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    Physics Lec2

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    mohammedalfahad890

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    Physics Lec2

    Uploaded by

    mohammedalfahad890
    4 views10 pages

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    4 views10 pages

    Physics Lec2

    Uploaded by

    mohammedalfahad890

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Signals Classification

    Signals are classified into the following categories:

    Continuous Time and Discrete Time Signals


    Deterministic and Non-deterministic Signals
    Even and Odd Signals

    Periodic and Aperiodic Signals

    Energy and Power Signals


    Real and Imaginary Signals

    Continuous Time and Discrete Time Signals

    A signal is said to be continuous when it is defined for all instants of time.

    A signal is said to be discrete when it is defined at only discrete instants of time/

    Deterministic and Non-deterministic Signals


    A signal is said to be deterministic if there is no uncertainty with respect to its value
    at any instant of time. Or, signals which can be defined exactly by a mathematical
    formula are known as deterministic signals.

    A signal is said to be non-deterministic if there is uncertainty with respect to its


    value at some instant of time. Non-deterministic signals are random in nature hence
    they are called random signals. Random signals cannot be described by a
    mathematical equation. They are modelled in probabilistic terms.

    Even and Odd Signals

    A signal is said to be even when it satisfies the condition x(t) = x(-t)

    Example 1: t2, t4… cost etc.

    Let x(t) = t2

    x(-t) = (-t)2 = t2 = x(t)

    ∴, t2 is even function

    Example 2: As shown in the following diagram, rectangle function x(t) = x(-t) so it


    is also even function.
    A signal is said to be odd when it satisfies the condition x(t) = -x(-t)

    Example: t, t3 ... And sin t

    Let x(t) = sin t

    x(-t) = sin(-t) = -sin t = -x(t)


    ∴, sin t is odd function.

    Any function ƒ(t) can be expressed as the sum of its even function ƒe(t) and odd
    function ƒo(t).

    ƒ(t ) = ƒe(t ) + ƒ0(t )

    where

    ƒe(t ) = ½[ƒ(t ) +ƒ(-t )]

    Periodic and Aperiodic Signals

    A signal is said to be periodic if it satisfies the condition x(t) = x(t + T) or x(n) = x(n
    + N).

    Where

    T = fundamental time period,

    1/T = f = fundamental frequency.


    The above signal will repeat for every time interval T0 hence it is periodic with period
    T0.

    Energy and Power Signals

    A signal is said to be energy signal when it has finite energy.


    ∞
    2
    Energy E = ∫ x (t)dt
    −∞

    A signal is said to be power signal when it has finite power.

    T
    1
    2
    Power P = lim ∫ x (t)dt
    T →∞ 2T −T

    NOTE:A signal cannot be both, energy and power simultaneously. Also, a signal may
    be neither energy nor power signal.

    Power of energy signal = 0


    Energy of power signal = ∞

    Real and Imaginary Signals

    A signal is said to be real when it satisfies the condition x(t) = x*(t)

    A signal is said to be odd when it satisfies the condition x(t) = -x*(t)

    Example:

    If x(t)= 3 then x*(t)=3*=3 here x(t) is a real signal.


    If x(t)= 3j then x*(t)=3j* = -3j = -x(t) hence x(t) is a odd signal.
    Note: For a real signal, imaginary part should be zero. Similarly for an imaginary
    signal, real part should be zero.
    Signals Basic Operations
    There are two variable parameters in general:

    Amplitude
    Time

    The following operation can be performed with amplitude:

    Amplitude Scaling

    C x(t) is a amplitude scaled version of x(t) whose amplitude is scaled by a factor C.

    Addition

    Addition of two signals is nothing but addition of their corresponding amplitudes.


    This can be best explained by using the following example:
    As seen from the diagram above,

    -10 < t < -3 amplitude of z(t) = x1(t) + x2(t) = 0 + 2 = 2

    -3 < t < 3 amplitude of z(t) = x1(t) + x2(t) = 1 + 2 = 3

    3 < t < 10 amplitude of z(t) = x1(t) + x2(t) = 0 + 2 = 2

    Subtraction

    subtraction of two signals is nothing but subtraction of their corresponding


    amplitudes. This can be best explained by the following example:
    As seen from the diagram above,

    -10 < t < -3 amplitude of z (t) = x1(t) - x2(t) = 0 - 2 = -2

    -3 < t < 3 amplitude of z (t) = x1(t) - x2(t) = 1 - 2 = -1


    3 < t < 10 amplitude of z (t) = x1(t) + x2(t) = 0 - 2 = -2

    Multiplication

    Multiplication of two signals is nothing but multiplication of their corresponding


    amplitudes. This can be best explained by the following example:
    As seen from the diagram above,

    -10 < t < -3 amplitude of z (t) = x1(t) ×x2(t) = 0 ×2 = 0


    -3 < t < 3 amplitude of z (t) = x1(t) ×x2(t) = 1 ×2 = 2

    3 < t < 10 amplitude of z (t) = x1(t) × x2(t) = 0 × 2 = 0

    The following operations can be performed with time:

    Time Shifting

    x(t ± t0) is time shifted version of the signal x(t).

    x (t + t0) → negative shift

    x (t - t0) → positive shift


    Time Scaling

    x(At) is time scaled version of the signal x(t). where A is always positive.

    |A| > 1 → Compression of the signal


    |A| < 1 → Expansion of the signal

    Note: u(at) = u(t) time scaling is not applicable for unit step function.

    Time Reversal

    x(-t) is the time reversal of the signal x(t).

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