ELEN 30104

Module 3
Transformer
Objectives
After successful completion of this module, you should be able to:
 Know the components and functions of transformers
 Understand transformer operation.
 Identify the different construction of Transformer
 Determine the equivalent circuit of a Transformer using Test
 Understand the component of Transformer losses and its efficiency
 Understand the parallel operation of a transformer and its condition
 Distinguish the difference between single and three-phase transformer
 Understand the different winding connection of a three-phase transformer
Introduction
TRANSFOMER is a device that:
a. Transfer electrical energy from one electric circuit to another
Introduction
TRANSFOMER is a device that:
a. Transfer electrical energy from one electric circuit to another
b. Does so without a change in frequency
Introduction
TRANSFOMER is a device that:
a. Transfer electrical energy from one electric circuit to another
b. Does so without a change in frequency
c. Does so by the principle of electromagnetic induction
Introduction
TRANSFOMER is a device that:
a. Transfer electrical energy from one electric circuit to another
b. Does so without a change in frequency
c. Does so by the principle of electromagnetic induction
d. Has electric circuit that are linked by a common magnetic circuit
It is composed of:
It is composed of:
 The CORE, which provides a path for the magnetic line of flux.
It is composed of:
 The CORE, which provides a path for the magnetic line of flux.
 The PRIMARY WINDING, which receives energy from the AC source.
It is composed of:
 The CORE, which provides a path for the magnetic line of flux.
 The PRIMARY WINDING, which receives energy from the AC source.
 The SECONDARY WINDING, which receives energy from the primary winding and
delivers it to the load.
It is composed of:
 The CORE, which provides a path for the magnetic line of flux.
 The PRIMARY WINDING, which receives energy from the AC source.
 The SECONDARY WINDING, which receives energy from the primary winding and
delivers it to the load.
 The ENCLOSURE, which protects the above components from dirt, moisture, and
mechanical damage
Principle of operation

It is based on
principle of MUTUAL
INDUCTION.
According to which
an e.m.f. is induced
in a coil when
current in the
neighbouring coil
changes.
Constructional detail : Shell type

• Windings are wrapped around the center leg of a

laminated core.
Core type

• Windings are wrapped around two sides of a laminated square

core.
Sectional view of transformers

Note:
High voltage conductors are smaller cross section conductors
than the low voltage coils
Construction of transformer from
stampings
Core type

Fig1: Coil and laminations of

Fig2: Various types of cores
core type transformer
Shell type
 The HV and LV windings are split
into no. of sections
 Where HV winding lies between
two LV windings
 In sandwich coils leakage can be
controlled

Fig: Sandwich windings

Cut view of transformer
Transformer with conservator and
breather
From the formula:
P=VI
Transformer transfer electrical energy from one circuit (Primary side) to another (Secondary side) without a
change in power and extremely efficient because the only losses are those that occur in the copper windings
(𝐼 2 𝑅 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑛 (ℎ𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒𝑑𝑑𝑦 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡; there are also no losses resulting from rotation, such as
are present in rotating machines. If the input (Primary Side) to a transformer is assumed to equal the output
(Output Side) of a transformer and voltage drops are negligible, then
Thus, 𝑃𝑝 = 𝑃𝑠
𝐸𝑝 𝑥𝐼𝑝 = 𝐸𝑠 𝑥𝐼𝑠
𝐸𝑝 𝐼 𝑁𝑝
𝑎= 𝐸𝑠
= 𝐼𝑠 = 𝑁𝑠
𝑝

Where:
Ep-primary voltage, volts
Es-secondary voltage, volts
Is-secondary current, ampere
Ip-primary current, ampere
Np-primary winding
Ns-secondary winding
a-ratio of transformation
Recall:
∅ ∅𝑥𝑍 ∅𝑥𝑁 ∅𝑥𝑁
𝐸𝑎𝑣 = 𝑡 𝑥 108 = 𝑡 𝑥 108 = = 1 V
𝑡 𝑥 108 𝑥 108
4𝑓

4f∅ 𝑁
Eav= V
108

E=1.11 Eav=1.11 x (4f∅𝑁x10−8 ) = 4.44f∅𝑁𝑥10−8 𝑉

Thus,
Ep= 4.44f∅𝑁𝑝 𝑥10−8 𝑉
Es= 4.44f∅𝑁𝑠 𝑥10−8 𝑉

Ratio of Transformation indicates how much the primary voltage is lowered or raised
Step down transformer- When the primary impressed voltage Ep is reduced to a lower secondary voltage Es
thus a>1
Step up transformer- When the primary impressed voltage Ep is increased to a higher secondary voltage Es thus
a<1
 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
1. The 2,300 volt primary winding of a 60 cycle transformer has 4,800 turns. Calculate (a) the mutual flux (b)
number of turns in the 230 volt secondary winding.
 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
1. The 2,300 volt primary winding of a 60 cycle transformer has 4,800 turns. Calculate (a) the mutual flux (b)
number of turns in the 230 volt secondary winding.
Given:
f= 60 cps
Vp= 2,300 volt
Np=4,800 turns
 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
1. The 2,300 volt primary winding of a 60 cycle transformer has 4,800 turns. Calculate (a) the mutual flux (b)
number of turns in the 230 volt secondary winding.
Given:
f= 60 cps
Vp= 2,300 volt
Np=4,800 turns

Solution:
𝐸𝑝 𝑥 108 2300 𝑥108
a. 𝟇m= = = 1.8 𝑥 105 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑠
4.44 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 𝑁𝑝 4.44 𝑥 60 𝑥 4800

𝐸𝑠 𝑥 108 230 𝑥 108

b. 𝑁𝑠 = = = 480 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠
4.44 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 𝑁𝑝 4.44 𝑥 60 𝑥 1.8 𝑥 105
 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
2. The maximum flux in the core of a 60 cycle transformer that has 1,320 primary turns and 46 secondary turns
is 3.76 x 10^6 maxwells. Calculate the primary and secondary induced voltages.
 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
2. The maximum flux in the core of a 60 cycle transformer that has 1,320 primary turns and 46 secondary turns
is 3.76 x 10^6 maxwells. Calculate the primary and secondary induced voltages.
Given:
f=60 cps
Np=1,320 turns
Ns=46 turns
𝟇m=3.76 x 10^6 maxwells
 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
2. The maximum flux in the core of a 60 cycle transformer that has 1,320 primary turns and 46 secondary turns
is 3.76 x 10^6 maxwells. Calculate the primary and secondary induced voltages.
Given:
f=60 cps
Np=1,320 turns
Ns=46 turns
𝟇m=3.76 x 10^6 maxwells

Solution:
Ep= 4.44f∅𝑁𝑝 𝑥10−8 𝑉 = 4.44 𝑥 60 𝑥 3.76 𝑥 106 𝑥 1320 𝑥 10−8 = 13,200 𝑉
Es= 4.44f∅𝑁𝑠 𝑥10−8 𝑉 = 4.44 𝑥 60 𝑥 3.76 𝑥 106 𝑥 46 𝑥 10−8 = 460 𝑉
 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
3. The secondary winding of a 4600/230 V transformer has 36 turns. How many turns are there in the primary
winding?
 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
3. The secondary winding of a 4600/230 V transformer has 36 turns. How many turns are there in the primary
winding?
Given:
Ep= 4,600 V
Es=230 V
Ns=36 turns
 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
3. The secondary winding of a 4600/230 V transformer has 36 turns. How many turns are there in the primary
winding?
Given:
Ep= 4,600 V
Es=230 V
Ns=36 turns
Solution:
𝐸𝑝 𝑁𝑝
=
𝐸𝑠 𝑁𝑠
𝐸𝑝 4600
𝑁𝑝 = 𝑥𝑁𝑠 = 𝑥36 = 720 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠
𝐸𝑠 230
 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
4. The volts per turn in a 25 cycle 2400/230 volt transformer is 8. Calculate (a) the primary and secondary turns
(b) maximum flux in the core.
 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
4. The volts per turn in a 25 cycle 2400/230 volt transformer is 8. Calculate (a) the primary and secondary turns
(b) maximum flux in the core.
Given:
E/N=8 volt/turn
Ep=2,400 volts
Es=230 volts
 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
4. The volts per turn in a 25 cycle 2400/230 volt transformer is 8. Calculate (a) the primary and secondary turns
(b) maximum flux in the core.
Given:
E/N=8 volt/turn
Ep=2,400 volts
Es=230 volts

Solution:
𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛
a. 𝑁𝑝 = 2400 𝑉 𝑥 = 300 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠
8𝑉
𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛
𝑁𝑠 = 230 𝑉 𝑥 = 29 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠
8𝑉
𝐸𝑝 𝑥 108 2400 𝑥108
b. 𝟇m= = = 7.21 𝑥 106 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑠
4.44 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 𝑁𝑝 4.44 𝑥 25 𝑥 300
 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
5. The secondary load current of a 2300/115 V transformer is 46 A. Calculate the primary current.
 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
5. The secondary load current of a 2300/115 V transformer is 46 A. Calculate the primary current.
Given:
Ep= 2300 volts
Es= 115 volts
Is= 46 A
 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
5. The secondary load current of a 2300/115 V transformer is 46 A. Calculate the primary current.
Given:
Ep= 2300 volts
Es= 115 volts
Is= 46 A
Solution:
𝐸 115
𝐼𝑝 = 𝐸𝑠 𝑥𝐼𝑠 = 2300 𝑥46 = 2.3 𝐴
𝑝
 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
6. The primary and secondary of a transformer were measured and found to be 3.8 A and 152 A, respectively. If
the secondary load voltage is 116 volts, what is the primary emf?
 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
6. The primary and secondary of a transformer were measured and found to be 3.8 A and 152 A, respectively. If
the secondary load voltage is 116 volts, what is the primary emf?
Given:
Ip= 3.8 A
Is= 152 A
Es= 116 V
 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
6. The primary and secondary of a transformer were measured and found to be 3.8 A and 152 A, respectively. If
the secondary load voltage is 116 volts, what is the primary emf?
Given:
Ip= 3.8 A
Is= 152 A
Es= 116 V
Solution:
𝐼 152
𝐸𝑝 = 𝐼𝑠 𝑥𝐸𝑠 = 𝑥116 = 4640 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠
𝑝 3.8
Since the voltage drops are all directly proportional to the load current, Is in the secondary and Ip in the
primary, it should be clear that at no load there will be no voltage drop in either winding. Therefore, if a
transformer delivers rated load at secondary terminal voltage, that voltage will change if the load is removed.
Thus,

𝐸𝑁𝐿 −𝐸𝐹𝐿
Percent Regulation= 𝑥 100
𝐸𝐹𝐿

Where:
Enl=No Load Voltage, volts
Efl= Full Load Voltage, volts
 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
7. Calculate the percent regulation of a 2300/115 volt transformer whose no load voltage was measured and
found to be 118 V
 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
7. Calculate the percent regulation of a 2300/115 volt transformer whose no load voltage was measured and
found to be 118 V
Given:
Ep=2300 volt
𝐸𝑠𝐹𝐿 = 115 volts
𝐸𝑠𝑁𝐿 = 118 volts
 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
7. Calculate the percent regulation of a 2300/115 volt transformer whose no load voltage was measured and
found to be 118 V
Given:
Ep=2300 volt
𝐸𝑠𝐹𝐿 = 115 volts
𝐸𝑠𝑁𝐿 = 118 volts

Solution:
118−115
Percent regulation= 𝑥100 = 2.61 %
115
 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
8. The percent regulation of a 4800/240 volt distribution transformer is 3.33 percent. Calculate the voltage to
which the secondary voltage will rise when full load is removed.
 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
8. The percent regulation of a 4800/240 volt distribution transformer is 3.33 percent. Calculate the voltage to
which the secondary voltage will rise when full load is removed.
Given:
Percent regulation=3.33%
Ep=4800 volts
𝐸𝑠𝐹𝐿 = 240 volts
 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
8. The percent regulation of a 4800/240 volt distribution transformer is 3.33 percent. Calculate the voltage to
which the secondary voltage will rise when full load is removed.
Given:
Percent regulation=3.33%
Ep=4800 volts
𝐸𝑠𝐹𝐿 = 240 volts

Solution:
𝐸𝑠𝑁𝐿 −240
Percent regulation= 3.33 = 𝑥100
240

Thus,
𝐸𝑠𝑁𝐿 = 248 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠