Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 49 views

    Meningitis in Children

    Uploaded by

    Nurul Najib
    Meningitis in children can be caused by infections from bacteria, viruses, or fungi. It presents with non-specific signs and symptoms like headache, fever, and nuchal rigidity. Diagnosis involves lumbar puncture for cerebrospinal fluid analysis and other tests like CT/MRI. Treatment depends on the cause but may include antibiotics for bacterial meningitis and supportive care for viral meningitis. Complications can include increased intracranial pressure, hydrocephalus, and neurological deficits. Prevention involves vaccination, hand washing, and good sanitation.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Meningitis in Children

    Uploaded by

    Nurul Najib
    49 views17 pages
    Meningitis in children can be caused by infections from bacteria, viruses, or fungi. It presents with non-specific signs and symptoms like headache, fever, and nuchal rigidity. Diagnosis involves lumbar puncture for cerebrospinal fluid analysis and other tests like CT/MRI. Treatment depends on the cause but may include antibiotics for bacterial meningitis and supportive care for viral meningitis. Complications can include increased intracranial pressure, hydrocephalus, and neurological deficits. Prevention involves vaccination, hand washing, and good sanitation.

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Meningitis in children can be caused by infections from bacteria, viruses, or fungi. It presents with non-specific signs and symptoms like headache, fever, and nuchal rigidity. Diagnosis involves lumbar puncture for cerebrospinal fluid analysis and other tests like CT/MRI. Treatment depends on the cause but may include antibiotics for bacterial meningitis and supportive care for viral meningitis. Complications can include increased intracranial pressure, hydrocephalus, and neurological deficits. Prevention involves vaccination, hand washing, and good sanitation.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    49 views17 pages

    Meningitis in Children

    Uploaded by

    Nurul Najib
    Meningitis in children can be caused by infections from bacteria, viruses, or fungi. It presents with non-specific signs and symptoms like headache, fever, and nuchal rigidity. Diagnosis involves lumbar puncture for cerebrospinal fluid analysis and other tests like CT/MRI. Treatment depends on the cause but may include antibiotics for bacterial meningitis and supportive care for viral meningitis. Complications can include increased intracranial pressure, hydrocephalus, and neurological deficits. Prevention involves vaccination, hand washing, and good sanitation.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 17

    Meningitis in Children

    SGD 16
    Definition and Etiology
    • Def: Inflammation of the meninx • Meningitis could be caused by
    or meninges the infectious or the non-
    infectious processes

    • Infectious process could be


    caused by bacteria, viruses, or
    fungi. Parasites less commonly
    cause it

    • Non-infectious process is usually


    caused by cancer, autoimmunity,
    or drug reactions
    Risk Factors
    • Chronic medical conditions • Bacterial endocarditis
    (renal failure, diabetes, adrenal • Ventriculoperitoneal shunt
    insufficiency, or cystic fibrosis)
    • Malignancy
    • Undervaccination
    • IV drug use
    • Extremes of age
    • Immunosuppressed states (AIDS,
    iatrogenic, congenital
    immunodeficiency, or transplant
    recipients)
    • Sickle cell anemia
    • Splenectomy
    Pathophysiology of Pediatric
    Meningitis
    Signs and Symptoms
    More Signs and Symptoms
    How to Diagnose It

    Preface Anamnesis Findings


    • Anamnesis, vital and physical • Headache
    examinations, and evaluating • Fever
    tests are required to diagnose
    a disease well • Nuchal rigidity
    • In the pediatric case, signs • History of vaccination (-)
    and symptoms of meningitis • Photophobia & phonophobia
    are less evident, especially in • Nausea/vomiting
    neonates and infants
    More Information

    Vital & Physical Examinations Laboratory Tests


    • Loss or decreased consciousness (mostly • CSF analysis
    normal)
    • CT scans/MRI ( to eliminate the differential
    • Hyperthermia (sometimes could be diagnoses)
    hypothermia or normothermia)
    • PCR (for viral meningitis)
    • Petechia/ae or purpura could be found
    • Respiratory problems • Findings will be explained later
    • Nuchal rigidity (positive Brudzinski’s and
    Kernig’s signs)
    • Seizure
    • Ataxia Ataxia →
    • Focal neurological deficits
    Meningeal Examinations & Laboratory
    Findings
    Brudzinski’s and Kernig’s Tests CSF Analysis
    Differential Diagnoses
    • Encephalitis
    • Meningoencephalitis
    • Lupus
    Management of Meningitis

    Management Bacterial Meningitis


    • Management could be
    decided based on its etiology
    Bacterial Meningitis & Viral Meningitis
    Managements
    Bacterial Meningitis Viral Meningitis
    Management of Meningitis

    Viral Meningitis Tuberculous Meningitis


    • Viral meningitis could go easier than the • Isoniazid 10-20 mg/KgBW/day (c), 400 mg/day (a)
    bacterial one • Rifampicin 10-20 mg/KgBW/day (c), 600 mg/day
    • Ethambutol 25 mg/KgBW/day, 150 mg/day

    • Antipyretics and pain relievers could • Streptomycin IM for 3 months 30-50 mg/KgBW/day
    alleviate the symptoms • Para-aminosalicylic acid 200 mg/KgBW/day divided
    into 3 doses, could be administered up to 12 g/day
    • Corticosteroids: Prednisone 2-3mg/KgBW/day, 20
    • Bed rest is also needed mg/day divided into 3 doses for 2-4 weeks followed
    by 1-2 mg/KgBW/day for 1-2 months.
    Dexamethasone (IV) could be administered if the
    cerebral edema is present, 10 mg every 4-6 hours, if
    it is improving, physicians could lower it to 4 mg of
    Dexamethasone, given every 6 hours
    Status Epilepticus Management

    Pediatric Adult
    Prognosis and Complications

    Prognosis Complications
    • Around 25% of the cases could cause • Increased intracranial pressure: cerebral
    mortality edema
    • 50-80% possibility to cause mortality in • Hydrocephalus
    untreated patients
    • Focal neurological deficits
    • 10-20% patients have the remaining • Cerebrovascular complications
    symptoms

    • Ad vitam → Dubia ad bonam/Dubia


    (fungal)
    • Ad sanationam → Dubia ad bonam/Dubia
    (fungal)
    • Ad functionam → Dubia ad bonam/Dubia
    ad malam (viral)/Dubia (fungal)
    Education and Prevention

    Education Prevention
    • Give the people the socialization • Vaccination (complete)
    about meningitis • Washing hands
    • Let people know that meningitis • Good sanitation
    is contagious, could be spread
    through droplets, kissing, open • See a doctor immediately to
    wound, food, etc prevent further complications
    • Teach the importance of
    washing hands with soap and
    water
    • Tell patients to take their
    medications routinely

    You might also like