SEAM 111

SY 2021-2022

INSTRUCTOR:
CAPT. FLORO R. PUSTA JR
Prelim Week 1-1
 PRELIM WEEK 1
TOPIC
• Different Types of Ships and Its Parts.
- General cargo
- Container ship
- Tanker ship
- Passenger ship

Different Structural parts of the ship & its function.

- Forward part (forecastle deck)
- Aft part (stern)
- Superstructure deck
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General cargo

General cargo - In shipping, break bulk cargo or general cargo are goods that must be
loaded individually, and not in intermodal containers nor in bulk as with oil or grain. Ships that
carry this sort of cargo are often called general cargo ships.
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Container ships

Container ships - are cargo ships that carry all of their load in truck-size intermodal containers, in a
technique called containerization. They are a common means of commercial intermodal freight
transport and now carry most seagoing non-bulk cargo.
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Oil, chemical and gas tankers

Oil, chemical and gas tankers - is a merchant ship designed for the bulk transport of oil. There are two
basic types of oil tankers: the crude tanker and the product tanker. Crude tankers move large
quantities of unrefined crude oil from its point of extraction to refineries. Product tankers, generally
much smaller, are designed to move refined products from refineries to points near consuming
markets.
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Bulk carrier, bulk freighter, or bulker - is a merchant ship specially designed to transport
unpackaged bulk cargo, such as grains, coal, ore, and cement in its cargo holds. Since the first
specialized bulk carrier was built in 1852, economic forces have fueled the development of these
ships, causing them to grow in size and sophistication. Today's bulkers are specially designed to
maximize capacity, safety, efficiency, and durability.
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Roll-on/roll-off (RORO or ro-ro)

Roll-on/roll-off (RORO or ro-ro) - ships are vessels designed to carry wheeled cargo, such
as automobiles, trucks, semi-trailer trucks, trailers, and railroad cars, that are driven on and off the
ship on their own wheels or using a platform vehicle, such as a self-propelled modular transporter.
This is in contrast to lift-on/lift-off (LoLo) vessels, which use a crane to load and unload cargo.
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Passenger ship

A passenger ship - is a merchant ship whose primary function is to carry passengers. The category
does not include cargo vessels which have accommodations for limited numbers of passengers, such
as the ubiquitous twelve-passenger freighters once common on the seas in which the transport of
passengers is secondary to the carriage of freight. The type does however include many classes of
ships designed to transport substantial numbers of passengers as well as freight. Indeed, until recently
virtually all ocean liners were able to transport mail, package freight and express, and other cargo in
addition to passenger luggage, and were equipped with cargo holds and derricks, kingposts, or
other cargo-handling gear for that purpose. Only in more recent ocean liners and in virtually all cruise
ships has this cargo capacity been eliminated.
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LOG SHIPS

• .

Logs vessels are used for carrying timber or logs in the holds and on deck. The machinery space
and accommodation are located aft to provide clear deck space for the cargo. Generally, they
are fitted with cranes that can handle logs that weight up to 25 tonnes
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SEMI-SUBMERSABLE

Semi-submersible may refer to a self-propelled vessel, such as: ... Heavy-lift ship, which partially
submerge to allow their cargo (another ship) to float into place for transport. Narco-submarine, some
of which remained partially on the surface. Semi-submarine, which cannot fully submerge.
 LIVESTOCK
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CAR SHIP

Livestock carriers are those ships, which specialise

exclusively in the transportation of large numbers of PCC- Vessels specially designed for
live animals together with their requirements for the efficient transport of cars (pure car
voyage. (food, water, sawdust bedding, medication, carriers), or variety of cars, trucks,
etc.). Voyages on livestock carriers generally last tractors and buses (pure car/truck
from three days to three or four weeks. carriers).
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SEMI SUBMERSIBLE SHIP
PROJECT CARGO/ HEAVY LIFT SHIP SHIP

Semi-submersible ships that take on water

ballast to allow the load usually another vessel Specialized ships capable of transporting non-
to be floated over the deck, whereupon the
standardized heavy cargoes. They can be
ballast is jettisoned and the ship's deck and
cargo raised above the waterline.
subdivided into four main categories: project cargo
A heavy-lift ship is a vessel designed to move ships, open deck cargo ships, dock ships, and semi-
very large loads that cannot be handled by submersible ships. - Dock ships are characterized by
normal ships. the full-length sidewalls protecting the cargo area. ...
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CHEMICAL CARRIER LIQUIFIED GAS CARRIER

Chemical tankers are cargo ships constructed or Gas carriers are tankers intended to carry different
adapted and used for the carriage of any liquid liquefied gases used for energy purposes (petroleum
chemicals in bulk. ... - ST1 is a chemical tanker gases, natural gases), in the chemical industry
intended to transport most dangerous products, (ethylene, vinyl chloride, propylene, etc.) or used as
which require maximum preventive measures to a raw material for making agricultural fertiliser
preclude an escape of such cargo. (ammonia).
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STRUCTURAL PARTS OF A TANKER SHIP

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STRUCTURAL PARTS OF A PASSENGER SHIP
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STRUCTURAL PARTS OF A RORO SHIP

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Structural Parts Of a Container Ship
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Ships are large, complex vehicles which must be self-sustaining in their

environment for long periods with a high degree of reliability. A ship is the
product of three main areas of skill, those of the naval architect , the
navigating officer (deck officer) and the marine engineer (engineering
officer).
The naval architect is concerned with the hull, its construction, form,
habitability and ability to endure its environment. The navigating officer is
responsible for safe navigation of the ship, and its cargo operations. The
marine engineer is responsible for the various systems which propel and
operate the ship. More specifically, this means the machinery required for
propulsion, steering, anchoring and ship securing, cargo handling, air
conditioning, power generation and its distribution.

There are two main parts of a ship: the hull and the machinery. The hull is the actual
shell of the ship including her superstructure,
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The machinery includes not only the main engines required to drive her but also
the auxiliary machinery (boilers, generators, etc.) used for manoeuvring purposes,
steering, mooring, cargo handling and for various other services, e.g. the electrical
installations, winches and refrigerating plant.

The rear portion of the ship is called the after end or stern. When moving stern
first, the vessel is said to be moving astern. The front portion of the ship is called
the fore end, whilst the extreme forward end is called the bow. When moving bow
first, the vessel is said to be moving ahead. Fore and aft are generally used for
directional purposes. The area between the forward and aft portions of the vessel
is called amidships.

The maximum breadth of

the vessel, which is found
in the amidships body, is
known as the beam.
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Many modern cargo and passenger liners have a transverse propulsion unit or
bow thruster in the bows. Its purpose is to give greater manoeuvrability in confined
waters, e.g. ports, and so reduce or eliminate the need for tugs.

The rudder, which enables the vessel to maintain her course, is situated right aft.
The bulbous bow can improve passenger and crew comfort, as it can reduce
pitching in heavy seas and has been provided in tankers, bulk carriers, and
modern cargo liners to increase speed when in ballast.
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The modern tendency is to have large unobstructed holds with mechanically operated
hatch covers, both for the speedy handling of cargo, and to reduce turnround
time to a minimum.
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1 . Windlass
2. Chain cable compress STCW TABLE A-II/1
3. Hawse pipe
4. Anchor chain Mooring and anchoring arrangements
5. Bollard
6. Fair leader
7. Mooring pipe
8. Deck end roller
9. Wire reel
10 . Cowl head ventilator
11 . Derrick boom
12. Boom support
13. Air and sounding pipe
14 . Flag staff
15. Anchor davit
16 . Stockless anchor
17 . Anchor shackle
18 . Anchor shank, Anchor shaft
19. Anchor crown
20. Anchor arm
21 . Anchor palm
22 . Anchor fluke
23 . Anchor light davit
24 . Open rail
25. Hand rail stanchion
26 . Hand rail
27 . Anchor recess
28 . Bow chock
29 . Bell mouth of hawse pipe
30 . Deck Flange hawse pipe
ANCHOR AND MOORING GEAR FORWARD
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OVERVIEW 1. Storage part of the mooring drum
2. Pulling section of the drum (working part)
3. Brake band
4. Gear box
5. Electro-hydraulic motor
6. Warping head
7. Chain in the gypsy wheel
8. Dog clutch
9. Anchor
10. Hawse pipe
11. Spurling pipe
12. Chain locker
13. Chain stopper with security device
14. Guide roller
15. Bollard
16. Guide roller
17. Deck
18. Hatch to chain locker
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1. Storage part of the mooring drum

2. Pulling section of the drum (working part)
3. Brake band
4. Gear box
5. Electro-hydraulic motor
6. Warping head
7. Chain in the gypsy wheel
8. Dog clutch
9. Anchor
10. Hawse pipe
11. Spurling pipe
12. Chain locker
13. Chain stopper with security device
14. Guide roller
15. Bollard
16. Guide roller
17. Deck
18. Hatch to chain locker
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Different Parts Of Ship And Their Function

1 ) Anchor
2 ) Bow
3 ) Bow Thrusters
4 ) Accommodation
5 ) Deck
6 ) Ships Hull
7 ) Keel
8 ) Freeboard
9 ) Engine Room
10 ) Funnel
11 ) Navigation Bridge
12 ) Deck Crane
13 ) Forecastle
14 ) Propeller
15 ) Rudder
16 ) Mast
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(1) Anchor
An anchor is a heavy metal piece attached to the chain cables and is stored or
secured in the hose pipe during the voyage / ship operation. It can be either
permanent or temporary with an additional sub class of sea anchors.

All ships carrying anchors are of the temporary type; as they are not always fixed
to the same position and often lowered at different position depending upon
need. Together with its chain cables, connecting devices, windlass and chain
stopper it is called anchor gear.

An anchor is made of five major parts; shank, crown, stock, flute and tripping
ring. A shank is a fixed stem structure which is fitted together with flute by the
tripping pin passing through the shank hole.
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Together; these connecting structures along with stack (
A crossbar that helps turn the anchor to assist flute to dig
into the ground ) are known as anchor crowns. The fluke
on respect is the key part of an anchor that actually dig
deep into the ground to hold the ship in place.

Function: While most ships move from port to port; many

have to wait outside for the berth. With increased
shipping over time and growing number of ships, it
becomes more and more common to wait for long for
the berth.
SPEC ANCHOR HALL ANCHOR
So to secure them in place against the natural forces
such as wind and tide current; anchors are used in the 1. crown/ shackle
2. shank
ship. They act as a holding hand securing them to a
3. flukes
definite place with their flute hooked deep into sea bed 4. crown pin
and weight of chain along with its resultant force 5. crown plate
keeping the ship fixed to its place. 6. anchor chain with swivel
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2 ) Bow
A bow is the front most part of a ship which cuts the water
along its sides as the ship proceeds. The key two requirement
for a bow is to have; minimum drag possible or so-called
resistance between the water and the ships hull and must be
tall enough to avoid water splashing to easily on top of it.

In all the different bow types tested so far in the history only a
handful of them pass the test of time; bulbous bow, Inverted
bow and an Axe bow.

A bulbous bow is the one that you will see in most ships
including that used for commercial shipping. It can be
identified easily by its distinct bulging bulb like shape just
under the waterline; and has an advantage of increased
fuel efficiency of a ship by 10 to 15 percent.
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On another hand a ship with inverted bow design have its part of hull and bow;
upside down much like that of a submarine with extended waterline. This on
one hand improve its water drag while on another restricts its reserve buoyancy
and speed in bad weather.

Such a bow type is usually used for ships involved in anchor handling, laying
deep sea pipes and offshore. An Axe bow type have a vertically stem line hull
structure; along with a deep Axe like structure in the foremost part of the ship. It
is one of the parts of ship which due to its design capabilities; helps improve the
speed of ship for same power.

Function: Have you feel that extra effort you have to make to walk through
water? That is due to water drag and its resistance to your body motion. So to
reduce similar negative forces on ships body; bow are
placed on ship assisting easy propulsion.
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(3 ) Bow Thrusters
A bow thruster is a propeller like device fitted on both
side of ships bow. It is used to increase the
maneuverability of a ship in congested waters under
very slow speed like that in canals or near ports.

For most designs you will only found a tunnel passing

through ships bow with an impeller in place. It is for this
distinct look; bow thrusters are also referred to as tunnel
thrusters. The impeller can rotate in both direction;
clockwise and anticlockwise generating bidirectional
thrust capabilities.

Having bow thrusters greatly affects the overall running

cost of a ship by reducing part of port cost for tug ( A
small boat used by port authorities to help safely dock a
ship ) assistance. For ships having bow thrusters it is
required to have proper markings on both sides above
waterline.
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These thrusters are mostly powered electrically using a prime mover attached
to the impeller shaft using a bevel gear assembly. For some ships they are also
powered hydraulically where electrical option is not possible or is unfeasible.

Function: A ship is maneuvered using propulsion and rudder angle variation.

A rudder is a blade like structure situated at aft of propeller which moves
horizontally across the medium to steer a ship. Rudder angle is changed by a
value to get desired change in ship direction.

But what if the speed of ship is too slow to be effectively controlled by rudder
angle? This is where the bow thrusters came into picture assisting captain to
steer ship even at very low speed.
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4 ) Accommodation
It is a place on ship where the crew resides or live. Together with offices, crew
cabins, gym, prayer room (Few ships ), salon, recreation room, laundry,
hospital and galley it is the heart of a ship next to engine room and bridge.

A salon on board is the common area or living space for its crew, passengers
and any visiting authorities to interact; and often include common room and
dinning space. On another hand galley is just a nautical term for kitchen;
where food is prepared.

Being one of the key parts of ship; accommodation accounts for major
systems on board including; fresh water system, refrigeration system ( domestic
), garbage disposal system, sewage treatment plant and air
conditioning for accommodation block.
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Under international and local maritime laws of flag state it is required to have
accommodation of all vessels including; passenger ship, cargo ship, salvage
ship, tug and dredger above the summer load line situated aft or amidships of
the ship structure.

Function: An accommodation accounts for the living space of the ship. Under
maritime labor convention (MLC 2006-2007 ); it is required by law to provide
adequate accommodation facilities to ships crew and officers along with
proper recreational facilities.

In this it is stated to have proper provision for safety, accommodation, health

and accidents of crew on board ship. It is now required to have hospital
accommodation, proper ventilation, lighting, head space, heating with
adequate size of crew cabins.
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5 ) Deck
A deck is a floor or covering to the ships hull structure. A ship can have different
decks at different section or parts of ship; namely upper and lower deck or
deck 1, deck 2 and deck 3 in a sequential downward way. What it means is
that; the topmost deck exposed to weather is called main deck or weather
deck.

The levels and floors below weather deck is called deck 1, while one below
deck 1 is called deck 2 and so on. On other hand decks or floors that does not
extends from aft to forward are generally called as level.

Based on the position and level a ship’s deck can be divided into six main
types; main deck, poop deck, upper deck, lower deck, weather deck and
Foredeck. The main deck on the ship which run through its entire length is called
main deck.
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For most ships it also the top most deck and so also called the upper deck;
but in war ships its a separate deck below the upper deck. The deck below
upper deck is called lower deck while any part of ship which
is exposed to open weather is called whether deck.

The deck situated in the aft side of a ship is called poop deck; while the part
of deck situated in between accommodation and forecastle is called fore
deck.

Function: One of many parts of ship; a deck is the plane that holds the hull
structure providing different celling floor to the ship. The other job it do is to
provide space and floor for the equipment and people to stand and work
while protecting them from outside weather.
6 ) Ships Hull
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A hull is that part of ship that extends below the waterline to
cover and protect water from getting in. You can consider it
as the shell which protects the inside treasures from outside
environment.

Everything that is stored and situated within the main ship

structure is covered and protected by the ships hull. It
includes the key parts of the ship such as bow, deck, the
bottom keel and the both sides of the ship.

They are made up of series of plates jointed together called

stakes along with other structural member such as plating
and stiffeners.

A stiffener consists of structural parts such as longitudinal and

transverse frames, bulkhead stiffness, girders and beam.
While ships plating consists mainly of deck platting along with
bottom, bulkhead and
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END OF PRELIM
WEEK 1
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ASSIGNMENT: LABEL THE 35 PARTS OF A
GENERAL CARGO SHIP