EE 19 - MODULE 2

THE IDEAL TRANSFORMER

DIFINITIONS

OBJECTIVES

At the end of the lessons, the students should be able to:

1. Demonstrate understanding several fundamentals concepts used throughout the Manual

including working principle of ideal transformer.

2. Able to prove e.m.f equation and understand voltage transformation ratios of transformers.

3. Apply the problem-solving methodology used in this module.

2.1 Elementary Theories of an Ideal Transformers

Ideal transformers is one that has no losses, its windings has no resistances, reactance and

core losses. Also ideal transformer consists of two windings of pure inductive coils that is wound

in a loss free core. In practice, there is no ideal transformer. It is impossible to create and design a

transformer that has no losses. But for the student to understand, we will start to discuss ideal

transformer and step by step approach to the actual transformer.

Figure 16

Consider the ideal transformer in Figure 16 (a) which secondary is open circuited and

primary winding is connected into alternating voltage which is sinusoidal. This potential

difference causes an alternating current flowing in the primary. Primary coil draws magnetizing

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current µ because the secondary is being open and has no output, also the winding is purely

inductive. The small magnitude of currents is to magnetise its core and lags by 90° which is its

function. Assuming the permeability of the magnetic circuit is to be constant and the alternating

flux produced by alternating current µ which is proportional at all times to the current and in

phase with it. Changing flux are both linked in primary and secondary winding and therefore, in

the primary winding produces self-induced e.m.f.. In every instant self-induced e.m.f. is equal

to and in opposition to . This is also defined as counter or back e.m.f. of the primary winding

Similarly, there is induced e.m.f. produced in the secondary and it is known as a

mutually induced e.m.f. This e.m.f. is antiphase with and is proportional with the change of

flux.

Magnetising currents, instantaneous voltage and induced e.m.fs are shown in a form of

sinusoidal waves. Vectorial representation of quantities is being shown in Figure 16 (b)

Figure 17

2.2 Electromotive Force (E.M.F.) Equation of a Transformers

Let = Number of turns (primary)

= Number of turns (secondary)

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= Maximum flux (webers)

= ×

= Frequency input (Hz)

Figure 18 shows, increases of flux from zero to maximum value in a quarter of cycle

in 1/4 second.

Average rate for change in flux is presented by , therefore

Therefore the average rate for the change of flux is 4 /

Also,

Average e.m.f./turn = 4 volt

Figure 18

By obtaining the r.m.s. value for the induced e.m.f and when flux varies sinusoidal, it is

need to multiply the average value by form factor.

. .
= = 1.11

Therefore e.m.f./turn (r.m.s value) = 1.11 × 4 = 4.44 volt

For r.m.s. value for the whole primary winding of the induced e.m.f. is;

= . . × .

= 4.44 = 4.44 (i)

Similarly, value for the whole secondary winding of the induced e.m.f. is;

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= 4.44 = 4.44 (ii)

From (i) and (ii) that / = / = 4.44 . It means simply means that the

e.m.f./turns are the same for both primary and secondary windings.

For no-load operation of ideal transformer, = and = .

Where is the terminal voltage of the ideal transformer shown in Figure 19.

Figure 19

2.3 Voltage Transformations Ratio (K)

From equation (i) and (ii), we get

= =

Constant K is referred as the voltage transformation ratio of the transformer.

a) If > . . > 1, therefore it is step-up transformer.

b) If < . . < 1, therefore it is step-down transformer.

Again, for transformers, input and output should be in apparent power in VA.

1
= or = =

Hence, currents are in the inverse ratio of the (voltage) transformation ratio.

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Example 2.1

If the maximum flux density the core of single phase transformer is 1.1 / at a

250/2500-volts, 60-Hz. Assumed that e.m.f. per turn is 8 volt, determine

(i) primary and secondary turns (ii) area of the core.

Solution.

(i) = × . . . /

=250/8=31.25; = 2500/8=312.5

(ii) = −4.44

2500 = 4.44 × 60 × 312.5 × 1.1 × ; = .

Example 2.2

A core for 75-kVA, 12000/220 V, 60-Hz, 1-ph, core type transformer has a cross section

of 22 cm × 22 cm. Find (i) and and (ii) the e.m.f. per turn if the maximum core density is

not to exceed 1.2 Tesla. Stacking factor of 0.8.

What will happen if its primary voltage is increased by 10% on no-load?

Solution.

(i) = 1.2 , = (0.2 × 0.2) × 0.8 = 0.032

∴ 12,000 = 4.44 × 60 × × 1.2 × 0.032; = ,

220 = 4.44 × 60 × × 1.2 × 0.032; = .

or, = = (220/12,000) × 1,173 = 215.05

(ii) . . ./ = 12,000/1,173 = 10.23 220/21.51 = 10.23

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Using constant frequency, for primary voltage increased to 10% from supply voltage the

magnetizing current will also increase much higher than 10% of the previous value. But due to

saturation, flux density, eddy current and hysteresis losses will just increase marginally

Example 2.3

The number of turns of a single phase transformer in primary is 200 turn and for secondary

is 1200 turns. The cross sectional area of the core is 80 . If 440 V and 60-Hz is connected to

primary winding, calculate (i) the flux density in the core that has a peak value (ii) and the

secondary winding induced voltage.

Solution.

= / = 1200/200 = 6

(i) / = ∴ = = 6 × 440 = ,

(ii) = 4.44

or 440 = 4.44 × 60 × 200 × × (80 × 10 )

∴ = . /

Example 2.4

A transformer that is rated 30 kVA, = 400 and = 100 . If the primary

winding is connected to 3,000 , 60 supply. Calculate the full-load and , the maximum

flux in the core and the secondary e.m.f. Note to Neglect no load primary current and leakage

drops.

Solution.

= / = 100/400 = 1/4

Full load primary current; = 30,000/3,000 =

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Full load secondary current = / = 4 × 10 =

e.m.f. per turn for primary side = 3000/400 = 7.5

Therefore the secondary e.m.f. = 7.5 × 100 =

or = = 3,000 × 1/4 = 750 )

Also = 4.44 ;

3,000 = 4.44 × 60 × 400 × ∴ =

Example 2.5

A three phase, 60 , 11000/550 delta/star, 300 , core-type transformer with a flux

of 0.03 during operation. Find:

(i) and per phase. (ii) the e.m.f. per turn for a core-type transformer

(iii) full load and per phase.

Solution.

(ii) e.m.f. of transformer = 4.44

= 4.44 × 60 × 0.03 = 7.992 volts

(i) calculating the N turns for each side of the transformer:

Voltage per phase at delta-connected for = 11,000 volts

Voltage per phase at star-connected for = 550/√3 = 317.54 volts

= no. of turns at primary (per phase)

= voltage per phase/e. m. f. per turn

= 11,000/7.992 = 1376.38

= no. of turns at secondary (per phase)

= voltage per phase/e. m. f. per turn

= 317.5/7.992 = 39.73

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Note: Generally, calculate first the low voltage number turns and rounded off on the next

higher value. In this case, = 40 turns. Then, for the primary winding, use the turn’s ratio

method.

In this case, = ( / ) = 40 × 11,000/317.5 = 1385.83

In this result, the flux reduces in less saturation and this is and Elementary aspect of Design

and Calculation of transformer.

(iii) Full load and per phase:

Output per phase = (300/3) = 100kVA

per phase = (100 × 1000/317.5) = 315 Amp

2.4 A Transformers with some losses, but without Magnetic Leakage

Consider a two cases (a) it is when a transformer is no load and

(b) when the transformer is loaded.

2.4.1 Transformers at No-load

In previous discussion, ideal transformers was assumed to be lossless such as copper and

core losses. But during Practical conditions requires modifications for the foregoing theories.

Actual transformers when put on load, iron and copper losses exist in both windings (primary and

secondary windings) and such losses are negligible to be measured.

When the transformer is at no load condition, the input current in primary winding is not

totally reactive. Primary input currents under no load conditions requires to supply iron losses with

in the core, losses such as hysteresis and eddy current loss. Also a small amount of Cu loss in

primary and nothing for secondary as its open. Hence for the no load input current in the primary

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shall not 90° behind but only lags it by certain angle ( < 90°). Input power for no

load conditions is presented by this equation.

= cos

Where cos is the no-load conditions power factor. No load condition is Shown vectorially in

Figure 20 is the no-load condition for an actual transformers.

Figure 20

Seen from the Figure 20, primary current has two components:

(i) One in phase with . This is also known as active component because it supplies

the iron losses plus small quantity of primary loss.

= cos

(ii) Other components is in construction with and it is known as the magnetizing

component Iµ. Its primary function is to sustain the flux in the core. A wattles

component.

= sin

Obviously, is the vector sum of and , hence =( + )

Example 2.9

(a) A 2,200/220-V transformers draws a no-load of 0.6A and absorbs 300 watts. Find

and iron loss current.

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(b) A 2,200/240-V transformer takes 0.8 A at a p.f. of 0.5 on open circuit. Find and no-

load primary current with its working components.

Solution.

(a) Iron-loss current

− 300
= = = 0.136
2,200

Now = +

Magnetising component = (0.6 − 0.136 ) = 0.584

(b) = 0.5 , cos = 0.5 ∴ = cos = 0.8 × 0.3 = 0.24

= √0.8 − 0.24 = 0.476

Example 2.11

A single-phase transformers has = 1200 turns and = 320 turns. The current is 3

amperes, p. f. = 0.2 lagging. Calculate and p.f. when secondary current is 280 Amperes at a p.f.

of 0.80 lagging

Solution.

is taken as reference. cos 0.80 = 36.87°

= 280∠ − 36.87°

280
′ = ∠ − 36.87°
3.75

= cos 0.20 = 78.5°, sin = 0.98

= +

= 3(0.20 − 0.98) + (59.73 − 44.8)

= 45.4 − 2.94 + 59.73 − 44.8

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= 45.4 − 36.54 = . ∠ . °

Therefore current lags to the supply voltage with an angle of 36.86°

2.4.2 Transformer on Load

When the transformers secondary is loaded, the current is set up. Phase difference for

with respects to is determined through the load characteristics. Also, if is in phase with

which is when the load is non-inductive, will lags if the load is purely inductive and will be leads

if the load is purely capacitive.

When secondary is full-load, the secondary current is set up. The magnitude and the

phase of with respect to will be determined through the characteristics of the loads. is in

phase with if loads is non-inductive, it leads if loads is capacitive, and lags if load is inductive.

is known as demagnetizing amp turns, where secondary current generates its own

m.m.f ( ) and its flux is in opposition to the primary flux ( ). Because of this it’s weakens

the ( ) momentarily.

Having an additional current ′ and additional m.m.f will generate its own flux .

This flux will oppose to with the same directions as flux . Also will have a magnetic effect

and immediately neutralized by the additional current ′. The process is shown in Figure 21

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Figure 21

Whatever load conditions it will always the same net flux will pass thru the core of no load

conditions.

As = ′ ∴ = ′ ∴ = × =

As transformer is on load, primary windings developed two currents and ′. This

currents are anti-phase to and the or voltage transformation ratio will be times its magnitude.

Therefore, primary currents will be the vector sum of those two currents developed.

Figure 22

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In figure 22, a vector diagram showing transformer loads when it is non-inductive and

inductive.

Example 2.12

A transformer with ratio of 440/220 and takes no-load current of 5 at 0.3 power factor

lagging. If the secondary supplies a current of 110 A at a p.f. of 0.8 lagging, estimate the current

taken by the primary.

(Elect. Engg. Punjab Univ. 1991)

Solution.

cos = 0.8, = cos (0.8) = 36.87°

cos = 0.3 ∴ = cos (0.3) = 78.46°

Now = = 220 440 = 1 2

∴ ′= = 110 × 1 2 = 55

=5

Angle between and ′

= 78.46° − 36.87° = 41.59°

Using parallelogram law of vectors (Figure 23) we get

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Figure 23

= (5 + 30 + 2 × 5 × 30 × cos 41.59°) = .

The resultant current could also have been found by resolving ′ and into their X and

Y-components.

Example 2.13

A transformer has a primary winding of 800 turns and a secondary winding of 200 turns.

When the load current on the secondary is 80 A at 0.8 power factor lagging, the primary current is

25 A at 0.707 power factor lagging. Determine graphically or otherwise the no-load current of the

transformer and its phase with respect to the voltage.

Solution.

Here = 200 800 = 1 4 ; = 80 × 1 4 = 20

= cos (0.8) = 36.87°; = cos (0.707) = 45°

As seen from Figure 2.8, is the vector sum of and ′. Let lag behind by an angle

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Figure 24

cos + 20 cos 36.9° = 25 cos 45°

∴ cos = 25 × 0.707 − 20 × 0.8 = 1.675

sin + 20 sin 36.9° = 25 sin 45°

∴ sin = 25 × 0.707 − 20 × 0.8 = 5.675

∴ tan = 5.675/1.675 = 3.388

∴ = 73.3°

Now, sin = 5.675

∴ = 5.67/ 73.3° = .

Example 2.14

A 10 A single phase transformer on no load at 0.3 pf lagging and has a turns ratio of 4:1

step down. If secondary has a load of 200 A at p.f. of 0.85 lagging. Find the primary current and

power factor. Neglect the voltage drop in the winding.

Solution.

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When reflected to primary = 50∠31.79°, lagging

= 10∠ − , where = cos 0.3 = 72.54° lagging

= 3 − 9.54

′ = 50∠ − where = cos 0.85 = 31.8°, lagging

= 42.5 − 26.35

Hence primary current

= + ′

= 3 − 9.54 + 42.5 − 26.35

= 45.5 − 35.89

| | = 57.95 amp, = 0.79 .

= cos 45.5
57.95 = 38.26° lagging

The phasor diagram is shown in Figure 25

Figure 25

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