BUCKLING TEST

- Candidate’s Name: HAMZA LATIF

- Student ID: SUKD-1600181
- Lecturer: Mr. Amares
- Date of Experiment: 26-09-2019
- Submission: 03-10-2019

1
Abstract:
The purpose of this experiment to conclude the Euler Buckling load for the test and find the
graph which relates the applied force against the bending. There are two different types of
steel which was S4 and S6. We used Euler’s theory in this experiment to calculate the results
which provides a superior information about buckling test according to the Euler’s concept.

2
NO TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE
.
1. Abstract 2

2. Objective 3

3. Introduction 3

4. Apparatus 4

5. Method of Experiment 4

6. Theory 4

7. Calculations & Results 6

8. Discussion 8

9. Conclusion 9

10. Reference 9

11. Appendices 10

3
Objective:

I. To decide general buckling loads for sections with supports.

II. To understand and check the Euler’s concept of buckling.
III. To examine the impact of various material limitation.

Introduction:

Buckling Test
Figure 1,

At the beginning the Mathematician Physicist (Leonhard Euler) gave the progression of
calculations which determined on the way to discover the deflection of the sections when
applied various load. The method below serves to confirm two of the buckling conditions of
steel segments. Euler decided the expressions shown below to find the basic load under
various sorts of ends.

This report express the column buckling sensation by comparing the theory to practical
investigation. A column subjected to an increasing axial load will deform under what load at
the end. The basic buckling load for a given section relies on different variables including:
length of the segment, geometry of the segment, sort of supporting framework, and area of
the load with respect to the centroid of the segment. The bending of the sections under load is

4
a huge property of materials which must be considered for planning and calculations for the
engineering purposes.

Apparatus:

Buckling Test device.

The unit essentially consists of:

a. Load spindle
b. Load nut
c. Load cross bar
d. Clamping screws
e. Guide columns
f. Force gauge
g. Attachment socket
h. Basic frame
i. Force measuring device

ii. A specimen made of flat steel bar Figure A: Buckling test

iii. Measurement apparatus (ruler, calliper, divider, etc.)
device

Figure B: Top specimen holder Figure C: Bottom specimen holder

Method of Experiment:

The perpendicular situation was set by the machine. The momentum quantity with V indent
into connection hole and attached with buckle bolt was put in. Long momentum quantity with
V indent into the guide bush of load cross-bar was inserted and was held firmly. The V notch
was being inserting by the bar sample with edges. The load cross-bar was fastened on the

5
guide segment in such a way, to the point that there was still approximately 5 mm for the top
push piece to move. The path of the adjacent guide column was being associating in a way
that its buckling direction by the bar sample. The rod specimen with low, non-measurable
force was tightening again. The calculating gauge was arranged to the centre of the bar
sample with the help of the holds. The measuring gauge was fixed at a right angle to the way
of buckling. The measuring gauge was pre-tightening to 10 mm bending with the changeable
support. The bar sample load was gradually subjected using the load nut. The same procedure
was doing twice for two different kinds of example. (I) Fixed end pinned end, (II) pinned end
pinned and (S4).

Theory:
A long-segment straight pillar with a rectangular cross segment is subjected to a compressive
axial load. For whatever length of time that the bar stays straight, the bar can be inspected by
the ideas of strain or pressure loads; although, on the off chance that the bending turns out to
be unexpectedly extraordinary and prompts disastrous failure, then the buckling concept must
be used for the investigation. As indicated by the concept, the basic (or Euler) buckling load
F and normal stress cr can be calculated by the following equations:

Geometric moment of inertia can be calculated as

b h3
I= .
12

Critical Buckling load can be calculated as

π2 E I
Pc =
L2

Whereas,

4 N
E is the modulus of elasticity (21×10 )
mm 2

b h3
I is the moment of initial of the beam,I = , moment of inertia
12

6
b is the width of the beam

h is the thickness of the beam

L is the length of the beam

A is the cross section area of the beam, A = bh

Corresponding deflection can be calculated as follow

F
f max =
( σ − ) ly
p
A .
F z max

Calculations and Results:

Table:

FIXED-PINED specimen S6

1St experiment

Force, P (N) Deflection (mm)

100 0.175
200 0.410
300 0.650
400 1.015
500 1.595

2ND experiment

Force, P (N) Deflection (mm)

100 0.260
200 0.460
300 0.740
400 1.095
500 1.65

7
Experiment Average;

Force, P (N) Deflection (mm)

100 0.2175
200 0.435
300 0.695
400 1.055
500 1.6225

FORCE VS DEFLECTION
500
450
400
350
FORCE (N)

300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
DEFLECTION (mm)

DEFLECTION (mm)

Pined-Pined specimen S4

1St experiment

Force, P (N) Deflection (mm)

100 0.360
200 0.765
300 1.445
400 3.275
450 18.965
2ND experiment

Force, P (N) Deflection (mm)

100 0.260
200 0.695

8
 300 1.110
400 2.625
450 6.035

Experiment Average;

Force, P (N) Deflection (mm)

100 0.31
200 0.73
300 1.2775
400 2.95
450 12.5

FORCE VS DEFLECTION
500
450
400
350
FORCE (N)

300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
DEFLECTION (mm)

DEFLECTION (mm)

9
Calculation:
Width, w = 20mm

Thickness, t = 4mm

Length, l = 65cm

Modulus of elasticity, E = 210 GPa

b h3 0.004(0.02)3
Ixx = 12
= 12
=2.67 ×10−9 m4

b h3 0.02(0.004)3
Iyy = 12
= 12
=1.06 ×10−10 m4

Le =0.7 L=0.7(0.65)=0.455 m

2
π 2 EI π (210 x 10 9)(2.67 ×10 )
−9
P E= = =26730.53 N
( Le )2 (0.455)2

10
Discussion:

According to the buckling test experiment it was tried one by one with two stainless steel but
with different elasticity which was S4 and S6. By observing the results that noted uncertainty
was made in which formal nature of the steel S4 is greater than S6.

Therefore, when calculations was taken of the reflector all of a sudden and it may occupy
more than a round. According to this way if attention is on difficulty, the results might be
uncorrected. Furthermore, put an energy not to thin or relate an external power on the table so
the exactness was held. The estimation of the diverter may impact due to these external forces
acting. For illustration, verging toward seat, hand setting on the mechanical affiliation while
perfect the weight nuts.

In this experiment buckling will occur if the material is long and remain with the elastic
limits. Shorter columns have higher buckling ratios than longer slender columns and the
relationship between the critical stress and length is inverse which means there is an
accelerated fall in the critical stress. It is also noted that the Euler buckling doesn’t act as a
safety factor but just the maximum load a column a beam can take before bowing out.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, some random errors are produced. Error due to this experiment was exhibit
unacceptable and unattractive fault.There main error was due to ill conditioned test samples
and poorly calibrated element. Poor testing procedure was being result by the basic reason or
error. The samples had experienced buckling many times previous to this test,and the clamps
were not aligned to place the force parallel along the beam. Also the reason of poor resulting
were due to inadequately balanced apparatus. Adjusted test and incapable adjusted gear was
the result of the rest of mistake.

11
References:

1. Chopey, N.P. “Handbook of Chemical Engineering Calculations (2 nd Edition)”,

McGraw-Hill, 1994.
2. Coulson, J.M. and Richardson, J.F. “Chemical Engineering, Volume 1 (3 rd Edition)”,
Pergamon Press, 1977.
3. Coulson, J.M. and Richardson, J.F. “Chemical Engineering, Volume 6 (Revised 3 rd
Edition)”, Butterworth-Heinemann, 1996.
4. Kern, D.Q. “Process Heat Transfer (Int’l Edition)”, McGraw-Hill, 1965.
5. Perry, R.H., Green, D.W. and Maloney, J.O. “Perry’s Chemical Engineering
Handbook (6th Edition)”, McGraw-Hill, 1984.

12