function is defined in the infinite interval - < x <.
(b) If  is negative integer, the function is defined for all values of x except for x = 0.
(iii) General exponential function: y = ax, where a is positive not equal to unity. This function is
defined for all values of x.
(iv) Logarithmic function: y = logax, a > 0 but a  1. This function is defined for all x > 0.
(v) Trigonometric function: y = sinx, y =cosx are defined for all real x,

y = tanx, y = secx, defined for R – (2n + 1)/2,

y = cotx, y = cosecx, defined for R - n, where n  I.
It must be noted that in all these functions, the variable x is expressed in radians.
(vi) Algebraic functions:

(a) Polynomial function: y = a0xn + a1xn-1 + …. + an, where a0, a1….an are real constants (a0  0) and n is a
non-negative integer, is called a polynomial of degree n.

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e.g: y = ax + b, a  0 (a linear function),

2
y = ax + bx +c, a  0 (a quadratic function).
A polynomial function is defined for all real values of x.
a0 xn  a1xn 1  .....  an
(b) Rational Function: y =
b0 xm  b1x m1  ....  bm

2x 2  x  1
y=
x 3  3x  5
The rational function is defined for all values of x except for those where the denominator becomes zero.

2x 2  x
(c) Irrational function: e.g. y=
1  5x 2

LIMITS
The concept of limit of a function is best understood if one can distinguish the statements; “The value of f
(x) at x = a” and “the value of f (x) as x  a (i.e., x tends to a or x approaches a)”.
x  a  |x  a| < , where  can be made as small as desired. The interval (a  , a + ) is called the
neighbourhood of a.
Let y = f(x) be a given function defined in the neighbourhood of x = a, but not necessarily at the point x =
a. The limiting behaviour of the function in the neighbourhood of x = a when x – a is small, is called the
limit of the function when x approaches ‘a’ and we write this as lim f(x).
x a
2
x  9 (x  3)(x  3)
Consider the function y = f (x) = = .
x3 (x  3)
At x = 3, the function f (x) is not defined and has no value (it reduces to 0/0 form). In this case, we say
that f (x) is indeterminate at x = 3. As x takes values closer and closer to 3, (x  3) cancels, and the value
x2  9
of f (x) comes closer to 6. We say that f (x) has the limiting value 6 as x  3, and write lim  6.
x 3 x  3

We note that the function f (x), in this case, is not defined at x = 3, but f (x)  6 as x  3.

Note:
If lim f(x)  l1 and lim g(x)  l2 where l1 and l2 are finite numbers, then
x a x a

 lim (c1 f (x)  c2 g (x)) = c1l1  c2l2, where c1 and c2 are given constants.
x a

 lim f (x) g (x) = lim f (x) lim g (x) = l1 l2,

x a x a x a

lim f(x) l
f(x) x a
 lim   1 , l2  0 .
x a g(x) lim g(x) l2
x a

x
Illustration 6: Find (i) lim  2x3  3x2  x  1 (ii) lim .
x 3 x 0 x42

Solution: (i) lim  2x3  3x2  x  1 = 2 lim x3  3 lim x 2  lim x  lim 1
x 3 x 3 x 3 x 3 x 3
3 2
= 2 (3 )  3 (3 )  (3)  1 = 23.

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x  x  x  4  2
(ii) lim  lim   
x 0 x  4  2 x0  x  4  2   x  4  2 
x  x  4  2
= lim = 2 + 2 = 4.
x 0 x44

Some Important Formulae on Limits

xn  an sin x
(i) lim  nan 1 , a > 0 (ii) lim 1
x a x  a x 0 x
tan x sin x
(iii) lim 1 (iv) lim 0
x 0 x x  x

Limit at Infinity
In case, we want to find the limit of a function f (x) as x takes larger and larger values, we write lim f(x) .
x 
e.g. let
a  bx  cx 2 1
f (x) = 2
. We write t = so that
p  qx  rx x
b c
 a 2
lim f(x)  lim
t t 2 = lim at  bt  c  c .
x  t 0 q r t 0 pt 2  qt  r r
p  2
t t
x 5 / 2  a5 / 2 (1  x)5  1
Illustration 7: Find (i) lim (ii) lim
x a x a x 0 3x  5x 2
sin ax x 4  2x 3  3
(iii) lim (iv) lim .
x 0 tan bx x  2x 4  x  2

x 5 / 2  a5 / 2 5 5 / 2 1
a
x 5 / 2  a5 / 2 x  a 2 5a3 / 2
Solution: (i) lim  lim =  1/ 2
 5a2 .
x a x a x  a x 1/ 2
a 1/ 2 1 a
a1/ 21
xa 2
(1  x)5  1
5 5
(1  x)  1 (1  x)  1 x 5
(ii) lim  lim  lim 
x 0 3x  5x 2 x 0 x(3  5x) x 0 (3  5x) 3
sin ax
 ax
sin ax ax a
(iii) lim  lim  .
x 0 tan bx x 0 tan bx b
 bx
bx
x 4  2x 3  3
(iv) lim
x  2x 4  x  2
1 2
 3 3
1 4 1  2t  3t 4 1
Put x = = lim t t = lim  .
t t 0 2 1 t 0 2  t 3  2t 4 2
 2
t4 t

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Exercise 3:
 x  h 1 / n  x 1 / n x3  2 x2  9x  4
(i) lim (ii) lim
h 0 h x 4 x2  2x  8
x1 / 6  2 x(cos x  cos 2 x )
(iii) lim 1/ 3
(iv) lim
x 64 x 4 x 0 sin x
n
2 1
(v) lim
n  2n  1

DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
Let y = f(x) be a function of x. Putting the values of 'x' in this relation, we obtain the corresponding values
of 'y'. Suppose we start putting some values of 'x' in increasing order. The respective values of 'y' that we
obtain may turn out to be in increasing order, or in decreasing order, or they may remain constant, or they
may even have a mixed trend, depending upon the type of function.
Let us take two values of x: x 1 and x2 (x1 < x2), so that, y1 = f(x1) and y2 = f(x2).
 y  y1 
Then, the quantity  2  will tell us the average rate of change of y w.r.t. x in the interval [x 1, x2].
 x 2  x1 
y 2  y1
Let y2> y1  is positive  Function is increasing on an average.
x 2  x1
y 2  y1
If y2< y1  is negative  Function is decreasing on an average.
x 2  x1
y 2  y1
If y2 = y1  is zero  Function is constant on an average.
x 2  x1
 y  y1 
As you can see, if x1 and x2 are sufficiently far apart, the quantity  2  can not give the exact idea of
 x 2  x1 
the variation of y w.r.t. x in the interval [x 1,x2]. It just provides an overall information. For example, if
y2 = y1, it does not necessarily mean that y is the same for all x in the interval [x 1,x2]. Thus, to obtain a
"sufficiently accurate information", we have to choose x 1 and x2 " sufficiently close" to each other. This
'sufficiently close' is the key word here. To know the rate of change of y w.r.t. x at x = x 1, we take x2 very
y  y1
near to x1 ( as much as possible), i.e, 'x2 tends to x1' and then calculate 2 . In the limiting case,
x 2  x1
we say that x2 nearly coincides with x1 and represent it as x2  x1. We y
dy y  y1 y2 –y1
use the notation for 2 as x2 x1.
dx x  x x 2  x1
1 x2-x1
'dx' means small change in x ( near x = x1) and
'dy' means the corresponding change in y.
dy x1
We call the derivative or the differential coefficient of y w.r.t. x. x2 x
dx
(You can understand it physically by taking x as time and y as
displacement of a body.

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dy
Then denotes the magnitude of velocity).
dx
dy df(x)
is also represented as f '(x) or .
dx dx
dy dy
Graphically, (i.e., computed at x=x1) denotes the slope of the tangent to the curve y = f(x) at
dx x  x dx
1

x = x 1.
We will not here derive the formulae for f '(x) of various functions, but we give the results of the
derivations here.

Basic Differentiation Formulae

dy x dy x
y = constant  0 y=a  = a ln a
dx dx
n dy n-1 dy 1
y=x  = nx y = ln x  
dx dx x
dy dy 1
y = ex   ex y = logax  
dx dx x ln a
dy dy
y = sinx  = cosx y = sec x  = sec x tan x
dx dx
dy dy
y = cosx  = –sin x y = cosec x  = cosec x cot x
dx dx
dy dy
y = tanx  = sec2x y = cotx  = – cosec2x
dx dx

Example of Velocity and Acceleration

Let the distance covered by a particle moving with constant acceleration a in time t be given by
1
s(t) = ut + at 2 along some line.
2
Then velocity at any time t will be the rate of change of s w.r.t. t.
ds
i.e. = u + at i.e. v(t) = u + at .
dt
Some Important Theorems
The following are very important theorems which can be applied directly.

Theorem 1
dy df(x)
If a function is of the form y = k f(x), where k is a constant, then =k .
dx dx
Theorem 2
The derivative of the sum or difference of a finite number of differentiable functions is equal to the sum or
difference of the derivatives of these functions,
i.e. if y = u (x) + v(x) + w(x), then y ' = u'(x) + v'(x) + w'(x).

1
Illustration 8: Find the derivative of y = 3x  (x)1/3  .
x

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Solution: Here we have y = u + v + w,

1
where u = 3x , v = x1/3 and w = . Hence we can use theorem 2.
x
1
dy 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1
 3 x1/2-1  x 3  1.x 11 =   .
dx 2 3 2 x 3  x  2/3 x 2
Theorem 3
The derivative of the product of two differentiable functions is equal to the product of the derivative of the
first function with the second function plus the product of the first function with the derivative of the
second function: i.e. if y = uv , then y' = u'v + uv'.
This formula can be extended for the derivatives of the product of any (finite) number of functions.
Illustration 9: Find the derivative of y = (a + x) ex w.r.t. x.

Solution: Using theorem 3,

dy d x d
 a  x  e  ex  a  x    a  x  e x  e x .1  e x  a  x  1 .
dx dx dx
Theorem 4
u(x) dy u ' v  uv '
If y = , then y' =  .
v(x) dx v2

ax
Illustration 10: Find the derivative of y = w. r. t. x.
ax

Solution: Here by theorem 4,

dy  1  a  x   1 a  x  a  x  a  x 2a
   .
a  x  a  x  a  x 
dx 2 2 2

Derivative of a Composite Function

Given a composite function y = f(x), i.e. a function represented by
dy dF du
Y = F(u), u =  (x) or y = F[(x)], then y' =  .
dx du dx
This is called the chain rule. The rule can be extended to any number of composite variables; e.g. If y =
dy df du dv
f(u(v)), then y =  . . .
dx du dv dx

Illustration 11: Find the derivative of the following functions w.r.t. x :

(i) y = sinx2, (ii) y = (lnx)3, (iii) y = sin(lnx)3

Solution: (i) y = sin(x)2. Let u = x2  y = sin u

dy d d 2
  (sin u) (x )  cosu.2 x  2x cosx 2 .
dx du dx
3 3 dy d(u3 ) du 1 3
(ii) y = (ln x) . Let u = ln x  y = u    3u2  (ln x)2 .
dx du dx x x
(iii) y = sin(lnx)3 Let u = ln x, v = u3  y = sin v
dy dy dv du d (sin v) d(u)3 d 2 1 3(ln x)2
   (ln x) = cosv. 3u  cos (ln x)3  .
dx dv du dx dv du dx x x  

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Parametric Representation of a Function and it’s Derivative

We find the trajectory of a load dropped from an aeroplane moving Y
horizontally with uniform velocity v0 at an altitude y0.
vO
We take the co-ordinate system as shown and assume that the load is
dropped at the instant the aeroplane cuts the y-axis. Since the horizontal
translation is uniform, the position of the load at any time t, is given y (x,y)
yO
gt 2
x = v0t, y = y0  .
2 X
These two equations are called the parametric equations of the trajectory because the two variables x
and y have been expressed in terms of the third variable ‘t’ (parameter)
i.e. two equations x =  (t), y =  (t)
where t assumes values that lie in a given interval (t1, t2).
dy dy / dt (d / dt)  '(t)
Then    .
dx dx / dt (d / dt)  '(t)

Illustration 12: The function y of x is given by, x = a cos t, y = a sin t. Find the derivative of y w. r. t. x.

dy (a sint)' cos t
Solution:     cot t .
dx (a cost)'  sin t
dy 
If we want to compute at a particular t, say t = , then
dx 4
 dy  
 dx  =  cot  1 .
 x  / 4 4

Derivative of an Implicit Function

If x and y are related by the rule F(x, y) = 0 such that y cannot be obtained entirely or exactly in terms of x
then y is said to be an implicit function of x.
e.g. x2 + y2 = a2  y =  a2  x2 .
Here we do not get a unique value of y for each x.
Another example can be x2 + y3 – 3x2 y = 0.
dy
Here also y cannot be obtained entirely in terms of x. To find in such cases start differentiating the
dx
given equation as it is (using rule of composite functions)
e.g., for x2 + y2 = a2:
dy dy x 2 3 2
we have 2x + 2y 0    . For x + y – 3x y = 0:
dx dx y
dy  dy  dy 6xy  2x
we have 2x + 3y2  3  x2  y 2x   0   .
dx  dx  dx 3 y 2  x2  
If y can be expressed entirely in terms of x, then y is said to be an explicit function of x.
Note that every explicit function can be written as implicit function y –f(x) = 0.

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Second Derivative of a Function

dy
The second derivative of y w.r.t. x is the function obtained by differentiating w. r. t. x. It is represented
dx
d2 y
as or y  or f (x).
dx 2
5 dy 4
e.g., if y = x then = 5x
dx
d2 y
so that
dx 2

d  dy 
  
dx  dx  dx
d
 
5x 4  5.4x 3  20 x 3

The acceleration 'a' of a particle is the second derivative of the distance 's' (given as a function of time).
ds d2 s dv
i.e., if s = f(t) then v =  f '(t) and a = 2   f ''(t)
dt dt dt
d2 y
Illustration 13: Find , where y = sin2x.
dx 2

dy d2 y
Solution:  2 sin x cos x = sin2x   2 cos 2x .
dx dx 2

Exercise 4:
(i) Find the derivative of the following functions w. r. t. x:
(a) y = 6x7/2 + 4x5/2 – x, (b) y = tan (ln x), (c) y = ln (x2 +1).
dy
(ii) Find if
dx
(a) y = cos (x + y), (b) x = at2 , y= 2at.
d2y
(iii) Find if y = enx.
dx 2

INTEGRAL CALCULUS: The Antiderivative of a Function

A function F(x) is called the antiderivative of the function f (x) if f(x) = F'(x).

x3  x3  x3
For example, the antiderivative of the function f(x)= x 2 is , as   = x2. The functions  2 and
3  3  3
x3 2 x3
 1 are also antiderivatives of f(x) = x . Infact,  C , where C is an arbitrary constant, is the
3 3
antiderivative of x2. So if a function f(x) possesses an anti-derivative F(x), then it possesses infinitely
many antiderivatives, all of them being contained in the expression F(x) + C, where C is a constant.
If the function F(x) is an antiderivative of f(x), then the expression F(x) + C is called the indefinite integral
of the function f(x) and is denoted by the symbol  f(x) dx. Thus, by definition,  f(x) dx = F(x) + C, if
F'(x)= f(x). The process of finding the antiderivative of a function f(x) is called integration. Two different
integrals of a function differ by a constant.

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Standard Elementary Integrals

In the following integrals, c stands for an arbitrary constant.

xn1 1
 xn dx 
n 1
 c,  n  1  x dx  log | x | c
 e dx  e  c.
x x
 f  x  n1
  f  x   f   x  dx  n  1  c n  1
n

 cot x dx = log|sin x| + c = - log|cosecx|+c

 sin x dx = -cosx + c secxdx = log|secx+tanx|+c

 cos x dx = sinx +c  cos ecxdx  log cos ecx  cot x  c

 sec x dx= tanx+ c
2
= log tan x / 2  c

 cos ec x dx = -cotx+c
2
 sec x tan xdx  sec x  c
 tan x dx = -log|cosx|+c = log|secx| + c  cos ecx cot x   cos ecx  c
1
x1/ 2 1 2
e.g (i)
 x 2 dx =
1/ 2  1
+ c = . x3/2 + c,
3
1 x 2 1 1
(ii)  x2
dx =  x-2 dx =
2  1
+c=
x
+ c.

The following points are to be noted:

1
  dx = log x + c, if x is positive
x
= log (-x) + c, if x is negative
d 1 1 1
because
dx
( log (-x)) =
x
(-1) =
x
  x
dx = log  x + c

 If a is a constant, then  a f(x) dx = a

 f(x) dx.

  [f(x)  g(x)] dx, =  f(x) dx   g(x) dx.

 2 
  cos x  x  e
2 x
Illustration 14: Evaluate (i) (a0 + a1x + a2x ) dx, (ii)  dx,


Solution: (i)  (a0 + a1x +a2x2)dx = a0  dx + a1  x dx + a2  x2 dx

x2 3
= a0 x + a1 + a2 x +c.
2 3
 2  1

(ii)  cos x   e x  dx = cos x dx + 2
 x   x  
dx - e x dx = sin x + 2 log x   ex + c.

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Methods of Integration
Integration by substitution
This method consists of expressing the integral  f  x  dx, where x is the independent variable, in terms of
another integral where some other variable, say 't', is the independent variable; x and t being connected
by the relation x =  (t). i.e ,
 f(x)dx =  f [ φ (t) ] φ '(t) dt.
dx
This method is useful only when a relation x = (t) can be so selected that the new integrand f(x) is
dt
of a form whose integral is known.

Illustration 15: Integrate sin2 x cosx with respect to x.

Solution: Let sinx = t  cos x dx = dt

 sin t
2 2
 x cos x dx = dt

t3 sin3 x
= +c= + c.
3 3
Exercise 5:

Find the integral of the following functions with respect to x:

3x2
(a) 3
, (b) sin4x cos x,
1 x
1
(c) , (d) sin x sin 2x
x log x

DEFINITE INTEGRAL
The difference in the values of an integral of a function f(x) for two assigned values of the independent
b
variable x, say a, b, is called the definite integral of f(x) over the interval (a,b) and is denoted by  f(x) dx.
a
b b

 f(x) dx = F(b) – F(a), where F(x) is the anti derivative of f(x). Or, we write  f(x) dx = F(x)
b
Thus a
a a

= F(b)  F(a). a is called the lower limit and b, the upper limit of integration.

(  / 2)1
Illustration 16: Evaluate  
x cos 1  x 2 dx . 
0

Solution: Let 1 + x2 = t  on differentiating both side with respect to t

 2x
dx
dt
1
 1  x dx = dt  I =  x cos 1  x 2 dx
2
 
1
2
1
2
1
=  cos t dt = sin t  c = sin 1  x2  c
2
 

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 17

  / 2  1   / 2  1
  
x cos 1  x 2
 1

dx  sin 1  x 2
2
 0
0
1   1  sin1
= sin  sin1  .
2  2  2

Exercise 6:
 /2
(i) Evaluate 
0
sin 2 x cos xdx .

e
 ln x 2
(ii) Evaluate 
1
x
dx

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18

ANSWERS TO EXERCISES
Exercise 1:
(i) (a) A  B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}; AB = {1, 3 , 5 , 7, 9}
A – B = { 2, 4 ,6 8, 10}; B – A = 
(b) A  B = I ; A B = N; A –B = , B  A = set of non positive integers.
(ii) x  [0, 2] (iii) m = 6, n = 3
(iv) maximum 9; minimum 6. (vii)  1, 0
(viii)  (ix) 

Exercise 2:
  3  a 
(i) 5 (ii) 20 (iii) 2 (iv) 4 
  3  a 
(v) 1

Exercise 3:
1n
1 23 1
(i) x n (ii) (iii)
n 6 4
(iv) 2 (v) 1

Exercise 4:
(i) (a) 21x5/2 + 10x3/2 –1 (b) (1/x). sec2 (lnx)
(c) 2x/(x2 +1)
 sin(x  y) 1
(ii) (a) (b)
1  sin(x  y) t
d2 y
(iii) = n2 enx
dx 2

Exercise 5:
sin5 x
(a) log |(1+x3)| + c (b) +c
5
2 3
(c) ln |ln x| + c (d) sin x  c
3

Exercise 6:
1
(i) (ii) 1/3
3

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SOLVED PROBLEMS
SUBJECTIVE

Problem 1: If ln2. logb625 = log1016. ln10, then find the value of b.

4 4
Solution: We have ln2. logb5 = log102 . ln10
 4 ln2. logb5 = 4log102. ln10
ln 2
 ln2. logb5 = . ln10
ln10
 logb5 = 1  b = 5.

Problem 2: Show that log418 is an irrational number.

Solution: Now log418 = log4(32  2) = 2 log43 + log42

log2 3 1 1
=2   log2 3  .
log2 4 log2 4 2
Let us assume the contrary, that the number log23 is a rational number.
p
 log23 = .
q
Since log23 > 0 both the numbers p and q may be regarded as natural numbers  3 =
2p/q  2p = 3q.
But this is not possible for any natural number p and q. The resulting contradiction
completes the proof.

Problem 3: Solve for x, log7 log5   x5 x   = 0.

Solution: From the given equation, log5  
x  5  x  70  1  log5 5
 x  5  x = 5 or x  5  5  x
 x + 5 = 25 + x - 10 x or x = 2  x = 4.

x 3  27
Problem 4: Find lim .
x 3 x 5  243

x 3  ( 3)3
3
x  27 x  ( 3)
Solution: lim  lim
x 3 x 5  243 x 3 x 5  ( 3)5
x  ( 3)
3( 3)2 3 1
=   .
4 2 15
5(3) 5 3

(2x  3)  x  1
Problem 5: Find lim
x 1 2x 2  x  3

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20

(2x  3)  x  1 (2x  3)  x  1
Solution: lim  lim
x 1 2
2x  x  3 x 1 (2x  3)(x  1)

(2x  3) 1 1
= lim   .
x 1 (2x  3)  x  1 52 10

dy
Problem 6: If y  x sin x cos x. , find .
dx

Solution: y x sin x cos x.

dy
 
'
sinxcosx  x  sin x  cosx  x sinx  cosx 
' '
= x
dx
1
= x 1/ 2 sinxcosx  x cos x. cos x  x sinx  -sinx 
2
1
= x 1/ 2
2
1
2
sin 2x  x cos2 x  sin2 x  
1
= sin2x  x.cos2x .
4 x

dy
Problem 7: If x = 2 ln cot t and y = tan t + cot t, find .
dx

dy dy/dt
Solution: We have  . . . (1)
dx dx/dt
dx cosec 2 t 2 4
where 2  
dt cot t cost sin t sin 2t
dy sin2 t  cos 2 t cos2t
and  sec 2 t  cosec 2 t  2 2
 4.
dt sin t cos t sin2 2t
dy  4cos2t   sin2t  cos2t
Hence     cot2t .
dx  sin2 2t    4   sin2t

sin3 x  cos3 x
Problem 8: Evaluate  sin2 x cos2 x
dx.

sin3 x  cos3 x
Solution: We have  sin2 x cos2 x
dx

sin3 x cos3 x
=  sin x cos x dx +  sin x cos x dx
2 2 2 2

=  tan x sec x dx +  cot x cos ecx dx = sec x – cosec x + c.

e
x
Problem 9: Evaluate cos e x dx.

IITJEE-2223-MATHEMATICS-BASIC MATHEMATICS
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x x dx
Solution: Let e = t e =1
dt
–x
 dx = e . dt

e  e .cos e .e
x x
 cos e x dx = x x
dt

 cos t dt = sin t + c
x
= = sin e +c.

sin(x  1)
Problem 10: Find the lim .
x 1 x3  1

sin(x  1) sin(x  1) 1
Solution: lim  lim  .
x 1 x 13 x 1  x  
1 x  x 1
2  3

1
dx
Problem 11: Find 
0
x 1 x
.

1 1
dx
Solution: 
0
x 1 x
 
0
x  1  x  dx

2 1 2
 x  13 / 2    x3 / 2 0
1
= 0
3 3
2 3/2 4
= 2  1  1   2  1
3 3

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OBJECTIVE

Problem 1: The value of ‘b’ satisfying log 8

b  3 13 is
(A) 30 (B) 31
(C) 32 (D) 33

10
Solution: We have log 8
b  3 13  log23 / 2 b 
3
2 10
log2 b   log2b = 5  b = 25 = 32.
3 3
Hence (C) is the correct answer.

cot x
Problem 2: The integration of  log sin xdx is
(A) log |logsinx| + c (B) log(sinx) + c
(C) log |cosx| + c (D) none

1
Solution: Let log(sinx) = t  cos xdx  dt
sin x
 cotx dx = dt
dt
 t
 log t  c = log |logsinx| + c

Hence (A) is the correct answer.

 
3x  4
Problem 3: The value of x satisfying 184x3 = 54 2 is

(A) 2 (B) 6
(C) 3 (D) 4

 
3x  4
Solution: Here 184x3 = 54 2 .

Taking log on both sides, we get

3/2
(4x  3) log18 = (3x  4) log54 2  (4x  3) log18 = (3x  4) log(18)
 (4x  3) = (3x  4). 3/2  x = 6.
Hence (B) is the correct answer.

x3
Problem 4: Differentiation of w. r. t. x., is
cos x
3x 2 cosx  x 3 sinx 3x 2 sinx  x 3 cosx
(A) (B)
cos 2 x cos2 x
x 3 cosx - 3x 2 sinx x 3 sinx - 3x 2 cosx
(C) (D)
cos 2 x cosx

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x3
Solution: Let y =
cos x
dy 3x 2 cosx  x 3 sinx
y'=  .
dx cos2 x
Hence (A) is the correct answer.

sin  x 2  5x 
Problem 5: lim is
x 0 x
(A) 1 (B) 5
(C) 2 (D) none of these

sin  x 2  5x  sin  x 2  5x  x 2  5x
Solution: lim  lim  = 5.
x 0 x x0 x 2  5x x

Problem 6: Solve the inequality (x  1)2 (2x2 + 3x + 1) (3x  1)4 (x + 5)5  0.

Solution: Wavy curve drawn for (x  1)2 (x + 1) (2x + 1) (3x  1)4 (x + 5)5

5 1 1/2 1/3 1

 x  ( ,  5]   1,  1/ 2  1/ 3, 1 .

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CHAPTER PRACTICE PROBLEMS

SUBJECTIVE

1. (a) Evaluate : loga2 b  log a

b2
10
(b) If log2 x  logx 2   log2 y  logy 2 and x  y, then find x + y
3

1
2. (a) If f(x) = x 2  and f(1) = 1/3 then find f(x)
x2


tan n(x  1  x 2 ) dx
(b) Evaluate : 
1  x2

3. (a) In a town of 10,000 families it was found that 40% family buy newspaper A, 20% buy
newspaper B and 10% families buy newspaper c, 5% families buy A and B, 3% buy B
and C and 4% buy A and C. If 2% families buy all 3 news papers, then find number of
families which buy A only.

(b) Let  denote the set of all integers and A = {(a, b) : a2 + 3b2 = 28, a, b  },
B = {(a, b) : a > b, a, b  }, then the number of elements in A  B is

(c) Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, B = {2, 4, 6}. Then the number of sets C such that A  B  C  A  B
is

4. Solve for x R:
x  x  1 (x 2  7x  10)(2x  1)2
2
(a) 0
(x  1)5 (2x  3)2
(b) x2  2x  x  4  x 2  3x  4

(c) x2  1  x2  4  3

3x 2  7x  8
(d) 1 2
x2  1

1  x sin3 x dy
5. (a) If y = , find
1  x cos x dx
d2 y
(b) Find (independent of t), of the function defined parametrically as x=sin(ln t),
dx 2
y = cos (ln t).
(c) Find the derivative of the following w.r.t x : xtanx + (tanx)sinx

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OBJECTIVE

x(3x  1)(x  1)2

6. The solution set of x for which the expression is positive, is given by
(x  3)(x  2)4
(A) (–, –1)  (3, ) (B) (–1, 2)  (3, ) (C) (3, ) (D) none of these

x 2  | x | 12
7. If  0, then x
x3
(A) [ 4, 3)  [4, ) (B) [0, 5]{3} (C) (1, 5]{3} (D) none of these

8. A survey shows that 63% of the children like milk whereas 76% like apples. If x% of the children
like both milk and apples, then
(A) x = 39 (B) x = 63 (C) 39  x  63 (D) none of these

9  
If y  ln cos x , then
dy
dx
is equal to

1 1 1
(A)  tan x (B)  cot x (C)  cos x (D) None of these
2 x 2 x 2 x

e2012
 cos(  ln x)
10.  x
dx 
1
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 0 (D) 4

11. If ln 3.loga b3  log10 27.ln10 then

(A) If a>1, then a  b (B) If 0 < a < 1, a  b (C) If b > 1, a  b (D) none of these
 
12. If f(x)  1  cos2 (x 2 ), then f   is
 2 
 
(A)  /3 (B)  (  / 6) (C) 1 / 3 (D) / 6

13. If 81(1/log5 3)  27log9 36  34/log7 9  n , then sum of digits of n is

(A) even (B) divisible by 3 (C) a multiple of 6 (D) prime

14. The set of solution x2  x  x2  x is given by

(A) (-, -1) (B) [0, ) (C) [1, 0] (D) ( ,  1] [0,
)

 1  2 tan x(tan x  sec x)

1/2
15. dx is
(A) log sec x (sec x + tan x) + c (B) log sec x (sec x  tan x) + c
(C) log tan x (sec x + tan x) + c (D) log tan x (sec x  tan x) + c

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ASSIGNMENTS
PARTA
Level  I

1. Solve for x, where

(i) |3x| > 1, (ii) x  2  1,
(iii) x2 –3|x| + 2= 0.
log3  log2 x 
 log2 x   log2 x   1.
2
2. Solve the following equation for x: 9

3. Evaluate the following

1  4x  1  3x x 2  3x  2
(i) lim (ii) lim
x 0 x x 1 x 2  5x  4

4. Differentiate the following w. r. t x:

4 2  x  13
(i) y = x + 3x  6 (ii) y= (iii) y = (1+ 4x3) (1+ 2x2)
x3/2
x2  2 sinx
(iv) y = (2x2  3)2 (v) y= (vi) y=
2
x x2 1  cosx
x
e 1
(vii) y =
ex  1

5. Integrate the following functions:

x 2  2x  3 sec 2 x
(i) x1/3 + x1/2 + x3/5 (ii) (iii)
x4 cos ec 2 x
2 3 cos x  4
(iv) 5 cos x  3 sin x  (v)
cos2 x sin2 x

6. Evaluate

  x  2  sin
2
(i) x  3dx (ii) x cos xdx

2 2

  1
7. Evaluate: (i)
0
2x  3x 2 dx (ii)  x dx
1

sec 2 (loge x) 1  cos x

 e 
x
8. Evaluate: (i) dx (ii) tan e x sec e x dx (iii) dx
x 3
x  sin x

9. Solve for x, where |2x| + 4 > 0.

10. Solve for x, where |2x|  7 > 0.

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Level  II

1. Differentiate the following w.r.t x:

1  x2
(i) y = ln (x3 - sin x) (ii) y = ln
1  x2
(x  1)2
(iii) y = log10x2 (iv) y=
(x  2)3 (x  3)4
(v) exlogx

xy 2 dy
2. If xe  y = sin x, then find at x = 0
dx
dy
3. If t (1 + x2) = x and x2 + t2 = y, then find at x = 2
dx

dy
4. Find if: (i) x1/2 + y1/2 = a1/2, (ii) y3 - 3y + 2ax = 0.
dx

dy
5. Find , when x and y are given by (i) x = acos3t, y = b sin3t,
dx
(ii) x = (v0 cos) t, y = (v 0 sin) t – gt2/2, where v 0,  and g are constants.

6. Find the integrals of the following functions:

cos x ax n1 1
(i) (ii) (iii)
1  sin x  2
bx n  c   xx

π π
4 4
cos x  sin x 2  3 sin x
7. Evaluate: (i) 
0
cos x  sin x
dx (ii) 
0
cos2 x
`dx

x 2  5x  4
8. (i) (3x2  x  4) (x  1) (2x  3) > 0 (ii) 0
 3  x 3  x  2  4
x 
2
2
x x 1 x
(iii)  (iv) 0
x 1  x  2   x  1
x 4 5

9. Evaluate lim
 
x  1  2x  3 
2
x 1 2x  x  3

x2  x  2
10. Evaluate lim .
x 2
x2  4

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Level  III

1. If x = 1 + logabc, y = 1 + logbca, z = 1 + logcab, prove that xyz = xy + yz + zx.

2. Integrate the following functions:

 x  1  x  log x 
2
x
(i) sin x cos x (ii) (iii)
(x 2  1)1/ 3 2x
1 1
(iv) log x (v)
x x  x 1

3. Find the value of the following

/2 /2 /2
1 cos x
(i) 
0
1  cos x
dx (ii) 
0
1  cos x 2 sin x dx (iii) 
0
1  sin x
dx

4. Find the value of the following

/4 /2 /2
1  sin 2x
  cos3  d  sin
2
(i) dx (ii) (iii) x cos2 x dx
cos x  sin x
0 0 0

5. Evaluate the following

2x 3  2x 2  1  x  110   x  2 10   x  3 10
(i) lim (ii) lim
x10   x  3 
10
x  3x 3  x  2 x 

x  sin x  1
(iii) lim
x  x  cos x

dy sin  a  y 
2
6. If sin y = x sin (a + y), prove that 
dx sin a

dy
7. Find (i) y = xx (ii) xy = y x
dx

 cot
4
8. Evaluate xdx

6x x
9. Find the number of real solutions of the equation  2
2
x 4 x2

10. If x is an integer satisfying x2  6x + 5  0 and x2  2x > 0, then find the number of possible values
of x.

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 29

PARTB
Multiple Choice Questions (Single Option Correct)

log x
1. If f (x) = , x > 0, then f (1) is equal to
x
(A) e (B) – e
(C) 1 (D) none of these

x4
2. If f (x) = , then f (4) is equal to
2 x
(A) 1/4 (B) 4
(C)1/2 (D) none of these

3
3. Number of positive integral values satisfying x  48  4x (3x  11) are
(A) 2 (B) 3
(C) 4 (D) 5

1  cos x 
4. If f (x) = , then f    is
1  cos x 2
(A) 1 (B) 2
(C) 3 (D) 4

ex 1  x 
5.  cos (xe ) dx is equal to
2 x

(A)  cot  xe  + c x
(B) tan xe x  +c
(C) tan  e  + c x
(D) none of these

e1/ x  1
6.  x2
dx is equal to


(A)  e1/ x  1  c   
(B)  e1/ x  x  c
 1
(C)   e1/ x    c (D) none of these
 x

e
log(sin x)
7. dx is equal to
(A) sin x + c (B) -cos x + c
log cos x
(C) e +c (D) None of these

log10  x  3  1
8. The value of x if 
 2
log10 x  21  2

(A) 3 (B) 4
(C) 5 (D) 6

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dy
9. If y = (x  a) (x  b), then the value of x for which  0 is
dx
a b
(A) (B)
2 2
ab ab
(C) (D)
2 2

10. If ax = b, by = c, cz = a, then the value of xyz is

(A) 0 (B) 1
(C) 2 (D) 3

11. The value of x, satisfying log10(x2 – 4x + 104) = 2

(A) 1 (B) 2
(C) 3 (D) 4

12. If 4log9 3  9log2 4  10logx 83 , then x is equal to

(A) 2 (B) 10
(C) 9 (D) none of these

ln x ln y ln z
13. For   , xyz is equal to
bc c a ab
(A) 1 (B) abc
(C) 0 (D) none of these

a
3x  3
14. dx is equal to

a3x 3 a3x 3
(A) c (B) c
log a 3 log a
(C) a3x 3 log a  c (D) 3a3x 3 log a  c

x 1
15. lim is
x 1 x1/ 4 1
(A) 4 (B) 6
(C) 1/4 (D) none of these

/2
4 cos x
16. The value of
  cos sin x
dx is equal to
0
(A) 1 (B) 2
(C)  1 (D) 0

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ANSWERS TO CHAPTER PRACTICE PROBLEMS

1
1. (a) 1/8, (b) 8  2 3

2. (a) f(x) =
x3 1
3 x  
  1 , (b) ln sec  n x  1  x 2   c
 
3. (a) 3300, (b) 6 (c) 8
4. (a) (, 0]  (1, 2]  [5, )  {1/2}{3/2} (b) x(0, 2)  (4,),
(c) -1 < x < 1 or x<2 or x>2
1  x sin3 x  1  d2 y 1
5. (a)  3 cot x  tanx (b) 
1  x cos x  x 2  1 
 dx2 y3
 tan x 
(c) x tan x   sec 2 x.log x    tan x 
sin x
sec x  cos x.log(tan x)
 x 
6. C 7. A 8. C 9. A
10. C 11. D 12. B 13. D
14. D 15. A

ANSWERS TO ASSIGNMENTS
SECTION - I
PARTA
Level – I

 1  1 
1. (i)  ,     ,  (ii) ( , 1]  [ 3, )
 3 3 
(iii)  1,  2
2. x=2
7 1
3. (i) (ii)
2 3
3 (x  1)2 (x  1)
4. (i) 4x3 + 6x (ii)
2 x 5/2
4x (10x3 + 3x +1)
2
(iii) (iv) 8x (2x  3)
1
(v) (– x2 – 8x +2)/ (x 2 –x-2)2 (vi)
(1  cos x)
(vii) 2ex / (ex+1)2
3 4/3 2 3/2 5 8/5 1 1 1
5. (i) x  x  x c (ii)   C
4 3 8 x x 2 x3
(iii) tanx – x + c (iv) 5 sinx + 3 cosx + 2 tanx + c
(v) –(3cosecx + 4cotx) + c
2 sin3 x
6. (i) (3x  16)(x  3)3 / 2  c (ii) c
15 3
7. (i) 12 (ii) loge 2
8. (i) tan (loge x) + c (ii) sec (ex) + c
3
(iii)  x  sin x 2 / 3  c
2
 7 7 
9. R 10. x   ,     ,  
 2   2 

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Level  II
2 3
1. (i) (3x – cos x)/ (x – sinx) (ii) 4x/(1-x4)
2 (x  1)2  2 3 4 
(iii) .log10e (iv) 3  x  1  (x  2)  (x  3) 
4
x (x  2) (x  3)  
x
(v) e (1 + ln x)
488
2. 1 3.
125
y -2a
4. (i)  (ii)
x 3(y 2  1)
b gt
5. (i)  tan t (ii) tan   sec 
a v0
1 a
6. (i)  c (ii) loge bxn  c  K
1  sin x bn
(iii) 2loge(1+x) + c
1
7. (i) ln 2 (ii) 3 2 1
2
8. (i) x  ( ,  1)  (1, 4/3)  (3/2, ) (ii) x  (1, 3)  (4, )
(iii) x   0, 1 / 2   1,   (iv) x  (1, 2)  (2, )  { 1, 0}
9.  1/10 10. 1/2
Level  III
2 3 2
 
2/3
2. (i)  sin x 3 / 2  c (ii) x 1 c
3 4
log x 
2
1
(iii)  x  log x 3  c (iv) c
6 2
2 2
(v)  x  13 / 2  x3 / 2  c
3 3
3. (i) 1 (ii) 7/3
(iii) 2  2  1
4. (i) 1 (ii) 2/3
(iii) /16
5. (i) 2/3 (ii) 3/2
(iii) 1
dy dy y  x loge y  y 
7. (i)  x x 1  loge x  (ii)   
dx dx x  y loge x  x 
1
8.  cot 3 x  cot x  x  c 9. 1
3
10. 3
PARTB
Multiple Choice Questions (Single Option Correct)
1. C 2. A 3. D
4. B 5. B 6. C
7. B 8. C 9. D
10. B 11. B 12. B
13. A 14. B 15. A
16. A

IITJEE-2223-MATHEMATICS-BASIC MATHEMATICS