The document summarizes different types of analog to digital converters (ADCs) including flash ADCs, sigma-delta ADCs, dual slope converters, and successive approximation ADCs. It explains the fundamental concepts of sampling, quantizing, and encoding that all ADCs use to convert continuous analog signals to discrete digital outputs. For each type of ADC, it provides a brief description of how it works along with its advantages and disadvantages in terms of speed, resolution, cost, and other factors. It concludes by comparing the different ADC types side by side in terms of resolution capabilities and relative speed and cost tradeoffs.
The document summarizes different types of analog to digital converters (ADCs) including flash ADCs, sigma-delta ADCs, dual slope converters, and successive approximation ADCs. It explains the fundamental concepts of sampling, quantizing, and encoding that all ADCs use to convert continuous analog signals to discrete digital outputs. For each type of ADC, it provides a brief description of how it works along with its advantages and disadvantages in terms of speed, resolution, cost, and other factors. It concludes by comparing the different ADC types side by side in terms of resolution capabilities and relative speed and cost tradeoffs.
The document summarizes different types of analog to digital converters (ADCs) including flash ADCs, sigma-delta ADCs, dual slope converters, and successive approximation ADCs. It explains the fundamental concepts of sampling, quantizing, and encoding that all ADCs use to convert continuous analog signals to discrete digital outputs. For each type of ADC, it provides a brief description of how it works along with its advantages and disadvantages in terms of speed, resolution, cost, and other factors. It concludes by comparing the different ADC types side by side in terms of resolution capabilities and relative speed and cost tradeoffs.
The document summarizes different types of analog to digital converters (ADCs) including flash ADCs, sigma-delta ADCs, dual slope converters, and successive approximation ADCs. It explains the fundamental concepts of sampling, quantizing, and encoding that all ADCs use to convert continuous analog signals to discrete digital outputs. For each type of ADC, it provides a brief description of how it works along with its advantages and disadvantages in terms of speed, resolution, cost, and other factors. It concludes by comparing the different ADC types side by side in terms of resolution capabilities and relative speed and cost tradeoffs.
i.e.: they are continuous and can take an inifinity of values Digital systems require discrete digital data ADC converts an analog information into a digital information
Analog ? Digital Digital System
What is A/D Conversion?
REFERENCE INPUT RESOLUTION DIGITAL OUTPUT ANALOG N BITS INPUT Analog Input DIGITAL OUTPUT CODE = x (2N - 1) Reference Input
Produces a Digital Output Corresponding to the Value of the Signal Applied to
Its Input Relative to a Reference Voltage Finite Number of Discrete Values : 2N Resulting in Quantization Uncertainty Changes Continuous Time Signal into Discrete Time Sampled Representation Sampling and Quantization Impose Fundamental yet Predictable Limitations A/D FUNDAMENTAL
Sampling Quantizing Encoding Sampling
Digital system works with discrete states
The signal is only defined at determined times The sampling times are proportional to the sampling period (Ts)
x(t) Ts xs(t)
x(t) xs(t=k*Ts)
Ts t Quantizing The signal can only take determined values Belonging to a range of conversion (ΔVr) Based on number of bit combinations that the converter can output Number of possible states: N=2n where n is number of bits Resolution: Q= ΔVr/N
xs(t) xq(t) Q ΔVr
t Ts Encoding
Assigning a unique digital word to each sample
Matching the digital word to the input signal
xq(t) N-1 N-2
Q ΔVr 2 1 0
t Ts Sampling rate
Nyquist-Shannon theorem: Minimum sampling rate should be at least twice the highest data frequency of the analog signal
“Parallel A/D” Uses a series of comparators Each comparator compares Vin to a different reference voltage, starting w/ Vref = 1/2 lsb Flash ADC
Advantages Disadvantages Very fast Needs many parts (255 comparators for 8-bit ADC) Lower resolution Expensive Large power consumption Sigma Delta ADC
Integrator Digital Vin + Σ + Sample - - low-pass decimator filter Oversample r Serial output 1-bit DAC
Oversampled input signal goes in the integrator
Output of integration is compared to GND Iterates to produce a serial bitstream Output is serial bit stream with # of 1’s proportional to Vin Sigma-Delta ADC
Advantages Disadvantages
High resolution Slow due to
No precision oversampling external components needed Dual Slope Converter
Vin tFIX tmeas t
The sampled signal charges a capacitor for a fixed amount
of time By integrating over time, noise integrates out of the conversion. Then the ADC discharges the capacitor at a fixed rate while a counter counts the ADC's output bits. A longer discharge time results in a higher count. Dual Slope converter
Advantages Disadvantages
• Input signal is Slow
averaged High precision • Greater noise external components immunity than other required to achieve ADC types accuracy • High accuracy Successive Approximation
Is Vin > ½ ADC range?
- Sets MSB SAR DAC VIN + 1000 0000 0100 Converts MSB to analog using DAC Out If no, then test next bit Compares guess to input Set bit Test next bit Successive Approximation
Advantages Disadvantages
• Capable of high Higher resolution
speed successive • Medium accuracy approximation ADCs compared to other will be slower ADC types Speed limited • Good tradeoff ~5Msps between speed and cost ADC Type Comparison ADC Resolution Comparison Dual Slope Flash Successive Approx Sigma-Delta
0 5 10 15 20 25 Resolution (Bits)
Type Speed (relative) Cost (relative)
Dual Slope Slow Med Flash Very Fast High Successive Appox Medium – Fast Low Sigma-Delta Slow Low ADC FIN
