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    Chap 29 Magnetic Fields

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    The document discusses the history and properties of magnetism and magnetic fields. Some key points include: 1) Magnetism was first observed in ancient China with the invention of the compass, and connections between electricity and magnetism were discovered in the early 19th century by scientists like Oersted, Faraday, and Maxwell. 2) Every magnet has two poles called north and south poles, and magnetic poles always occur in pairs. Magnetic field lines emerge from the north pole and enter at the south pole. 3) A magnetic field is generated by moving electric charges and magnetized materials. It exerts a force on moving charges that is perpendicular to both the field and velocity vectors.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Chap 29 Magnetic Fields

    Uploaded by

    Aahjssb Hznsmsb
    30 views29 pages
    The document discusses the history and properties of magnetism and magnetic fields. Some key points include: 1) Magnetism was first observed in ancient China with the invention of the compass, and connections between electricity and magnetism were discovered in the early 19th century by scientists like Oersted, Faraday, and Maxwell. 2) Every magnet has two poles called north and south poles, and magnetic poles always occur in pairs. Magnetic field lines emerge from the north pole and enter at the south pole. 3) A magnetic field is generated by moving electric charges and magnetized materials. It exerts a force on moving charges that is perpendicular to both the field and velocity vectors.

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    chap 29 Magnetic Fields

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    The document discusses the history and properties of magnetism and magnetic fields. Some key points include: 1) Magnetism was first observed in ancient China with the invention of the compass, and connections between electricity and magnetism were discovered in the early 19th century by scientists like Oersted, Faraday, and Maxwell. 2) Every magnet has two poles called north and south poles, and magnetic poles always occur in pairs. Magnetic field lines emerge from the north pole and enter at the south pole. 3) A magnetic field is generated by moving electric charges and magnetized materials. It exerts a force on moving charges that is perpendicular to both the field and velocity vectors.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    30 views29 pages

    Chap 29 Magnetic Fields

    Uploaded by

    Aahjssb Hznsmsb
    The document discusses the history and properties of magnetism and magnetic fields. Some key points include: 1) Magnetism was first observed in ancient China with the invention of the compass, and connections between electricity and magnetism were discovered in the early 19th century by scientists like Oersted, Faraday, and Maxwell. 2) Every magnet has two poles called north and south poles, and magnetic poles always occur in pairs. Magnetic field lines emerge from the north pole and enter at the south pole. 3) A magnetic field is generated by moving electric charges and magnetized materials. It exerts a force on moving charges that is perpendicular to both the field and velocity vectors.

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    You are on page 1of 29

    Chapter 29

    Magnetic Fields

    29.1 Analysis Model: Particle in a Field


    (Magnetic)
    29.2 Motion of a Charged Particle in a
    Uniform Magnetic Field
    29.4 Magnetic Force Acting on a Current-
    Carrying Conductor

    Prof. Ahmad Albadawi 1


    A Brief History of Magnetism
    ⚫13thcentury BC
    ⚫ Chinese used a compass

    ⚫ Uses a magnetic needle

    ⚫ Probably an invention of Arabic or Indian origin

    ⚫800 BC Greeks

    ⚫ Discovered magnetite (Fe3O4) attracts pieces of iron

    ⚫1269

    ⚫ Pierre de Maricourt found that the direction of a needle near a


    spherical natural magnet formed lines that encircled the sphere .
    ⚫ The lines also passed through two points diametrically opposed
    to each other and he called the points poles
    ⚫1600 William Gilbert

    ⚫ Expanded experiments with magnetism to a variety of


    materials
    2
    ⚫ Suggested the Earth itself was a large permanent magnet
    A Brief History of Magnetism
    ⚫1750

    ⚫ Experimenters showed that magnetic poles exert attractive or


    repulsive forces on each other.
    ⚫1819

    ⚫ Found an electric current deflected a compass needle

    ⚫1820’s

    ⚫ Faraday and Henry

    ⚫ Further connections between electricity and magnetism

    ⚫ A changing magnetic field creates an electric field.

    ⚫ Maxwell

    ⚫ A changing electric field produces a magnetic field.

    Prof. Ahmad Albadawi 3


    Hans Christian Oersted
    ⚫1777 – 1851
    ⚫Discovered the relationship
    between electricity and
    magnetism
    ⚫An electric current in a wire
    deflected a nearby compass
    needle
    ⚫The first evidence of the
    connection between electric and
    magnetic phenomena
    ⚫Also the first to prepare pure
    aluminum

    Prof. Ahmad Albadawi 4


    Magnetic Poles
    ⚫Every magnet, regardless of its shape, has two poles.
    ⚫ Called north and south poles
    ⚫ Poles exert forces on one another
    ⚫ Similar to the way electric charges exert forces on each other

    ⚫ Like poles repel each other N-N or S-S


    ⚫ Unlike poles attract each other N-S

    ⚫The poles received their names due to the way a magnet behaves in
    the Earth’s magnetic field.
    ⚫If a bar magnet is suspended so that it can move freely, it will rotate.

    ⚫ The magnetic north pole points toward the Earth’s north


    geographic pole.
    ⚫ This means the Earth’s north geographic pole is a magnetic
    south pole.
    ⚫ Similarly, the Earth’s south geographic pole is a magnetic
    north pole. 5
    Magnetic Poles
    ⚫The force between two poles varies as the inverse square of the
    distance between them.
    ⚫A single magnetic pole has never been isolated.
    ⚫ In other words, magnetic poles are always found in pairs.
    ⚫ All attempts so far to detect an isolated magnetic pole has been
    unsuccessful.
    ⚫ No matter how many times a permanent magnetic is cut in
    two, each piece always has a north and south pole.

    Prof. Ahmad Albadawi 6


    Magnetic Fields
    ⚫Reminder: an electric field surrounds any electric charge
    ⚫The region of space surrounding any moving electric charge also
    contains a magnetic field.
    ⚫A magnetic field also surrounds a magnetic substance making up a
    permanent magnet.

    ⚫A magnetic field is a vector quantity


    ⚫Symbolized by B

    ⚫Direction is given by the direction a north pole of a compass needle


    points in that location
    ⚫Magnetic field lines can be used to show how the field lines, as traced
    out by a compass, would look.

    Prof. Ahmad Albadawi 7


    Magnetic Field Lines, Bar Magnet
    Example
    ⚫The compass can be used to
    trace the field lines.
    ⚫The lines outside the magnet
    point from the North pole to the
    South pole.

    8
    Earth’s Magnetic Poles
    ⚫More proper terminology would be that a magnet has “north-seeking” and
    “south-seeking” poles.
    ⚫The north-seeking pole points to the north geographic pole.

    ⚫ This would correspond to the Earth’s south magnetic pole.

    ⚫The south-seeking pole points to the south geographic pole.

    ⚫ This would correspond to the Earth’s north magnetic pole.

    ⚫The configuration of the Earth’s magnetic field is very much like the one that
    would be achieved by burying a gigantic bar magnet deep in the Earth’s
    interior.
    ⚫The source of the Earth’s magnetic field is
    likely convection currents in the Earth’s
    core.
    ⚫There is strong evidence that the
    magnitude of a planet’s magnetic field is
    related to its rate of rotation.
    ⚫The direction of the Earth’s magnetic field
    reverses periodically.
    Prof. Ahmad Albadawi 9
    Definition of Magnetic Field
    ⚫The magnetic field at some point in space can be defined in terms of the
    magnetic force, FB .
    ⚫The magnetic force will be exerted on a charged particle moving with a
    velocity, v .
    ⚫ Assume (for now) there are no gravitational or electric fields present.

    Properties of a Force on a Charge Moving in a Magnetic Field


    ⚫The magnitude FB of the magnetic force exerted on the particle is proportional
    to the charge, q, and to the speed, v, of the particle.
    ⚫When a charged particle moves parallel to the magnetic field vector, the
    magnetic force acting on the particle is zero.
    ⚫When the particle’s velocity vector makes any angle q  0 with the field, the
    force acts in a direction perpendicular to the plane formed by the velocity and
    the field.
    ⚫The magnetic force exerted on a positive charge is in the direction opposite
    the direction of the magnetic force exerted on a negative charge moving in the
    same direction.
    ⚫The magnitude of the magnetic force is proportional to sin q, where q is the
    angle the particle’s velocity makes with the direction of the magnetic field. 10
    Direction of magnetic force

    ⚫The properties can be summarized in a vector equation: FB = qv  B

    ⚫ FB is the magnetic force


    ⚫ q is the charge
    ⚫ v is the velocity of the moving charge
    ⚫ B is the magnetic field
    Prof. Ahmad Albadawi 11
    Direction: Right-Hand Rule
    ⚫Alternative to Rule
    ⚫This rule is based on the right-hand
    ⚫The force on a positive charge
    rule for the cross product.
    extends outward from the palm.
    ⚫Your thumb is in the direction of the
    ⚫The advantage of this rule is that the
    force if q is positive.
    force on the charge is in the direction
    ⚫The force is in the opposite direction
    you would push on something with
    of your thumb if q is negative.
    your hand.
    ⚫The force on a negative charge is in
    the opposite direction.

    12
    More About Magnitude of F
    ⚫The magnitude of the magnetic force on a
    charged particle is FB = |q| v B sin q
    ⚫ q is the smaller angle between v and B
    ⚫ FB is zero when the field and velocity are parallel
    or antiparallel
    ⚫ q = 0 or 180o
    ⚫ FB is a maximum when the field and velocity are
    perpendicular
    ⚫ q = 90o

    Prof. Ahmad Albadawi 13


    Differences Between Electric and
    Magnetic Fields
    ⚫Direction of force
    ⚫ The electric force acts along the direction of the electric field.
    ⚫ The magnetic force acts perpendicular to the magnetic field.
    ⚫Motion
    ⚫ The electric force acts on a charged particle regardless of
    whether the particle is moving.
    ⚫ The magnetic force acts on a charged particle only when the
    particle is in motion.
    ⚫Work

    ⚫ The electric force does work in displacing a charged particle.

    ⚫ The magnetic force associated with a steady magnetic field does


    no work when a particle is displaced.
    ⚫ This is because the force is perpendicular to the displacement
    of its point of application.
    Prof. Ahmad Albadawi 14
    Work in Fields
    ⚫The kinetic energy of a charged particle moving through a magnetic
    field cannot be altered ( ‫ )تتغير‬by the magnetic field alone.
    ⚫When a charged particle moves with a given velocity through a
    magnetic field, the field can alter the direction of the velocity, but not the
    speed or the kinetic energy.

    Units of Magnetic Field


    ⚫The SI unit of magnetic field is the tesla (T).
    Wb N N
    T = 2 = =
    m C ( m / s ) A  m
    ⚫ Wb is a weber

    ⚫A non-SI commonly used unit is a gauss (G).

    ⚫ 1 T = 104 G

    Prof. Ahmad Albadawi 15


    Notation Notes
    ⚫When vectors are perpendicular
    to the page, dots and crosses are
    used.
    ⚫ The dots represent the
    arrows coming out of the
    page.
    ⚫ The crosses represent the
    arrows going into the page.
    ⚫The same notation applies to
    other vectors.

    Prof. Ahmad Albadawi 16


    Example: Determine the initial direction of the deflection of charged
    particles as they enter the magnetic fields shown in Figure

    17
    Prof. Ahmad Albadawi
    18
    Prof. Ahmad Albadawi
    19
    Charged Particle in a Magnetic Field
    ⚫Consider a particle moving in an external
    magnetic field with its velocity perpendicular to
    the field.
    ⚫The force is always directed toward the center
    of the circular path.
    ⚫The magnetic force causes a centripetal
    acceleration, changing the direction of the
    velocity of the particle.
    ⚫Use the particle under a net force and
    a particle in uniform circular motion models.
    ⚫Equating the magnetic and centripetal forces:

    mv 2
    FB = qvB =
    r
    ⚫Solving for r:
    mv
    r=
    qB

    ⚫ r is proportional to the linear momentum of the particle and


    20
    inversely proportional to the magnetic field.
    Motion of Charged Particle

    v qB
    ⚫The angular speed of the particle is ω= =
    r m
    The angular speed, w, is also referred to as the cyclotron
    ⚫
    frequency.
    ⚫The period of the motion is T =
    2πr 2π 2πm
    = =
    v ω qB

    ⚫Ifa charged particle moves in a


    magnetic field at some arbitrary angle
    with respect to the field, its path is a
    helix.

    21
    Prof. Ahmad Albadawi
    Charged Particles Moving in Electric
    and Magnetic Fields
    ⚫In many applications, charged particles will move in the
    presence of both magnetic and electric fields.
    ⚫In that case, the total force is the sum of the forces due to the
    individual fields.
    ⚫ The total force is called the Lorentz force.

    ⚫In general:
    F = qE + qv  B

    Prof. Ahmad Albadawi 22


    Cyclotron
    ⚫A cyclotron is a device that can
    accelerate charged particles to very
    high speeds.
    ⚫The energetic particles produced are
    used to bombard atomic nuclei and
    thereby produce reactions.
    ⚫These reactions can be analyzed by
    researchers.

    Prof. Ahmad Albadawi 23


    Prof. Ahmad Albadawi 24
    Magnetic Force on a Current Carrying
    Conductor
    ⚫A force is exerted on a current-carrying wire placed in a magnetic field.
    ⚫ The current is a collection of many charged particles in motion.

    ⚫The direction of the force is given by the right-hand rule.

    25
    Force on a Wire, Equation
    ⚫The magnetic force is exerted on
    each moving charge in the wire.
    ⚫ F = qvd  B
    ⚫The total force is the product of the
    force on one charge and the number
    of charges.
    (
    ⚫ F = qvd  B nAL )
    ⚫In terms of the current, this becomes
    FB = IL  B
    ⚫ I is the current.
    ⚫ L is a vector that points in the direction of the current.
    ⚫ Its magnitude is the length L of the segment.

    ⚫ B is the magnetic field.

    Prof. Ahmad Albadawi 26


    Force on a Wire, Arbitrary Shape
    ⚫Consider a small segment of the
    wire, ds

    ⚫The force exerted on this segment is


    dFB = I ds  B
    ⚫The total force is
    b
    FB = I  ds  B
    a

    Prof. Ahmad Albadawi 27


    Example: A wire bent into a semicircle of radius R forms a closed circuit and carries
    a current I. The wire lies in the xy plane, and a uniform magnetic field is directed
    along the positive y axis as in Figure. Find the magnitude and direction of the
    magnetic force acting on the straight portion of the wire and on the curved portion.

    Prof. Ahmad Albadawi 28


    Example: A wire bent as shown and carries a current I. The wire lies in the xy plane,
    and a uniform magnetic field (B = 0.5 T) is directed along the positive y axis as in
    Figure. Find the magnitude and direction of the magnetic force acting on the wire.

    Prof. Ahmad Albadawi 29

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