o Art. 25 Sec.

1 of Universal Declaration of
Human Rights: Health is a basic right of every
individual
o Art. 13, Sec. 11
 The state shall adopt an integrated and
comprehensive approach to health
development
What is community health?

Key Concepts  Part of paramedical and medical intervention/

Community  Client approach which is concerned on the health of
Health  Goal the whole population
Nursing  Means  Aims:
 Health promotion
 Disease prevention
o A collection of people who interact with one  Management of factors affecting health
another and whose common interests or
characteristics form the basis for a sense of
unity of belonging (Allender et al., 2009, p. 6) o Assisting an individual, sick or well in the
o Group of people sharing common geographic performance of those activities contributing to
location, institution, where they are organized health or its recovery (or to peaceful death) that
into population aggregate concept (age group), he would perform if he had the necessary
common values or interest. strength, will or knowledge, and to this in such a
o Four defining attributes of the concept of way as to help him gain independence as rapidly
community (Maurer & Smith, 2009) as possible (Henderson, 1964).
 People
o A profession within the health care sector
 Place
focused on the care of individuals, families, and
 Interaction
communities so they may attain, maintain, or
 Common characteristics, interests or recover optimal health and quality of life. They
goals also take on vital roles of education, assessing
situations, as a support. (Wikipedia)
o A state of complete physical, mental and social
well-being and not merely the absence of disease
or infirmity (WHO, 1958, p.1)
o Soundness and wholeness of human structures
and bodily and mental functions (Orem, 2001) o Public health as defined by C.E. Winslow
o Dunn (1959) extended the conception of health  The science and art of (1) preventing disease, (2)
by introducing the notion of wellness as the prolonging life and (3) promoting health and
integration of both people’s capacity to function efficiency through organized community effort
in their environment, and their ability to adjust to for:
environmental stresses.  Sanitation of environment
 Control of communicable infections
Right of every individual  Education of individual in personal
o Art. 2, Sec. 15 hygiene
 The state shall protect and promote the right  Organization of medical and nursing services
to health of the people and instill health for the early diagnosis and treatment of disease
consciousness among them.  Development of the social machinery to ensure
everyone a standard of living adequate for the
 maintenance of health, so organizing these Public Health + Nursing + Social Assistance
benefits as to enable every citizen to realize his o Promotion of Health
birthright of health and longevity (Hanlon, o Improvement of the physical and social
1960, p. 23). environment
o Rehabilitation
o Prevention of illness and disability

 “The utilization of the nursing process in the

different levels of clientele-individuals, families, Community Based Nursing
population groups and communities, concerned
with the promotion of health, prevention of  Application of nursing process in the caring for
disease and disability and rehabilitation.” individuals, families, and groups where they live,
(Maligaya, et. Al) work or go to school or as they move through the
 A specialized field of nursing practice health care system (McEwen and Pullis, 2008, p.
 A science of Public Health combined with Public 6)
Health Nursing Skills and Social Assistance with  Focus: Home health nursing and nursing in
the goal of raising the level of health of the outpatient or ambulatory settings.
citizenry, to raise optimum level of functioning
Goal Client Services
of the citizenry (Characteristic of CHN) Preservation and Nursing services
CHN protection of health
Community
are direct
Managing acute or Individuals Can be direct or
CBN chronic conditions and families indirect
Community Health Nursing focuses on the
community.
 The synthesis of nursing practice and public
health practice applied to promoting and
1. The recognized need of individuals, families
preserving the health of populations (ANA,
and communities provides the basis for CHN
1980, p. 2)
practice. Its primary purpose is to further apply
 An area of human services directed toward
public health measures within the framework of
developing and enhancing the health capabilities
the total CHN effort.
of people-either singly as individuals or
collectively as groups and communities
2. Knowledge and understanding of the
(Freeman & Heinrich, 1981)
objectives and policies of the agency facilities
 Setting: natural environment of people goal achievement. The mission statement
o Home= PHN commits Community Health Nurses to positively
o School= SHN actualize their service to this end.
o Workplace= CHN
3. CHN considers the family as the unit of
service. Its level of functioning is influenced by
Public Health Nursing the degree to which it can deal with its own
 Philosophy-health and longevity problems. the family is an effective and available
 Through organized community effort channel for the most of the CHN efforts.
 The application for science in context of politics
to remove inequalities in health and deliver the 4. Respect for the values, customs and beliefs of
best health for the greatest number (WHO, 2010) the clients contribute to the effectiveness of care
 The practice of promoting and protecting the to the client. CHN services must be available
health of populations using knowledge from sustainable and affordable to all regardless of
nursing, social and public health sciences (ANA, race, creed, color or socio-economic status.
1996, p. 5)
5. CHN integrated health education and 12. Accurate recording and reporting serve as the
counseling as vital parts of functions. These basis for evaluation of the progress of planned
encourage and support community efforts in the programs and activities and as a guide for the
discussion of issues to improve the people’s future actions. Maintenance of accurate records
health. is a vital responsibility of community as these are
utilized in studies and researches and as legal
6. Collaborative work relationships with the co- documents.
workers and members of the health team
facilities accomplishments of goals. Each
member is helped to see how his/her work o Philosophy of individual’s right of being healthy
benefits the whole enterprise. o Philosophy of working together under a
competent leader for the common good
7. Periodic and continuing evaluation provides o Philosophy that people in the community have
the means for assessing the degree to which the potential for continual development and can
CHN goals and objectives are being deal with their own problems if educated and
attained. Clients are involved in the appraisal of helped
their health program through consultations, o Philosophy of socialism
observations and accurate recording.

8. Continuing staff education program quality

services to client and are essential to upgrade o It is a specialty field of nursing
and maintain sound nursing practices in their o Its practice combine public health with nursing
setting. Professional interest and needs of o It is a population-based
Community Health Nurses are considered in o It emphasizes wellness and other than disease or
planning staff development programs of the o it includes interdisciplinary collaboration
agency. o It amplifies the client’s responsibility and self
care
9. Utilization of indigenous and existing
community resources maximizing the success
of the efforts of the Community Health
Nurses. The use of local available ailments.
Linkages with existing community resources,
both public and private, increase the awareness
of what care they need what are entitled.

10. Active participation of the individual, family

and community in planning and making
decisions for their health care needs,
determine, to a large extent, the success of the
CHN programs. Organized community groups
are encouraged to participate in the activities that
will meet community needs and interests.

11. Supervision of nursing services by qualified

by CHN personnel provides guidance and
direction to the work to be done. Potentials of
employees for effective and efficient work are
developed.
  This reflects to a person’s feelings on the
urgency of contracting an illness or disease (or
leaving the illness or disease untreated).
 There is varied dissimilarity in a person’s
emotional state of brutality, and frequently a
person reflects the health consequences (e.g.,
death, disability) and social consequences (e.g.,
family life, social relationships) when
estimating the severity
Health Belief Model is a theoretical model that can  The person ask himself/herself the question:
be used to guide health promotion and disease How serious is a health problem in the current
prevention programs. It is used to explain and predict situation?
individual changes in health behaviors. It is one of  Triggering factors for perceived severity are
the most widely used models for understanding alarming symptoms, advice from family or
health behaviors friends, messages from the media, disruption of
work or play.
People will not change their health behaviors unless
they believe that they are at risk. For example: 3. Perceived benefits:
Individuals who do not think they will get the flu  It refers to the perceived effectiveness of taking
are less likely to get a yearly flu shot. People who action to improve a health condition
think they are unlikely to get skin cancer are less  The path of action plan a person takes in
likely to wear sunscreen or limit sun exposure. inhibiting (or curing) illness or disease be
dependent on reflection and evaluation of
mutually perceived susceptibility and perceived
benefit, such that an individual would agree on
the acclaimed health action if it was observed as
beneficial.
 The person ask himself/herself the question:
In what manner does the suggested behavior
lessen the possibilities related to a present health
problem?

Components 4. Perceived barriers:

1. Perceived susceptibility:  It refers to the perceived impediments to taking
 This refers to a person’s personal view of the action to improve a health condition.
risk of gaining an illness or disease. It is an  This denotes to a person’s frame of mind on the
individual’s perception of her or his risk of complications of carrying out a suggested health
contracting a health condition action.
 There is extensive dissimilarity in a person’s  Extensive variation exists in a person’s mental
emotional state of own susceptibility to an state of obstructions, or disorders, which leads
illness or disease. to a cost/benefit analysis.
 The person ask himself/herself the question:  The person evaluates the effectiveness of the
How likely an individual think that he/she are actions in contradiction of the perceptions that it
about to have a current health issue? may possibly be costly, hazardous (e.g., side
effects), unpleasant (e.g., painful), time-
2. Perceived severity: consuming, or untimely.
 It refers to an individual’s perception of the  The person ask himself/herself the
seriousness of a health condition if left question: What are the possible adverse aspects
untreated. of performing currently recommended
behavior?
5. Cues to action: the printed message “no glove, no love”) or reminder
 Cues to action refers to the inducement messages (such as messages in the school newsletter)
necessary to generate the decision-making 6. Self-Efficacy: Youth confident in using a condom
process to admit a recommended health action. correctly in all circumstances.
 These reminders can be internal (e.g., chest
pains, wheezing, etc.) or external (e.g., advice
from others, illness of family member,
newspaper article, etc.). o Nancy Milio developed a framework for
 Internal and external events can activate actions prevention that includes concepts of community
and change in behavior – oriented, population- focused care.
 These are the factors, which cause an individual o Milio stated that behavioral patterns of the
to change, or want to change? (Not scientifically populations-and individuals who make up
considered populations – are a result of habitual selection
from limited choices.
6. Self-efficacy: o The model used by Milio to develop the Role
 Self-efficacy refers to the self- confidence in Performance Model of Health is composed of 4
one’s ability to act. main points, which are:
1. Prevention increases through education for
 This brings up to the level of a person’s
people who want a better life quality.
confidence in his or her ability to productively
2. Too much food and consumerism are what
implement a behavior.
cause many health problems
 It is one’s conviction that he/she can
3. A more scientific age has not been able to
successfully execute the behavior required to
capture some social patterns of behaviors that
produce the outcomes.
help protect a population by protecting them
 This conception was added to the model in against stress, vulnerability, and physical
recent times in mid-1980. processes (dispositions).
 Self-efficacy is a paradigm in several behavior 4. Encourage people’s role performances
theories. For instance, it openly relates to through human rights laws as they help
whether a person carries out the preferred defend the different roles of men/women at
behavior work (perceptual biases)

1. Perceived Susceptibility: Youth believe they can

get STIs or HIV or create a pregnancy o Defines health as “a positive dynamic state
2. Perceived Severity: Youth believe that the not merely the absence of disease.” Health
consequences of getting STIs or HIV or creating a promotion is directed at increasing a client's
pregnancy are significant enough to try to avoid level of well-being. It describes the multi-
3. Perceived Benefits: Youth believe that the dimensional nature of persons as they interact
recommended action of using condoms would within the environment to pursue health.
protect them from getting STIs or HIV or creating a o Pender’s model focuses on three areas:
pregnancy.  individual characteristics and experiences,
4. Perceived Barriers: Youth identify their personal  behavior-specific cognitions and affect,
barriers to using condoms (i.e., condoms limit the  behavioral outcomes.
feeling or they are too embarrassed to talk to their
partner about it) and explore ways to eliminate or
reduce these barriers (i.e., teach them to put lubricant o Individuals seek to control their own behavior.
inside the condom to increase sensation for the male o Individuals seek to change their environment
and have them practice condom communication and their own behavior.
skills to decrease their embarrassment level) o Health professionals influence individual
5. Cues to Action: Youth receive reminder cues for behavior through interpersonal interactions.
action in the form of incentives (such as pencils with
o Behavior and environmental change must be Three primary functions of Public Health (Institute
self-initiated in order to be successful. of Medicine, 1988)
 Assessment-regular collection, analysis and
What are some examples of health promotion? information sharing about health conditions,
o Promoting Health for Adults risks and resources in a community
 Helping People Who Smoke Quit.  Policy development-use of information gathered
 Increasing Access to Healthy Foods and during assessment to develop local and state
Physical Activity. health policies and to direct resources toward
 Preventing Excessive Alcohol Use. those policies
 Promoting Lifestyle Change and Disease  Assurance-focuses on the availability of
Management. necessary health services throughout the
 Promoting Women's Reproductive Health. community.
 Promoting Clinical Preventive Services.
 Promoting Community Water Fluoridation Community Health
Extends the realm of public health to include
organized health efforts at the community through
both government and private efforts
o The PRECEDE-PROCEED model is a
comprehensive structure for assessing health Two main types of communities (Maurer & Smith,
needs for designing, implementing, and 2009)
evaluating health promotion and other public o Geopolitical communities- defined or formed by
health programs to meet those needs. both natural and man-made boundaries
PRECEDE provides the structure for planning a
targeted and focused public health program. o Phenomenological communities-refer to
o Precede means "to come, be, or go before." It can relational, interactive groups, in which the place
also mean to surpass in rank or dignity. or setting is more abstract, and people share a
o The closely related word proceed means "to group perspective or identity based on culture,
continue after a pause" or "to begin and carry on values, history, interests and goals.
an action.“
o Often precede is related to time, while proceed Levels of Clientele
is related to action. Without further ado, we'll o Individual
proceed to the article. o Family-focus of care (CHN)
o Community-group of families, CHN directs its
services to the community because the client is
Phase 1: Social diagnosis. the community
Phase 2: Epidemiological diagnosis. o Population Groups- common health needs
Phase 3: Behavioral and environmental diagnosis.
Phase 4: Educational and organizational diagnosis. Population
Phase 5: Administrative and policy diagnosis  Denote a group of people having common
personal or environmental characteristics. It can
Enabling factors include also refer to all of the people in a defined
 resources community (Maurer & Smith, 2009)
 conditions of living
 societal supports, and Aggregate
 skills that facilitate a behavior's occurrence.  Subgroups or subpopulations that have common
characteristics or concern (Clark, 2008).
Nursing
 Assisting an individual, sick or well in the
performance of those activities contributing to
health or its recovery (or to peaceful death) that
he would perform if he had the necessary
strength, will or knowledge, and to this in such a
way as to help him gain independence as rapidly
as possible (Henderson, 1964).

Art-skills
 Science-involves a process in taking care of the
patients; systematic

o Health situation monitoring and analysis

o Epidemiological surveillance/disease
prevention and control
o Development of policies and planning in
public health
o Strategic management of health systems and
services for population health gain
o Regulation and enforcement to protect public
health
o Human resources development and planning
in public health
o Health promotion, social participation and
empowerment
o Ensuring the quality of personal and
population-based health service
o Research, development, and implementation
of innovative public health solutions

o Income and Social Status

o Education
o Physical Environment
o Employment and working conditions
o Social support networks
o Culture
o Genetics
o Personal behavior and coping skills
o Health Services
o Gender
  Clinical Nurse Specialist – licensed registered
nurse who has either a master's or doctorate
degree in a specialized area of nursing; they can
work as nurse researchers, nurse anesthetist,
nurse midwives, nurse consultants, senior nurse
supervisors etc.

 Private Nurse – a registered nurse who takes

care of one patient in a home setting.

 School nurse – employed in a school with the

 Staff Nurse: employed in both public and private
primary task of monitoring students' health
hospitals, staff nurses provide professional
conditions.
nursing care in accordance with physicians'
orders; they are assigned in different areas with
primary duties of administering medications,  Nurse Educator – an RN who teaches nursing's
performing nursing interventions, transcribing at a university or college.
doctors' orders, health education and medical
documentation.  Nurse Practitioner – a registered nurse educated
to a master's degree level and authorized to
You can be assigned as a staff nurse in the function autonomously and collaboratively in an
following areas: advanced and extended clinical role.
o Intensive Care Unit
o Pediatric Ward
o Oncology Department (treatment unit for
cancer patients)  Nurse Assistants/Nursing Aides – help patients
o Delivery Room/Obstetrics and Gynecology get in and out of bed, bathe them, help them get
Unit dressed, and wash and brush their hair; they serve
o Operating Room/Surgical Unit meals and help patients with eating.
o Outpatient Department
o Dialysis Department (treatment unit for  Midwife – works in a rural health unit (RHU)
patients with kidney failure) and provides basic education and interventions to
o Medical Ward pregnant women; they assist Doctors and Nurses
o Ophthalmology Department (treatment unit during childbirth.
for patients with eye disorder)
o Emergency Department  Nurse Receptionist – answers hospital phone
o Diagnostics Unit calls and schedules appointments for patients
with specific Physicians.
 Community Health Nurse – employed by the
government and are deployed in different  Medical Representative – sells and markets
localities; they perform visits to home bound health care products and supplies, frequently
patients. pharmaceutical drugs.

 Hospice Nurse – provide end-of-life care at a

hospice facility or the patient's home. 1. Registered Nurse (RN)
2. Cardiac Nurse
 Geriatric Nurse – registered nurses who 3. Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist
specialize in caring for elderly individuals; they (CRNA)
can work in clinics, hospitals or the home of the 4. Clinical Nurse Specialist (CNS)
elderly individual who needs care or assistance. 5. Critical Care Nurse ·
6. ER Nurse
 7. Family Nurse Practitioner (FNP) nurse can be expected to determine proper
8. Geriatric Nursing medication administration by reviewing a
9. Perioperative Nurse (Surgical/OR Nurse) patient’s medical charts, as well tend to basic
10. Mental Health Nurse wounds or ailments.
11. Nurse Educator
12. Nurse Manager o A family nurse practitioner (FNP) are
13. Nurse Midwife specifically trained in primary health care
14. Nurse Practitioner services for all ages. Normal duties of a family
15. Nursing Administrator nurse practitioner include diagnosing and
16. Oncology Nurse treating illnesses, physical exams, diagnostic
17. Orthopedic Nurse testing and prescribing medications.
18. Pediatric Nurse
19. Public Health Nurse o A geriatric nurse specializes in the treatment of
20. Travel Nurse older patients in order to provide care for injuries
or ailments, illness and maintain their quality of
o Registered Nurses (RN) provide and coordinate life. In addition to caring for older patients, they
patient care, educate patients and the public about can also anticipate future care for their patients
various health conditions, and provide advice and and long-term illnesses such as cancer or
emotional support to patients and their family Alzheimer’s disease.
members. Most registered nurses work in a team
with physicians and other health care specialists o A perioperative nurse, also known as a surgical
in various settings. nurse or an operating room nurse, focuses on
pre- and post-operation care for a patient. They
o The demand for cardiac nurses continues to can set up a surgical room for operations, manage
grow with the rising number of patients affected the tools for operations, and apply bandages
with heart-related problems. As a cardiac nurse, during surgeries to control and maintain the
you will also assist with surgical procedures such bleeding of a patient.
as bypass, angioplasty, or pacemaker surgery.
o A mental health nurse specializes in the
o A Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist diagnosis and treating of psychological disorders
(CRNA) is a highly trained nurse that specializes in patients. Counseling services are also often an
in assisting with anesthesia during surgeries. essential duty within this nursing discipline.

o Clinical nurse specialists are a type of advanced o Nurse educators are responsible for teaching
practice registered nurse (APRN), who provide nursing students about caring for patients. They
direct patient care by working with other nurses may teach comprehensive lessons about nursing
and staff to improve the quality of care a patient in general or focus on specific areas of nursing.
receives. They often serve in leadership roles and
may educate and advise other nursing staff. o The role of a nurse manager is that of a
supervisory clinical path. Many nurse managers
o Critical Care Nurses are very similar to move into an administrative role and handle tasks
Registered Nurses, especially in education level, that include recruitment of nurses, creating
but the main difference is a critical care nurse is schedules and make decisions regarding budget
specifically trained for emergency situations. A and management.
critical care nurse can be expected to tend to
serious wounds and monitoring life support o A nurse midwife specializes in the care of
systems in stressful scenarios. pregnant women. They also assist in labor and
delivery, as well as in prenatal appointments.
o With their team in the emergency room, an ER Nurse midwives continue their care after the
nurse performs an array of tasks after careful delivery room by educating and counselling new
evaluation and stabilization of a patient. An ER mothers on adjusting to life with a newborn.
o Nurse practitioners serve as primary and
specialty care providers, delivering advanced
nursing services to patients and their families.
They may also perform physical examinations,
order testing and prescribe medications.
o A nursing administrator is similar to a nurse
manager, but on a much larger scale. One of the
primary duties of a nursing administrator is to
oversee entire units of nursing teams. The
operation of the unit relies on the management of
the nursing administrator to run smoothly and
effectively.

o The treatment of cancer is what oncology nurses

are highly trained in, and they help educate
patients about their treatment options or
remission status. Oncology nurses will continue
to monitor their patients progress and symptoms,
and can prescribe medications.

o Orthopedic nurses focus on musculoskeletal

issues and diseases that include fractured bones,
arthritis, joint replacements and osteoporosis.
They can help care for physical issues, as well as
intricate disease management.

o From infancy into teenage years, a pediatric

nurse specializes in care for children. Much like
other nurses, pediatric nurses can perform
physical examinations, diagnose illness and
develop treatment plans.

o A public health nurse advocates and teaches

communities about important health information
concerning their society. They strive to educate
their patients about different treatment options,
prevention of disease and assist individuals with
medical care.

o Travel nurses are unique in that they are able to

move from location to location based on their
contract and interact with patients from
numerous locations. Travel nurses also receive
their hourly pay, accompanied by a housing
stipend. Along with the satisfaction of working
and learning in new locations, travel nurses are
able to broaden their experiences both
professionally and personally through their
journey.
o A group of people who occupy a common
contiguous territory, possessed of a common set
of traditions associated with their living together
in that territory, and served by a set of local
institutions in which the people are conscious of
their common interest.
o The people living in one particular area or
people who are considered as a unit because of
their common interests, social group, or
nationality.
o Consists of a set of personal relations, social
networks, common interest and emotional
sources of motivation.

Engage in joint activities and discussion, help each

other, and share information with each other; they
care about their standing with each other.
Example of formal communities:
o Eco Villages
o Co-housing Communities
o Co-ops Communities
o Religious Communities Consists of a set of personal relations, social
networks, common interest and emotional sources
of motivation.
Example of formal communities:
o Academic Communities
o Recreation Communities
o Retirement Communities

Large in terms of land area & population, advanced

in science & technology, with favorable physical
environment and diverse cultures, and the people
are engaged in various occupations.
Characteristics of Urban Communities:
It is the international aggregate of nation-states.
 Advancement in science & technology
 Many business establishments, educational and
“World Community”
religious institutions
Common point of view towards issues of human
 People are crowded rights, global warming and climate change, peace
 Social heterogeneity and order, socio-economic conditions as well as
 Class extremes disputed issues such as territorial conflict.
 Greater pollution
 Many crimes are committed
 Family ties tend to be weak Include the voluntary sector and non-profit sector.
 Limited space  Voluntary, non-profit= governmental
 Greater impersonality among neighbors  Also called third sector
 Higher standard of living  NGOs-Non-Governmental Organizations
 Shortage of employment
 Informal settlers are rampant Social Space Community
 A lot of hazards and dangers  Based on social spaces
 Greater number of separation of spouses & live-  A social space is a physical or virtual space
in arrangements  Physical: social center, gathering place, town
 Major occupations are industrial, administrative squares, parks, pubs, shopping malls
and professional  Virtual: online social media, website
 Divisions of labor and occupational  People gather at information ground for a
specialization are very much common primary purpose other than information sharing
 Attended by different social types
 Social interaction is a primary activity
 Information occurs in many directions
Usually produce their own food for subsistence.
 Information is used in alternative ways
Characteristics of Rural Communities:  Many sub-context exist; together they for grand
 Greater personal interaction context
 Deep, long-term relationships
 Generally, peace and order exists
 Mutual give & take affairs
 Urban community is in a large city or town, and
 Emphasis of shared values
it is usually characterized by a large population
 Vernacular is usually spoken (more than 2,500) with modern infrastructures
 Wider area that are usually absent from the rural community.
 Influence of blood relationships in decision Because of the high population, apartments and
making homes in the urban area are usually near due to
 Homogenous type of culture the non-availability of space.
 Belief in supernatural & superstitious beliefs Residents of the urban community and their
 Relationship is more personal an informal goods are transported via various means that
include subways, trains, buses, taxes and some
 Less pollution
prefer to walk. The average cost of rent in this
 Few establishments & institutions type of community is exorbitant; therefore, you
 Few goods & services should be prepared for that.
 Sub-urban Community  Community members have access to varied
Otherwise known as a suburb, a suburban experiences, interaction and communication.
community is a residential area that exists at the  The health services are accessible and
outskirts of an urban community. Such a appropriate.
community is a low-density area with the  The historical and cultural heritage is promoted
commuting distance of a city. and celebrated.
Sometimes it could be difficult to distinguish  There is a diverse and innovative economy.
between urban and suburban communities due to  There is a sustainable use of available resources
the similarities that exist between them. for all
However, you should know that a suburban
community is different and one obvious
difference is the compactness of the general o Lifelong Education and Learning.
environment. Moreover, the cost of housing here o Community Services, Facilities, and Utilities.
is quite low compared to what it is in an urban o Recreation and Cultural Heritage
community. o Working Landscape and the Natural
Environment
 Rural community is characterized by low o Economic Vitality
population density with scanty homes located not
too close to one another. Unlike the urban and
suburban communities that are dominated by
industrial and commercial buildings, the primary
assignment of people living within the rural area
is agriculture.
Agricultural produce, are, however, transported
from here to the cities. Obviously, these people
feed on fresh food directly from the source and
tend to live longer than those living in the cities.
Housing here is quite cheap and may cost you
nothing.

Healthy community has lower rates of infectious

diseases. Its members have access to basic services
and health care. Community that lives in a state of
reasonable harmony. There are different health
interventions that support the development of a
healthy community. The whole community, and not
just powerful few, are involved in the decision-
making process.

Characteristics of a Healthy Community:

 The physical environment is clean and safe. The
environment meets everyone's basic needs.
 The environment promotes social harmony and
actively involves everyone.
 There is an understanding of the local health and
environment issues.
 The community participates in identifying local
solutions to local problems.
  Indices of the health and illness status of the
community
 Serves as basis for planning, implementing,
monitoring, and evaluating community health
nursing programs and services.

 Science of population.
 Derived from the Greek words demos, meaning
“people” and ypagly w/c means to “draw” or
“write”

1. Aids health workers, especially program

planners and administrators, to identify and
characterize health problems besetting a
community.
2. Knowledge of growth and dispersal of
population groups in the past will help predict
future developments and their possible
consequences.

1. Changes in population size

a) Natality, Mortality and migration
2. Population composition/ structure:
a) Age, sex, marital status, occupation,
education
A systematic approach of obtaining, organizing and 3. Distribution of population in space
analyzing numerical facts so that conclusion maybe a) Continent, world regions, countries, intra
draw from them country regions, state, province, cities,
towns, villages

The systematic study of vital events such as births, 1) Censuses

illnesses, marriages, divorce, separation and deaths 2) Sample surveys
3) Registration systems
 Statistics of disease (morbidity) and death 4) Continuing population registers
(mortality) indicate the state of health of a 5) Voters’ registry
community and the success and failure of health 6) School rosters
worker.
 Statistics on population and the characteristics
such as age and sex, distribution are obtained  This refers to the total process of collecting,
from the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) compiling, and publishing demographic data,
 Births and deaths are registered in The Office of economic and social data pertaining, at a
Local Civil Registrar of the municipality or city. specified time to times, to all persons in a
In cities, births, and deaths are registered at the country or delimited territory.
City Health Department
 Importance of census: it provides nations w/ o Proportion: A type of ratio where the
statistical profile of their people w/c could be a numerator is part of the denominator
basis for planning social, economic, and military a/ a+b (K) if K =100, percentage
services.
 Once every 10 years, most nations of the world o Rate: Occurrence of events over a given
conduct a national population census. interval of time. It measures the amount of
 This includes: change.
1. Age o Incidence rate: # events/ population,
2. Sex during the same time interval
3. Marital status
4. Race or ethnic origin
5. Number of children
6. Literacy or educational attainment 1. Gender composition
7. Place of birth a) Sex ratio: compares the number of males to
8. Occupation females in a population.
Sex ratio = (# males/ # females) x 100

b) Sex structure: Sex ratios for each age group

 This method collects information from only a
subset of the population.
2. Age make-up
a) Median Age: The middlemost age of a
population
 This deals with the continuous recording of vital b) Dependency ratio: provides an index of age-
events like birth, deaths, stillbirths, marriages, induced economic drain on manpower
divorces, adoptions, and annulments as they resources.
occur in the population. c) Dependent vs Economically productive age
group
d) Has limitations
 This type of system provides for a continuous D.R. = (0-14 yrs. old) + (>65 yrs. old) x 100
recording on information about the population. 15-64 yrs. Old

3. Age and sex Composition

 For purposes of describing a specific population o Can be presented as a population pyramid
other than that of providing demographic data, o It can also describe the demographic trends
the following can be used: in the past
 voter’s registration
 school enrolment
 income tax return
 social security system

o Counts: Absolute number of a population in a

specified area during a specified time period.

o Ratio: A single number that represents the

relative size of 2 numbers
a/b (K) k= 10, 100, 1000
  Crude Death Rate (CDR): rate at which
1) Intercensal Estimates mortality occurs in a population
 Made on any date intermediate to two
censuses with the results of these censuses CDR = # of deaths in a year x 1000
taken into account. mid year population
2) Post-censal Estimates
 Estimates of population size on any date in  Specific Mortality Rate (SMR): rate of dying
the past or during a current date following a in specific population group
census.
3) Projections SMR= # of deaths in a specific group year x 1000
mid year population of the same group
 Made on any date following the last census
for w/c no current reports are available.
 Cause of Death Rate: mortality rate from
specific diseases
# of deaths from
Cause of = a specific cause in a year x 1000
1. Component method: seldom used Death Rate mid year population
 “inflow-outflow” method, balancing eq.
 Adding the natural increase and net  Infant Mortality Rate: Number of deaths of
migration since the previous census to the infants under 1yr of age / 1000 live births in a
latest one. calendar year
 Needs updated information
IMR = infantile deaths in 1 year x 1000
2. Mathematical/ arithmetic method # of live birth in the same yr
 Average annual inc/ dec is determined
between the last 2 successive censuses o Neonatal Mortality Rate

= # of death of infants <28days in a year x 1000

# of live births in the same yr

Specific Rates o Post Neonatal Mortality Rate

Events that happen to a specified group only occur
to the corresponding segment of the population # of death of infants
= >28days - <1y.o in a year x 1000
# of live births in the same yr
 Crude Birth Rate (CBR): measures how fast
people are added to the pop through birth o Perinatal Mortality Rate

CBR = # of registered live birth in a year x 1000 = # of stillbirth + death <7 days in a year x 1000
mid year population # of births (live + still) in the same yr

 General Fertility Rate (GFR): more specific The sum of the 2 is equal to IMR.
than crude since birth is related to the segment NMR: due to prenatal factors
of the pop capable of giving birth PNMR: due to environmental factors, infection

GFR = # of registered live birth in a year x 1000  Maternal Mortality Rate

mid year pop. Of women 15-44y.o  Measures the # of deaths due to disease directly
related to pregnancy, delivery and puerperium
per 1000 live births
 Rate is affected by maternal health practices and 2. Period Prevalence
completeness of birth registry  The number of individuals identified as cases
 Ideal divisor ought to be # of pregnancies, during a specified period of time, divided by the
however there is no data on this, thus the # of total number of people in that population.
live births is used

# death due to pregnancy,

MMR = delivery, puerperium in a year x 1000 Incidence Rate = # of new cases x 1000
# of live births in a year Population exposed to risk

 Case Fatality Rate Prevalence Rate = # of existing cases x 100

The proportion of cases which end up fatally Population studied
A high CFR indicates a more fatal disease.
Time element is not annual, but the usual Swaroop’s index- used to measure longevity of life
duration of the particular disease. = total death above 50 years old x 100
 Rate depends on: Disease itself, diagnostic total number of deaths
ascertainment, level of reporting in population
 A higher CFR statistics in the hospital than in
the community
CFR = # of death from specific cause x 100
# of cases of the same disease

Measures the occurrence of illness in a community.

1. Incidence Rate
 deviation of disease in a group exposed to the
risk in a period of time

2. Prevalence Rate
 proportion of existing cases of disease in a
population. Both old and new cases.
 More useful in describing chronic conditions,
quantifying the burden of disease in a
population at a given point in time, and an
indicator in making decisions in the
administration of health services.

1. Point Prevalence
 Measures the frequency of existing disease in a
defined population at a single point in time.
 The point in time that point prevalence refers to
should always be clearly stated.