CHAPTER 15

Integral Calculus:
The Definite
Integral

15.1 AREA UNDER A CURVE

There is no geometric formula for the area under an irregularly shaped curve, such as y ⫽ f(x)
between x ⫽ a and x ⫽ b in Fig. 15-1(a). If the interval [a, b] is divided into n subintervals [x1, x2],
[x2, x3], etc., and rectangles are constructed such that the height of each is equal to the smallest value
of the function in the subinterval, as in Fig. 15-1(b), then the sum of the areas of the rectangles
n
兺 i⫽1 f (xi) ⌬xi, called a Riemann sum, will approximate, but underestimate, the actual area under the
curve. The smaller the subintervals (the smaller the ⌬xi), the more rectangles are created and the closer
n
the combined area of the rectangles 兺 i⫽1 f (xi) ⌬xi approaches the actual area under the curve. If

Fig. 15-1

342
CHAP. 15] INTEGRAL CALCULUS: THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL 343

the number of subintervals is increased so that n → ⬁, each subinterval becomes infinitesimal

(⌬xi ⫽ dxi ⫽ dx) and the area A under the curve can be expressed mathematically as

冘
n

A ⫽ lim f (xi) ⌬xi

n→⬁ i⫽1

15.2 THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL

The area under a graph of a continuous function such as that in Fig. 15-1 from a to b (a ⬍ b)
can be expressed more succinctly as the definite integral of f (x) over the interval a to b. Put
mathematically,

冕 a
b
f (x) dx ⫽ lim
n→⬁
冘n

i⫽1
f (xi) ⌬xi

Here the left-hand side is read, ‘‘the integral from a to b of f of x dx.’’ Here a is called the lower limit
of integration and b the upper limit of integration. Unlike the indefinite integral which is a set of
functions containing all the antiderivatives of f (x), as explained in Example 3 of Chapter 14, the
definite integral is a real number which can be evaluated by using the fundamental theorem of calculus
(Section 15.3).

15.3 THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF CALCULUS

The fundamental theorem of calculus states that the numerical value of the definite integral of a
continuous function f (x) over the interval from a to b is given by the indefinite integral F(x) ⫹ c
evaluated at the upper limit of integration b, minus the same indefinite integral F(x) ⫹ c evaluated at
the lower limit of integration a. Since c is common to both, the constant of integration is eliminated
in subtraction. Expressed mathematically,

冕 b

a
f (x) dx ⫽ F(x)
冨
b

a
⫽ F(b) ⫺ F(a)
b
where the symbol 兩ba, ]ba, or [ · · · ] a indicates that b and a are to be substituted successively for x. See
Examples 1 and 2 and Problems 15.1 to 15.10.

EXAMPLE 1. The definite integrals given below

冕 冕
4 3

(1) 10x dx (2) (4x3 ⫹ 6x) dx

1 1

are evaluated as follows:

冕
4 4
1)
1
10x dx ⫽ 5x2 冨 1
⫽ 5(4)2 ⫺ 5(1)2 ⫽ 75

冕
3
2) (4x3 ⫹ 6x) dx ⫽ [x4 ⫹ 3x2]13 ⫽ [(3)4 ⫹ 3(3)2] ⫺ [(1)4 ⫹ 3(1)2] ⫽ 108 ⫺ 4 ⫽ 104
1

EXAMPLE 2. The definite integral is used below to determine the area under the curve in Fig. 15-2 over the
interval 0 to 20 as follows:

冕
20 20
A⫽
0
1–
2 x dx ⫽ 1–4 x2 冨 0
⫽ 1–4(20)2 ⫺ 1–4(0)2 ⫽ 100
344 INTEGRAL CALCULUS: THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL [CHAP. 15

Fig. 15-2

The answer can be checked by using the geometric formula A ⫽ 1–2 xy:
A ⫽ 1–2 xy ⫽ 1–2(20)(10) ⫽ 100

15.4 PROPERTIES OF DEFINITE INTEGRALS

1. Reversing the order of the limits changes the sign of the definite integral.

冕 a
b
f (x) dx ⫽ ⫺ 冕 b
a
f (x) dx (15.1)

2. If the upper limit of integration equals the lower limit of integration, the value of the definite
integral is zero.

冕a
a
f (x) dx ⫽ F(a) ⫺ F(a) ⫽ 0 (15.2)

3. The definite integral can be expressed as the sum of component subintegrals.

冕 冕 冕
c b c
f (x) dx ⫽ f (x) dx ⫹ f (x) dx aⱕbⱕc (15.3)
a a b

4. The sum or difference of two definite integrals with identical limits of integration is equal to
the definite integral of the sum or difference of the two functions.

冕
a
b
f (x) dx ⫾ 冕
a
b
g(x) dx ⫽ 冕 a
b
[ f (x) ⫾ g(x)] dx (15.4)

5. The definite integral of a constant times a function is equal to the constant times the definite
integral of the function.

冕 a
b
kf (x) dx ⫽ k 冕 a
b
f (x) dx (15.5)

See Example 3 and Problems 15.11 to 15.14.

CHAP. 15] INTEGRAL CALCULUS: THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL 345

EXAMPLE 3. To illustrate a sampling of the properties presented above, the following definite integrals are
evaluated:

冕 冕
3 1
1. 2x3 dx ⫽ ⫺ 2x3 dx

冕
1 3
3 3

1
2x3 dx ⫽ 1–2 x4 冨 1
⫽ 1–2(3)4 ⫺ 1–2(1)4 ⫽ 40

Checking this answer,

冕
1 1

3
2x3 dx ⫽ 1–2 x4 冨 3
⫽ 1–2(1)4 ⫺ 1–2(3)4 ⫽ ⫺40

冕
5
2. (2x ⫹ 3) dx ⫽ 0
5

Checking this answer,

冕
5
(2x ⫹ 3) dx ⫽ [x2 ⫹ 3x]55 ⫽ [(5)2 ⫹ 3(5)] ⫺ [(5)2 ⫹ 3(5)] ⫽ 0
5

冕 冕 冕
4 3 4
3. 6x dx ⫽ 6x dx ⫹ 6x dx

冕
0 0 3
4 4

0
6x dx ⫽ 3x2 冨 0
⫽ 3(4)2 ⫺ 3(0)2 ⫽ 48

冕
3 3

0
6x dx ⫽ 3x2 冨 0
⫽ 3(3)2 ⫺ 3(0)2 ⫽ 27

冕
4 4

3
6x dx ⫽ 3x2 冨 3
⫽ 3(4)2 ⫺ 3(3)2 ⫽ 21

Checking this answer, 48 ⫽ 27 ⫹ 21

15.5 AREA BETWEEN CURVES

The area of a region between two or more curves can be evaluated by applying the properties of
definite integrals outlined above. The procedure is demonstrated in Example 4 and treated in
Problems 15.15 to 15.18.

EXAMPLE 4. Using the properties of integrals, the area of the region between two functions such as
y1 ⫽ 3x2 ⫺ 6x ⫹ 8 and y2 ⫽ ⫺2x2 ⫹ 4x ⫹ 1 from x ⫽ 0 to x ⫽ 2 is found in the following way:
a) Draw a rough sketch of the graph of the functions and shade in the desired area as in Fig. 15-3.

Fig. 15-3
346 INTEGRAL CALCULUS: THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL [CHAP. 15

b) Note the relationship between the curves. Since y1 lies above y2, the desired region is simply the area
under y1 minus the area under y2 between x ⫽ 0 and x ⫽ 2. Hence,

冕 冕
2 2
A⫽ (3x2 ⫺ 6x ⫹ 8) dx ⫺ (⫺2x2 ⫹ 4x ⫹ 1) dx
0 0

冕
2
From (15.4), A⫽ [(3x2 ⫺ 6x ⫹ 8) ⫺ (⫺2x2 ⫹ 4x ⫹ 1)] dx
0

冕
2
⫽ (5x2 ⫺ 10x ⫹ 7) dx
0

⫽ (5–3 x3 ⫺ 5x2 ⫹ 7x) 兩02 ⫽ 71–3 ⫺ 0 ⫽ 71–3

15.6 IMPROPER INTEGRALS

The area under some curves that extend infinitely far along the x axis, as in Fig. 15-4(a), may be
estimated with the help of improper integrals. A definite integral with infinity for either an upper or
lower limit of integration is called an improper integral.

冕 冕
⬁ b
f (x) dx and f (x) dx
a ⫺⬁

are improper integrals because ⬁ is not a number and cannot be substituted for x in F(x). They can,
however, be defined as the limits of other integrals, as shown below.

冕a
⬁
f (x) dx ⫽ lim
b→⬁
冕 a
b
f (x) dx and 冕 b

⫺⬁
f (x) dx ⫽ lim
a→⫺⬁
冕
a
b
f (x) dx

If the limit in either case exists, the improper integral is said to converge. The integral has a definite
value, and the area under the curve can be evaluated. If the limit does not exist, the improper integral
diverges and is meaningless. See Example 5 and Problems 15.19 to 15.25.

Fig. 15-4

EXAMPLE 5. The improper integrals given below

冕 冕
⬁ ⬁
3 6
(a) dx (b) dx
1
x2 1
x
are sketched in Fig. 15-4(a) and (b) and evaluated as follows:

冕 冕
⬁ b
⫺3 b

冤x冥
3 3
a) dx ⫽ lim dx ⫽ lim
1
x2 b→⬁
1
x2 b→⬁ 1

⫺3 ⫺3
冤b 冥 冢 冣
(⫺3)
⫽ lim ⫺ ⫽ lim ⫹3 ⫽ 3
b→⬁ 1 b→⬁ b
CHAP. 15] INTEGRAL CALCULUS: THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL 347

because as b → ⬁, ⫺3/b → 0. Hence the improper integral is convergent and the area under the curve in
Fig. 15-4(a) equals 3.

冕 冕
⬁ b
6 6
b) dx ⫽ lim dx
1
x b→⬁
1
x
⫽ lim [6 ln 兩 x 兩]b1 ⫽ lim [6 ln 兩 b 兩 ⫺ 6 ln 兩 1 兩]
b→⬁ b→⬁

⫽ lim [6 ln 兩 b 兩] since ln 兩 1 兩 ⫽ 0
b→⬁

As b → ⬁, 6 ln 兩 b 兩 → ⬁. The improper integral diverges and has no definite value. The area under the curve
in Fig. 15-4(b) cannot be computed even though the graph is deceptively similar to the one in (a).

15.7 L’HÔPITAL’S RULE

If the limit of a function f (x) ⫽ g(x)/h(x) as x → a cannot be evaluated, such as (1) when both
numerator and denominator approach zero, giving rise to the indeterminate form 0/0, or (2) when both
numerator and denominator approach infinity, giving rise to the indeterminate form ⬁/⬁, L’Hôpital’s
rule can often be helpful. L’Hôpital’s rule states:
g(x) g⬘(x)
lim ⫽ lim (15.6)
x→a h(x) x→a h⬘(x)

It is illustrated in Example 6 and Problem 15.26.

EXAMPLE 6. The limits of the functions given below are found as follows, using L’Hôpital’s rule. Note that
numerator and denominator are differentiated separately, not as a quotient.
x⫺4 6x ⫺ 2
(a) lim (b) lim
x→4 16 ⫺ x 2
x→⬁ 7x ⫹4
a) As x → 4, x ⫺ 4 and 16 ⫺ x2 → 0. Using (15.6), therefore, and differentiating numerator and denominator
separately,
x⫺4 1 1
lim ⫽ lim ⫽⫺
x→4 16 ⫺ x2
x→4 ⫺2x 8
b) As x → ⬁, both 6x ⫺ 2 and 7x ⫹ 4 → ⬁. Using (15.6),
6x ⫺ 2 6 6
lim ⫽ lim ⫽
x→⬁ 7x ⫹ 4 x→⬁ 7 7

15.8 CONSUMERS’ AND PRODUCERS’ SURPLUS

A demand function P1 ⫽ f1(Q), as in Fig. 15-5(a), represents the different prices consumers are
willing to pay for different quantities of a good. If equilibrium in the market is at (Q0, P0), then the
consumers who would be willing to pay more than P0 benefit. Total benefit to consumers is represented
by the shaded area and is called consumers’ surplus. Mathematically,

Consumers’ surplus ⫽ 冕
0
Q0
f1(Q) dQ ⫺ Q0 P0 (15.7)

A supply function P2 ⫽ f2(Q), as in Fig. 15-5(b), represents the prices at which different quantities
of a good will be supplied. If market equilibrium occurs at (Q0, P0), the producers who would supply
at a lower price than P0 benefit. Total gain to producers is called producers’ surplus and is designated
by the shaded area. Mathematically,
Producers’ surplus ⫽ Q0 P0 ⫺ 冕
0
Q0
f2(Q) dQ (15.8)

See Example 7 and Problems 15.27 to 15.31.

348 INTEGRAL CALCULUS: THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL [CHAP. 15

Fig. 15-5

EXAMPLE 7. Given the demand function P ⫽ 42 ⫺ 5Q ⫺ Q2. Assuming that the equilibrium price is 6, the
consumers’ surplus is evaluated as follows:

At P0 ⫽ 6, 42 ⫺ 5Q ⫺ Q2 ⫽ 6
36 ⫺ 5Q ⫺ Q2 ⫽ 0
(Q ⫹ 9)(⫺Q ⫹ 4) ⫽ 0

So Q0 ⫽ 4, because Q ⫽ ⫺9 is not feasible. Substituting in (15.7),

冕
4
Consumers’ surplus ⫽ (42 ⫺ 5Q ⫺ Q2) dQ ⫺ (4)(6)
0

⫽ [42Q ⫺ 2.5Q2 ⫺ 1–3 Q3]04 ⫺ 24

⫽ (168 ⫺ 40 ⫺ 211–3) ⫺ 0 ⫺ 24 ⫽ 822–3

15.9 THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL AND PROBABILITY

The probability P that an event will occur can be measured by the corresponding area under a
probability density function. A probability density or frequency function is a continuous function f (x)
such that:
1. f (x) ⱖ 0. Probability cannot be negative.
⬁
2. 兰⫺⬁ f (x) dx ⫽ 1. The probability of the event occurring over the entire range of x is 1.
b
3. P(a ⬍ x ⬍ b) ⫽ 兰a f (x) dx. The probability of the value of x falling within the interval [a, b] is
the value of the definite integral from a to b.
See Example 8 and Problems 15.32 and 15.33.

EXAMPLE 8. The time in minutes between cars passing on a highway is given by the frequency function
f (t) ⫽ 2e⫺2t for t ⱖ 0. The probability of a car passing in 0.25 minute is calculated as follows:

冕
0.25 0.25
P⫽
0
2e⫺2t dt ⫽ ⫺e⫺2t 冨 0
⫽ ⫺e⫺0.5 ⫺ (⫺e0) ⫽ ⫺0.606531 ⫹ 1 ⫽ 0.393469
CHAP. 15] INTEGRAL CALCULUS: THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL 349

Solved Problems

DEFINITE INTEGRALS
15.1. Evaluate the following definite integrals:

冕
6
a) 5x dx
0

冕
6 6

0
5x dx ⫽ 2.5x2 冨 0
⫽ 2.5(6)2 ⫺ 2.5(0)2 ⫽ 90

b) 冕
1
10
3x2 dx

冕
10 10

1
3x2 dx ⫽ x3 冨 1
⫽ (10)3 ⫺ (1)3 ⫽ 999

c) 冕
1
64
x⫺2/3 dx

冕
64 64
x⫺2/3 dx ⫽ 3x1/3 冨 ⫽ 3 兹64 ⫺ 3 兹1 ⫽ 9
3 3

1
1

冕
3
d) (x3 ⫹ x ⫹ 6) dx
1

冕
3 3

1
(x3 ⫹ x ⫹ 6) dx ⫽ (1–4x4 ⫹ 1–2x2 ⫹ 6x) 冨 1
⫽ 1–4(3)4 ⫹ 1–2(3)2 ⫹ 6(3) ⫺ [1–4(1)4 ⫹ 1–2(1)2 ⫹ 6(1)] ⫽ 36

冕
4
e) (x⫺1/2 ⫹ 3x1/2) dx
1

冕
4 4

1
(x⫺1/2 ⫹ 3x1/2) dx ⫽ (2x1/2 ⫹ 2x3/2) 冨 1
⫽ 2兹4 ⫹ 2兹43 ⫺ (2兹1 ⫹ 2兹13) ⫽ 16

f) 冕
0
3
4e2x dx

冕
3 3

0
4e2x dx ⫽ 2e2x 冨 0
⫽ 2(e2(3) ⫺ e2(0))

⫽ 2(403.4 ⫺ 1) ⫽ 804.8

g) 冕
0
10
2e⫺2x dx

冕
10 10

0
2e⫺2x dx ⫽ ⫺e⫺2x 冨 0
⫽ ⫺e⫺2(10) ⫺ (⫺e⫺2(0)) ⫽ ⫺e⫺20 ⫹ e0 ⫽ 1

SUBSTITUTION METHOD
15.2. Use the substitution method to integrate the following definite integral:

冕
3
8x(2x2 ⫹ 3) dx
0
350 INTEGRAL CALCULUS: THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL [CHAP. 15

Let u ⫽ 2x2 ⫹ 3. Then du/dx ⫽ 4x and dx ⫽ du/4x. Ignore the limits of integration for the moment,
and treat the integral as an indefinite integral. Substituting in the original integrand,

冕 8x(2x2 ⫹ 3) dx ⫽ 冕 8xu
du
4x
⫽2 冕 u du

Integrating with respect to u,

2 冕 u du ⫽ 2 冢 冣
u2
2
⫹ c ⫽ u2 ⫹ c (15.9)

Finally, by substituting u ⫽ 2x2 ⫹ 3 in (15.9) and recalling that c will drop out in the integration, the definite
integral can be written in terms of x, incorporating the original limits:

冕
3 3

0
8x(2x2 ⫹ 3) dx ⫽ (2x2 ⫹ 3)2 冨 0
⫽ [2(3)2 ⫹ 3]2 ⫺ [2(0)2 ⫹ 3]2 ⫽ 441 ⫺ 9 ⫽ 432

Because in the original substitution u ⫽ x but 2x2 ⫹ 3, the limits of integration in terms of x will differ
from the limits of integration in terms of u. The limits can be expressed in terms of u, if so desired. Since
we have set u ⫽ 2x2 ⫹ 3 and x ranges from 0 to 3, the limits in terms of u are u ⫽ 2(3)2 ⫹ 3 ⫽ 21 and
u ⫽ 2(0)2 ⫹ 3 ⫽ 3. Using these limits with the integral expressed in terms of u, as in (15.9),

冕
21 21
2
3
u du ⫽ u2 冨 3
⫽ 441 ⫺ 9 ⫽ 432

2
15.3. Redo Problem 15.2, given 兰1 x2(x3 ⫺ 5)2 dx.
Let u ⫽ x3 ⫺ 5, du/dx ⫽ 3x2, and dx ⫽ du/3x2. Substituting independently of the limits,

冕 x2(x3 ⫺ 5)2 dx ⫽ 冕 x2 u2
du 1
⫽
3x2 3 冕 u2 du

Integrating with respect to u and ignoring the constant,

1–
3 冕 u2 du ⫽ 1–3(1–3 u3) ⫽ 1–9 u3

Substituting u ⫽ x3 ⫺ 5 and incorporating the limits for x,

冕
2
x2(x3 ⫺ 5)2 dx ⫽ [1–9(x3 ⫺ 5)3]12
1
⫽ 1–9[(2)3 ⫺ 5]3 ⫺ 1–9[(1)3 ⫺ 5]3 ⫽ 1–9(27) ⫺ 1–9(⫺64) ⫽ 10.11
Since u ⫽ x3 ⫺ 5 and the limits for x are x ⫽ 1 and x ⫽ 2, by substitution the limits for u are
u ⫽ (1)3 ⫺ 5 ⫽ ⫺4 and u ⫽ (2)3 ⫺ 5 ⫽ 3. Incorporating these limits for the integral with respect to u,

冕
3
1–
3 u2 du ⫽ [1–9 u3]⫺4
3
⫽ 1–9(3)3 ⫺ 1–9(⫺4)3 ⫽ 10.11
⫺4

15.4. Redo Problem 15.2, given

冕 0
2
3x2
(x3 ⫹ 1)2
dx

Let u ⫽ x3 ⫹ 1. Then du/dx ⫽ 3x2 and dx ⫽ du/3x2. Substituting,

冕 3x2
(x ⫹ 1)2
3
dx ⫽ 冕 3x2 u⫺2
du
3x2
⫽ 冕 u⫺2 du
CHAP. 15] INTEGRAL CALCULUS: THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL 351

Integrating with respect to u and ignoring the constant,

冕 u⫺2 du ⫽ ⫺u⫺1

Substituting u ⫽ x3 ⫹ 1 with the original limits,

冕 ⫺1 ⫺1
2
3x2 2

冨
1 8
dx ⫽ ⫺(x3 ⫹ 1)⫺1 ⫽ ⫺ 3 ⫽ ⫺ ⫹1 ⫽
(x ⫹ 1)2
3
0 2 ⫹1 0 ⫹1
3
9 9
0

With u ⫽ x ⫹ 1, and the limits of x ranging from 0 to 2, the limits of u are u ⫽ (0)3 ⫹ 1 ⫽ 1 and
3

u ⫽ (2)3 ⫹ 1 ⫽ 9. Thus,

冕
9 9

1
u⫺2 du ⫽ ⫺u⫺1 冨 1
⫽ (⫺1–9) ⫺ (⫺ 1–1) ⫽ 8–9

15.5. Integrate the following definite integral by means of the substitution method:

冕 0
3
6x
x2 ⫹ 1
dx

Let u ⫽ x2 ⫹ 1, du/dx ⫽ 2x, and dx ⫽ du/2x. Substituting,

冕 6x
x2 ⫹ 1
dx ⫽ 冕 6xu⫺1
du
2x
⫽3 冕 u⫺1 du

Integrating with respect to u,

3 冕 u⫺1 du ⫽ 3 ln 兩 u 兩

Substituting u ⫽ x2 ⫹ 1,

冕
3 3

冨
6x
dx ⫽ 3 ln 兩 x2 ⫹ 1 兩
0
x ⫹1
2
0

⫽ 3 ln 兩 3 ⫹ 1 兩 ⫺ 3 ln 兩 02 ⫹ 1 兩 ⫽ 3 ln 10 ⫺ 3 ln 1
2

Since ln 1 ⫽ 0, ⫽ 3 ln 10 ⫽ 6.9078
The limits of u are u ⫽ (0)2 ⫹ 1 ⫽ 1 and u ⫽ (3)2 ⫹ 1 ⫽ 10. Integrating with respect to u,

冕
10 10
3
1
u⫺1 du ⫽ 3 ln 兩 u 兩 冨 1
⫽ 3 ln 10 ⫺ 3 ln 1 ⫽ 3 ln 10 ⫽ 6.9078

2
Redo Problem 15.5, given 兰1 4xex ⫹2 dx.
2
15.6.
Let u ⫽ x2 ⫹ 2. Then du/dx ⫽ 2x and dx ⫽ du/2x. Substituting,

冕 4xex ⫹2 dx ⫽
2

冕 4xeu
du
2x
⫽2 冕 eu du

Integrating with respect to u and ignoring the constant,

2 冕 eu du ⫽ 2eu

Substituting u ⫽ x2 ⫹ 2,

冕
2 2
4xex ⫹2 dx ⫽ 2ex ⫹2 冨 ⫽ 2(e(2) ⫹2 ⫺ e(1) ⫹2) ⫽ 2(e6 ⫺ e3)
2 2 2 2

1
1
⫽ 2(403.43 ⫺ 20.09) ⫽ 766.68
352 INTEGRAL CALCULUS: THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL [CHAP. 15

With u ⫽ x2 ⫹ 2, the limits of u are u ⫽ (1)2 ⫹ 2 ⫽ 3 and u ⫽ (2)2 ⫹ 2 ⫽ 6.

冕
6 6
2
3
eu du ⫽ 2eu 冨 3
⫽ 2(e6 ⫺ e3) ⫽ 766.68

1
Redo Problem 15.5, given 兰0 3x2 e2x ⫹1 dx.
3
15.7.

Let u ⫽ 2x3 ⫹ 1, du/dx ⫽ 6x2, and dx ⫽ du/6x2. Substituting,

冕 3x2 e2x ⫹1 dx ⫽
3

冕 3x2 eu
du 1
⫽
6x2 2 冕 eu du

Integrating with respect to u,

1–
2 冕 eu du ⫽ 1–2 eu

Substituting u ⫽ 2x3 ⫹ 1,

冕
1 1
3x2 e2x ⫹1 dx ⫽ 1–2 e2x ⫹1 冨
3 3
⫽ 1–2 (e3 ⫺ e1) ⫽ 1–2(20.086 ⫺ 2.718) ⫽ 8.684
0
0

With u ⫽ 2x3 ⫹ 1, the limits of u are u ⫽ 2(0)3 ⫹ 1 ⫽ 1 and u ⫽ 2(1)3 ⫹ 1 ⫽ 3. Thus

冕
3 3
1–
2
1
eu du ⫽ 1–2 eu 冨 1
⫽ 1–2(e3 ⫺ e1) ⫽ 8.68

INTEGRATION BY PARTS
15.8. Integrate the following definite integral, using the method of integration by parts:

冕 2
5
3x
(x ⫹ 1)2
dx

Let f (x) ⫽ 3x; then f ⬘(x) ⫽ 3. Let g⬘(x) ⫽ (x ⫹ 1)⫺2; then g(x) ⫽ 兰 (x ⫹ 1)⫺2 dx ⫽ ⫺(x ⫹ 1)⫺1. Sub-
stituting in (14.1),

冕 3x
(x ⫹ 1)2
dx ⫽ 3x[⫺(x ⫹ 1)⫺1] ⫺ 冕 ⫺ (x ⫹ 1)⫺1 3 dx

⫽ ⫺3x(x ⫹ 1)⫺1 ⫹ 3 冕 (x ⫹ 1)⫺1 dx

Integrating and ignoring the constant,

冕 3x
(x ⫹ 1)2
dx ⫽ ⫺3x(x ⫹ 1)⫺1 ⫹ 3 ln 兩 x ⫹ 1 兩

Applying the limits,

冕
5
3x
dx ⫽ [⫺3x(x ⫹ 1)⫺1 ⫹ 3 ln 兩 x ⫹ 1 兩 ]25
2
(x ⫹ 1)2

冤 冥 冤 冥
3(5) 3(2)
⫽ ⫺ ⫹ 3 ln 兩 5 ⫹ 1 兩 ⫺ ⫺ ⫹ 3 ln 兩 2 ⫹ 1 兩
5⫹1 2⫹1
⫽ ⫺ 5–2 ⫹ 3 ln 6 ⫹ 2 ⫺ 3 ln 3
⫽ 3(ln 6 ⫺ ln 3) ⫺ 1–2 ⫽ 3(1.7918 ⫺ 1.0986) ⫺ 0.5 ⫽ 1.5796
CHAP. 15] INTEGRAL CALCULUS: THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL 353

15.9. Redo Problem 15.8, given

冕
3
4x
dx
1
(x ⫹ 2)3
Let f (x) ⫽ 4x, f ⬘(x) ⫽ 4, g⬘(x) ⫽ (x ⫹ 2)⫺3, and g(x) ⫽ 兰 (x ⫹ 2)⫺3 dx ⫽ ⫺1–2 (x ⫹ 2)⫺2. Substituting in
(14.1),

冕 4x
(x ⫹ 2)3
1
冤
dx ⫽ 4x ⫺ (x ⫹ 2)⫺2 ⫺
2 冥 冕 1
⫺ (x ⫹ 2)⫺2 4 dx
2

⫽ ⫺2x(x ⫹ 2)⫺2 ⫹ 2 冕 (x ⫹ 2)⫺2 dx

Integrating,

冕 4x
(x ⫹ 2)3
dx ⫽ ⫺2x(x ⫹ 2)⫺2 ⫺ 2(x ⫹ 2)⫺1

Applying the limits,

冕
3
4x
dx ⫽ [⫺2x(x ⫹ 2)⫺2 ⫺ 2(x ⫹ 2)⫺1]13
(x ⫹ 2)3
1
⫽ [⫺2(3)(3 ⫹ 2)⫺2 ⫺ 2(3 ⫹ 2)⫺1] ⫺ [⫺2(1)(1 ⫹ 2)⫺2 ⫺ 2(1 ⫹ 2)⫺1]
⫽ ⫺ ––
25 ⫺ 5 ⫹ 9 ⫹ 3 ⫽ 225
6 2– 2– 2– 56
–––

3
15.10. Redo Problem 15.8, given 兰1 5xex⫹2 dx.
Let f (x) ⫽ 5x, f ⬘(x) ⫽ 5, g⬘(x) ⫽ ex⫹2, and g(x) ⫽ 兰 ex⫹2 dx ⫽ ex⫹2. Applying (14.1),

冕 5xex⫹2 dx ⫽ 5xex⫹2 ⫺ 冕 ex⫹2 5 dx ⫽ 5xex⫹2 ⫺ 5 冕 ex⫹2 dx

Integrating,

冕 5xex⫹2 dx ⫽ 5xex⫹2 ⫺ 5ex⫹2

Applying the limits,

冕
3
5xex⫹2 dx ⫽ [5xex⫹2 ⫺ 5ex⫹2]13 ⫽ (15e5 ⫺ 5e5) ⫺ (5e3 ⫺ 5e3) ⫽ 10e5 ⫽ 10(148.4) ⫽ 1484
1

PROPERTIES OF DEFINITE INTEGRALS

4 0 4
15.11. Show 兰⫺4 (8x3 ⫹ 9x2) dx ⫽ 兰⫺4 (8x3 ⫹ 9x2) dx ⫹ 兰0 (8x3 ⫹ 9x2) dx.

冕
4 4

⫺4
(8x3 ⫹ 9x2) dx ⫽ 2x4 ⫹ 3x3 冨 ⫺4
⫽ 704 ⫺ 320 ⫽ 384

冕
0 0

⫺4
(8x3 ⫹ 9x2) dx ⫽ 2x4 ⫹ 3x3 冨 ⫺4
⫽ 0 ⫺ 320 ⫽ ⫺320

冕
4 4

0
(8x3 ⫹ 9x2) dx ⫽ 2x4 ⫹ 3x3 冨 0
⫽ 704 ⫺ 0 ⫽ 704

Checking this answer, ⫺320 ⫹ 704 ⫽ 384

354 INTEGRAL CALCULUS: THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL [CHAP. 15

16 4 9 16
15.12. Show 兰0 (x⫺1/2 ⫹ 3x) dx ⫽ 兰0 (x⫺1/2 ⫹ 3x) dx ⫹ 兰4 (x⫺1/2 ⫹ 3x) dx ⫹ 兰9 (x⫺1/2 ⫹ 3x) dx.

冕
16 16

0
(x⫺1/2 ⫹ 3x) dx ⫽ 2x1/2 ⫹ 1.5x2 冨 0
⫽ 392 ⫺ 0 ⫽ 392

冕
4 4

0
(x⫺1/2 ⫹ 3x) dx ⫽ 2x1/2 ⫹ 1.5x2 冨 0
⫽ 28 ⫺ 0 ⫽ 28

冕
9 9

4
(x⫺1/2 ⫹ 3x) dx ⫽ 2x1/2 ⫹ 1.5x2 冨 4
⫽ 127.5 ⫺ 28 ⫽ 99.5

冕
16 16

9
(x⫺1/2 ⫹ 3x) dx ⫽ 2x1/2 ⫹ 1.5x2 冨 9
⫽ 392 ⫺ 127.5 ⫽ 264.5

Checking this answer, 28 ⫹ 99.5 ⫹ 264.5 ⫽ 392

15.13. Show

冕 冕 冕 冕
3 1 2 3
6x 6x 6x 6x
dx ⫽ dx ⫹ dx ⫹ dx
0
x ⫹1
2
0
x ⫹1
2
1
x ⫹1
2
2
x ⫹1
2

From Problem 15.5,

冕
3 3

冨
6x
dx ⫽ 3 ln 兩 x2 ⫹ 1 兩 ⫽ 3 ln 10
x ⫹1
2
0
0

冕
1 1

冨
6x
dx ⫽ 3 ln 兩 x2 ⫹ 1 兩 ⫽ 3 ln 2 ⫺ 0 ⫽ 3 ln 2
x ⫹1
2
0
0

冕
2 2

冨
6x
dx ⫽ 3 ln 兩 x2 ⫹ 1 兩 ⫽ 3 ln 5 ⫺ 3 ln 2
x ⫹1
2
1
1

冕
3 3

冨
6x
dx ⫽ 3 ln 兩 x2 ⫹ 1 兩 ⫽ 3 ln 10 ⫺ 3 ln 5
2
x ⫹1
2
2

Checking this answer, 3 ln 2 ⫹ 3 ln 5 ⫺ 3 ln 2 ⫹ 3 ln 10 ⫺ 3 ln 5 ⫽ 3 ln 10

3 2 3
15.14. Show 兰1 5xex⫹2 dx ⫽ 兰1 5xex⫹2 dx ⫹ 兰2 5xex⫹2 dx.
From Problem 15.10,

冕
3
5xex⫹2 dx ⫽ [5xex⫹2 ⫺ 5ex⫹2]13 ⫽ 10e5
1

冕
2
5xex⫹2 dx ⫽ [5xex⫹2 ⫺ 5ex⫹2]12 ⫽ (10e4 ⫺ 5e4) ⫺ (5e3 ⫺ 5e3) ⫽ 5e4
1

冕
3
5xex⫹2 dx ⫽ [5xex⫹2 ⫺ 5ex⫹2]23 ⫽ (15e5 ⫺ 5e5) ⫺ (10e4 ⫺ 5e4) ⫽ 10e5 ⫺ 5e4
2

Checking this answer, 5e4 ⫹ 10e5 ⫺ 5e4 ⫽ 10e5

AREA BETWEEN CURVES

15.15. (a) Draw the graphs of the following functions, and (b) evaluate the area between the curves
over the stated interval:
y1 ⫽ 7 ⫺ x and y2 ⫽ 4x ⫺ x2 from x ⫽ 1 to x ⫽ 4
a) See Fig. 15-6.
b) From Fig. 15-6, the desired region is the area under the curve specified by y1 ⫽ 7 ⫺ x from x ⫽ 1 to
CHAP. 15] INTEGRAL CALCULUS: THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL 355

Fig. 15-6 Fig. 15-7

x ⫽ 4 minus the area under the curve specified by y2 ⫽ 4x ⫺ x2 from x ⫽ 1 to x ⫽ 4. Using the
properties of definite integrals,

冕 冕 冕
4 4 4
A⫽ (7 ⫺ x) dx ⫺ (4x ⫺ x2) dx ⫽ (x2 ⫺ 5x ⫹ 7) dx
1 1 1

⫽ [1–3x3 ⫺ 2.5x2 ⫹ 7x] 4

1

⫽ [1–3(4)3 ⫺ 2.5(4)2 ⫹ 7(4)] ⫺ [1–3(1)3 ⫺ 2.5(1)2 ⫹ 7(1)] ⫽ 4.5

15.16. Redo Problem 15.15, given

y1 ⫽ 6 ⫺ x and y2 ⫽ 4 from x ⫽ 0 to x ⫽ 5
Notice the shift in the relative positions of the curves at the point of intersection.
a) See Fig. 15-7.
b) From Fig. 15-7, the desired area is the area between y1 ⫽ 6 ⫺ x and y2 ⫽ 4 from x ⫽ 0 to x ⫽ 2 plus
the area between y2 ⫽ 4 and y1 ⫽ 6 ⫺ x from x ⫽ 2 to x ⫽ 5. Mathematically,

冕 冕
2 5
A⫽ [(6 ⫺ x) ⫺ 4] dx ⫹ [4 ⫺ (6 ⫺ x)] dx
0 2

冕 冕
2 5
⫽ (2 ⫺ x) dx ⫹ (x ⫺ 2) dx
0 2

⫽ [2x ⫺ 1–2x2]02 ⫹ [1–2 x2 ⫺ 2x]25 ⫽ 2 ⫺ 0 ⫹ 2.5 ⫺ (⫺2) ⫽ 6.5

15.17. Redo Problem 15.15, given

y1 ⫽ x2 ⫺ 4x ⫹ 8 and y2 ⫽ 2x from x ⫽ 0 to x ⫽ 3
a) See Fig. 15-8.

冕 冕
2 3
b) A⫽ [(x2 ⫺ 4x ⫹ 8) ⫺ 2x] dx ⫹ [2x ⫺ (x2 ⫺ 4x ⫹ 8)] dx
0 2

冕 冕
2 3
⫽ (x2 ⫺ 6x ⫹ 8) dx ⫹ (⫺x2 ⫹ 6x ⫺ 8) dx
0 2

⫽ [1–3x3 ⫺ 3x2 ⫹ 8x]02 ⫹ [⫺3 x ⫹ 3x2 ⫺ 8x]23 ⫽ 71–3

1– 3

15.18. Redo Problem 15.15, given

y1 ⫽ x2 ⫺ 4x ⫹ 12 and y2 ⫽ x2 from x ⫽ 0 to x ⫽ 4
a) See Fig. 15-9.
356 INTEGRAL CALCULUS: THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL [CHAP. 15

Fig. 15-8 Fig. 15-9

冕 冕
3 4
b) A⫽ [(x2 ⫺ 4x ⫹ 12) ⫺ x2] dx ⫹ [x2 ⫺ (x2 ⫺ 4x ⫹ 12)] dx
0 3

冕 冕
3 4
⫽ (12 ⫺ 4x) dx ⫹ (4x ⫺ 12) dx
0 3

⫽ [12x ⫺ 2x2]03 ⫹ [2x2 ⫺ 12x]34 ⫽ 20

IMPROPER INTEGRALS AND L’HÔPITAL’S RULE

15.19. (a) Specify why the integral given below is improper and (b) test for convergence. Evaluate
where possible.

冕
⬁
2x
dx
1
(x ⫹ 1)2
2

a) This is an example of an improper integral because the upper limit of integration is infinite.

冕 冕
⬁ b
2x 2x
b) dx ⫽ lim dx
1
(x ⫹ 1)2
2
b→⬁
1
(x2 ⫹ 1)2

Let u ⫽ x2 ⫹ 1, du/dx ⫽ 2x, and dx ⫽ du/2x. Substituting,

冕 2x
(x2 ⫹ 1)2
dx ⫽ 冕 2xu⫺2
du
2x
⫽ 冕 u⫺2 du

Integrating with respect to u and ignoring the constant,

冕 u⫺2 du ⫽ ⫺u⫺1

Substituting u ⫽ x2 ⫹ 1 and incorporating the limits of x,

冕 冕
⬁ b b

冨
2x 2x
dx ⫽ lim dx ⫽ ⫺(x2 ⫹ 1)⫺1
1
(x ⫹ 1)2
2
b→⬁
1
(x ⫹ 1)2
2
1

⫺1 1 1 1
⫽ 2 ⫹ ⫽ ⫺ 2
b ⫹ 1 (1) ⫹ 1 2 b ⫹ 1
2

As b → ⬁, 1/(b2 ⫹ 1) → 0. The integral converges and has a value of 1–2. .

CHAP. 15] INTEGRAL CALCULUS: THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL 357

15.20. Redo Problem 15.19, given

冕
⬁
dx
1
x⫹7
a) This is an improper integral because one of its limits of integration is infinite.

冕 冕
⬁ b b

冨
dx dx
b) ⫽ lim ⫽ ln 兩 x ⫹ 7 兩
x⫹7 b→⬁ x⫹7 1
1 1

⫽ ln 兩 b ⫹ 7 兩 ⫺ ln 兩 1 ⫹ 7 兩
As b → ⬁, ln 兩 b ⫹ 7 兩 → ⬁. The integral diverges and is meaningless.

0
15.21. Redo Problem 15.19, given 兰⫺⬁ e3x dx.
a) The lower limit is infinite.

冕 冕
0 0 0
b)
⫺⬁
e3x dx ⫽ lim
a→⫺⬁
a
e3x dx ⫽ 1–3 e3x 冨 a

⫽ 1– 3(0)
3e ⫺ 1–3 e3a ⫽ –⫺1
1
3
– e3a
3

As a → ⫺⬁, 3 e → 0.
1– 3a
The integral converges and has a value of 1–3.

15.22. (a) Specify why the integral given below is improper and (b) test for convergence. Evaluate
where possible:

冕
⫺⬁
0
(5 ⫺ x)⫺2 dx

a) The lower limit is infinite.

冕 冕
0 0
b) (5 ⫺ x)⫺2 dx ⫽ lim (5 ⫺ x)⫺2 dx
a→⫺⬁
⫺⬁ a

Let u ⫽ 5 ⫺ x, du/dx ⫽ ⫺1, and dx ⫽ ⫺du. Substituting,

冕 (5 ⫺ x)⫺2 dx ⫽ 冕 u⫺2(⫺du) ⫽ ⫺ 冕 u⫺2 du

Integrating with respect to u,

⫺ 冕 u⫺2 du ⫽ u⫺1

Substituting u ⫽ 5 ⫺ x and incorporating the limits of x,

冕 冕
0 0 0

⫺⬁
(5 ⫺ x)⫺2 dx ⫽ lim
a→⫺⬁
a
(5 ⫺ x)⫺2 dx ⫽ (5 ⫺ x)⫺1 冨 a

1 1 1 1
⫽ ⫺ ⫽ ⫺
5⫺0 5⫺a 5 5⫺a

As a → ⫺⬁, 1/(5 ⫺ a) → 0. The integral converges and equals 1–5 .

0
15.23. Redo Problem 15.22, given 兰⫺⬁ 2xex dx.
a) The lower limit is infinite.

冕 冕
0 0
b) 2xex dx ⫽ lim 2xex dx
a→⫺⬁
⫺⬁ a
358 INTEGRAL CALCULUS: THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL [CHAP. 15

Using integration by parts, let f (x) ⫽ 2x, f ⬘(x) ⫽ 2, g⬘(x) ⫽ ex, and g(x) ⫽ 兰 ex dx ⫽ ex. Substituting in
(14.1),

冕 2xex dx ⫽ 2xex ⫺ 冕 ex 2 dx

Integrating once again,

冕 2xex dx ⫽ 2xex ⫺ 2ex

Incorporating the limits,

冕 冕
0 0 0

⫺⬁
2xex dx ⫽ lim
a→⫺⬁
a
2xex dx ⫽ (2xex ⫺ 2ex) 冨 a

⫽ [2(0)e0 ⫺ 2e0] ⫺ (2aea ⫺ 2ea)

⫽ ⫺2 ⫺ 2aea ⫹ 2ea since e0 ⫽ 1
As a → ⫺⬁, ea → 0. Therefore the integral converges and has a value of ⫺2.

15.24. Redo Problem 15.22, given

冕
6
dx
0
x⫺6
a) This is also an improper integral because, as x approaches 6 from the left (x → 6⫺), the integrand
→ ⫺⬁.

冕 冕
6 b b

冨
dx dx
b) ⫽ lim ⫽ ln 兩 x ⫺ 6 兩
0
x⫺6 b→6
0
x⫺6 0

⫽ ln 兩 b ⫺ 6 兩 ⫺ ln 兩 0 ⫺ 6 兩
As b → 6⫺, 兩 b ⫺ 6 兩 → 0 and ln 0 is undefined. Therefore, the integral diverges and is meaningless.

8
15.25. Redo Problem 15.22, given 兰0 (8 ⫺ x)⫺1/2 dx.
a) As x → 8⫺, the integrand approaches infinity.

冕 冕
8 b b
b)
0
(8 ⫺ x)⫺1/2 dx ⫽ lim
b→8
0
(8 ⫺ x)⫺1/2 dx ⫽ ⫺2(8 ⫺ x)1/2 冨 0

⫽ (⫺2兹8 ⫺ b) ⫺ (⫺2兹8 ⫺ 0) ⫽ 2兹8 ⫺ 2兹8 ⫺ b

⫺
As b → 8 , ⫺2兹8 ⫺ b → 0. The integral converges and has a value of 2兹8 ⫽ 4兹2.

15.26. Use L’Hôpital’s rule to evaluate the following limits:

5x ⫺ 9
a) lim
x→⬁ ex
As x → ⬁, both 5x ⫺ 9 and ex tend to ⬁, giving rise to the indeterminate form ⬁/⬁. Using (15.6),
therefore, and differentiating numerator and denominator separately,
5x ⫺ 9 5 5
lim ⫽ lim x ⫽ ⫽ 0
x→⬁ e x
x→⬁ e ⬁

1 ⫺ e1/x
b) lim
x→⬁ 1/x
CHAP. 15] INTEGRAL CALCULUS: THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL 359

As x → ⬁, 1 ⫺ e1/x and 1/x → 0. Using (15.6), therefore, and recalling that 1/x ⫽ x⫺1,
1 ⫺ e1/x ⫺(⫺1/x2)e1/x
lim ⫽ lim
x→⬁ 1/x x→⬁ ⫺1/x2
Simplifying algebraically,
1 ⫺ e1/x
lim ⫽ lim (⫺e1/x) ⫽ ⫺e0 ⫽ ⫺1
x→⬁ 1/x x→⬁

ln 2x
c) lim 5x
x→⬁ e

As x → ⬁, ln 2x and e5x → ⬁. Again using (15.6),

ln 2x 1/x 0 0
lim ⫽ lim 5x ⫽ ⫽ 0 since is not an indeterminate form.
x→⬁ e5x x→⬁ 5e ⬁ ⬁

6x3 ⫺ 7
d ) lim
x→⬁ 3x ⫹ 9
2

6x3 ⫺ 7 18x2
lim ⫽ lim ⫽ lim 3x ⫽ ⬁
x→⬁ 3x2 ⫹ 9 x→⬁ 6x x→⬁

3x2 ⫺ 7x
e) lim
x→⬁ 4x ⫺ 21
2

3x2 ⫺ 7x 6x ⫺ 7
lim ⫽ lim
x→⬁ 4x2 ⫺ 21 x→⬁ 8x
Whenever application of L’Hôpital’s rule gives rise to a new quotient whose limit is also an
indeterminate form, L’Hôpital’s rule must be applied again. Thus,
6x ⫺ 7 6 3
lim ⫽ lim ⫽ See Problem 3.4(c).
x→⬁ 8x x→⬁ 8 4

8x3 ⫺ 5x2 ⫹ 13x

f) lim
x→⬁ 2x ⫹ 7x ⫺ 18x
3 2

Using L’Hôpital’s rule repeatedly,

8x3 ⫺ 5x2 ⫹ 13x 24x2 ⫺ 10x ⫹ 13 48x ⫺ 10
lim ⫽ lim ⫽ lim
2x ⫹ 7x ⫺ 18x x→⬁ 6x ⫹ 14x ⫺ 18 x→⬁ 12x ⫹ 14
3 2 2
x→⬁

⫽ lim 4–18–2 ⫽ 4
x→⬁

CONSUMERS’ AND PRODUCERS’ SURPLUS

15.27. Given the demand function P ⫽ 45 ⫺ 0.5Q, find the consumers’ surplus CS when P0 ⫽ 32.5 and
Q0 ⫽ 25.
Using (15.7),

冕
25
CS ⫽ 0 ⫺ 812.5
(45 ⫺ 0.5Q) dQ ⫺ (32.5)(25) ⫽ [45Q ⫺ 0.25Q2]25
0

⫽ [45(25) ⫺ 0.25(25)2] ⫺ 0 ⫺ 812.5 ⫽ 156.25

360 INTEGRAL CALCULUS: THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL [CHAP. 15

15.28. Given the supply function P ⫽ (Q ⫹ 3)2, find the producers’ surplus PS at P0 ⫽ 81 and
Q0 ⫽ 6.
From (15.8),

冕
6
PS ⫽ (81)(6) ⫺ (Q ⫹ 3)2 dQ ⫽ 486 ⫺ [1–3(Q ⫹ 3)3]06
0

⫽ 486 ⫺ [1–3(6 ⫺ 3)3 ⫺ 1–3(0 ⫹ 3)3] ⫽ 252

15.29. Given the demand function Pd ⫽ 25 ⫺ Q2 and the supply function Ps ⫽ 2Q ⫹ 1. Assuming pure
competition, find (a) the consumers’ surplus and (b) the producers’ surplus.
For market equilibrium, s ⫽ d. Thus,
2Q ⫹ 1 ⫽ 25 ⫺ Q2 Q2 ⫹ 2Q ⫺ 24 ⫽ 0
(Q ⫹ 6) (Q ⫺ 4) ⫽ 0 Q0 ⫽ 4 P0 ⫽ 9
since Q0 cannot equal ⫺6.

冕
4
a) CS ⫽ (25 ⫺ Q2) dQ ⫺ (9) (4) ⫽ [25Q ⫺ 1–3Q3]04 ⫺ 36
0

⫽ [25(4) ⫺ 1–3(4)3] ⫺ 0 ⫺ 36 ⫽ 42.67

冕
4
b) PS ⫽ (9) (4) ⫺ (2Q ⫹ 1) dQ
0

⫽ 36 ⫺ [Q2 ⫹ Q]04 ⫽ 16

15.30. Given the demand function Pd ⫽ 113 ⫺ Q2 and the supply function Ps ⫽ (Q ⫹ 1)2 under pure
competition, find (a) CS and (b) PS.
Multiplying the supply function out and equating supply and demand,
Q2 ⫹ 2Q ⫹ 1 ⫽ 113 ⫺ Q2 2(Q2 ⫹ Q ⫺ 56) ⫽ 0
(Q ⫹ 8) (Q ⫺ 7) ⫽ 0 Q0 ⫽ 7 P0 ⫽ 64

冕
7
a) CS ⫽ (113 ⫺ Q2) dQ ⫺ (64) (7) ⫽ [113Q ⫺ 1–3Q3]07 ⫺ 448 ⫽ 228.67
0

冕
7
b) PS ⫽ (64) (7) ⫺ (Q ⫹ 1)2 dQ ⫽ 448 ⫺ [1–3(Q ⫹ 1)3]70 ⫽ 448 ⫺ (170.67 ⫺ 0.33) ⫽ 277.67
0

15.31. Under a monopoly, the quantity sold and market price are determined by the demand function.
If the demand function for a profit-maximizing monopolist is P ⫽ 274 ⫺ Q2 and MC ⫽ 4 ⫹ 3Q,
find the consumers’ surplus.
Given P ⫽ 274 ⫺ Q2,
TR ⫽ PQ ⫽ (274 ⫺ Q2)Q ⫽ 274Q ⫺ Q3
dTR
and MR ⫽ ⫽ 274 ⫺ 3Q2
dQ
The monopolist maximizes profit at MR ⫽ MC. Thus,
274 ⫺ 3Q2 ⫽ 4 ⫹ 3Q 3(Q2 ⫹ Q ⫺ 90) ⫽ 0
(Q ⫹ 10) (Q ⫺ 9) ⫽ 0 Q0 ⫽ 9 P0 ⫽ 193

冕
9
and CS ⫽ (274 ⫺ Q2) dQ ⫺ (193) (9) ⫽ [274Q ⫺ 1–3Q3]09 ⫺ 1737 ⫽ 486
0
CHAP. 15] INTEGRAL CALCULUS: THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL 361

FREQUENCY FUNCTIONS AND PROBABILITY

15.32. The probability in minutes of being waited on in a large chain restaurant is given by the
81 t for 0 ⱕ t ⱕ 3. What is the probability of being waited on between
frequency function f (t) ⫽ ––
4 3

1 and 2 minutes?

冕
2 2
P⫽
1
4 3
81 t dt
–– ⫽ ––
1 4
81 t 冨 1
⫽ ––
81 (16) ⫺ 81 (1) ⫽ 0.1852
1 1
––

15.33. The proportion of assignments completed within a given day is described by the probability
density function f (x) ⫽ 12(x2 ⫺ x3) for 0 ⱕ x ⱕ 1. What is the probability that (a) 50 percent or
less of the assignments will be completed within the day and (b) 50 percent or more will be
completed?

冕
0.5
x3 x4 0.5
a) Pa ⫽
0
12(x2 ⫺ x3) dx ⫽ 12 冤3⫺ 4冥 0

冤冢 冣 冥
0.125 0.0625
⫽ 12 ⫺ ⫺ 0 ⫽ 0.3125
3 4

冕
1
x3 x4 1
b) Pb ⫽
0.5
12(x2 ⫺ x3) dx ⫽ 12 冤 3
⫺
4 冥 0.5

冤 冢3 ⫺ 4冣 ⫺ 冢 冣 冥 ⫽ 0.6875
1 1 0.125 0.0625
⫽ 12 ⫺
3 4
As expected, Pa ⫹ Pb ⫽ 0.3125 ⫹ 0.6875 ⫽ 1.

OTHER ECONOMIC APPLICATIONS

15.34. Given I(t) ⫽ 9t1/2, find the level of capital formation in (a) 8 years and (b) for the fifth through
the eighth years (interval [4, 8]).

冕
8 8
a) K⫽
0
9t1/2 dt ⫽ 6t3/2 冨 0
⫽ 6(8)3/2 ⫺ 0 ⫽ 96兹2 ⫽ 135.76

冕
8 8
b) K⫽
4
9t1/2 dt ⫽ 6t3/2 冨 4
⫽ 6(8)3/2 ⫺ 6(4)3/2 ⫽ 135.76 ⫺ 48 ⫽ 87.76