Module 1 : Optics

Module:1
Lecture :1
1.1 OPTICS :Interference
1.1.1 MOTIVATION
Interference has scientific as well as engineering applications. The concept of interference is
applied to testing the surface quality of optical components and this leads to the development
of flat interferometers. An exciting use of the concept of interference is in the preparation of
non reflecting coatings that are applied to the surfaces of lenses and cameras. For example,
eye glass lenses and other optical devices. Laser techniques have been extended to the
infrared and optical regions, it has now come to stand for molecular rather than microwave
amplification. Fibre optics is the emerging applications in engineering and technology,
spanning in the fields of medical and telecommunication. Present chapter deals with the
introduction of interference by division of amplitude , a strong tool for intensity
multiplication. It also highlights the applications to thin film interference, Newton’s rings,
wedge shaped films, diffraction etc.

1.1.2 SYLLABUS
Sr. Duration Self Study
No. Title (Hrs) (Hrs)

1.1 Interference in thin film - Introduction , thin film 1 lecture 1 hour

Interference due to reflected and transmitted light by thin
1.2 1 lecture 2 hours
transparent parallel film;
1.3 Wedge shaped thin film; to find the thickness of film 1 lecture 2 hours
1.4 Newton’s rings; 1 lecture 2 hours
Applications of interference - Determination of thickness of very
1.5 thin wire or foil, determination of refractive index of liquid, 2 lectures 3 hours
wavelength of incident light,
1.6 Radius of curvature of lens, testing of surface 1 lecture 1 hour
1.7 Anti reflection film 1 lecture 1 hour

1.1.3 Weightage 25 to 33 Marks

1.1.4 Learning Objectives
• To study the interference phenomenon in thin films, Newton’s rings and wedge shaped
films. All the above interference differ from each other by film thickness created
between the glass plates.
• The diffraction phenomenon is studied for Fraunhoffer method and its application to
grating spectra is analyzed.
• The limit of resolution between the two frequencies is fathomed with the example of
diffraction grating.
• Finally the interference technique and its various applications in the field are discussed
in detail.
1.1.5 Theoritical background:
• Most of us observe some type of optical interference almost every day, but usually do not
realize the events in play behind the often-kaleidoscopic display of color produced when
light waves interfere with each other.
• One of the best examples of interference is demonstrated by the light reflected from a film of
oil floating on water.
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• Another example is the thin film of a soap bubble, which reflects a spectrum of beautiful
colors when illuminated by natural or artificial light sources.
• This interactive module explores how the interference phenomenon of light reflected by a
soap bubble changes as a function of film thickness.
1.1.6 KEY NOTATIONS
µ=refractive index of the medium
λ= wavelength of the source
r= angle of refraction
i= angle of incidence
n= integer=1,2,3……….
R.P. = Resolving Power
β= fringe width
1.1.7 KEY DEFINITIONS
1. Thin film: Films having thickness between 0.1λ to 10λ.
2. Thick film: A film having thickness of the order of 1000λ.
3. Wedge shaped film: The film of non uniform thickness of air/ any other medium
trapped between two glass plates is called Wedge shaped film and the angle subtended
at the apex is called the wedge angle.
4. Newton’s Rings: A circular interference pattern consisting of alternate dark and bright
bands are called Newton’s Rings. The pattern is formed due to non linear air film
trapped between Plano convex lens placed on a flat glass plate.
5. Antireflection film: MgF2 and Cryolite are often coated on surface of optical
instruments viz. telescope, cameras etc. to avoid the unwanted reflection of light.
6. Fresnel’s diffraction: Both source and screen are at finite distance from slit and the
wave fronts are circular or spherical.
7. Fraunhofer’s diffraction: Both the source and the screen are at infinite distance from slit
and the waveform are plane parallel.
8. Diffraction grating: Large number of narrow, parallel close and equidistant slits
separated by opaque portions.
9. Grating element: If ‘a’ is slit width and ‘b’ is the opaque region between adjacent slits in
a diffraction grating, then (a+b) = grating element.
10. Resolving power: Ability of a grating to resolve the closely spaced spectral lines.

1.1.8 Important Formulaes

1. In a thin film for reflected rays, the condition for the bright band is
2 µ t cos r = (2n + 1)λ / 2
And the condition for the dark band,
2 µ t cos r = nλ
Where µ= refractive index
t= thickness of the film
θ=angle of refraction
In a wedge shaped film, the fringe width is given by
λ
β=
2 µθ

Where θ= angle of wedge

2. In Newton rings experiment, the diameter for the dark ring is given by
(a) Dn = 2 nλ R
And for the bright ring
(b) Dn = 2 (2n + 1)λ / 2 R
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D 2 n +1 − Dn 2
(c) λ= , where R= radius of the lens,
4R
And λ is wavelength of light.
[ D 2 n2 − D 2 n1 ]air
(d) µ=
[ D 2 n2 − D 2 n1 ]liquid
When the liquid is introduced between lens and glass plate

3. For a single slit diffraction

asinθ =nλ for minima,
asinθ=(2n+1)λ/2 for maxima
where λ is the wavelength and the n= integer.
4. For a grating (a+b)=1/N
Where N= number of lines per cm., (a+b) = grating element.
5. For N parallel slits diffraction,
(a+b)sinθ=nλ condition for maxima
(a+b)sinθ=nλ/N condition for minima.
λ
6. Resolving Power R= =nN
dλ
n= order of spectrum,
N=number of lines

1.1.9 THEORY
1.1.9.1 Interference (Based on 1, chapter 8,1st edition page 310)
Consider two waves of same frequency and constant phase difference travelling in a
medium. If the two waves superimpose, then there is a modification in the intensity of
light in the region of superposition. This modification is called as interference.
The interference would be constructive or destructive depending upon whether the
superposition of waveforms is in phase or out of phase respectively.
Methods of producing interference
For interference, two sources are required and if both are obtained from same original
source, these are called the coherent sources.
1) Division of wave front
In this method, the light waves produced from a single – source, a point source or
illuminated slit - split into two part by
i) The method of reflection (Lloyds Mirror ) or
ii) The method of refraction (Fresnel’s’ Biprism)
iii) The method of diffraction ( Young’s double slit )
The two wave fronts are obtained when interference produces pattern depending on
their phase difference.
2) Division of amplitude:
In this method, the amplitude of the incident beam is divided into two or more parts
by the method of partial reflection and refraction. The divided amplitude beams are
then made to reunite with converging lens to obtain the interference pattern (Haidinger
fringes and Fizeau fringes ). In this method, the diffraction is minimized. The interference
pattern obtained has a complementary pattern.
Thin film:
A film is said to be thin when its thickness is about the order of one wavelength of
visible light which is taken to be 5500 A0. If the thickness of the film is about 10 µm
to 50µm, it is considered as thick film.

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When light is incident on such a thin film, a small portion gets reflected from the
upper surface and a major portion is transmitted into the film. Again, a small portion
of the transmitted component is reflected back into the film by the lower surface and
the rest of it emerges out of the film. A small portion of light thus gets partially
reflected consistently several times within the film.
In transparent thin films, the two bounding surfaces strongly transmit light and only
weakly reflect the incident light. Hence, only the 1st order reflections from the top and
bottom surfaces will be of appreciable strength. At each reflection, the incident amplitude is
divided into a reflected component and a transmitted component. Thus, Interference in thin
films is called as interference by the method of division of amplitude.

Let’s check take away from lecture

1. Light waves are
a) Longitudinal waves (b) transverse waves
c) a) and b) (d) none of the above

2. Which of the following does not support the wave nature of the light
a) Interference b) polarization
c) Comp-ton effect d) )Diffraction

3. Colors in thin films are because of

a) Dispersion b) diffraction
c) Interference d) none of the above

4. For normal incidence, about

a) 4% of light is reflected and 96% transmitted b) vice versa of a)
c) Answer is a) d) none of the above

5. In reflected system, the intensity of interference maxima and minima are

a) 14.79% and 0% respt b) vice versa of a)
c) None of the above
6. In transmitted system, the intensity of interference maxima and minima are
a) 85.25% and 100% respt b) Vice versa
c) Both above d) None of the above

Exercise:
1. What is thin film ?
Questions/Problems practice for a day.
2. What is difference between division of wavefront and division of amplitude?

Learning from the Topic: Learners will be able to understand the interference due to division
of amplitude and division of wavefront.

Lecture :2
1.1.9.2 Interference in thin films (Based on 1, chapter 8,1st edition page 310) ( Dec. 2003,
May 2007)
Consider a thin films of thickness ‘t’ and refractive index µ , bounded by two plane
surfaces XY and RS. A ray of light incident on the surface XY at an angle i is partially
reflected along BC and partially refracted into the medium along BF making an angle
of refraction ‘r’ . At F it is again partially reflected along FD inside the medium and
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partially refracted out of the medium along FK parallel to AB as the medium above
and below is the same. Similar reflection and refraction occur at D,I etc as shown in
the diagram.

To find the path difference between the rays BC and DE in the reflected system draw
DH ⊥ BC then
path difference = µ ( BF + FD) − BH − − − −(1)
t
Now BF = FD =
Cos r
BG = GD = t .tan r
2µ t
∴ µ ( BF + FD) = − − − −(2)
cos r
Also. BH = BD sin i = ( BG + GD) sin i
= 2t tan r . µ sin r.
2 µ t sin 2 r
= − − − − − (3)
cos r
fulting (2) and (3) in (1) we get.
 2 µ t 2µ t sin 2 r 
∴ path difference =  −
 cos r cos r 
1 − sin 2 r 
= 2µ t   ⇒
 cos r 
= 2µ t Cos r.
It should be remembered that a ray reflected from a surface backed by a denser
medium suffers an abrupt phase change of π which is equivalent to a path difference
of λ . Since ray BC suffers a phase change of π ( λ ) while ray BFDE does not, the
2 2
λ
net path difference between the two rays BC and BFDE = 2 µ t cos r − (CASE (I) )
2
When the film is exceedingly thin as compared to wavelength of light,

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2µt cos r can be neglected and the net path difference is λ . The two rays will produce
2
destructive interference and the film will appear dark.
(CASE (II) ) When the thickness is increased so that 2 µ t cos r cannot be neglected, the
film will appear bright if the path difference
2 µ t cos r − λ = n λ.
2
2 µ t cos r = n λ + λ
2
= (2n + 1) λ
2
n = 0, 1, 2.......
The film will appear dark if the path difference
2 µ t cos r − λ = (2n + 1) λ
2 2
2 µ t cos r = (n + 1) λ
n = 0,1, 2......
Transmitted system
The path difference between the two transmitted rays DK and G H is similarly equal to
µ ( FD + DI ) − FL = 2µ t cos r − − − −(4)
In this case , there is no phase change on reflection at ‘D’, as it takes place at the
surface of a rarer medium.
CASE (I) When t = 0
When the thickness of the film is very small compared to the wavelength so that 2µ t
cos r is negligible , the two rays will be in the same phase and thus will reinforce each
other. The film will thus appear bright.
Case (i) When t ≠ 0
As the thickness of the film increases the film will appear bright if the path difference
2 µ t cos r = nλ where n = 0,1, 2..... − − − −(5)
Case (ii) When t ≠ 0
The film will appear dark, if the path difference
2 µ t cos r = ( 2n + 1) λ
2
Where n = 0, 1, 2……….. ------- (6)
Reflected and transmitted systems are complimentary
It is clear from (a), (b), (c) that the conditions of interference in the reflected and
transmitted system for fringes are quite opposite to each other. For a certain path
difference if a bright fringe is produced in reflected system, dark fringe will be
produced in the transmitted system for same path difference. Hence reflected and
transmitted systems are complimentary.
Learning Outcome from the topic: Students are able to understand the interference of light in
the reflected system and show that reflected systems are complimentary to transmitted
systems.
Origin of colours in thin films: (Based on 2nd, chapter 7, 1st edition, page 145,153)
1. White light cannot be used in interference pattern because; white light consists of a mixture of
many different colors. Each color will have different interference patterns, making observation
difficult.
2. Suppose white light is incident from an extended source on a plane parallel thick film viewed
in reflected system, then for any value of r, due to large thickness the values of u can be found
to satisfy the condition of constructive interference for every color in the spectrum of white

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light. The different colored fringes will overlap to produce general illumination. Thus, a thick
film will produce general illumination and no color will be seen.
Soap bubble

Thin film interference in a soap bubble. Color varies with film thickness.
Light is incident on a soap film. Air surrounds both sides of the film.
In the case of a soap bubble, light travels through air and strikes a soap film. The air has a
refractive index of 1 ( ) and the film has an index that is larger than 1 ( ).
The reflection that occurs at the upper boundary of the film (the air-film boundary) will
introduce a 180° phase shift in the reflected wave because the refractive index of the air is less
than the index of the film ( ). Light that is transmitted from the upper boundary
of air-film interface will continue to the lower film-air interface where it can be reflected or
transmitted. The reflection that occurs at this boundary will not change the phase of the
reflected wave because . The condition for interference for a soap bubble is the
following:

for constructive interference of reflected light

for destructive interference of reflected light
Where is the film thickness, is the refractive index of the film, is the angle of
incidence of the wave on the lower boundary, is an integer, and is the wavelength of light
Oil film

Light incident on an oil film. Air is at the upper boundary and water at the lower boundary.
In the case of a thin oil film, a layer of oil sits atop a layer of water. The oil may have an index
of refraction near 1.5 and the water has an index of 1.33. As in the case of the soap bubble, the
materials on either side of the oil film (air and water) both have refractive indices that are less
than the index of the film. . There will be a phase shift upon reflection
from the upper boundary because but no shift upon reflection from the lower
boundary because . The equations for interference will be the same.

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for constructive interference of reflected light

for destructive interference of reflected light
Solved Problem.
1. Find the thickness of the soap film which will appear yellow(5896 A°) in reflection when it
is exposed by white light at an angle of 45º. Refractive index of soap =1.33. (May 2010)
Solution: Here angle of incidence=i=45º
sin i
Therefore µ=
sin θ
sin i
θ = sin −1 ( )
µ
sin 45°
θ = sin −1 ( )
1.33
= 32°7 '
For reflection of yellow light the condition is
∴ 2 µ t cos θ = λ / 2
λ/2
∴t =
2 µ cos θ
5896 ×10 −8
= cm
2 × 1.33 × .8469
= 1309 ×10 −8 cm.
2. A plane wave of monochromatic light falls normally on a uniform thin film of oil, which
covers a glass palte. The wavelength of the source can be varied continuously. Complete
destructive interference is obtained only for wavelengths 5000A and 7000A. Find the
thickness of the oil layer. Given that R.I. of oil=1.3 and R.I. of the glass=1.5. (Dec 2010)
Solution:
µ air = 1, µoil = 1.3, µ glass = 1.5

So the destructive condition is

2 µ t cos r = (2n + 1)λ1 / 2
2 µ t cos r = (2(n + 1) + 1)λ2 / 2

For normal incidence r=0

(2n + 1)7000 (2n + 3)5000
2 µoil t = =
2 2

i.e. n = 2
(2 x 2 + 1)7000 35000
2 µoil t = =
2 2
35000
t= = 6730.77 A°
4 x1.33

Let’s check take away from lecture

1. A phase difference between the two interfering beams is equivalent to the path difference
(a) 2λ (b) λ (c) λ/2 (d) none of the above
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Module 1 : Optics

Exercise :
4
Q1.White light is incident on a soap film ( µ = 1.33) at an angle sin −1   and the reflected
5
light on examination shows dark bands. Two consecutive dark bands correspond to
wavelength 6100 A0 and 6000 A0. Calculate the thickness of the film.
Q2. Explain the interference in thin parallel film and divide the expression for path difference
between reflected rays hence obtain the condition of maxima and minima for interference
with monochromatic light.
Questions/problems practice for a day
Q1. A plane wave of monochromatic light falls normally on a uniformly thin film of oil of
refractive index 1.3 which covers a glass plate of refractive index 1.5. The wavelength of the
source can be varied continuously. Complete destructive interference is obtained for
wavelength 5000 A0 and 7000 A0 and for no other wavelength in between. Find the thickness
of oil layer

Learning From the Topic : Learners will be able to understand the interference in thin film
due to reflection and/or transmission.

Lecture :3
1.1.9.3 Non uniform film
WEDGE SHAPED FILM (Based on 1st, chapter 8, 1st edition, page 321) ( May 2003)
Film with zero thickness at one end, progressively increasing to a particular thickness at
the other end.
Wedge angle are very small, fraction of a degree.

Consider a film of non uniform thickness. It is bounded by two surfaces AB and AC

inclined at an angle θ . The thickness of the two films gradually increases from A to C. Such
a film of non uniform thickness is called wedge shaped film and ‘BAC’ is called angle
of wedge.

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When a beam AB of monochromatic light of wavelength λ is incident at angle i on the

upper and lower surfaces of the film, two rays BR and DR1 are reflected respectively
from these surfaces. There rays are not parallel but diverge from each other. They will
interfere constructively or destructively depending upon the path difference between the
two rays.
To find the path difference between the interfering rays, draw DF perpendicular to BR
Let µ be the refractive index of the material of the film.
The path difference between the rays BR and DR1 is given by,
∆ = µ ( BC + CD ) − BF − − − − − (7)
Draw perpendicular to surface OX’ at C which meets the perpendicular to surface OX at
B in Q.

Produce BCP further to point P such that CP = CD. Draw perpendicular DE to BC also a
perpendicular DP to AX’ at I.
We have | CBQ = | BDE = r.
Also BC = BE + EC.
and CP = CD.
equ (1) can be written as
∆ = µ ( BE + EC + CD ) − BF . − − − −(8)

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From ∆ BDE and ∆ BFD.

sin i BF
=
sin r BE
sin i
but = µ.
sin r
BF
∴µ =
BE
∴ BF = µ . BE − − − − − (9)
∴ equ (8) gives path difference
∆ = µ . EP − − − − − (10)
from the require we know that
∆ CDI = ∆ CPI
∴ DI = IP
∴ DP = 2 DI = 2t.
where ' t ' = thickness of the film
Also DPE = BCN = ( r + θ )
In ∆ DPE ,
EP
Cos ( r + θ ) =
DP
∴ EP = DP . Cos (r + θ )
or EP = 2t. Cos (r + θ ) − − − −(11)
from equ (10) we have path difference
∆ = 2 µ t cos (r + θ ).
Due to the reflection at B, an additional path difference of λ occurs for the ray BR .
2
Hence the total path difference between the interfering rays is
2 µ t cos (r + θ ) + λ
2
Hence for maxima, we have the condition for constructive interference.
2 µ t cos ( r + θ ) + λ = nλ
2
2 µ t cos ( r + θ ) = (2n −1) λ
2
Where n = 1, 2, 3,……
For minima , we have the condition for Destructive interference .
2 µ t cos (r + θ ) + λ = (2u + 1) λ
2 2
2 µ t cos (r + θ ) = n λ

Note :- Since the thickness remains constant parallel to thin edge of film, maxima and
minima are straight lines parallel to edge. At t = 0, since the path difference is λ ,
2
the film appears completely dark and as the thickness increases, we get alternate bright
and dark bands

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Case (i) For normal incidence and air film.

r = 0 and µ = 1.
∴ the total path difference
= 2 t cosθ + λ
2
∴ 2 t cosθ = (2µ −1) λ for max ima and 2t cosθ = n λ for min ima.
2
For very small angleof wedge.
As θ → 0, cosθ → 1.
∴ For constructive int erferenc
2t = (2n −1) λ
2
and for destinctive int erference
2t = nλ
For constructive int erference
t = (2n −1) λ , n = 1,2,3,....
2
3λ 5λ
t = λ , , −−−−−−
4 4 4
It means that, every next bright fringe will occur at a thickness interval of λ .
4
Similarly, for destructive interference,
nλ
t= , n = 0,1, 2,.....
2
2λ 3λ
t = 0, λ , , .....
2 2 2
It means that, every next dark fringe will occur at a thickness interval of λ .
2
Spacing between two consecutive bright bands (Based on 1, chapter 8,1st edition page 322)
For the wedge shaped film , we have the relation for the nth maxima.
2 µ t cos (r + θ ) = (2n −1) λ − − − −(12)
2
For normal incidence and air film
r = 0 and µ = 1
∴ 2t cos θ = (2n − 1) λ
2
Consider the nth bright band produced at a distance Xn from the edge of the wedge.

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∴ t = Xn . tan θ . − − − − − (13)
puting t in (1) we have
2 Xn . tan θ .cos θ = (2n − 1) λ
2
or 2 Xn sin θ = (2n − 1) λ
2
Let (n + 1 )th maxima be obtained at a distance Xn+1 from the thin edge.
∴ we have
2 xn +1 sin θ = [ 2(n + 1) − 1]. λ
2
2 xn +1 sin θ = (2n + 1) λ } − − − − − (14)
2
from equ (3) and (4) we have
2 ( xn +1 − xn ) . sin θ = λ.
∴ the spacing between two con sec tive bright bands is
β = xn +1 − xn
λ
=
2sin θ
sin θ → θ is small and measured in radians.
λ
∴β =
2θ
λ
for a film of R. I . µ , the fringes spacing is β =
2 µθ

Let’s check take away from lecture

1. The non uniform thickness film is
(a) Wedge shaped film ( b) Thin film (c)Non reflecting film (d) none of the day.
Solved Problem. Two glass plates enclose a wedge shaped air film. The glass plates touch
each other at one edge and separated by a wire of 0.15m from the edge. If a monochromatic
light of wavelength λ= 6000A from a broad source illuminates the wedge. Find out
the fringe width.
Solution: Here x=0.15m
λ= 6000A = 6000X10-8m
t= 0.06X10-3m

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∴ Fringewidth
λ
β= ( for µ = 1)
2θ
t
θ=
x
0.06 ×10−3
=
0.15
−4
= 4 ×10
6000 ×10−10
∴β =
2 × 4 ×10−4

= 7.5 ×10−4 m
= 0.75mm
1. A square piece of a thin film with index of refraction 1.4 has a wedge shaped section so that
its thickness at two opposite sides are t1 and t2. If with a light of λ = 5800 A , the number of
fringes observed is 10. Find distance t2-t1.
Solution: Here,
x = 10 β
x
∴ β =
10
t 2 − t1
A n d ,θ =
x
λ
B ut, β =
2µθ
2 µ ( t 2 − t1 ) β
∴ λ = 2µθβ =
x

2 × 1 . 4 × ( t 2 − t1 ) β x
= ×
x 10

5 8 0 0 × 1 0 −10 × 1 0
∴ t 2 − t1 =
2 × 1 .4

= 2 .0 7 1 4 × 1 0 −4 c m .

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Exercise:
Q1.A drop of liquid of volume . 2cc is dropped on the surface of a tank water of arc 1 sq.m.
The film spreads uniformly over the whole surface. White light which is incident normally on
the surface is observed through a spectroscope. The spectrum is seen to contain one dark band
whose centre has wavelength 5500 A0. Find the refractive index of the given liquid.
Q2. Obtain the condition for maxima and minima due to interference in a wedge-shaped film
observed in reflected light. Derive the expression for fringe width.
Questions/problems practice for a day
Q1. Light of wavelength 6000 A falls normally on a thin wedge shaped film of refractive index
1.4, forming fringes that are 2 mm apart. Find the angle of the wedge. (θ = 1.07 x 10-4 radian)

Learning From the Topic : Learners will be able to express the

(a)interference in films of non uniform thickness
b) and derive the spacing between two consecutive bands.

Lecture :4
1.1.9.4 Newton’s Rings (Based on 1, chapter 8, 1st edition, page 327)
Newton rings are formed due to the interference between the waves reflected from a
nonuniform thin film formed between the bottom surface of the planoconvex lens and top
surface of the glass plate.

AB is monochromatic ray of light incident on the set up of Newton’s ring. A part of light is
reflected from point B ( glass – air interface ) which goes out in the form of ray (1)
without any phase reversal . The other part is refracted at B which when reflected goes
out in the form of ray (2) with a phase reversal of π or λ .
2
The reflected rays (1) and (2) are in position to produce interference pattern as they are
obtained from same ray AB.
As a result of reflection at the top and bottom faces of the film, group (1) and (2) are
the coherent rays which interfere in the reflected system for constructive interference.
The path difference between these rays should be,

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2 µ t cos ( r + θ ) + λ = nλ
2
µ = R I of the film.
t = thickness at a po int under consideration.
r = angle of refraction
θ = angle of wdge.
The factor λ account for phase change of Π an reflection at
2
the lower surface.
Now for air film µ = 1
for normal incidence ⇒ r = 0
For a line of l arg e raduis of curvature
θ = 0 practically
∴ path difference between ray (1) and (2) is 2t + λ
2
At t = 0, at the point of contact of the lens & glass plate, the path difference = λ
2
giving the condition for minimum intensity and so the central spot is dark.
For nth max imum we have
2t + λ = nλ
2

Learning outcome from the topic: Students will be able to understand the interference
pattern in Newton’s rings due to the film between the plano convex lens and plane glass
plate.
1.9.8Determination of the diameter of dark and Bright rings (Based on 2, chapter 7, 1st
edition, page154)
(i)Radii of Dark rings

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Let R be the radius of curvature of the lens. Let a dark ring be located at point Q. The
thickness of the air film Q is PQ = t.
Let ‘r’ be the radius of ring at Q is OQ = r,
then by theorem of intersecting chords
EP X H E = OE X EM
EP = OQ = H E = r
OE = PQ = t
r2 = t (2R − t)
r2 = 2Rt − t 2
As 2Rt >>t 2 , t 2 can be neglected
r2 = 2Rt. −−−−− (15)
U sin g the relation 2t = nλ for dark ring in (15) we get.
r2 = nλ R
r = nλ R
The diameter of the dark ring is given that
D = 2 nλ R.
The radii of different dark rings can be found by substituting
n = 0, 1, 2, 3,….. ∴ the radii of the dark rings are proportional to the square root of
the natural numbers.
(ii) Radii of the Bright rings
Let us now suppose that a bright ring is located at the point Q. The radius of the nth
bright ring is given by
r 2 = 2 Rt − − − −(16)
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Applied Physics

Substituting the condition for bright ring,

2t = 2( n + 1) λ in equ (16)
2
we get.
(2n + 1)λ R
r2 =
2
(2n + 1) Rλ
r =
2
The radii of different bright rings can be formed by substituting n = 0, 1, 2,…..
∴ The radii of bright rings are proportional to the square root of the odd natural
numbers.
Note: When a monochromatic light is replaced by white light, the centre spot will be dark .As
the radius of the ring is directly proportional to the square root of the wavelength, the violet
being the shortest wavelength will come first and red will be the last as its wavelength is the
longest in the visible region. Anyhow, we cannot get sharp coloured rings around the black
spot. Instead, overlapping occurs and just multicoloured rings can be observed.
1.9.9 Determination of the wavelength. (Based on 2nd, chapter 7, 1st edition, page 155)
Let λ be the wavelength of light incident on the Newton’s Ring Set up.
Let Dn be the diameter of nth dark ring
∴ Dn 2 = 4nλ R.
For (n + m)th ring .
D2 ( n+m) = 4(n + m)λ R.
D2 ( n+m) − Dn 2 = 4 m λ R.
D2 ( n+ m) − Dn 2
λ=
4 m R.

Let’s check take away from lecture

1. In Newton’s ring expt, the diameter of bright rings is proportional to
a) Odd natural nos.
b) Natural nos.
c) Even natural nos.
d) Square root of natural nos.
2. If Newton’s rings pattern are observed in white light
a) The concentration circles with different colours with dark as centre are found
b) coloured centre and dark rings thereafter
c) None of the above
d) Both above
3. In Newton’s rings pattern as the thickness (t) of air film increases
a) Orders of circular rings decreases
b) Orders of circular rings increases
c) Both of above
d) None of the above

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Module 1 : Optics

Problem. In a Newton’s Rings expt. the diameter of the 15th ring was found to be 5.9mm and
that of 5th ring was 3.36mm. If the radius of the planoconvex lens is 1m, calculate the
wavelength of light used.
Solution: Here
D5=3.36mm=3.36X10-3m
D15=5.9mm=5.9X10-3m
P= 10
R= 1
2
( Dn + p )2 − ( Dn)
∴λ =
4 PR

(5.92 − 3.362 ) ×10−6

=
4 × 10 × 1

= 5880 A°
Exercise :
Q1.A Newton’s rings set up is used with a source emitting two wavelengths
λ1 = 6000 A0 and λ2 = 4500 A0 . It is found that the nth dark ring due to 6000 A0 coincides
with (n + 2)th dark ring due to 4500 A0 . If the radius of the lens is 90 cm find the diameter of
nth dark ring of 6000 A0.
Q2. Why the Newton rings are circular and centre of interference reflected is dark.

Questions/problems practice for a day

Q1.Why do we prefer a convex lens of large radii of curvature for producing Newton’s Rings
Q2. Explain why thin film interference pattern for wedge film is parallel where as for
Newton’s ring it is circular.

Learning outcome from the topic: The relationship of wavelength and diameter of
Newton’s rings are understood by students well.

Lecture :5
1.9.10 Determination of refractive index of a liquid (Based on 2nd, chapter 7, 1st edition, page
155) (May 2002, Dec. 2008)
If the gap between the lens and plane glass sheet is filled with a liquid, the air film is
substituted by the liquid film. The condition for interference is now given by,

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Applied Physics

2 µ t cos r = n λ − − − − − (17) dark

For normal incidence equ (17) becames
2µt = n λ − − − − − (18)
µ = refractive wider of liquid .
But the radius of n th ring is given by
rn 2 = 2 Rt − − − − − (19)
putting (2) in (3) . we get
nλ R
rn 2 =
µ
4nλ R
In liquid or  Dn 2  = − − − −( 20)
L µ
If ( n + m)th ring then
4( n + m)λ R
D 2( n +m ) L = − − − −(21)
µ
∴ (4) (5) ⇒
4nλ R
D 2 ( n + m ) L −  Dn 2  = − − − − − (22)
L µ
and as we know the difference of diameters in air
= D 2 ( n + m ) A − Dn 2 = 4 m λ k . − − − − − (23)
from ( A) & ( B ) we get
 D 2 m +n  −  D 2 n 
µ= A A

 D 2 m + n  −  D 2 n 
L L

Let’s check take away from lecture

1. In a NR set up, if the liquid is introduced between lens and glass then
a) Diameter is directly proportional to refractive index
b) Diameter is directly proportional to refractive index
c) Both above
d) None of the above.
Solved problems: In a Newton’s rings experiment the diameter of the 10th dark ring
chanbg0es from 1.4 cm to 1.27 cm when al liquid is introduced between the lens and the plate.
Calculate the refractive index of the liquid.
Solutions:
Data : D 10 air = 1.4 cm , D 10 liq. = 1.27 cm
4Rnλ
Formula : D 2n = , n = 1, 2, 3,....
µ
2
Calculation : D 10 ,air = 4 × R × 10 × λ = 40Rλ

2 4 × R × 10 × λ 40Rλ
D 10 ,liq. = =
µ µ
2
D 10 ,air ( 1.4 )2
µ= 2
= = 1.215
D 10 ,liq. ( 1.27 )2

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Module 1 : Optics

Result : Refractive index of the liquid = 1.215.

Exercise:
Q1..With the help of a proper diagram and necessary expression, Explain how Newton’s
Rings experiment is useful to determine the radius of curvature of plano convex lens. In a
Newton’s Rings experiment the diameter of 5th ring was 0.336cm and the diameter of 15th ring
is 0.590 cm. Find the radius of curvature of plano convex lens if the wavelength of light used
5890A
Q2. With Newtons Rings experiment explain how to determine the refractive index of liquid?
Questions/problems practice for a day
Q1. Why the Newton rings are circular and centre of interference reflected is dark
Q2. In Newton’s rings pattern, the diameter of a certain ring is 0.38 cm. A liquid of refractive
index 1.38 is introduced between the glass plate and the lens in the same set up. Determine the
diameter of the same ring.

Learning outcome from the topic: The learners will be able to understand how to find the
refractive index of liquid,

Lecture :6
1.1.6 Newton’s Ring with variable thickness of the air film-

Fig : In
Newton’s rings set up the lens is raised from glass through a distance ∆
The radius of the dark ring is given by
(r2n/R) = nλ.
Consider Newton’s rings pattern with the light of wavelength λ when

(a) The centre of the planoconvex lens touches the glass plate and
(b) When the planoconvex lens is raised by distance ∆from the glass plate.
Assuming normal incidence, air as a medium and large radius of curvature R, the thickness of
the nth dark ring is given by,
2t = nλ = r2/R.
Suppose now the lens is raised from the glass plate, through a distance ∆. Then the radius of
the dark ring becomes
2(t + ∆) = nλ .
2t + 2∆ = nλ.
Substituting value of t, we can write,
r2/R + 2∆ = nλ…..(1)
For r = 0 and ∆ = 0, n = 0, i.e. zero order fringe i.e. dark central spot.
For the first dark ring i.e. for n = 1 Equation (1) becomes,
r2/R = λ - 2∆ or r = √R . √(λ-2∆)

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Applied Physics

This Equation shows that the increment in ∆ decreases the radius of the ring.
If ∆ increases by value λ/2 in this Equation becomes, r becomes zero. i.e. the condition for the
central dark spot. This means, by increasing ∆ equal to λ/2 the first dark ring merges into the
central dark spot. At the same time second dark ring will shrink and occupy the position of
the first dark ring i.e. will shrink to (n-1)th dark ring.
This means for an increase in ∆ by λ/2 the interference pattern will shrink by one dark ring.
Hence, for the change in distance equal to ∆ ( equivalent to n λ/2 ) there will be a
displacement of n rings i.e. if the distance increases by ∆ = n λ/2 there will be shrinkage of n
dark rings and vice versa.
Thus, if the planoconvex lens is lifted above the glass plate, the rings will come closer and
finally merge in the central spot.

Let’s check take away from lecture

1. The air gap between the lens and the glass increases then
a) The diameter of rings shrink
b) The diameters of rings expand
c) Remains same
d) None Of the above.

Solved problem: In a Newton’s ring experiment, the diameter of the 5th ring is 0.30 cm and diameter
of the 15th ring is 0.62cm. Find the diameter of the 25th ring
[ June 2009, Set No. 3]
Sol: Diameter of Newton’s 5th ring = 0.30 cm
Diameter of Newton’s 15th ring = 0.62 cm
and Diameter of Newton’s 25th ring = ?
From Newton’s rings experiment we know

or D2n+m − D2n = 4λmR

For 5th and 15th rings
D215 − D25 = 4λ × 10 × R _______ (1) (m = 10)
For 15th and 25th rings
D225 − D215 = 4λ × 10 × R _______ (2) (m = 10)
Equation (2) = Equation (1)
D225 − D215 = D215 − D25
or D225 = 2D215 – D25
Substituting the values,
D225 = 2 × 0.62 × 0.62 – 0.3 × 0.3 =0.6788 cm2
∴ D25 = 0.8239 cm

Exercise: Q1.Establish the relationship between the air gap increase between lens and glass
and the change in the ring structure in NR .
Questions/problems practice for a day
Q1. Suppose that in the experiment of Newton’s Rings, first light of red colour is used and
then blue light, which set of rings will have larger diameter?

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Module 1 : Optics

Learning outcome from the topic: The learners will be able to understand the relationship
between air gap increase in newtons rings set up and diameter of the rings etc. Various
applications of interference due to thin film interference are discussed for better
understanding for students.

Lecture : 7
b) Antireflection films
Antireflection coating (AR) or non reflecting films
It is a transparent film coated on a surface to suppress surface reflections.
1. Phase condition
Wave reflected from the top and bottom surfaces of the thin films are in opposite phase.
Overlapping leads to destructive interference
2. Amplitude Condition
Waves have equal amplitude E1=E2

If the Thickness of the film =t,

Refractive index of film material =µ f
Then the phase of beams 1 and 2 reflected from the top and bottom surfaces of the thin films
should be 180º out of phase.
Therefore the path difference ∆ between ray 1 and ray 2 should be
∆=2 µtcosr- λ/2 -λ/2
First ̟ change at the top surface of film (air to film boundary) and Second ̟ change at the
lower surface of AR film (film to glass boundary)
Therefore, ∆=2 µtcosr- λ
∆=2 µtcosr
n = 0, 1, 2… assuming normal incidence of light
cosr=1
Therefore ∆=2 µt

Now Rays 1 and 2 interface destructively if ∆=(2n+1) λ/2

Therefore
2 µt=(2n+1) λ/2
For the film to be transparent, the thickness of the film should be minimum which is possible for n= 0.
Therefore 2µtmin= λ/2
Or tmin= λ/4µ f
Therefore the Optical thickness of antireflection coating should be of the order of λ /4. Such
wavelengths suppress the reflection and allow the light to pass into the transmitted
component.
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Applied Physics

Let’s check take away from lecture

1. tmin= λ/4µf in antireflection film satisfies the condition
a) the path difference λ/2+ λ/2
b) the path difference λ/2
c) the path difference 0
d) none of the above.
Solved problems :
PROBLEM: A nonreflective coating of magnesium fluoride (n = 1.38) covers the glass (n = 1.52
of a camera lens. Assuming that the coating prevents reflection of a yellow-green light
(wavelength in vacuum = 565 nm), determine the minimum nonzero thickness that the
coating can have.
SOLUTION:
We want to choose the film thickness such that destructive interference occurs between the
light reflected from the air-film interface (call it wave 1) and from the film-lens interface (call it
wave 2). For destructive interference to occur, the phase difference between the two waves
must be an odd multiple of half-wavelengths.

The wavelength in the film is

Hence, the thickness should be

Exercise:Q1. explain the amplitude and phase condition in anti reflection film coatings.
Questions/problems practice for a day
A nonreflective coating of magnesium fluoride (n = 1.40) covers the glass (n = 1.50 of a camera
lens. Assuming that the coating prevents reflection of a yellow-green light (wavelength in
vacuum = 565 nm), determine the minimum nonzero thickness that the coating CAN HAVE

Learning from the topic: The learners will be able to understand the phase and amplitude
condition of anti reflection film.

24
Module 1 : Optics

Add to knowledge (Content beyond syllabus)

Applications
An antireflection-coated optical window. At a 45° angle the coating is slightly thicker to the
incident light, causing the center wavelength to shift toward the red and reflections appear at the
purple end of the spectrum. At 0°, for which this coating was designed, almost no reflection is
observed.
Thin films are used commercially in anti-reflection coatings, mirrors, and optical filters. They can
be engineered to control the amount of light reflected or transmitted at a surface for a given
wavelength. A Fabry–Pérot etalon takes advantage of thin film interference to selectively choose
which wavelengths of light are allowed to transmit through the device. These films are created
through deposition processes in which material is added to a substrate in a controlled manner.
Methods include chemical vapor deposition and various physical vapor deposition techniques.

Add to knowledge (Content beyond syllabus)

Thin films are also found in nature. Many animals have a layer of tissue behind the retina,
the Tapetum lucidum, that aids in light collecting. The effects of thin-film interference can also be
seen in oil slicks and soap bubbles. The reflectance spectrum of a thin-film features distinct
oscillations and the extrema of the spectrum can be used to calculate the thickness of the thin-
film.[1]
Ellipsometry is a technique that is often used to measure properties of thin films. In a typical
ellipsometry experiment polarized light is reflected off a film surface and is measured by a
detector. The complex reflectance ratio, of the system is measured. A model analysis in then
conducted in which this information is used to determine film layer thicknesses and refractive
indices.
Dual polarisation interferometry is an emerging technique for measuring refractive index and
thickness of molecular scale thin films and how these change when stimulated.

Learning Outcomes :
Know:-
1. Learner should be able to define the thin film, division of amplitude, formation of rings in
Newton’s ring setup.
2. Learner should be able to explain the maxima & minima conditions in thin film, wedge
shaped film.
3. Learner should be able to explain applications of thin film & Newton’s ring in various sectors.
Comprehend:-
4. Learner should be able to derive the conditions for interference in uniform & non-uniform
thin film & show that the reflected systems are compliment to the transmitted systems.
5. Learner should be able to explain the formation of bands in wedge shaped film & how it can
test the surface flatness.
6. Learner should be able to compare the Newton’s rings & wedge shaped film.
7. Learner should be able to derive the condition for diameter of dark as well as bright ring in
Newton’s ring setup.
Apply, Analyze & synthesize:-
8. Learner should be able to evaluate refractive index of given liquid using Newton’s ring setup.
9. Learner should be able to analyze the thickness of the air between Plano-convex lens & glass
plate.

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Applied Physics

Self Assessment
1. Why we see beautiful colours in thin films when it is exposed to sunlight? [Level-1]
2. Derive the condition for a thin transparent film of constant thickness to appear bright
and dark when viewed in reflected light. [Level-2]
3. Show that the diameter of Newton’s nth dark ring is proportional to square root of
ring number. [Level-3]
4. Explain the condition for maxima and minima due to interference in a wedge shaped film
observed in reflected light. [Level-4]
5. What is anti-reflecting film & explain it’s applications. [ Level 5]

1.10 SHORT ANSWERS QUESTIONS:

1. What is interference?
Ans. Superposition of two or more waves.
2. What is thin film?
Ans. Films having thickness between 0.1λ to 10λ
3. What are the types of interference in thin film of non-uniform thickness?
Ans. Wedge shaped film and Newton’s Rings pattern.
4. Why the colours present in reflected system of thin fim interference are absent in transmitted
pattern?
Ans. Reflected systems are complimentary to transmitted system in thin film interference pattern.
5. Why film at apex appears dark in wedge shaped film?
Ans. At apex thickness ‘t’=0 , 2µtcos(θ+r) =λ/2 which is a dark condition.
6. What is the center in Newton’s Rings pattern , when viewed in transmitted system?
Ans. Bright.
7. What will happen if monochromatic light is replaced by white light in Newton’s Rings expt?
Ans. T=0 , centre is dark and the rings will be coloured with violet in the innermost ring and red
the outermost.
8. Why lens of large radius of curvature in Newton’s Rings expt is needed?
Ans. For the accurate measurement of ‘λ’ , large diameter rings are needed as D ∞ √R.
9. What is non reflecting film?
Ans. MgF2 and Cryolite are often coated on surface of optical instruments viz telescope , cameras
etc to avoid the unwanted reflection of light.
10. State two applications of interference?
Ans. 1) To check the surface finish of glass plates.
2) Antireflection coating.
11. What is the phase difference corresponding to a path difference of λ
Ans. 2̟
12. Newton’s Rings expt. the diameter of bright ring is proportional to ?
Ans. Square root of natural numbers.
13. Differentiate between interference and diffraction?
Ans. Maxima in interference have same intensity and in diffraction it has varying intensity.
14. What is Fresnel’s diffraction?
Ans. Both source and screen are at finite distance from slit and the wavefronts are circular or
spherical.
1.11 LONG ANSWERS QUESTIONS
1. (a) Describe formation of Newton’s rings. Derive condition for dark rings and show that
radii of the dark rings are proportional to square root of natural numbers.
(Based on 2, chapter 7, 1st edition, page154, module 1-1.9.7)

26
Module 1 : Optics

(b) Write short notes on (a) Anti-reflection films

(Based on 2nd , chapter 7, 1st edition, page 158, module 1-1.9.10)
2. Derive the conditions for maxima and minima due to interference of light reflected from
the thin transparent film of uniform thickness. Make your comments on the phase
relations between successive reflected rays under both the conditions.
(Based on 1, chapter 8,1st edition page 310, module 1-1.9.1)
3. Explain in brief the following:
(i) Interference colours are not observed in very thick film.
(ii) The optical interference tests are among the most accurate known to science.
(iii) The system of Newton’s rings observed by transmitted light is complimentary to that
observed by reflected light.
(Based on 2nd, chapter 7, 1st edition, page 145, 153, module 1-1.9.11)
4. Explain with mathematical proof the following things: (i) The formation of colours in thin
film. (Based on 1, chapter 8,1st edition page 310, Module1- 1.9.1)
(ii) Why do colours are changed with changes of angle of vision?
(iii) Why colours which are present in reflected light are absent in the transmitted light?
(Based on 1, chapter 8,1st edition page 310, module1- 1.9.1)
5. Obtain an expression for Newton’s interference rings pattern seen in reflected light. Show
the experimental set-up with a neat diagram.
(Based on 1, chapter 8, 1st edition, page 327, module 1-1.9.6)
6. Obtain an expression for the path difference between two light rays interfering in a
wedge shaped film. What is anti-reflection film?
(Based on 1st, chapter 8, 1st edition, page 321, Based on 2nd , chapter 7 , 1st edition, page
158 module 1-1.9.4, 1.9.10)
7. Explain the effect on ring structure in case of Newton’s ring experiment if –
a) Monochromatic source is replaced with white light source.
b) Plano convex lens is replaced by biconvex tens.
c) Monochromatic source is replaced by another source of higher wavelength.
(Based on 2nd , chapter 7 , 1st edition, page 158, module 1-1.9.10)

1.12 UNIVERSITY QUESTIONS PROBLEMS

Q.1 In Newton ring experiment, the diameter of the 4th and 12th dark rings are 0.4 cm and 0.7 cm
respectively. Find the diameter of the 20th dark ring. (Nov 2004)(Dec 2012)
Q.2 White light is incident at an angle of 450 on a soap film 4 * 10-5 cm thick.
Find the wavelength of light in the visible spectrum which will be absent in the reflected light.
( µ = 1.2) (May 2008)(June 2013)
Q.3 A light of wavelength 5500 A0 incident on thin transparent denser medium having refractive
index 1.45. Determine the thickness of thin medium if the angle of refraction is 450. (Consider
n=1) (Dec 2008)
Q.4 White light falls normally o n a soap film of thickness 5 * 10-5 cm and of refractive
index 1.33. Which wavelength in the visible region will be reflected most strongly? (May
2009)(Dec 2012)(Dec 2011)
Q.5 A soap film of refractive index 4/3 and thickness 1.5 * 10-4 cm is illuminated by white light
incident at an angle of 450 . The light reflected by it is examined by a spectroscope in which is
found a dark band corresponding to a wavelength.
Q6. Find the thickness of the soap film which appear yellow(5896A) in reflection when it is
exposed by white light at an angle of 45(µ=1.33). (May 2010)

27
Applied Physics

Q.7 A plane wave of monochromatic light falls normally on a uniform thin film of oil, which
covers a glass palte. The wavelength of the source can be varied continuously. Complete
distructive interference is obtained only for wavelengths 5000A and 7000A. Find the thickness
of the oil layer. Given that R.I. of oil=1.3 and R.I. of the glass=1.5. (Dec 2010)
THEORY
Q.1 Why are Newton’s rings are circular and centre is dark in reflected system.?
(3 Marks)(May 2009) June 2014
(Based on 2, chapter 7, 1st edition, page154, module 1-1.9.7)
Q.2 Prove that in Newton’s rings experiment diameter of nth dark ring is proportional to square
root of its natural number . What will be the ring number which will have double the
diameter that of 40 th dark ring (8 Marks) (May2009)
(Based on 2, chapter 7, 1 edition, page154, module 1-1.9.7)
st

Q.3 Explain why the system of Newton’s rings observed by transmitted light is complementary
to that observed by reflected light ? (3 Marks)(May2009)
(Based on 2, chapter 7, 1st edition, page154, module 1-1.9.7)
Q.4 Obtain the expression for nth dark ring in case of Newton’s rings experiment . Hence explain
the suitable way to calculate R.I. of a liquid using the same setup (6 Marks) (May2009) June
2014, May 2017
(Based on 2, chapter 7, 1st edition, page154, module 1-1.9.7, 1.9.9)

Q.5 In Newton’s ring experiment the fringes are circular with dark ring at the centre. Why?
(3marks) (May2009)
(Based on 2, chapter 7, 1st edition, page154
Q.6 Obtain the expression for nth dark ring in case of Newton’s ring expt. Hence explain The
suitable way to calculate refractive index of a liquid using a same setup.(8 marks) (May2009)
(Based on 2, chapter 7, 1st edition, page154)

Q.7 Explain why thin film interference pattern for wedge film is parallel where as for Newton’s
ring it is circular. (3marks) Dec 2010 , May 2017

(Based on 1st, chapter 8, 1st edition, page 321)

Q.8 Describe the origin of colour on thin film, width the derivation of constructive and
Destructive condition. (9 marks) Dec 2010 , May 2016
(Based on 1, chapter 8,1 edition page 310)
st

Q.9 Explain the conditions of sustained interference pattern of light (3marks) Dec 2011

Q.10 Obtain the condition for maxima and minima due to interference in a wedge-shaped film
observed in reflected light. Derive the expression for fringe width. (8marks) Dec 2011

Q.11 Write short note on Anti reflecting film. (5marks) Dec 2011 , December 2016

Q.12 Why we see beautiful colours in thin films when it is exposed to sunlight. (3marks)
Dec 2012
Q.13 In a Newton’s ring experiment the diameter of the tenth dark ring changes from 1.4cm to
1.27cm when a liquid is introduced between the lens and the plate. Calculate the refractive
index of the liquid. (5marks) Dec 2012, June 2014, June 2013

Q.14 Suppose that in the experiment of Newton’s Rings, first light of red colour is used and then
blue light, which set of rings will have larger diameter? Justify your answer with proper
expression. (3marks) Nov 2013
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Module 1 : Optics

Q.15 Explain why an excessively thin films appear black in reflected light? (3marks) Nov
2013 June 2016, Nov 2014
Q.16 Why do we prefer a convex lens of large radii of curvature for producing Newton’s Rings
(3marks)( May 2017)
Q.17 Derive the conditions for maxima and minima due to interference of light reflected from a thin
film of uniform thickness. (7marks)
Q.18 Explain the condition for maxima and minima due to interference in a wedge shaped film
observed in reflected light. Two optically plane glass strips of length 10cm are placed one over
the other. A thin foil of thickness 0.01mm is introduced between them at one end to form an
air film. If the light used has wavelength 5900A, find the separation between the consecutive
bright fringes. (7 marks)
Q.19 A light of wavelength 5880A is incident on a thin film of glass of R.I=1.5 such that the angle of
reflection at 600. Calculate the smallest thickness of the plate which will make it dark with
reflection. (3M)
Q20. Explain the interference in thin parallel film and divide the expression for path difference
between reflected rays hence obtain the condition of maxima and minima for interference
with monochromatic lioght. (7M)
Q21. Comment on colours in soap film sunlight . (3M) June 2015

Q22. Show that the diameter of Newton’s nth dark ring is proportional to square root of ring
number. In Newton’s rings experiment one of the dark ring due to light of wavelength7000
A0is found to coincide with the dark ring of next order due to 5000 A0. If the radius of
curvature of plano convex lens is 148.8 cm. Find the diameter of the overlapping dark ring.
Dec 2015
Q23. Two plane rectangular pieces of glass are in contact at one edge and seperated at the other end
10 cm away by a wire to form a wedge shaped film. When the film was illuminated by light of
wavelength 6000A°, 10 fringes were observed per cm. Determine the diameter of the wire.
(7M) Dec 2017

Q24.Why the Newton's rings are circular and fringes in wedge are straight ? (3M)
Q25.What do you mean by thin films? Comment on the colours of thin films in sunlight? (3M)

Q26.Derive conditions for maxima and minimå due to interference in transmitted from thin film of
uniform thickness. (8M)
Q27. Two optically plane glass strips of length 10cm are placed one over the other. A thin foil of
thickness 0.01 mm is introduced between them at one end to form an air film. If the light used
has wavelength 5900 AO find thé separation between consecutive bight. Fringes.(7M)
Q28.With Newtön's Ring experiment explain how to determine the refractive index of liquid?
(5M) June 2017
Q27. Why the Newton's rings are circular and centre of interference pattern is dark? ( 3M)
Q28. What will be the fringe pattern if wedge shaped film is seen in white light ? (3M)
Q29. Obtain the condition for maxima and minima of the light reflected from thin transparent film
of thickness. Why is the visibility of light is higher in reflected system than transmitted
system? (8M)
Q30. A wedge shaped film has the thickness of 40 seconds illuminated by monochromatic light.
Fringes are observed vertically through a microscope. Distance between ten consecutive dark
fringes is 1.2 cm. Find the wavelength of monochromatic light used? (7M) June 2018
Q31. Explain how the wedge shaped film are used for testing the flatness of film? (3M)
Q.32 In Newton’s ring pattern, what will be the order of dark ring, which will have double the
diameter of 40th dark ring? (3M)

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 Applied Physics

Q.33 Derive the condition of maxima and minima in interference of thin film of uniform thickness ?
(8M)
Q.34 A wedge shaped film has the thickness of 40 seconds illuminated by monochromatic light.
Fringes are observed vertically through a microscope. Distance between ten consecutive dark
fringes is 1.2 cm. Find the wavelength of monochromatic light used? (7M)

1.13 Practice for Chapter No. 1 OPTICS (Based on University Pattern)

1. Attempt any five (15)
(a) Why do we prefer a convex lens of large radius of curvature of producing Newton’s
Rings?
(b) What is the path difference on reflection from a denser medium and why?
(c) Explain why do we see colours when white light falls on a thin film of transparent
medium?
(d) Explain why an excessively thin film appears black in reflected light?
(e) How can one see the change in NR pattern if the R radii of curvature is increased in
newtons rings?
(g) Explain what will happen if white light is used instead of monochromatic light in
Newton’s Rings Expt.
2. (a) Show that In thin film interference, maxima, minima conditions for reflected light and
transmitted light are complimentary to each other. (8)
(b) Show that the diameter of Newton’s nth dark ring is proportional to square root of ring
number. In Newton’s rings experiment the diameter of 5th dark ring was 0.336cm and that of
15th dark ring was 0.590 cm. Calculate the radius of curvature of Plano convex lens if the
wavelength of the light used is 5890A.
3. (a) Draw labeled diagram of the apparatus used to view Newton’s rings. Explain why
(i) Interference rings are circular (ii) Centre of the system is dark. (8)
(b) In Newton ring experiment , the diameter of the 4th
and 12th dark rings are 0.4 cm and
0.7 cm respectively. Find the diameter of the 20th dark ring. (7)
4. (a) Discuss the formation of wedge shaped pattern parallel fringes with conditions of
constructive and destructive. (8)
(b) A plane wave of monochromatic light falla normally on a thin film of oil, which covers a
glass plate. The wavelength of the source can be varied continuously. Calculate destructive
interference of reflected light is observed for 5000A and 7000A and for no other wavelength in
between. Find the thickness of the oil layer. Given that the refractive index of oil is 1.3 and
glass is 1.5. (7marks)
5 (a) explain antireflection films. (8)
(b) A drop of liquid of volume. 2cc is dropped on the surface of a tank water of arc 1 sq.m.
The film spreads uniformly over the whole surface. White light which is incident normally on
the surface is observed through a spectroscope. The spectrum is seen to contain one dark band
whose centre has wavelength 5500 A0. Find the refractive index of the given liquid. (7)

1.14 REFERENCES
1)A textbook of optics by N. Subrahmanyam and Brijlal 1st edition S Chand Publication
2)A textbook of Engineering physics by Kshirasagar & Avadhanulu s Chand Publication
3)Engineering physics by Uma Mukherji Ist Edition , Narosa Publication
4) Engineering physics by Gaur & Gupta, Ist edition.

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Module 1 : Optics

Self- Evaluation
1. Are you able to understand the thin film interference concept?
a) Yes b) No
2. Do you understand the concept of interference in thin films and Newton’s rings
Experiment?
a) Yes b) No
3. Are you able to explain the applications of thin films?
a) Yes b) No
4. Do you understand the antireflection coatings?
a) Yes b) No
5. Do you understand the module ?

a) Yes b) No

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