Written as per the latest textbook prescribed by the Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook

 
Production and Curriculum Research, Pune.

PERFECT
MATHEMATICS

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& STATISTICS Part - II
Std. XII Sci. & Arts 

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Salient Features

 Written as per the new textbook

 Exhaustive coverage of entire syllabus
 
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 Topic-wise distribution of textual questions at the start of every chapter.
 Precise theory for every topic
 Covers answers to all exercises and miscellaneous exercises given in the textbook.
 All derivations and theorems covered
Includes MCQs for practice
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
Illustrative examples for selective problems

 ‘Smart Recap’ at the end of the book  
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 Activity Based Questions covered in every chapter


  
‘Smart Check’ to enable easy rechecking of solutions
Topic Test at the end of each chapter for self-assessment
 ‘Competitive Corner’ gives idea of MCQs asked in competitive exams
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
 
Includes Q.R. code for students to access the ‘Solutions’ of the Topic tests.
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Printed at: Repro India Ltd., Mumbai 

  Publications Pvt. Ltd.

© Target
No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, C.D. ROM/Audio Video Cassettes or electronic, mechanical
including photocopying; recording or by any information storage and retrieval system without permission in writing from the Publisher.

 Balbharati Registration No.: 2018MH0022 P.O. No. 00752
  TEID: 1402
  PREFACE

Perfect Mathematics & Statistics Part - II is intended for every Maharashtra State Board aspirant of Std.
XII, Science. The scope, sequence, and level of the book are designed to match the new textbook issued by the
Maharashtra State Board.
At this crucial juncture in their lives, when the students are grappling with the pressures of cracking a
career-defining board examination, we wanted to create a book that not only develops the necessary
knowledge, tools, and skills required to excel in the examination, but also enables students to appreciate the

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beauty of the subject and piques their curiosity.
We believe that students respond favourably to meaningful content, if it is presented in a way that is easy to
read and understand, rather than being mired down with facts and information. Consequently, we have always
placed the highest priority on writing clear and lucid explanations of fundamental concepts. Moreover, special
care has been taken to ensure that the topics are presented in a logical order.

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The primary purpose of this book is to assist the students in preparing for the board examination. However, this
is closely linked to other goals: to exemplify how important and how incredibly interesting mathematics is, and
to help the student become an expert thinker and problem solver.
Practice, practice & more practice is the key to score high in mathematics!

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To help the students, this book amalgamates problems that are rich in both variety and number which provides
the student with ample practice, ensuring mastery of each concept.
The scope of the book extends beyond the State Board examination as it also offers a plethora of Multiple
Choice Questions (MCQs) in order to familiarize the students with the pattern of competitive examinations.
In addition, the chapter-test have been carefully crafted to focus on concepts, thus providing the students with a
quick opportunity for self-assessment and giving them an increased appreciation of chapter-preparedness.
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Our Std. XII Perfect Mathematics Part - II adheres to our vision and achieves several goals: building
concepts, developing competence to solve problems, recapitulation, self-study, self-assessment and student
engagement—all while encouraging students toward cognitive thinking.
The journey to create a complete book is strewn with triumphs, failures and near misses. If you think we’ve
nearly missed something or want to applaud us for our triumphs, we’d love to hear from you.
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Please write to us on: mail@targetpublications.org
A book affects eternity; one can never tell where its influence stops.
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Best of luck to all the aspirants!

From,
Publisher
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Edition: First
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Disclaimer
This reference book is transformative work based on textbook Mathematics Part - II; First edition: 2020 published by the Maharashtra State Bureau of
Textbook Production and Curriculum Research, Pune. We the publishers are making this reference book which constitutes as fair use of textual
contents which are transformed by adding and elaborating, with a view to simplify the same to enable the students to understand, memorize and
reproduce the same in examinations.
This work is purely inspired upon the course work as prescribed by the Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum Research, Pune.
Every care has been taken in the publication of this reference book by the Authors while creating the contents. The Authors and the Publishers shall not be
responsible for any loss or damages caused to any person on account of errors or omissions which might have crept in or disagreement of any third party on
the point of view expressed in the reference book.
© reserved with the Publisher for all the contents created by our Authors.
No copyright is claimed in the textual contents which are presented as part of fair dealing with a view to provide best supplementary study material for
the benefit of students.
  
 
FEATURES

Illustrative Example

dx
Evaluate :  4x 2
 4x + 5
Solution:
Step 1 :

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dx Illustrative Example
Let I =  4x 2
 4x + 5
 
dx
=  5 Illustrative Example provides a detailed
4  x2  x +  approach towards solving a problem.

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 4
1 dx
4  x2  x + 5
=
4
Step 2 :

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2 2 2
1  1  1 1
 coefficient of x  =   1 =   =
 2   2   
2 4 C
Smart Check
Smart Check
d
If (tan x – x + c) = tan2 x, then our answer is
dx
Smart Check is a technique to verify the correct.
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answers. This is our attempt to cross- d
check the accuracy of the answer. (tan x – x + c) = sec2 x – 1
dx
Smart check is indicated by symbol.
 = tan2 x
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  Thus, our answer is correct.

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Activities for Practice

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1. Determine the order and degree of each of

the following differential equations. Activities for Practice 
2 9 4
  dy    d2 y 
1     =  2
  dx    dx  In this section we have provided multiple
order = , degree = activities for practice which will help students
2 understand the concepts.
  dy 3  d3 y
3

1     = 4 3
  dx   dx  
order = , degree =
  
 
One Mark Questions

One Mark Questions 1. Differentiate sin (x2 + x) w.r.t.x. [Feb 20]

dy
These questions require very short 2. If y = e x , find .
dx
solutions with direct application of
mathematical concepts. dy
3. If y = sec x, find .
dx

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dy
4. If x = t2 and y = t3, find .
dx

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Time: 1 Hour TOPIC TEST Total Marks: 20

SECTION A Topic  Test
Q.1. Select and write the correct answer.
Topic Test covers questions from the
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
2 chapter for self-evaluation purpose.
i.  cos
6
x dx = This is our attempt to provide the
0
students with revision and help them
5 5 assess their knowledge of chapter.
(A) (B)
16 32
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5 5
(C) (D)
16 32
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Competitive Corner
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1. In a workshop, there are five machines and the

probability of any one of them to be out of
Competitive Corner 1
service on a day is . If the probability that at
4
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Competitive Corner presents questions most two machines will be out of service on the
3
from prominent [JEE (Main), MHT CET]
same day is   k, then k is equal to:
3
competitive exams based entirely on the  
4
syllabus covered in the chapter.
[JEE (Main) 2020]
This is our attempt to introduce students
to MCQs asked in competitive exams. 17
(A) (B) 4
2
17 17
(C) (D)
4 8
  
 
Smart Recap  

1 Differentiation          Smart Recap 

1. Derivatives of Standard Functions: Smart Recap given at the end of the book
i. Constant Function: includes important and relevant concepts and
d formulae in the chapters.
 k   0, where k is a constant

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This is our attempt to offer students a handy
dx
tool to solve problems and ace the last minute
ii. Algebraic Functions: revision.
d d 1
a. (x)n = nxn–1 b. ( x) =
dx dx 2 x

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d  1  n
c.   n 1
dx  x n  x

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CONTENTS
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Chapter No. Chapter Name Page No.

1 Differentiation 1
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2 Applications of Derivatives 82

3 Indefinite Integration 127

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4 Definite Integration 210

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5 Application of Definite Integration 250

6 Differential Equations 273

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7 Probability Distributions 326

8 Binomial Distribution 354

Smart Recap 378

 7 Probability Distributions

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Type of Problems Exercise Q. Nos.
To Identify Random Variable as Discrete or Miscellaneous Exercise – 7
Q.1
Continuous
Probability Mass Function and Probability 7.1 Q.1 to 8
Distribution Miscellaneous Exercise – 7 II - Q.2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8

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Cumulative Distribution Function (c.d.f) of a Discrete Miscellaneous Exercise – 7
II - Q.5, 9
Random Variable
Expected Value, Variance and Standard Deviation of 7.1 Q.9 to 16
a Discrete Random Variable Miscellaneous Exercise – 7 II - Q.10, 11, 12
Probability Density Function (p.d.f) and Cumulative 7.2 Q.1 to 9

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Distribution Function (c.d.f) of a Continuous Random
Miscellaneous Exercise – 7 II - Q.13, 14, 15
Variable
Expected Value, Variance and Standard Deviation of
7.2 Q.10
a Continuous Random Variable

Syllabus
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y Random variables.
y Types of random variables
y Probability distribution of random variable.
¾ Discrete random variable ¾ Continuous random variable
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¾ Probability mass function ¾ Probability density function
¾ Expected values and variance ¾ Cumulative distribution function
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Let’s Recall
Equally likely outcomes:

Let’s Recall The outcomes of a random experiment are called

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Basic Terminology
equally likely, if all of them have equal preference. In
Random experiment (trial): the experiment of tossing an unbiased coin, the
Any action in which all the possible results are known outcomes ‘Head’ and ‘Tail’ are equally likely.
in advance, but none of them can be predicted is called
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a random experiment. Complement of an event:

S
Sample space: The set of all outcomes in a
The set of all possible outcomes of a random A Ac
sample space excluding those
experiment is called the sample space of that
experiment and is denoted by S. of an event is called the
Every element of the sample space is called the sample complement of an event. It is
point. The number of sample points in a sample space denoted by Ac, Bc, Cc, etc.
S are denoted by n(S).
Event: Using a Venn Diagram we represent the Sample Space
An event is a subset of the sample space and is usually (S), an Event (A), the Complement of an Event (Ac)
denoted by capital letters A, B, C, etc. etc., as shown above.
326
 £

Chapter 7: Probability Distributions

Some commonly used events and their notations Probability:
are given below: If an event ‘A’ is defined over a sample space ‘S’ then
n(A)
Event Notation the probability of event ‘A’ is given by P(A) ,
n(S)
Not A A or Ac or Ac where n(A) is the number of elements in event A and
at least one of A, B occurs A‰B n(S) is the number of elements in sample space S.
both A and B occur AˆB
Fundamental rule of probability:
A occurs but not B A ˆ B'
If one particular task can be done in ‘m’ ways and a
B occurs but not A A' ˆ B
second particular task can be done in ‘n’ ways, then

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neither A nor B occur A' ˆ B'
both the task can be done together in ‘m u n’ number
at least one of A, B, C A‰B‰C
of ways.
Exactly one of A and B (A ˆ B ) ‰ ( A ˆ B) Note:
All three of A, B, C AˆBˆC If A be any event defined over a sample space S, then
Exactly two of A, B and C (A ˆ B ˆ C ) ‰ i. 0 d P(A) d 1

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(A ˆ B ˆ C) ‰ ii. P(S) = 1
( A ˆ B ˆ C)
Theorems:
i. If ‘A’ is an event defined over a sample space
‘S’ and Ac is the complement of the event ‘A’
Exhaustive events:
then P(Ac) = 1  P(A).

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Two events A and B defined on a sample space S are
ii. If ‘A’ and ‘B’ are any two events defined over a
said to be exhaustive if A ‰ B = S.
sample space ‘S’, then
Mutually Exclusive events: P(A ‰ B) = P(A) + P(B)  P(A ˆ B)
Two events A and B defined on a sample space S are iii. If events A and B are mutually exclusive, then
called mutually exclusive events if they can not occur P(A ˆ B) = 0, thus P(A ‰ B) = P(A) + P(B)
simultaneously, i.e., A ˆ B = I. In such a case A and
Conditional probability:
C
B are disjoint sets.
P  A ˆ B P  A ˆ B
P  A B and P  B A 
Note: P  B P A
If two events A and B defined on a sample space S are
mutually exclusive and exhaustive, then they are called Multiplication theorem:
complementary events. If A and B are two events defined on the sample space
That is, if A ‰ B = S and A ˆ B = I then A and B are S, then the probability of occurrence of both the events
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called complementary events. is given by P(A ˆ B) = P(A)˜P(B/A) = P(B)˜P(A/B)
Note:
Tossing a coin/coins: If A and B are independent events (the occurrence of
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If one coin is tossed n times or n coins are tossed one event does not depend on the occurrence of other
together, then n(S) = 2n. event), then
Throwing a die/dice: P(A ˆ B) = P(A)˜P(B)
If one die is thrown n times or n dice are thrown Bayes’ theorem:
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together, then n(S) = 6n If B1, B2, ...., Bn are n mutually exclusive and
exhaustive events and if A is an arbitrary event
Playing cards: consequent to these Bi’s, then for each i,
A full pack of playing cards, also called the deck, i = 1, 2, .…, n
consists of 52 cards.
It does not contain any joker. P(Bi /A) = P(Bi ) P(A / Bi )
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Amongst these 52 cards, there are 4 different suits, ¦ P(A ˆ B )

i 1
i

each containing 13 cards.

Of these four suits, 2 are red and 2 are black. Let’s Study
The two red suits are the hearts (j) and the
diamonds (i). Random Variable
The two black suits are the spades (k) and the
clubs (h). Definition:
In each suit, each of the thirteen cards is assigned a A random variable is a function from the sample space
definite number, from 1 to 13, called its denomination. S to the set of real numbers.
In each suit, there are 3 picture (face) cards, viz. a Random variables are usually denoted by capital letter
jack, a queen and a king. such as X,Y.
The card with denomination 1 is called an ace. Symbolically, X: S o R
327
 £

Std. XII : Perfect Mathematics - II

We will often use the abbreviation ‘r.v.’ in place of Values of continuous r.v. move continuously, from one
random variable. possible value to another, without jump.
If the outcome of an experiment is expressed in a
descriptive mode, we may modify the outcome Remarks:
suitably so that, it is expressed in the numerical form. i. Values of a discrete r.v. are obtained by
For example: counting whereas those of continuous r.v. are
i. Instead of saying that H or T appears on tossing obtained by measurement.
a coin, we would say ‘1’ for head and ‘0’ for ii. Simple mathematical tools such as summation
tail. In such a case, 1 and 0 become random and difference are required to study the basic
variables. properties of discrete r.v., while continuous r.v.

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ii. In case of a die, the event reading on its requires calculus methods such as integrals and
uppermost face, being already a number, is derivatives.
automatically a random variable.
iii. Rainfall in cms, in a city is already a random
Probability Mass Function (p.m.f.) of
variable, however, heavy rainfall or scanty a Discrete Random Variable

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rainfall is not a random variable.
The probability distribution of a discrete random
Types of Random Variables variable is a list of probabilities associated with each
of its possible values. It is also sometimes called the
There are two types of random variables. probability function or the probability mass function.

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i. Discrete random variable For example:
ii. Continuous random variable
Suppose you flip two unbiased coins simultaneously.
Discrete Random Variable: This simple experiment can have four possible
A random variable X is said to be discrete, if it takes outcomes: HH, HT, TH and TT.
either finite or countably infinite values. Thus, a ? Sample space, S = {HH, HT, TH, TT}
discrete random variable takes only isolated values.
Now, let the variable X represents the number of heads
For example:
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that result from this experiment.
i. Number of children in a family, will take values
Since coins are unbiased, each element in S is equally
say 0, 1, 2, 3, ...., etc.
1
Here, the random variable associated with this likely, i.e., has an equal probability .
4
experiment takes values 0, 1, 2, 3 etc.
ii. Profit made by an investor in a day. The variable X can take on the values 0, 1 or 2.
Here, the r.v. X associated with the above This can be shown as follows:
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experiment may take positive (profit), negative Outcome Probability of outcome Value of X
(loss) or fractional values.
1
But the fractional value can be measured at best HH 2
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4
to the nearest paise.
If an investor has a profit of ` 140 and 50 paise, 1
HT 1
then X takes the value ` 140.5 but it can never 4
take value like ` 140.573 etc. Hence, discrete 1
TH 1
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r.v. takes isolated value. 4

In other words, its values jump from one 1
possible value to the next but it never takes up TT 0
4
the intermediate values.
Continuous Random Variable: Note that sum of all probabilities is 1.
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A random variable X is said to be continuous if it can Definition:

take any value in a given interval. Thus, possible
If X is a discrete r.v. defined on a sample space S and
values of a continuous random variable are
the range of a random variable X assumes discrete
uncountably infinite.
values x1, x2, x3, …., xn, then the function pi = P(X = xi)
For example:
is called the probability mass function of X if
i. Heights of students in a class.
i. pi t 0, i = 1, 2, 3, …., n and
Here, the r.v. X denotes the heights of students, n
which may take any value within the given ii. ¦p i 1
range of heights. i 1

ii. Failure time of electronic component. The p.m.f. assigns a probability [P(X = xi)] for each of
The outcomes in this case are given by the time- the possible value xi of the variable.
to-time failure which may assume any non- P(X = xi) is read as probability that the r.v. X assumes
negative real value, say, any value from 0 to f. the value xi.
328
 £

Chapter 7: Probability Distributions

Probability Distribution: Definition:
A probability distribution is a table or an equation that Let X be a discrete r.v. suppose {x1, x2,.…, xn} is the
links each outcome of a statistical experiment with its range set of X and p1, p2, …., pn are the respective
probability of occurrence. probabilities of values of X. The cumulative
Let X be a discrete r.v. defined on a sample space S. distribution function of X at some fixed values x is
Suppose {x1, x2, …., xn} is its range set and denoted by F(x) and is defined as F(x) = P[X d x], x 
pi = P(X = xi) is the p.m.f. of X. R.
The set of ordered pairs (xi, pi), i = 1, 2, …., n is called In particular, F(xi) = P[X d xi] = p1 + p2 + ….+ pi ;
the probability distribution of X. i = 1, 2, …., n.

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The probability distribution of X can be represented in
a tabular form as follows: Expected Value, Variance and Standard
Deviation of a Discrete r.v.
X=x x1 x2 ………….. xn Total
P(X = x) p1 p2 ………….. pn 1 For a discrete random variable, let us study its
expected value, variance and standard deviation.

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In order to verify whether the given function is p.m.f.
or not, we must check the following: Expected Value:
i. P(X = x) t 0  x and The sum of the product of the values within the range
ii. ¦ P(X x) 1 of the discrete random variable and their respective
x
probabilities of occurrence is called the expected value

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The given function is not a p.m.f. if either (i) or of a discrete random variable.
(ii) or both are not satisfied.
Definition:
Cumulative Distribution Function (c.d.f.) of a If X is a discrete random variable assuming values x1,
Discrete r.v.: x2, …., xn, with respective probabilities of occurrence
All random variables (discrete and continuous) have a p1, p2, .…, pn such that p1 + p2 + …. + pn = 1, then the
cumulative distribution function. It is a function giving Mathematical Expectation or Expected value denoted
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the probability that the random variable X is less than by E(X) or P is given by
or equal to x, for every x. n

For example: E(X) = x1p1 + x2p2 + …. + xn pn = ¦xp

i 1
i i

Two coins are tossed simultaneously and the results

Variance:
are noted.
The variance of a discrete random variable X measures
Let X be a r.v. defined as,
the spread or variability of the distribution.
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X = number of heads appearing on the coins.
If X is a discrete random variable assuming values x1,
Consider the following table that gives probability
x2, …., xn, with respective probabilities of occurrence
distribution of a r.v. X.
p1, p2, .…, pn, and P = E(X), then the variance of X,
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X=x 0 1 2 denoted by Var(X) or V2, is defined as

P(X = x)
1 1 1 V2 = Var(X) = E[X  E(X)]2 = E(X2)  [E(X)]2
4 2 4 n n
where E(X) = ¦ xi pi and E(X2) = ¦ xi2pi
Suppose, we want to find the probability that value of i 1 i 1
m

n
X is at most 1 or X takes values less than or equal to 1.
This means X takes values 0 or 1.
? 2
V = E(X  P ) = 2
¦ p ( x P)
i 1
i i
2

Symbolically, P(X d 1) = P(X = 0) or P(X = 1) Note:

= P(X = 0) + P(X = 1) i. Var(X) t 0, always.
1 1 3
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=  = Standard Deviation:
4 2 4
The standard deviation denoted by V is the positive
The probabilities of the type P(X d x) are called square root of the variance.
cumulative probabilities.
Like a probability distribution, a cumulative Thus, V = Var (X) = E(X  P) 2
probability distribution can be represented by the Remarks:
following table: i. Standard deviation of X has the same unit as
No. of heads: X = x 0 1 2 that of X, whereas in computation of variance
1 1 1 unit gets squared.
Probability: P(X = x) ii. The variance or the standard deviation is a
4 2 4
measure of the spread or dispersion of the
1 3
Cumulative probability: P(X d x) 1 values of a random variable about its expected
4 4 value.
329
 £

Std. XII : Perfect Mathematics - II

iv.
Exercise 7.1
Z 3 2 1 0 –1
1. Let X represent the difference between P(Z) 0˜˜3 0˜˜2 0˜˜4 0 0˜˜05
number of heads and number of tails v.
obtained when a coin is tossed 6 times. What Y –1 0 1
are possible values of X?
P(Y) 0˜˜6 0˜˜1 0˜˜2
Solution:
X represent the difference between number of vi.
heads and number of tails. X 0 –1 –2

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Sample space of the experiment is P(X) 0˜˜3 0˜˜4 0˜˜3
S = {(0 heads, 6 tails), (1 head, 5 tails),
(2 heads, 4 tails), (3 heads, 3 tails), Solution:
(4 heads, 2 tails), (5 heads, 1 tail), i. Here, pi > 0, i = 1, 2, 3
(6 heads, 0 tails)} Now consider,

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3
The value of X corresponding to these outcomes ¦p = 0.4 + 0.4 + 0.2 = 1
i
are as follow: i=1

X(0 heads, 6 tails) = 0 – 6 = – 6 ? Given distribution is p.m.f.

X(1 heads, 5 tails) = 1 – 5 = – 4
X(2 heads, 4 tails) = 2 – 4 = – 2 ii. Here, P(X = 3) = –0.1 < 0

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X(3 heads, 3 tails) = 3 – 3 = 0 ? Given distribution is not p.m.f.
X(4 heads, 2 tails) = 4 – 2 = 2
X(5 heads, 1 tails) = 5 – 1 = 4 iii. Here, pi > 0,  i= 1, 2, 3
X(6 heads, 0 tails) = 6 – 0 = 6 Now consider,
? Possible values of X are {–6, – 4, –2, 0, 2, 4, 6} 3

¦p i = 0.1 + 0.6 + 0.3 = 1

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i=1
2. An urn contains 5 red and 2 black balls. Two ? Given distribution is p.m.f.
balls are drawn at random. X denotes
number of black balls drawn. What are
iv. Here, pi t 0,  i = 1 ,2 , …, 5
possible values of X?
Now consider,
Solution: 5
5 red + 2 black = 7 balls ¦p = 0.3 + 0.2 + 0.4 + 0 + 0.05 = 0.95 z 1
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i
i=1
X denote the number of black balls drawn.
Sample space of the experiment is ? Given distribution is not p.m.f.
S = {RR, BR, RB, BB}
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The value of X corresponding to these out v. Here, pi > 0,  i = 1, 2, 3

comes are as follow: Now consider,
3
X (RR) = 0 ¦p = 0.6 + 0.1 + 0.2 = 0.9 z 1
i
X(BR) = X(RB) = 1 i=1
m

X(BB) = 2 Given distribution is not p.m.f.

? Possible values of X are {0, 1, 2}
vi. Here, pi > 0,  i = 1, 2, 3
3. State which of the following are not the Now consider,
3
probability mass function of a random
¦p = 0.3 + 0.4 + 0.3 = 1
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i
variable. Give reasons for your answer. i=1

i. ? Given distribution is p.m.f.

X 0 1 2
P(X) 0˜˜4 0˜˜4 0˜˜2 4. Find the probability distribution of
i. number of heads in two tosses of a coin.
ii. ii. number of tails in the simultaneous tosses
X 0 1 2 3 4 of three coins.
P(X) 0˜˜1 0˜˜5 0˜˜2 –0˜˜1 0˜˜2 iii. number of heads in four tosses of a coin.
Solution:
iii.
i. Let X denote the number of heads.
X 0 1 2 Sample space of the experiment is
P(X) 0˜˜1 0˜˜6 0˜˜3 S = {HH, HT, TH, TT}

330
 £

Chapter 7: Probability Distributions

The values of X corresponding to these 5. Find the probability distribution of the
outcomes are as follows. number of successes in two tosses of a die,
X(HH) = 2 where a success is defined as number greater
X(HT) = X(TH) = 1 than 4 appears on at least one die.
X(TT) = 0 Solution:
Success is defined as a number greater than 4
? X is a discrete random variable that can take
appears on at least one die.
values 0, 1, 2.
Let X denote the number of successes.
The probability distribution of X is then
? Possible values of X and 0, 1, 2.
obtained as follows:
Let P(getting a number greater than 4) = p

nt
X 0 1 2 2 1
=
1 2 1 6 3
P(X = x) 1 2
4 4 4 ? q=1–p=1–
3 3

te
4
ii. Let X denote the number of tails. ? P(X = 0) = P(no success) = qq = q2 =
9
Sample space of the experiment is P(X = 1) = P(one success) = qp + qp = 2pq
S = {HHH, HHT, HTH, THH, TTT, TTH, THT, 2 4 1
HTT} =2u u
=
3 9 3

on
The values of X corresponding to these 1
outcomes are as follows. P(X = 2) = P(two successes) = pp = p2 =
9
X(HHH) = 0 ? Probability distribution of X is as follows:
X(HHT) = X(HTH) = X(THH) = 1
X 0 1 2
X(TTH) = X(THT) = X(HTT) = 2
4 4 1
X(TTT) = 3 P(X = x)
9 9 9
C
? X is a discrete random variable that can take
values 0, 1, 2, 3. [Note: Answers given in the textbook are
The probability distribution of X is then 2 2
P(X = 0) = , P(X = 1) = . However, as per our
obtained as follows: 3 9
X 0 1 2 3 4 4
calculation they are P(X = 0) = , P(X = 1) = .]
9 9
1 3 3 1
e
P(X = x)
8 8 8 8 6. From a lot of 30 bulbs which include
6 defectives, a sample of 4 bulbs is drawn at
random with replacement. Find the
pl

iii. Let X denote the number of heads.

probability distribution of the number of
Sample space of the experiment is
defective bulbs.
S = {HHHH, HHHT, HHTH, HTHH, THHH,
Solution:
HHTT, HTTH, TTHH, THTH, HTHT,
Let X denote the number of defective bulbs.
THHT, HTTT, THTT, TTHT, TTTH,
m

? Possible values of X are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4.

TTTT}
6 1
The values of X corresponding to these Let P(getting a defective bulb) = p = =
30 5
outcomes are as follows:
1 4
X(TTTT) = 0 ? q=1–p=1– =
5 5
Sa

X(HTTT) = X(THTT) = X(TTHT) = X(TTTH) = 1

? P(X = 0) = P(no defective bulb)
X(HHTT) = X(HTTH) = X(TTHH) = X(THTH) 4

= qqqq = q4 = §¨ ·¸
= X(HTHT) = X(THHT) = 2 4
X(HHHT) = X(HHTH) = X(HTHH) = X(THHH) = 3 5 © ¹
X(HHHH) = 4 P(X = 1) = P(one defective bulb)
? X is a discrete random variable that can take = qqqp + qqpq + qpqq + pqqq
3 4
1 §4·
= §¨ ·¸
values 0, 1, 2, 3,4. 4
= 4pq3 = 4 u u
The probability distribution of X is then 5 ¨© 5 ¸¹ 5
© ¹
obtained as follows: P(X = 2) = P(two defective bulbs)
X 0 1 2 3 4 = ppqq + pqqp + qqpp + pqpq + qpqp + qppq
2 2

= 6p2q2 = 6 §¨ ·¸ §¨ ·¸
1 4 6 4 1 4 1
P(X = x)
16 16 16 16 16 © 5¹ ©5¹

331
 £

Std. XII : Perfect Mathematics - II

P(X = 3) = P(three defective bulbs) Solution:
= pppq + ppqp + pqpp + qppp i. The table gives a probability distribution and
3 8
= 4qp3 = 4 §¨ ·¸ §¨ ·¸
4 1
© 5¹ ©5¹
therefore ¦p
i=1
i =1

P(X = 4) = P(four defective bulbs) ? 0 + k + 2k + 2k + 3k + k2 + 2k2 + 7k2 + k = 1

10k2 + 9k – 1 = 0
4
?
= pppp = p4 = §¨ ·¸
1
5 © ¹ ? 10k2 + 10k – k – 1 = 0
? Probability distribution of X is as follows: ? 10k(k + 1) – 1(k + 1) = 0
?

nt
X 0 1 2 3 4 (10k – 1) (k + 1) = 0
P(X = § 4 ·
4 4 2 2 3 4 1
§4·
6 §¨ ·¸ §¨ ·¸
4 1
4 §¨ ·§
4 1· §1· ? k= or k = –1
x) ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ ¸¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ 10
©5¹ ©5¹ © ¹ ©5¹
5 5 5
© ¹© ¹ ©5¹
But k cannot be negative
[Note: Answer given in the textbook for P(X = 1), 1
?

te
3 2 2 k=
P(X = 2) and P(X = 3) are §¨ ·¸ , §¨ ·¸ §¨ ·¸ and
4 1 4 1 10
5
© ¹ 5 © ¹ ©5¹
5
3
§ 4 ·§ 1 · ii. P(X < 3)
¨ ¸¨ ¸ respectively. However, as per our calculation
© 5 ¹© 5 ¹ = P(X = 0 or X = 1 or X = 2)

on
4 2 2 3
= P(X = 0) + P(X = 1) + P(X = 2)
they are §¨ ·¸ , 6 §¨ ·¸ §¨ ·¸ and 4 §¨ ·§
4 4 1 4 1·
¸¨ ¸ respectively.] 3
©5¹ © 5¹ ©5¹ © 5 ¹© 5 ¹
= 0 + k + 2k = 3k =
10
7. A coin is biased so that the head is 3 times as
likely to occur as tail. If the coin is tossed iii. P(X > 4)
twice, find the probability distribution of
= P(X = 5 or X = 6 or X = 7)
number of tails.
C
Solution: = P(X = 5) + P(X = 6) + P(X = 7)
Let X denote the number of tails. = k2 + 2k2 + 7k2 + k
2
? Possible values of X are 0, 1, 2.
= 10k2 + k = 10 §¨
1· 1 1 1 1
¸  = 
Let P(getting tail) = p 10
© ¹ 10 10 10 5
According to the given condition,
P(getting head) = q = 3p
e
9. Find expected value and variance of X for the
As p + q = 1,
following p.m.f.
p + 3p = 1
1 3 X –2 –1 0 1 2
?
pl

p= and q =
4 4
2
P(X) 0˜2 0˜3 0˜1 0˜15 0˜25
P(X = 0) = P(no tails) = qq = q2 = §¨ ·¸
3 9
?
4 © ¹ 16 Solution:
P(X = 1) = P(one tail) = pq + qp Expected value of X
m

5
= 2pq = 2 §¨ ·§
1 3· 6
¸¨ ¸ =
© 4 ¹© 4 ¹ 16
= E(X) = ¦ x .P  x 
i=1
i i

2
= (–2) u (0.2) + (–1) u (0.3) + 0 u (0.1)
P(X = 2) = P(two tails) = pp = p2 = §¨ ·¸ =
1 1
©4¹ 16 + 1 u (0.15) + 2 u (0.25)
Sa

? Probability distribution of X is as follows: = – 0.4 – 0.3 + 0 + 0.15 + 0.5

= – 0.05
X 0 1 2 5

P(X = x)
9 6 1 E(X2) = ¦ x .P  x 
i=1
2
i i
16 16 16
= (–2)2 u (0.2) + (–1)2 u (0.3) + 02 u (0.1)
8. A random variable X has the following + 12 u (0.15) + 22 u (0.25)
probability distribution: = 0.8 + 0.3 + 0 + 0.15 + 1 = 2.25
X 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
? Variance of X
P(X) 0 k 2k 2k 3k k2 2k2 7k2 + k
= Var(X)
Determine: i. k ii. P (X < 3) = E(X2) – [E(X)]2
iii. P ( X > 4) = 2.25 – (– 0.05)2 = 2.2475
332
 £

Chapter 7: Probability Distributions

10. Find expected value and variance of X ,where 3

P(X = 0) = P(no head) = qqq = q3 = §¨ ·¸

1 1
X is number obtained on uppermost face ?
2 © ¹ 8
when a fair die is thrown.
P(X = 1) = P(one head) = pqq + qpq + qqp
Solution:
X denote the number on uppermost face. = 3pq2
2

= 3 §¨ ·§
? Possible values of X are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. 1 1· 3
¸¨ ¸
Each outcome is equiprobable. 2 2
© ¹© ¹ 8
? P(X = 1) = P(X = 2) = P(X = 3) = P(X = 4) P(X = 2) = P(two heads) = ppq + pqp + qpp
= P(X = 5) = P(X = 6) =
1 = 3p2q

nt
6 2

= 3 §¨ ·¸ §¨ ·¸
1 1 3
? Expected value of X ©2¹ ©2¹ 8
= E(X)
6 P(X = 3) = P(three heads) = ppp
= ¦ x .P  x 
i=1
i i
= p3 = §¨ ·¸
1
3
1

te
1 1 1 1 1 2 © ¹ 8
=1u +2u +3u +4u +5u ? Mean number of heads
6 6 6 6 6
1 = E(X)
+6u 4

1
6 = ¦ x .P  x 
i i

on
i=1
= (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6)
6 1 3 3 1
=0u +1u +2u +3u
21 7 8 8 8 8
= =
6 2 1
6
= (0 + 3 + 6 + 3)
8
¦ x .P  x 
2
E(X ) = 2
i i
i=1 3
= = 1.5
1 1 1 1 2
C
= 12 u + 22 u + 32 u + 42 u
6 6 6 6
1 1 12. Two dice are thrown simultaneously. If X
+ 5 u + 62 u
2
6 6 denotes the number of sixes, find the
1 2 expectation of X.
= (1 + 22 + 32 + 42 + 52 + 62)
6 Solution:
 6 u 7 u 13 91
e
X denote the number of sixes.
=
6u6 6 ? Possible values of X are 0, 1, 2.
? Variance of X 1
Let P(getting six when a die is thrown) = p =
pl

= Var(X) 6
= E(X2) – [E(X)]2 ? q=1–p=1–
1 5
91 § 7 ·
2
6 6
= ¨ ¸ 2

P(X = 0) = P(no six) = qq = q2 = §¨ ·¸

6 ©2¹ 5 25
?
m

35 6© ¹ 36
=
12 P(X = 1) = P(one six) = pq + qp = 2pq
[Note: Answers given in the textbook for E(X) and
= 2 §¨ ·§
1 5·
7 524 ¸¨ ¸
Var(X) are and respectively. However, as per 6 6© ¹© ¹
3 54 10
Sa

7 35 =
our calculation they are and respectively.] 36
2 12 2

P(X = 2) = P(two sixes) = pp = p2 = §¨ ·¸ =

1 1
©6¹ 36
11. Find the mean number of heads in three
tosses of a fair coin. Expectation of X
Solution: = E(X)
3
Let X denote the number of heads.
? Possible values of X are 0,1, 2, 3.
= ¦ x .P  x 
i=1
i i

1 25 10 1
Let P(getting head) = p = =0u +1u +2u
2 36 36 36
1 1 1 1
? q=1–p=1– = = (0 + 10 + 2) =
2 2 36 3

333
 £

Std. XII : Perfect Mathematics - II

13. Two numbers are selected at random X=
P(xi) xi P(xi) xi2 P(xi)
(without replacement) from the first six xi
positive integers. Let X denote the larger of 1 2 4
the two numbers obtained. Find E (X ). 2
36 36 36
Solution: 2 6 18
3
Two number are selected without replacement 36 36 36
from {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}. 3 12 48
4
Let S = sample space 36 36 36
6! 6 u 5 u 4! 4 20 100
? n(S) = 6C2 =

nt
= = 15 5
2! u 4! 2 u 1 u 4! 36 36 36
Let X denote the larger of the two numbers 5 30 180
6
obtained. 36 36 36
6 42 294
? Possible values of X are 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. 7

te
36 36 36
When X = 2,
5 40 320
one of the two numbers is 2 and remaining one 8
36 36 36
is smaller than 2, i.e., 1.
4 36 324
? Remaining number can be selected in 1 way 9
36 36 36

on
only
3 30 300
? n(X = 2) = 1 10
36 36 36
1 2 22 242
? P(X = 2) = 11
15 36 36 36
When X = 3, 1 12 144
12
one of the two numbers is 3 and remaining one 36 36 36
C
is smaller than 3, i.e., 1 or 2. n
252
? Remaining number can be selected in 2C1 = 2 ¦ x P x 
i=1
i i
36
n

¦ x P x 
2
i i
1974
36
ways. =7
i=1

? n(X = 3) = 2 11

2
? E(X) = ¦ x P x  = 7
i i
? P(X = 3) = i=1
e
15 11
1974
3 4
E(X2) = ¦ x P x  =
i=1
2
i i
36
Similarly, P(X = 4) = , P(X = 5) = ,
15 15 1974
Var(X) = E(X2) – [E(X)]2 = – (7)2
pl

5 36
P(X = 6) =
15 1974 35
= – 49 =
5 36 6
? E(X) = ¦ x .P  x 
i i
35
i=1
? Standard deviation = Var  X  = 2.42
m

1 2 3 4 5 6
=2u +3u +4u +5u +6u
15 15 15 15 15 15. A class has 15 students whose ages are 14, 17,
1 14 15, 14, 21, 17, 19, 20, 16, 18, 20, 17, 16, 19 and
= (2 + 6 + 12 + 20 + 30) = = 4.67 20 years. One student is selected in such a
15 3
Sa

manner that each has the same chance of

being chosen and the age X of the selected
14. Let X denote the sum of the numbers student is recorded. What is the probability
obtained when two fair dice are rolled. Find distribution of the random variable X? Find
the standard deviation of X. mean, variance and standard deviation of X.
Solution: Solution:
The sample space of the experiment consists of Let X denote the age of the selected student.
36 elementary events in the form of ordered ? Possible values of X are 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19,
pairs (xi, yi), where xi = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 20, 21.
yi = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. There are 2 students of age 14, 1 student of age
The random variable X, i.e., the sum of the 15, 2 students of age 16, 3 students of age 17,
numbers on the two dice takes the values 2, 3, 4, 1 student of age 18, 2 students of age 19,
5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12. 3 students of age 20, 1 student of age 21.
334
 £

Chapter 7: Probability Distributions

2
2 1 3 7 7
? P(X = 14) =
15
, P(X = 15) =
15
, ? E(X) = ¦ x P  x  = 0 u 10 + 1 u 10 = 10 = 0.7
i=1
i i

2 2
3 7 7
¦ x P x  = 0
2 2
P(X = 16) = , ? E(X ) = 2
i i u + 12 u = = 0.7
15 i=1 10 10 10

P(X = 17) =
3
, P(X = 18) =
1
, ? Var(X) = E(X2) – [E(X)]2
15 15 2
7 §7· 70  49 21
= – = = = 0.21
P(X = 19) =
2
, 10 ¨© 10 ¸¹ 100 100
15

nt
3 1 Let’s Study
P(X = 20) = , P(X = 21) =
15 15
? Mean of X
Probability Density Function (p.d.f.) of a
= E(X) Continuous Random Variable

te
8
2 1 2
= ¦ x P  x  = 14 u 15 + 15 u 15
i i + 16 u
15
+ 17 u
i=1 The probability distribution of a continuous random
3 1 2 3 1 variable is represented by its probability density function.
+ 18 u + 19 u + 20 u + 21 u It is represented by the functional notation f(x).
15 15 15 15 15
1

on
= (28 + 15 + 32 + 51 + 18 + 38 + 60 + 21) Definition:
15
If X is a continuous random variable, then the function
263 f(x) is called probability density function of X, if it
= = 17.53
15 satisfies following:
8 f
E(X2) = ¦ x P x 
i=1
2
i i f(x) t 0,  x  R and ³ f ( x)dx 1
f
C
1 Function f(x) is a non-negative function such that the
= (142 u 2 + 152 + 162 u 2 + 172 u 3
15 total area bounded by its graph and X-axis equals one.
+ 182 + 192 u 2 + 202 u 3 + 212)
4683 1561 f(x)
= =
15 5
e
Variance of X
= Var(X)
= E(X2) – [E(X)]2
pl

2
1561 § 263 ·
= – ¨ ¸
5 © 15 ¹
a X
O b
1561 69169
= –
5 225
m

The probability that X assumes a value in the interval

70245  69169 1076 (a, b) is the area bounded by the graph of f(x), X-axis
= = = 4.8
225 225 and the lines x = a, x = b and is given by P(a < X < b)
b

Standard deviation of X = ³ f ( x )dx

a
Sa

1076 2 269
= Var  X  = = = 2.2 The graph of the p.d.f. of a r.v. X is called the
225 15
probability curve of X.

16. In a meeting, 70% of the members favour Cumulative Distribution Function of a continuous
and 30% oppose a certain proposal. A r.v.:
member is selected at random and we take
X = 0 if he opposed, and X = 1 if he is in Let X be a continuous random variable with
favour. Find E (X ) and Var (X ). probability density function f(x). The cumulative
distribution function F(x) of X is defined for every real
Solution:
number xi by
According to the given conditions, xi
30 3 70 7
P(X = 0) = =
100 10
and P(X = 1) = =
100 10
F(xi) = P[X d xi] = ³ f  x  dx
f

335
 £

Std. XII : Perfect Mathematics - II

Y Exercise 7.2

f(x)
1. Verify which of the following is p.d.f. of r.v.
X:
S
i. f(x) = sin x, for 0 ≤ x ≤
2
ii. f(x) = x, for 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 and = 2 – x for 1 < x < 2
iii. f(x) = 2, for 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
Solution:

nt
Xc X
f O xi f S
i. Here, f(x) = sin x t 0 for x ª«0, º»
¬ 2¼
Remarks: Now consider,
S S
i. F(xi) is the area under the curve y = f(x) to the

te
2 2

left of xi. It is shaded region in above figure. ³ f  x  dx = ³ sin x dx

0 0
ii. F(x) increases smoothly as x increases. S

= >  cos x @0
2
iii. If range of X is (a, b), then for any value of x
smaller than a, F(x) = 0 and for any value of x ª §S· º

on
= «  cos ¨ ¸  cos  0  »
greater than or equal to b, F(x) = 1. ¬ 2 © ¹ ¼
iv. P[X > x] = 1  P(X d x) = 1  F(x) = [0 + 1] = 1
v. P[a < X < b] = P[a d X < b] = P[a < X d b] ? f(x) is p.d.f. of r.v. X

= P[a d X d b] = F(b)  F(a), for (a, b) contained

ii. Here, f(x) t 0  x [0, 2)
in the range of X. Also, f(x) is continuous.
C
Now consider,
Expected value, variance and S.D. of a 2 1 2

continuous random variable ³ f  x  dx =

0
³ f  x  dx +
0
³ f  x  dx
1
1 2

In the previous section we have studied the definitions = ³ x dx + ³  2  x  dx

e
0 1
of the expected value, variance and standard deviation
1 1
= ª¬ x 2 º¼ 0  2 > x @1  ª¬ x 2 º¼1
1 2 2
for a discrete random variable. 2 2
On similar lines, now we will study the same for a 1 1
pl

= [1 – 0] + 2[2 – 1] – [4 –1]
continuous random variable. 2 2
1 3
Definition: = +2–
2 2
Let X be a continuous random variable with p.d.f. f(x), =1
m

the mean or expectation of X is defined as ? f(x) is p.d.f. of r.v. X

f

E(X) = ³ x f ( x ) dx ,
f
[Note: Answer given in the textbook is ‘function is not
p.d.f’. However, we found that ‘function is p.d.f.’]
Provided the integral exists.
Sa

iii. Here, f(x) > 0  x [0, 1]

If the p.d.f. of X is defined over an interval [a, b], then
Now consider,
b 1 1
E(X) = ³ x f ( x) dx , f(x) z 0 ³ f  x  dx = ³ 2 dx = 2 > x@
1
0
= 2[1 – 0] = 2 z 1
a 0 0

Var (X) = E[X  E(X)]2 f(x) is not p.d.f. of r.v.X.

= E(X)2  [E(X)]2 2. The following is the p.d.f. of r.v. X : f(x) =

x
,
f 8
where E(X2) = ³x for 0 < x < 4 and = 0 otherwise
2
f ( x) dx .
f Find
i. P (X < 1·5 ) ii. P (1 < X < 2)
S.D.(X) = Var(X)
iii. P (X > 2)

336
 £

Chapter 7: Probability Distributions

Solution: iii. P(X is negative) = P(–1 < X < 0)
1.5 0 0
x2
i. P(X < 1.5) = ³ f  x  dx
0
= ³ f  x  dx = ³ 3
dx
1 1
1.5 0
x 1 2
= ³ 0
8
dx =
3 ³1
x dx
1.5
1 1 3 0 1 1
8 ³0
= x dx = ª x º = [0 + 1] =
9 ¬ ¼ 1 9 9
1 2 1.5 1 2.25
= ª¬ x º¼ = [2.25 – 0] =

nt
16 0 16 16 4. Find k if the following function represent
2
p.d.f. of r.v. X.
ii. P(1 < X < 2) = ³ f  x  dx i. f(x) = kx, for 0 < x < 2 and = 0 otherwise, Also
1 §1 3·
2
find P ¨  X  ¸ .
x 4© 2 ¹

te
= ³ dx
1
8 ii. f(x) = kx(1 – x), for 0 < x < 1 and = 0
1
2 §1 1· § 1·
otherwise, Also find P ¨  X  ¸ , P ¨ X  ¸ .
8 ³1
= x dx 4 2 2
© ¹ © ¹
1 2 2 1 3 Solution:

on
= ª¬ x º¼ = [4 – 1] = i. Given that f(x) represents p.d.f. of r.v. X.
16 1 16 16
2
4
x ? ³ f  x  dx = 1
iii. P(X > 2) = ³ 8 dx
2
0
2

1
4 ? ³ kx dx = 1
=
8 ³ x dx 0
C
2 2

1 4
= ª¬ x 2 º¼ 2 =
1
[16 – 4] =
12
=
3 ? k ³ x dx = 1
16 16 16 4 0

k 2 2
3. It is known that error in measurement of ? ªx º = 1
2 ¬ ¼0
reaction temperature (in 0q c) in a certain
k
experiment is continuous r.v. given by ? [4 – 0] = 1
e
2
x2
f(x) = , for –1 < x < 2 and = 0 otherwise k
3 ? [4] = 1
2
i. Verify whether f(x) is p.d.f. of r.v. X.
pl

ii. Find P(0 < X ≤ 1) 1

? k=
iii. Find probability that X is negative. 2
3 3
Solution: 2 2
§1 3· x
i. Here, f(x) t 0  x  (–1, 2) P ¨  X ¸ =
©4 2¹ ³ f  x  dx = ³ 2 dx
m

2 2 2 1 1
x
Now consider, ³ f  x  dx = ³
1 1
3
dx 4
3
4

3
12 1
= ³ x dx = ª¬ x 2 º¼ 12
2
1
= ³x dx
2
21 4
3 1
4
4
Sa

1 2
1 ª 9 1 º 1 ª 36  1 º 35
= ª¬ x 3 º¼ 1 = «  »= « =
9 4 ¬ 4 16 ¼ 4 ¬ 16 »¼ 64
1
= [8 + 1] = 1
9
ii. Given that f(x) represents p.d.f. of r.v. X.
? f(x) is p.d.f. of r.v. X. 1

1 1
x 2 ? ³ f  x  dx = 1
ii. P(0 d X d 1) = ³ f  x  dx = ³0 3 dx 0

0 1

1 2
1
1 1
? ³ kx 1  x  dx = 1
= ³
30
x dx = ª¬ x3 º¼
9 0
0

ª1 1
º
1 1 ? k « ³ x dx  ³ x 2 dx » = 1
= [1 – 0] = ¬0 0 ¼
9 9
337
 £

Std. XII : Perfect Mathematics - II

­ 1 1 1 ½ 1 Solution:
? k ® ¬ª x 2 ¼º 0  ª¬ x3 º¼ 0 ¾ = 1 1
¯ 2 3 ¿
i. P(X d 1) = ³ f  x  dx
­1
>1  0@½¾ = 1
1
? k ® >1  0@  0

¯2 3 ¿ 1
= ³ 0.5 x dx
ª1 1º
? k «  »=1 0
¬ 2 3¼ 1

? k=6 = 0.5 ³ x dx
0
1

§1 1· 2 0.5 2 1 1 1

nt
a. P¨
© 4
X ¸ =
2¹ ³ f  x  dx
1
= ª x º = [1 – 0] =
2 ¬ ¼0 4 4
4
1
1.5

³ f  x  dx
2
= 6 ³  x  x  dx 2 ii. P(0.5 d X d 1.5) =
0.5

te
1
4 1.5

ª 1
2
º1
2
= 0.5 ³ x dx
« » 0.5
= 6 « ³ x d x  ³ x 2 dx » 0.5 2 1.5
«¬ 14 1
»¼ = ªx º
4 2 ¬ ¼ 0.5

on
ª1 1
1
1
º 1
= 6 « ª¬ x 2 º¼ 12  ª¬ x3 º¼ 12 » = [2.25 – 0.25]
2 3 4
¬ 4 4 ¼
1 1
­1 ª1 1º 1 ª1 1 º½ = u2
= 6 ® «  »  «  »¾ 4 2
¯ 2 ¬ 4 16 ¼ 3 ¬ 8 64 ¼ ¿
ª1 3 1 7º
=6« u  u 2
16 3 64 »¼ ³ f  x  dx
C
¬2 iii. P(X t 1.5) =
1.5
11 11
=6u = 2
192 32 = 0.5 ³ x dx
1 1.5
2
§ 1·
b. P¨X  ¸ = ³ f  x  dx =
0.5 2 2
ªx º
© 2¹ 2 ¬ ¼1.5
e
0
1
1
2 = [4 – 2.25]
³  x  x  dx 4
2
=6
1 7 7
pl

0
= u =
ª 12 1
2
º 4 4 16
« »
= 6 « ³ x dx  ³ x dx »
2

«¬ 0 0 »¼ 6. Suppose that X is waiting time in minutes for

a bus and its p.d.f. is given by
m

ª1 1
1 1
º
= 6 « ¬ª x 2 ¼º 02  ¬ª x3 ¼º 02 » 1
2 ¬ 3 ¼ f(x) = , for 0 ≤ x ≤ 5 and = 0 otherwise.
5
­1 ª1 º 1 ª1 º½ Find the probability that
= 6 ® «  0»  «  0» ¾
¯2 ¬4 ¼ 3 ¬8 ¼¿ i. waiting time is between 1 and 3
ii. waiting time is more than 4 minutes.
Sa

ª1 1 1 1º
=6u « u  u » Solution:
¬2 4 3 8¼
i. P(waiting time is between 1 and 3)
1 1
=6u 3
12 2 = P(1 < X < 3) = ³ f  x  dx
1
3
5. Let X be amount of time for which a book is 1
taken out of library by randomly selected
= ³ 5 dx
1
student and suppose X has p.d.f. 3
1
5 ³1
f(x) = 0·5x, for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 and = 0 otherwise. = 1 dx
Calculate: i. P (X ≤ 1)
ii. P (0·5 ≤ X ≤ 1·5) 1 3 1 2
= > x @ = [3 – 1] =
iii. P (X ≥ 1·5) 5 1 5 5

338
 £

Chapter 7: Probability Distributions

ii. P(waiting time is more than 4 minutes) ii. P(1 < X < 1)
5
= F(1)  F(1)
= P(X > 4) = ³ f  x  dx
3 § 1 16 · 3 § 1 16 ·
= ¨ 4  ¸  ¨ 4  ¸
4
5
1 32 © 3 3 ¹ 32 © 3 3¹
= ³ 5 dx 3 § 5·
4 = ¨9  ¸
5 32 © 3¹
1
=
5 ³ 1 dx =
3 § 22 ·
4 ¨ ¸
32 © 3 ¹
1 5 1 1
> x @ = [5 – 4] =

nt
= 11
5 4 5 5 =
16
7. Suppose error involved in making a certain
measurement is continuous r.v. X with p.d.f. iii. P(X <  0.5 or X > 0.5)

te
f(x) = k(4 – x2), for –2 ≤ x ≤ 2 and = 0 = 1 P( 0.5 d X d 0.5)
otherwise. = 1  [F(0.5)  F(0.5)]
Compute: i. P(X > 0) ­ ª 3
º
ii. P(–1 < X < 1) = 1 °® 3 «4(0.5)  (0.5)  16 »
¯° 32 ¬ 3 3¼
iii. P(X <  0.5 or X > 0.5)

on
Solution: 3 ª (0.5)3 16 º ½
°
 « 4( 0.5)   »¾
Given that f(x) represents a p.d.f. of r.v. X. 32 ¬ 3 3 ¼°¿
2
3 § 1 16 1 16 ·
? ³ f ( x)dx
2
=1 =1 ¨ 2   2  ¸
32 © 24 3 24 3 ¹
2
3 § 1 · 3 47 47
=1 ¨ 4 ¸ = 1  u =1
? ³k (4  x2) dx = 1 32 © 12 ¹ 32 12 128
C
2
81
ª x3 º
2
= = 0.6328
? k «4 x  » = 1 128
¬ 3 ¼ 2 [Note: The question has been modified.]
ª§ 8· § 8 ·º
? k «¨ 8  ¸  ¨  8  ¸ » = 1
¬© 3¹ © 3 ¹¼ 8. The following is the p.d.f. of continuous r.v.
e
x
§ ·
16 16 f(x) = , for 0 < x < 4 and = 0 otherwise.
? k ¨  ¸ =1 8
© 3 3 ¹
i. Find expression for c.d.f. of X.
pl

§ 32 ·
? k¨ ¸ =1 ii. Find F(x) at x = 0·5 , 1.7 and 5.
© 3 ¹ Solution:
3 i. c.d.f. of X
? k=
32 x
x
³ 8 dx
m

x = F(x) =
F(x) = ³ f ( x ) dx 0

x
2 1 1 x 1 2 x2
= ³ x dx = 16 ª¬ x º¼ = [x – 0] =
2
x x
3 ª x3 º 8 0 16 16
³
0
= k(4  x 2 )dx = « 4x  »
32 ¬ 3 ¼ 2
Sa

2

3 ª x3 8º ii. To find
= « 4 x  8 » a. F(x) at x = 0.5
32 ¬ 3 3¼
 0.5 
2
0.25 1
3 ª x 3 16 º ? F(0.5) = = =
? F(x) = « 4 x   » 16 16 64
32 ¬ 3 3¼
b. F(x) at x = 1.7
i. P(X > 0) = 1  P(X d 0)
1.7 
2
2.89
= 1  F(0) ? F(1.7) = = = 0.18
16 16
3 § 16 ·
=1 ¨ 00 ¸ c. F(x) at x = 5
32 © 3¹
ªf  x  0 if x   0,4  º
1 1 ? F(5) = 1 …« »
=1 = «¬? F  x  1 for x t 4 »¼
2 2

339
 £

Chapter 7: Probability Distributions

The values of X corresponding to these 5. Find the probability distribution of the
outcomes are as follows. number of successes in two tosses of a die,
X(HH) = 2 where a success is defined as number greater
X(HT) = X(TH) = 1 than 4 appears on at least one die.
X(TT) = 0 Solution:
Success is defined as a number greater than 4
? X is a discrete random variable that can take
appears on at least one die.
values 0, 1, 2.
Let X denote the number of successes.
The probability distribution of X is then
? Possible values of X and 0, 1, 2.
obtained as follows:
Let P(getting a number greater than 4) = p

nt
X 0 1 2 2 1
=
1 2 1 6 3
P(X = x) 1 2
4 4 4 ? q=1–p=1–
3 3

te
4
ii. Let X denote the number of tails. ? P(X = 0) = P(no success) = qq = q2 =
9
Sample space of the experiment is P(X = 1) = P(one success) = qp + qp = 2pq
S = {HHH, HHT, HTH, THH, TTT, TTH, THT, 2 4 1
HTT} =2u u
=
3 9 3

on
The values of X corresponding to these 1
outcomes are as follows. P(X = 2) = P(two successes) = pp = p2 =
9
X(HHH) = 0 ? Probability distribution of X is as follows:
X(HHT) = X(HTH) = X(THH) = 1
X 0 1 2
X(TTH) = X(THT) = X(HTT) = 2
4 4 1
X(TTT) = 3 P(X = x)
9 9 9
C
? X is a discrete random variable that can take
values 0, 1, 2, 3. [Note: Answers given in the textbook are
The probability distribution of X is then 2 2
P(X = 0) = , P(X = 1) = . However, as per our
obtained as follows: 3 9
X 0 1 2 3 4 4
calculation they are P(X = 0) = , P(X = 1) = .]
9 9
1 3 3 1
e
P(X = x)
8 8 8 8 6. From a lot of 30 bulbs which include
6 defectives, a sample of 4 bulbs is drawn at
random with replacement. Find the
pl

iii. Let X denote the number of heads.

probability distribution of the number of
Sample space of the experiment is
defective bulbs.
S = {HHHH, HHHT, HHTH, HTHH, THHH,
Solution:
HHTT, HTTH, TTHH, THTH, HTHT,
Let X denote the number of defective bulbs.
THHT, HTTT, THTT, TTHT, TTTH,
m

? Possible values of X are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4.

TTTT}
6 1
The values of X corresponding to these Let P(getting a defective bulb) = p = =
30 5
outcomes are as follows:
1 4
X(TTTT) = 0 ? q=1–p=1– =
5 5
Sa

X(HTTT) = X(THTT) = X(TTHT) = X(TTTH) = 1

? P(X = 0) = P(no defective bulb)
X(HHTT) = X(HTTH) = X(TTHH) = X(THTH) 4

= qqqq = q4 = §¨ ·¸
= X(HTHT) = X(THHT) = 2 4
X(HHHT) = X(HHTH) = X(HTHH) = X(THHH) = 3 5 © ¹
X(HHHH) = 4 P(X = 1) = P(one defective bulb)
? X is a discrete random variable that can take = qqqp + qqpq + qpqq + pqqq
3 4
1 §4·
= §¨ ·¸
values 0, 1, 2, 3,4. 4
= 4pq3 = 4 u u
The probability distribution of X is then 5 ¨© 5 ¸¹ 5
© ¹
obtained as follows: P(X = 2) = P(two defective bulbs)
X 0 1 2 3 4 = ppqq + pqqp + qqpp + pqpq + qpqp + qppq
2 2

= 6p2q2 = 6 §¨ ·¸ §¨ ·¸
1 4 6 4 1 4 1
P(X = x)
16 16 16 16 16 © 5¹ ©5¹

331
 £

Chapter 7: Probability Distributions

1 1 x ª 1º
14. The p.d.f. of r.v. X is given by f(x) = , for = ª2 x º .... « k
2a 4 ¬ ¼ 0 ¬ 4 »¼
0 < x < 2a and = 0, otherwise.
x
§ a· § 3a · =
Show that P ¨ X  ¸ = P ¨ X ! ¸ . 2
© 2¹ © 2 ¹
Solution: 2 1
P(X d 2) = F (2) = =
a 2 2
2
§ a·
P¨X  ¸ =
© 2 ¹ ³ f ( x)dx P(X d 1) = F(1) =
2
1
=
1
2

nt
0
a
2
1 1 a
= ³
0
2a
dx =
2a
> x @02 Activities for Practice

1 §a ·
= ¨  0¸

te
2a © 2 ¹ 1. Determine k such that the following function is
1
a p.m.f. Fill in the boxes.
= ....(i) ­ § 4·
4 k , x = 0,1,2,3,4; k ! 0
2a P(x) = °® ¨© x ¸¹
§ 3a ·
P¨X ! ¸ = ³ f ( x)dx °

on
¯ 0 , otherwise
© 2 ¹ 3a
2
2a P(X = 0) = k˜4C0 = k
1 1
³ > x @3a
2a
= dx = P(X = 1) = k˜4C1 = 4k
3a
2a 2a 2

2 P(X = 2) = k˜4C2 =
1 ª 3a º 1 a
= 2a  » = u P(X = 3) = k˜4C3 =
C
«
2a ¬ 2¼ 2a 2
1 P(X = 4) = k˜4C4 = k
= ....(ii) Since the function represents a p.m.f.
4
From (i) and (ii), we get 4

§ a·
P¨X  ¸ = P¨X ! ¸
§ 3a · ¦ P(X
x 0
x) =
e
© 2¹ © 2 ¹
? k=
k
15. The p.d.f. of r.v. of X is given by f(x) = ,
pl

x
for 0 < x < 4 and = 0, otherwise. 2. By filling in the blanks, find k if the following is
Determine k . Determine c.d.f. of X and hence the p.d.f. of a r.v. X
find P (X ≤ 2) and P (X ≤ 1).
°kx 1  x  , 0  x  1
­
Solution: f(x) = ®
m

Given that f(x) represents p.d.f. of r.v. X. °̄0, otherwise

4
k Since f(x) is a p.d.f. of X,
? ³ x
dx = 1 1

³ f ( x ) dx =
0
4
? k˜ ª¬2 x º¼ = 1
Sa

0
0
4 § ·
? 2k ª¬ x º¼ = 1 ? k¨ ¸¸ =
0 ¨
© ¹
? 2k (2  0) = 1
1 ? k=
? k=
4
By definition of c.d.f.,
F(x) = P(X d x) 3. Obtain the expected value and variance of X for
x the following probability distribution by filling
k
= ³
0
x
dx in the boxes.

x X=x 2 1 0 1 2
= k ª¬2 x º¼
0 P(X = x) 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.15 0.25
347
 £

Std. XII : Perfect Mathematics - II

xi pi xi pi xi2 pi
iii. P(X > 1) = ³  0.5 x  dx
2 0.2 0.8 1

1 0.3  0.3 0.3 =

0 0.1 0 0
1 0.15 0.15 One Mark Questions
2 0.25 0.5 1
1. For following probability distribution find k.

nt
Total
X=x 1 2 3
E(X) = ¦ xi . pi = P(X = x) k 2k 3k
and Var (X) = ¦ xi2 pi   ¦ xi pi 
2
2. The following is c.d.f. of r.v.X.

te
? Var (X) = X=x 1 2 3 4
F(X) 0.1 0.3 0.75 1
4. For the following probability distribution of X
X 0 1 2 3 4 Find P(X = 2)
P(X = x) k 2k 4k 2k k

on
3. If r.v. X denote the number of prime numbers
find appear on the upper most face of a fair die when
i. the value of k, it rolled twice. Find the possible values of X.
ii. P(X t 2), P(X < 3), P(X d 1).
By filling the blanks. 4. The following is p.d.f. of continuous r.v. X.
x3
i. Since the function represents a p.m.f., f(x) = , for 0 < x < 4
64
C
¦ P(X
x 0
x) =0 otherwise
Find F(x) at x = –1

? k= 5. If the p.d.f. of a continuous r.v.X is given by

f(x) = kx, 0 < x < 4
=0 otherwise
ii. P(X t 2) =
e
then what is the value of F(4)?

? P(X < 3) =
Multiple Choice Questions
pl

? P(X d 1) =
1. A p.m.f. of r.v. X is given below:
5. Suppose continuous r.v. X has p.d.f.
X= x 2 4 6
m

­0.5 x , 0 d x d 2 1 3 1
f(x) = ® P(X = x)
¯ 0 , otherwise. 8 8 2
Calculate
Then E(X) =
i. P(X d 1.5)
(A) 5.25 (B) 4.25
P(0.5 d X d 1)
Sa

ii.
(C) 4.75 (D) 5.75
iii. P(X > 1)
1.5 2. A r.v. X has the following probability distribution
i. P(X d 1.5) = ³ f ( x)dx X 1 2 1 2
1 1 1 1
P(X)
= 3 6 6 3

1 Then E(X) =
ii. P(0.5 d X d 1) = ³ f ( x)dx (A)
3
(B)
1
2 2
2 1
= (C) (D)
3 6

348
 £

Chapter 7: Probability Distributions

3. Number of stars in the sky is an example of 12. The probability distribution of a discrete random
(A) continuous r.v. variable X is given below:
(B) discrete r.v.
X 2 3 4 5
(C) both continuous and discrete r.v.
5 7 9 11
(D) neither continuous nor discrete. P(X)
k k k k
4. The total probability of all the exhaustive events
is Then k =
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 1 (D) r1 (A) 8 (B) 32
(C) 16 (D) 48

nt
N
5. Atmospheric pressure at a certain place in is 13. Let X be a random variable. The probability
M2
distribution of X is given below:
(A) continuous r.v.
(B) discrete r.v. X 30 10 10
(C) both continuous and discrete r.v. 1 3 1
P(X)

te
(D) neither continuous nor discrete. 5 10 2
kx Then E(X) =
6. If P(x) = , x = 1, 2, 3 is p.m.f. of X, then k =
3 (A) 6 (B) 5
1 1 1 1 (C) 4 (D) 3
(A) (B) (C) (D)

on
3 4 5 2
14. Let X be a discrete random variable assuming
7. A die is thrown at random, what is the values x1, x2, x3, ...., xn with respective
expectation of the number on it? probabilities p1, p2, p3, ...., pn. Then variance of
(A) 3.5 (B) 3.6 X is given by
(C) 4.5 (D) 4.6 (A) E(X2)
(B) E(X2) + E(X)
8. If a pair of dice is thrown and X denotes the
C
sum of the numbers on them. Find the (C) E(X2)  E  X 
expectation of X. (D) E(X2)  [E(X)]2
(A) 5 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) 7
15. For the following probability distribution
9. For the given probability distribution, find E(X)
X 1 2 3 4
X 1 2 3 1 1 3 2
e
P(X)
1 1 5 10 5 10 5
P(X = x)
4 8 8
E(X2) =
pl

11 17 19 21 (A) 3 (B) 5 (C) 7 (D) 10

(A) (B) (C) (D)
8 8 8 8 16. For the following probability distribution
10. In a game, a person is paid Rs. 5 if he gets all
heads or all tails when three coins are tossed and X 4 3 2 1 0
m

he will pay Rs. 3 if either one or two heads P(X) 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2
show. What can he expect on an average per E(X) =
game ?
(A) 2 (B) 1.8
(A) gain of ` 2
(C) 1 (D) 0
(B) gain of ` 1
Sa

(C) loss of ` 1 17. Let X denote the number of hours you study
(D) No loss no gain during a randomly selected school day. The
probability that X can take value x has the
11. A random variable X has the following following form, where k is some constant.
probability distribution values of X,
­ 0.1, if x 0
X: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ° kx, if x 1 or 2
°
P(X = x) = ®
P(X): 0 k 2k 2k 3k k2 2k2 7k2+k ° k  5  x  , if x 3 or 4
Find value of P(X t 6). °̄ 0, otherwise.
13 17
(A) (B) The probability that you study for at least two
100 100 hours is
21 19 (A) 2k (B) 0.55
(C) (D)
100 100 (C) 0.75 (D) 5k
349
 £

Std. XII : Perfect Mathematics - II

18. A random variable has the probability distribution X 1 2 3 4
P(X) k 2k 3k 4k
X 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
P(X) 0.15 0.23 0.12 0.1 0.2 0.08 0.07 0.05  7 5
(A) (B) (C) (D) 1
For the events E = {X is a prime number} 10 10 10
and F = {X < 4}, the probability P(E ‰ F) is 22. If X is a random variable with probability mass
(A) 0.87 (B) 0.77 function
(C) 0.35 (D) 0.5 P(x) = kx, for x = 1, 2, 3
19. A probability distribution of a discrete random = 0, otherwise

nt
variable X is then k = _______. [Oct 14]
1 1 1 2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
X 1 0 1 2 5 4 6 3
1 1 1 1
P(X)
3 6 6 3 23. A random variable X has the following

te
probability distribution:
Then the value of 6E(X2)  Var (X) is X=x 2 –1 0 1 2 3
12 19 113 1
(A) (B) (C) (D) P(x) 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.1
113 12 12 2
Then E(x) = [Mar 15]
20. The random variable X has a probability

on
(A) 0.8 (B) 0.9 (C) 0.7 (D) 1.1
distribution P(x) of the following form, where k
is some constant. 24. If the p.d.f. of a continuous random variable X
­ k, if x 0 is given as
° 2k, if x 1 x2
° f(x) = for –1  x  2 = 0 otherwise.
P(X = x) ® 3
° 3k, if x 2
°̄ 0, otherwise then c.d.f. fo X is [July 16]
C
3 3
x 1 x 1
Then value of k and E(X) are (A)  (B) 
9 9 9 9
1 4 1 14
(A) , (B) , x2 1 1 1
6 3 6 3 (C)  (D) 
4 4 9 x3 9
1 4 1
(C) , (D) 0,
5 3 6 25. The expected value of the number of heads
e
obtained when three fair coins are tossed
21. For the following probability distribution of simultaneously is _______. [Mar 17]
random variable X find (P(X t 3), where k is a (A) 1 (B) 1.5 (C) 0 (D) 1
constant
pl

Time: 1 Hour TOPIC TEST Total Marks: 20

SECTION A
m

Q.1. Select and write the correct answer. [4]

i. For a random variable X, if E (X) = 5 and Var (X) = 6, then E (X2) is equal to
(A) 19 (B) 31 (C) 61 (D) 11
ii. The p.m.f. of a r.v. X is given by
Sa

5
Cx
P(X = x) = , x = 0, 1, 2, …,5
25
= 0, otherwise
Then, P(X d 2) =
3 7 11 16
(A) (B) (C) (D)
32 32 32 32
Q.2. Answer the following. [2]
i. The following is c.d.f. of r.v. X.
X=x 1 2 3 4
F(X) 0.1 0.3 0.75 1
Find P(X = 2)
350
 £

Chapter 7: Probability Distributions

Solution: iii. P(X is negative) = P(–1 < X < 0)
1.5 0 0
x2
i. P(X < 1.5) = ³ f  x  dx
0
= ³ f  x  dx = ³ 3
dx
1 1
1.5 0
x 1 2
= ³ 0
8
dx =
3 ³1
x dx
1.5
1 1 3 0 1 1
8 ³0
= x dx = ª x º = [0 + 1] =
9 ¬ ¼ 1 9 9
1 2 1.5 1 2.25
= ª¬ x º¼ = [2.25 – 0] =

nt
16 0 16 16 4. Find k if the following function represent
2
p.d.f. of r.v. X.
ii. P(1 < X < 2) = ³ f  x  dx i. f(x) = kx, for 0 < x < 2 and = 0 otherwise, Also
1 §1 3·
2
find P ¨  X  ¸ .
x 4© 2 ¹

te
= ³ dx
1
8 ii. f(x) = kx(1 – x), for 0 < x < 1 and = 0
1
2 §1 1· § 1·
otherwise, Also find P ¨  X  ¸ , P ¨ X  ¸ .
8 ³1
= x dx 4 2 2
© ¹ © ¹
1 2 2 1 3 Solution:

on
= ª¬ x º¼ = [4 – 1] = i. Given that f(x) represents p.d.f. of r.v. X.
16 1 16 16
2
4
x ? ³ f  x  dx = 1
iii. P(X > 2) = ³ 8 dx
2
0
2

1
4 ? ³ kx dx = 1
=
8 ³ x dx 0
C
2 2

1 4
= ª¬ x 2 º¼ 2 =
1
[16 – 4] =
12
=
3 ? k ³ x dx = 1
16 16 16 4 0

k 2 2
3. It is known that error in measurement of ? ªx º = 1
2 ¬ ¼0
reaction temperature (in 0q c) in a certain
k
experiment is continuous r.v. given by ? [4 – 0] = 1
e
2
x2
f(x) = , for –1 < x < 2 and = 0 otherwise k
3 ? [4] = 1
2
i. Verify whether f(x) is p.d.f. of r.v. X.
pl

ii. Find P(0 < X ≤ 1) 1

? k=
iii. Find probability that X is negative. 2
3 3
Solution: 2 2
§1 3· x
i. Here, f(x) t 0  x  (–1, 2) P ¨  X ¸ =
©4 2¹ ³ f  x  dx = ³ 2 dx
m

2 2 2 1 1
x
Now consider, ³ f  x  dx = ³
1 1
3
dx 4
3
4

3
12 1
= ³ x dx = ª¬ x 2 º¼ 12
2
1
= ³x dx
2
21 4
3 1
4
4
Sa

1 2
1 ª 9 1 º 1 ª 36  1 º 35
= ª¬ x 3 º¼ 1 = «  »= « =
9 4 ¬ 4 16 ¼ 4 ¬ 16 »¼ 64
1
= [8 + 1] = 1
9
ii. Given that f(x) represents p.d.f. of r.v. X.
? f(x) is p.d.f. of r.v. X. 1

1 1
x 2 ? ³ f  x  dx = 1
ii. P(0 d X d 1) = ³ f  x  dx = ³0 3 dx 0

0 1

1 2
1
1 1
? ³ kx 1  x  dx = 1
= ³
30
x dx = ª¬ x3 º¼
9 0
0

ª1 1
º
1 1 ? k « ³ x dx  ³ x 2 dx » = 1
= [1 – 0] = ¬0 0 ¼
9 9
337
 £

Std. XII : Perfect Mathematics - II

1 35
Answers 6. ,
2 64
5
Activities for Practice 8. i. 0.55 ii.
7
34
1. i. 6k ii. 4k 9. , 0.1392, 0.1392
221
1
iii. 1 iv. 1 11
16 10. i. ii. iii. 0.6328
2 16
1

nt
2. i. 1 ii.
6 Competitive Corner
iii. 1 iv. 6
3. i.  0.4 ii. 0.15 1. The p.d.f. of a random variable X is
iii. 0.05 iv. 2.25 f(x) = 3(1 – 2x2) , 0<x<1

te
v. 0.05 vi. 2.2475 =0 , otherwise
Then P §¨  X < ·¸ =
1 1
4. i. 4 ii. 1 [MHT CET 2019]
©4 3¹
1 7
iii. iv. 179 159
10 10 (A) (B)
864 864

on
7 3
v. vi. 189 169
10 10 (C) (D)
864 864
9
5. i. 0 ii. 2. A player tosses 2 fair coins. He wins ` 5 if 2
16
heads appear, ` 2 if 1 head appear and ` 1 if no
3
iii. 0.5 iv. head appears, then variance of his winning
16 amount is [MHT CET 2019]
C
3
v. 2 vi. 9 17 5
4 (A) 1.6 (B) (C) (D)
4 2 2

One Mark Questions 3. A coin is tossed three times. If X denotes the

absolute difference between the number of heads
1 and the number of tails, then P(X = 1) =
e
1. 2. 0.2 [MHT CET 2018]
6
3. {0, 1, 2} 4. 0 1 2 1 3
(A) (B) (C) (D)
5. 1 2 3 6 4
pl

4. A box contains 6 pens, 2 of which are

Multiple Choice Questions defective. Two pens are taken randomly from
the box. If r.v. X : Number of defective pens
1. (C) 2. (D) 3. (B) 4. (B) obtained, then standard deviation of X =
5. (A) 6. (D) 7. (A) 8. (D)
m

[MHT CET 2017]

9. (C) 10. (C) 11. (D) 12. (B) 4 8
13. (C) 14. (D) 15. (D) 16. (B) (A) r (B)
3 5 3
17. (C) 18. (B) 19. (C) 20. (A)
16 4
21. (B) 22. (C) 23. (A) 24. (A) (C) (D)
45 3 5
Sa

25. (B)
5. If r. v. X: waiting time in minutes for bus and
Topic Test p.d.f. of X is given by
­1
° ,0 d x d 5
1. i. (B) ii. (D) f (x) = ® 5
2. i. 0.2 ii. 1 °¯0,otherwise
3. Given distribution is p.m.f. then probability of waiting time not more than
4. 4 minutes is = [MH CET 2016]
X 0 1 2 (A) 0.3 (B) 0.8 (C) 0.2 (D) 0.5
1 2 1
P(X = x) Answers:
4 4 4
1. (A) 2. (B) 3. (D) 4. (D)
5. Given function is p.d.f. 5. (B)
352
 £

Chapter 7: Probability Distributions

ii. P(waiting time is more than 4 minutes) ii. P(1 < X < 1)
5
= F(1)  F(1)
= P(X > 4) = ³ f  x  dx
3 § 1 16 · 3 § 1 16 ·
= ¨ 4  ¸  ¨ 4  ¸
4
5
1 32 © 3 3 ¹ 32 © 3 3¹
= ³ 5 dx 3 § 5·
4 = ¨9  ¸
5 32 © 3¹
1
=
5 ³ 1 dx =
3 § 22 ·
4 ¨ ¸
32 © 3 ¹
1 5 1 1
> x @ = [5 – 4] =

nt
= 11
5 4 5 5 =
16
7. Suppose error involved in making a certain
measurement is continuous r.v. X with p.d.f. iii. P(X <  0.5 or X > 0.5)

te
f(x) = k(4 – x2), for –2 ≤ x ≤ 2 and = 0 = 1 P( 0.5 d X d 0.5)
otherwise. = 1  [F(0.5)  F(0.5)]
Compute: i. P(X > 0) ­ ª 3
º
ii. P(–1 < X < 1) = 1 °® 3 «4(0.5)  (0.5)  16 »
¯° 32 ¬ 3 3¼
iii. P(X <  0.5 or X > 0.5)

on
Solution: 3 ª (0.5)3 16 º ½
°
 « 4( 0.5)   »¾
Given that f(x) represents a p.d.f. of r.v. X. 32 ¬ 3 3 ¼°¿
2
3 § 1 16 1 16 ·
? ³ f ( x)dx
2
=1 =1 ¨ 2   2  ¸
32 © 24 3 24 3 ¹
2
3 § 1 · 3 47 47
=1 ¨ 4 ¸ = 1  u =1
? ³k (4  x2) dx = 1 32 © 12 ¹ 32 12 128
C
2
81
ª x3 º
2
= = 0.6328
? k «4 x  » = 1 128
¬ 3 ¼ 2 [Note: The question has been modified.]
ª§ 8· § 8 ·º
? k «¨ 8  ¸  ¨  8  ¸ » = 1
¬© 3¹ © 3 ¹¼ 8. The following is the p.d.f. of continuous r.v.
e
x
§ ·
16 16 f(x) = , for 0 < x < 4 and = 0 otherwise.
? k ¨  ¸ =1 8
© 3 3 ¹
i. Find expression for c.d.f. of X.
pl

§ 32 ·
? k¨ ¸ =1 ii. Find F(x) at x = 0·5 , 1.7 and 5.
© 3 ¹ Solution:
3 i. c.d.f. of X
? k=
32 x
x
³ 8 dx
m

x = F(x) =
F(x) = ³ f ( x ) dx 0

x
2 1 1 x 1 2 x2
= ³ x dx = 16 ª¬ x º¼ = [x – 0] =
2
x x
3 ª x3 º 8 0 16 16
³
0
= k(4  x 2 )dx = « 4x  »
32 ¬ 3 ¼ 2
Sa

2

3 ª x3 8º ii. To find
= « 4 x  8 » a. F(x) at x = 0.5
32 ¬ 3 3¼
 0.5 
2
0.25 1
3 ª x 3 16 º ? F(0.5) = = =
? F(x) = « 4 x   » 16 16 64
32 ¬ 3 3¼
b. F(x) at x = 1.7
i. P(X > 0) = 1  P(X d 0)
1.7 
2
2.89
= 1  F(0) ? F(1.7) = = = 0.18
16 16
3 § 16 ·
=1 ¨ 00 ¸ c. F(x) at x = 5
32 © 3¹
ªf  x  0 if x   0,4  º
1 1 ? F(5) = 1 …« »
=1 = «¬? F  x  1 for x t 4 »¼
2 2

339