ENGINEERING GRAPHICS

Topic:
Projections of lines

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7GfmZHMBMsc
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l3B8qeXB7F0
 Projections of Lines
LINE

A straight line is the shortest distance between two points.

 b’

a’ B

Y
A

b
X

a
 Projections of Lines
Projections of the ends of any line can be drawn using the
principles developed for projections of points.

Top views of the two end points of a line, when joined, give the
top view of the line.

Front views of the two end points of the line, when joined, give
the front view of the line.

Both these projections are straight lines.

 Position of a straight line in space

A line in space may be parallel, perpendicular or inclined to either

the HP or the VP or both of them.
 Line parallel to reference plane
 When a line is
50 parallel to one of the
b’ reference planes, its
50
projection on the
reference plane to
B
a’ which it is parallel is
a line of True Length.
Y
A

a
Observer
 Line inclined to reference plane
 When a line is
50 inclined to one of the
b’ reference planes, its
50 projection on the
reference plane to
B
which it is inclined is

a line of Reduced
Y
a’ Length.


A b

Observer
 Line perpendicular to reference plane
 When a line is
50 perpendicular to
b’
one of the reference
50
B
planes, its
F.V. projection on the
reference plane to
which it is
a’
Y
perpendicular is a
A
POINT.

T.V.
X b (a)

Observer
 Traces of Line
The point of intersection of a given line, produced if necessary,
with the reference planes are called its traces.

There can be two traces for a line in space.

1. Horizontal Trace
2. Vertical Trace
 Horizontal Trace
The point at which the
line meets the HP is
called the horizontal
F.V. B trace.

HT
Observer
 Vertical Trace
The point at which the
line meets the VP is
called the Vertical trace.

VT
A Y B

T.V.
X
Observer
 Simple cases of the line
Case 1: Line parallel to both HP and VP

Case 2: Line inclined to HP and parallel to VP

Case 3: Line inclined to VP and parallel to HP

Case 4: Line perpendicular to HP and parallel to VP

Case 5: Line perpendicular to VP and parallel to HP

 Case 1:
Line Parallel to both HP and VP
 Q1. A line AB is 50 mm long. Endpoints A & B are 40 mm above HP and 30 in front
of VP. Draw projections.

b’

B
a’

40
Y
A

X Observer

a
Q1. A line AB is 50 mm long. Endpoints A & B are 40 mm above HP and 30 in front
of VP. Draw projections.

50

a' b'

40
VP
X ao Y
bo
HP
30

a b
 Q2. A line AB is 50 mm
long. Line is inclined at 30
degree to HP. Endpoints A
& B are 40 mm in front of
b’ VP. Endpoint A is 20 mm
above HP. Draw
projections and trace of
F.V. B line.

Y
a’

20
A
b

a
X
HT
Observer
 Q2. A line AB is 50 mm long. Line is inclined at 30 degree to HP. Endpoints A & B
are 40 mm in front of VP. Endpoint A is 20 mm above HP. Draw projections and
trace of line.

b'

a'
20

h' VP
X ao Y
bo
HP
40

HT
a b
 Q3. A line AB is 50 mm
long. Line is inclined at 30
degree to VP. Endpoints A
& B are 40 mm above HP.
Endpoint A is 20 mm in
front of VP. Draw
b’ projections and trace of
line.
a’
VT
A Y B

40
a T.V. b
X
Observer
 Q3. A line AB is 50 mm long. Line is inclined at 30 degree to VP. Endpoints A &
B are 40 mm above HP. Endpoint A is 20 mm in front of VP. Draw projections
and trace of line.

VT a' b'

40

X ao bo VP
Y
v HP
20

b
Q4. A line AB is 40 mm long. Line is perpendicular to HP. Endpoints A & B are 30 mm
in front of VP. Endpoint A is 15 mm above HP. Draw projections and trace of line.

b’

F.V. B

Y
a’

15
A
b (a), HT
X T.V.
Observer
Q4. A line AB is 40 mm long. Line is perpendicular to HP. Endpoints A & B are 30 mm
in front of VP. Endpoint A is 15 mm above HP. Draw projections and trace of line.

b'

40
a'

15 VP
X Y
ao , bo HP
30

b (a)
a , HT
Q5. A line AB is 40 mm long. Line is perpendicular to VP. Endpoints A & B are 30
mm above HP. Endpoint A is 15 mm infront of VP. Draw projections and trace of
line.

b’ (a’), VT

F.V. A

B
Y

30
a
X
Observer
b
Q5. A line AB is 40 mm long. Line is perpendicular to VP. Endpoints A & B are 30
mm above HP. Endpoint A is 15 mm infront of VP. Draw projections and trace of
line.

b’ (a’)
a' , VT

30
VP
X Y
ao , bo HP
15
a
40

b
Thanks