Nature of Mathematics Patterns and Numbers

WHAT IS MATHEMATICS?

 Mathematics is the study of pattern and structure. Mathematics is

fundamental to the physical and biological science, engineering and
information technology, to economics and increasingly to the social
science.
 Mathematics is a useful way to think about nature and our world. 4. Zebras, tigers, cats, and snakes are covered in pattern of stripes:
 Mathematics is a toll to quantify, organize and control our world, leopard and hyenas are covered in pattern of spots and giraffes are
predict phenomena and make life easier for us.
covered in pattern of blotches.
WHERE IS MATHEMATICS?

 Many patterns and occurrences exist in nature, in our world in our

life. Mathematics helps make sense of these and occurrences.

WHAT ROLE DOES MATHEMATICS PLAY IN OUR WORLD?

 Mathematics helps organize pattern and regularities in our world

 Mathematics helps predict the behavior of nature and phenomena
in the world
 Mathematics helps control nature and occurrences in the world for
our own ends
 Mathematics has numerous applications in the world making it
indispensable 5. Natural patterns like the intricate waves across the oceans; sand
dunes on deserts; formation of typhoon; water drop with ripple and
LESSON 1: PATTERNS AND NUMBERS IN NATURE AND THE WORLD others. These serves as clues to the rules that govern the flow of
water. Sand and air.
 pattern in nature are visible regularities of form found in the natural
world and can also be seen in the universe.
 nature pattern which are not just to be admired, they are vital clues
to the rules that govern processes.

PATTERN defined as:

 Regular
 Repeated
 Recurring forms or designs
 Identify relationships
 Find logical connections to form generalizations
His real name was Leonardo Pisano Bogollo, and he lived between 1170 and
Check out example of some of these patterns and you may be able to spot a 1250 in Italy.
few the next time you go for a walk.
 "Fibonacci" was his
1. Patterns can be observed even in stars which move in circles across nickname, which roughly
the sky each day means "Son of Bonacci".
2. The weather season cycle each year. All snowflakes contain sixfold  As well as being famous for
symmetry which no two are exactly the same. the Fibonacci Sequence, he
helped spread Hindu-
Arabic Numerals (like our
present numbers 0, 1, 2, 3,
4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9) through
Europe in place of Roman
Numerals (I, II, III, IV, V,
etc). That has saved us all a
lot of trouble!

Fibonacci Sequence
3. Patterns can be seen in fish patterns like spotted trunkfish, spotted
puffer, blue spotted stingray, spotted moral eel, coral grouper, Red  Fibonacci number: is an
Lionfish, yellow boxfish and angel fish. These animals and fish stripes integer in the infinite
and spot attest to mathematical regularities in biological growth and sequence 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8,
form. 13, ... of which the first
two terms are 1 and 1 and
each succeeding...
 It displays unique
mathematical properties
that make it useful in
fields as diverse as
astronomy (distances
 between planets and the sun, and the shape of galactic spirals), The golden ratio can be expressed as the ratio between two numbers.
botany (growth patterns of plants and trees), and financial markets
(price movements of securities).

ORIGIN OF FIBONACCI SEQUENCE

 Fibonacci Sequence was discovered after an investigation on the

reproduction of rabbits.

GROWING POPULATION OF RABBITS

 And here is a surprise. When we take any two successive (one after
 Problem: Suppose a the other) Fibonacci Numbers, their ratio is very close to the Golden
newly born pair of
rabbits (one male, one
Ratio “φ" which is approximately 1.618034...
female) are put in  In fact, the bigger the pair of Fibonacci Numbers, the closer the
field. Rabbits are able approximation.
to mate at the age of  The Golden Ratio is also sometimes called the
one month so that at golden section, golden mean, golden number,
the end of the second divine proportion, divine section, and golden
month, a female can proportion.
produce another pair
of rabbits.
 The Fibonacci
Sequence can be written as a "Rule “
 First, the terms are numbered from 0 onwards like this:

 So, term number 6 is called x6 (which equals 8). let us talk about the following:
 Simple Rule: Add the last two terms to get the next.
I. Nature of Mathematics:
- Mathematical Language and syntax and rules
- Characteristics of Mathematical Language
- Expressions vs Sentences
- Conventions in the mathematical language
- Four Basic Concepts: sets, relations, functions, binary operations

Mathematical Language and Symbols Syntax and Rules

 So we can write the rule:
Language is a system of conventional spoken, manual (signed), or written
symbols by means of which human beings, as members of a social group and
participants in its culture, express themselves. Below are some of the symbols
which are commonly used in Mathematics:

 Where in: The ten digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

Operations: +, – , X, ÷ Variables: a, b , c, x, y

Sets: ∪, ∩, ∈, ⊂, ⊃ Set Notations: N, W, Z, Q, R

Special symbols: =, ≠ , <, >, ≤ , ≥ , π , ∀ , ∃, ∞

Symbols in Logic/Connectives: , ∧, ∨, ⟶ , ⟷
THE GOLDEN RATIO Characteristics of Mathematical Language
 Set – is a collection of common objects, numbers, letters in the alphabet,
people, and any other sets.

Examples: A = {1, 2, 3, 4} B = {1, 2, 3, 4, . . .}

Element – is a member of a set. It is denoted by ∈.

Examples: 1 ∈ A 12 ∈ B

Subset – is a set in which all of its elements are found in another set.

Example: A ⊆ B since all elements of A are found in B.

B ⊄ A since there are elements in B which are not found

in A.

Cardinality – refers to the number of elements in a set. It is denoted by n( )

where the name of the set is written inside the parenthesis symbol.

Example: n(A) = 4 or | A|=4

n(B) = ∞   or |B|=∞
Universal Set – a set that contains all elements found in the other given set/s.
Expression Sentence It is denoted by U.
It can be compared to an English It can be compared to an English
noun. It’s arrangement of sentence. It is a correct Example: C = {a, e, i, o, u} D = {j, k, l}
mathematical object on interest is arrangement of mathematical
U = {a, e, i, j, k, l, o, u}
correct. It does not make a symbols that states a complete
complete thought. thought. Empty Set – a set with no element. It is denoted by { }. This is also known as
It cannot be determined as true or It can be true or always true, false, null set, denoted by ∅ .
false. or always false, or sometimes true
or sometimes false. Note: An empty set is a subset of any set. Any set is subset of universal set.
The most common expression The most common mathematical
types are numbers, sets, and sentences are equations and Equal Sets – are sets with exactly the same elements.
functions. inequalities where the verb is =, <
Example: E = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
or >/
Examples: 100, A (name of set), Examples: 3 + 12 = 15 True F = {9, 7, 5, 3, 1}
3(x + 12) x = 12 Sometimes
true/false Therefore, E = F.
3 + 12 = 312 False
Equivalent Sets – are sets with the same cardinality.

1.) 3x + 12y (Expression) 2.) A hexagon is a six-sided Example: G = {w, x, y, z}

polygon. (Sentence)
H = {0, 10, 100, 1000}

3.) (4)(5) = 9 (Sentence) 4.) m + a – t ÷ m (Expression) Therefore, G H.

 Conventions in the Mathematical Language

Translate the following English phrases/sentences into mathematical Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division
expressions/equations.

(MORE THAN, LESS THAN, ADDED TO, SUBTRACTED FROM) plus minus times divided by

English Phrases/Sentences Mathematical Expressions/Equations

added to subtracted multiplied by quotient of
12 more than thrice a number 3x + 12 from

9 less than the sum of x and y y (x + y) – 9

sum of difference of product of ratio of
The product of twice x and the cube y (2x)(y^3)
of y increased by decreased by twice, thrice reciprocal of

z added to eight is twenty 8 + z = 20

exceeds by less, less than doubled,
9 is less than the sum of x and y 9<x+y tripled

Concepts on Sets
Union of Sets Types of Relation:
 The UNION of two sets is a set containing all elements that are in One-to-one
{ 1 , 2, 3 } and B={ 2 , 4 , 6 }, then
both sets. For example, if A=
 Ex: President to country (Function)
A ∪B= {1 , 2, 3 , 4 ,6 }.
Note that every A ∪ B is equal to B∪ A.

Many-to-one

 Ex: Students to teacher (Function)

Exercises: Given that J= { 2, 3 , 5 ,7 }, A={ 4 ,6 ,8 , 9,10 }, and

Y = {1 }, find the ff:
1.) J ∪ A 2.) Y ∪ A
One-to-many
Answers:
 Ex: Priest to mass parishioners (Not a function)
1. J∪A= { 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ,6 ,7 , 8 , 9 , 10 }
2. Y∪A= { 1 , 4 , 6 , 8 , 9 , 10 }

Intersection of Sets
 The INTERSECTION of two given sets is the set that contains all the
elements that are common to both sets. For example, if A=
{ 1 , 2, 3 } and B={ 2 , 4 , 6 }, then A ∩ B= {2 }. Like union of
sets, every A∩B is equal to B∩A.

Relations and Functions

 Relation – is a set of ordered pairs (x, y).

Examples:

 A = {(0, 1), (1,2), (2, 3), (3, 4)}

 B = {(STEM, Engineering), (ABM, Business Economics), (HUMSS, AB
Philosophy), (GAS, BS Education)}

 Function – is a relation in which repetition of any element of its

domain is not allowed. “Bawal umulit si x (1st coordinate)”

Examples:

 C = {(0, 0), (-1,1), (1, 1), (-2, 4), (2, 4)} is a function.
 D = {(0, 0), (1, -1)), (1, 1), (4, -2), (4, 2)} is not a fcn.