Bab 1 Biodiversiti

Chapter 1 Biodiversity

1.1 Kepelbagaian Organisma

Diversity of Living Organisms

1. Kepelbagaian organisma di dalam suatu habitat dipanggil biodiversiti.

Biodiversity is the variety of different kinds of living organisms in a habitat..
2. Habitat ialah tempat kediaman organisma.
The place where organisms live is called the habitat.
3. Flora dan fauna akan diancam kepupusan jika sumber alam digunakan tanpa perancangan baik.
Flora and fauna will be threatened with extinction if natural resources are used without proper
planning.

Kepentingan Biodiversiti
Importance of Biodiversity

Sumber makanan Haiwan dan tumbuhan membekalkan pelbagai sumber makanan kepada
Sources of food manusia.
Animals and plants supply food to humans.

Keseimbangan alam Interaksi antara organisma mewujudkan keseimbangan alam.

Balance in nature Interaction between organisms create balance in nature.

Tempat rekreasi Kawasan yang kaya dengan biodiversiti boleh dibangunkan sebagai
Recreational places tempat rekreasi.
Areas that are rich in biodiversity can be developed as recreational
places.
Perubatan Tumbuhan herba digunakan secara meluas dalam pembuatan ubat-ubatan
Medical dan kosmetik.
Herbs are widely used in the manufacture of medicines and cosmetics.

Bahan mentah industri Kayu balak, buluh dan rotan ialah contoh hasil hutan yang digunakan
Raw materials for industry untuk membuat alat muzik, perabot serta membina bangunan.
Timber, bamboo and rattan are examples of forest products which are
used to make musical instruments, furniture and to build buildings.

Pendidikan Manusia mengembangkan ilmu pengetahuan dan mencipta teknologi

Education terkini melalui penyelidikan saintifik terhadap mikroorganisma, haiwan
dan tumbuhan.
Humans increase knowledge and create new technology through scientific
research on microorganisms, animals and plants.
Pengurusan Biodiversiti Secara Berkesan
Effective Biodiversity Management

Biodiversiti boleh dipelihara dengan:

Biodiversity can be maintained and conserved by:

 mengharamkan pembunuhan atau pemerdagangan haiwan dan tumbuhan yang endemik dan
terancam melalui Akta Perlindungan Hidupan Liar 1972.
banning the killing or trade of endemic and endangered animals and plants through the Wildlife
Protection Act 1972.

 melindungi habitat dengan mewujudkan taman negara, taman laut, hutan simpan dan santuari
hidupan liar.
protecting the habitat through creating national parks, marine parks, forest reserves and wildlife
sanctuaries,

 program pembiakan seperti tapak semaian anak-anak benih untuk membantu penghutanan semula
dan pusat penetasan penyu.
undertaking reproductive programmes such as seedling nurseries to help with reforestation and
turtle hatcheries.

Spesies endemik bermaksud spesies yang hidup berkelompok di habitat yang

terbatas di sesebuah lokasi tertentu. Contoh tumbuhan dan haiwan endemik di
Malaysia ialah bunga pakma, periuk kera, penyu belimbing, harimau Malaya dan
gajah pygmy.
An endemic species is a species that lives in clusters within a restricted habitat
in a specific location. Examples of endemic plants and animals in Malaysia
include the rafflesia, pitcher plant, leatherback turtle, Malayan tiger and the
Borneo Pygmy elephant.

1.2 Pengkelasan Organisma

Classification of Organisms

Vertebrata
Vertebrates
Haiwan
Animals
Invertebrata
Invertebrates
Benda Hidup
Living Things
Berbunga
Flowering
Tumbuhan
Plants
Tidak Berbunga
Non-Flowering
1. Kekunci dikotomi ialah kekunci pengenalan yang dibina daripada pasangan ciri yang bertentangan.
The dichotomous key is an identification key constructed from pairs of distinguishing characters.

2. Haiwan invertebrata ialah haiwan yang tidak bertulang belakang.

Invertebrate animals are animals without backbones.

Invertebrata
Invertebrates

Tanpa kaki Berkaki

Without legs With legs

Badan tanpa segmen Badan bersegmen Tiga pasang kaki Lebih daripada tiga
Without segmented With segmented Three pairs of pasang kaki
body body legs More than three
pairs of legs
legs

3. Haiwan vertebrata ialah haiwan yang bertulang belakang.

Vertebrate animals are animals with backbones.

4. Haiwan vertebrata boleh dikelaskan kepada ikan, amfibia, reptilia, burung dan mamalia.
Vertebrate animals can be classified into fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals.
 Ikan Amfibia Reptilia Burung Mamalia
Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals

Hidup dalam air Hidup dalam air dan di atas Hidup di atas darat Hidup di atas darat Hidup di atas darat kecuali
Live in water darat Live in on land. Live in on land. ikan paus
Live in water and on land. Live in on land except whale.

Berdarah sejuk (poikiloterma) Berdarah sejuk (poikiloterma) Berdarah sejuk (poikiloterma) Berdarah panas Berdarah panas
Cold-blooded Cold-blooded (poikilothermic) Cold-blooded (homoioterma) (homoioterma)
(poikilothermic) (poikilothermic) Warm-blooded Warm-blooded
(homeothermic) (homeothermic)
Bernafas melalui insang Bernafas melalui kulit lembap Bernafas melalui peparu Bernafas melalui peparu Bernafas melalui peparu
Breathe through gills dan peparu Breathe through lungs Breathe through lungs Breathe through lungs
Breathe through moist skin and
lungs
Bertelur Bertelur Bertelur Bertelur Melahirkan dan menyusukan
lay eggs lay eggs lay eggs lay eggs anak
Give birth and nurse their
young
persenyawaan luar badan persenyawaan luar badan persenyawaan dalam badan persenyawaan dalam badan persenyawaan dalam badan
fertilised externally fertilised externally fertilised internally fertilised internally fertilised internally
Tumbuhan
Plants

Monokotiledon
Tumbuhan Monocotyledons
berbunga
Flowering plants
Dikotiledon
Dicotyledons

Tumbuhan Lumut
Plants Mosses

Tumbuhan tidak Konifer

berbunga Conifers
Non-Flowering
plants
Paku-pakis
Ferns

Tumbuhan berbunga
Flowering plants

Tumbuhan Monokotiledon Tumbuhan Dikotiledon

Monocotyledon plants Dicotyledon plants
Satu kotiledon dalam biji benih Dua kotiledon dalam biji benih
Has one cotyledon in the seed. Has two cotyledons in the seed.

Daun berurat selari Daun berurat jejala

Has parallel-veined leaves Has net-veined leaves

Akar serabut Akar tunjang

Fibrous root Tap root

Batang tidak berkayu Batang berkayu

Non-woody stem Woody stem

Contoh: pokok padi dan pokok jagung Contoh: Pokok tomato dan pokok durian
Examples: Paddy and maize plants Examples: Tomato plant and durian tree
Tumbuhan tidak berbunga
Non-Flowering plants

1. Tumbuhan tidak berbunga tidak menghasilkan bunga dan benih.

Non-flowering plants do not produce flowers and seeds.

2. Tumbuhan vaskular mempunyai sistem vaskular yang mengangkut air dan makanan ke seluruh
bahagian tumbuhan.
Vascular plants has a vascular system within them that transport water and food throughout the
plant.

1) Lumut • Membiak dengan menghasilkan spora

Moss Reproduce by producing spores

• Bukan vaskular
Non-vascular

2) Paku-pakis • Membiak dengan menghasilkan spora

Fern Reproduce by producing spores

•Vaskular
Vascular

3) Konifer •Membiak dengan menghasilkan kon

Conifer Reproduce by bearing cones

•Vaskular
Vascular