CH 7

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Chapter 7 - Kinetic

Chatper 7 - Kinetic Energy and Work Energy and Work

Kinetic Energy

Work

Work Examples

Power

“The release of atomic energy


has not created a new problem.
It has merely made more urgent
the necessity of solving an
existing one.”
- Albert Einstein

David J. Starling
Penn State Hazleton
PHYS 211
Chapter 7 - Kinetic
Kinetic Energy Energy and Work

Kinetic Energy
Energy is a scalar quantity that describes the Work

current status of one or more objects and can take Work Examples

Power
many forms.
Chapter 7 - Kinetic
Kinetic Energy Energy and Work

Kinetic Energy
Energy is a scalar quantity that describes the Work

current status of one or more objects and can take Work Examples

Power
many forms.

Energy is conserved but can transform from one type to


another.
Chapter 7 - Kinetic
Kinetic Energy Energy and Work

Kinetic energy is the energy of motion and is Kinetic Energy

Work
defined for an object to be
Work Examples

Power
1
K = mv2 .
2
Chapter 7 - Kinetic
Kinetic Energy Energy and Work

Kinetic energy is the energy of motion and is Kinetic Energy

Work
defined for an object to be
Work Examples

Power
1
K = mv2 .
2

Heavier and faster objects carry more energy.


Chapter 7 - Kinetic
Kinetic Energy Energy and Work

Kinetic Energy

Work
The units of energy are (from mv2 ) kg - m2 /s2 Work Examples

which is given the name joule (J). Power


Chapter 7 - Kinetic
Kinetic Energy Energy and Work

Kinetic Energy

Work
The units of energy are (from mv2 ) kg - m2 /s2 Work Examples

which is given the name joule (J). Power

James Prescott Joule, not the Crowned Jewels.


Chapter 7 - Kinetic
Kinetic Energy Energy and Work

Kinetic Energy

Work
Lecture Question 7.1 Work Examples
To see why professional baseball pitchers are remarkable, Power
determine the difference in the kinetic energy of a baseball
thrown at speed v and one thrown at 2v and express the
difference as a percentage [i.e., (K2 − K1 )/K1 × 100%].

(a) 50%
(b) 100%
(c) 200%
(d) 300%
(e) 400%
Chapter 7 - Kinetic
Work Energy and Work

Kinetic Energy

Work
Work W is defined as the amount of energy
Work Examples
transferred to or from an object by means of a Power

force.

W = ~F · ~d = Fd cos(θ)
Chapter 7 - Kinetic
Work Energy and Work

Kinetic Energy

Work
Work W is defined as the amount of energy
Work Examples
transferred to or from an object by means of a Power

force.

W = ~F · ~d = Fd cos(θ)

This is positive work; what would be negative?


Chapter 7 - Kinetic
Work Energy and Work

Kinetic Energy

Work
The scalar product indicates that only the
Work Examples
component of ~F parallel to ~d matters. Power
Chapter 7 - Kinetic
Work Energy and Work

Kinetic Energy

Work
The scalar product indicates that only the
Work Examples
component of ~F parallel to ~d matters. Power

The component of the force perpendicular to the motion


does no work.
Chapter 7 - Kinetic
Work Energy and Work

Kinetic Energy
If two or more forces act on the object, the net
Work
work is the sum of the individual works done by Work Examples

Power
each force.
Chapter 7 - Kinetic
Work Energy and Work

Kinetic Energy
If two or more forces act on the object, the net
Work
work is the sum of the individual works done by Work Examples

Power
each force.

Remember: work can be zero or even negative.


Chapter 7 - Kinetic
Work Energy and Work

Kinetic Energy

Work

Work Examples
Work-kinetic energy theorem: the change in
Power
kinetic energy of an object is equal to the net work
done on that object.

∆K = Wnet
Chapter 7 - Kinetic
Work Energy and Work

Kinetic Energy

Work

Work Examples
Work-kinetic energy theorem: the change in
Power
kinetic energy of an object is equal to the net work
done on that object.

∆K = Wnet

Positive work gives an increase in KE; negative work gives


a decrease in KE.
Chapter 7 - Kinetic
Work Energy and Work

Kinetic Energy

Work
Lecture Question 7.2 Work Examples
Two wooden blocks (masses m and 2m) are sliding with the Power
same kinetic energy across a horizontal frictionless surface.
The blocks then slide onto a rough horizontal surface. Let
xA be the distance that the light block slides before coming
to a stop and xB the distance that the heavy block slides
before it stops. Then,
(a) xA = xB
(b) xA = 2xB
(c) xA = 4xB
(d) xA = 0.5xB
(e) xA = 0.25xB
Chapter 7 - Kinetic
Work Examples Energy and Work

Kinetic Energy
Like all forces, gravity can do positive or negative Work

work on an object. Work Examples

Power
Chapter 7 - Kinetic
Work Examples Energy and Work

Kinetic Energy
Like all forces, gravity can do positive or negative Work

work on an object. Work Examples

Power

Wg = mgd cos(θ)
Chapter 7 - Kinetic
Work Examples Energy and Work

The force from a spring is given by Fs = −kx, Kinetic Energy

Work
where k is the spring constant (stiffness) and x is
Work Examples
how far the spring is stretched/compressed. Power

Unstretched

x=0

Compressed

x<0

Sretched x>0

x
Chapter 7 - Kinetic
Work Examples Energy and Work

The force from a spring is given by Fs = −kx, Kinetic Energy

Work
where k is the spring constant (stiffness) and x is
Work Examples
how far the spring is stretched/compressed. Power

Unstretched

x=0

Compressed

x<0

Sretched x>0

The force always points in the opposite direction of the


displacement.
Chapter 7 - Kinetic
Work Examples Energy and Work

Kinetic Energy

Work
To find the work done by a variable force, we
Work Examples

compute the work done over a small distance Power

many times and then add them up.


Chapter 7 - Kinetic
Work Examples Energy and Work

Kinetic Energy

Work
To find the work done by a variable force, we
Work Examples

compute the work done over a small distance Power

many times and then add them up.

Each small amount of work is ∆W = F∆x or dW = Fdx.


Chapter 7 - Kinetic
Work Examples Energy and Work

Kinetic Energy

Work

The work done by a variable force is written as an Work Examples

Power
integral:
Z
W = F(x)dx
Z
W = ~F · d~r
Chapter 7 - Kinetic
Work Examples Energy and Work

Kinetic Energy

Work

The work done by a variable force is written as an Work Examples

Power
integral:
Z
W = F(x)dx
Z
W = ~F · d~r

We compute the integral along a line of motion.


Chapter 7 - Kinetic
Work Examples Energy and Work

Kinetic Energy
The work done by a spring is therefore:
Work

Work Examples
Z x2
Power
W = F(x)dx
x1
Chapter 7 - Kinetic
Work Examples Energy and Work

Kinetic Energy
The work done by a spring is therefore:
Work

Work Examples
Z x2
Power
W = F(x)dx
x1
Z x2
= (−kx)dx
x1
Chapter 7 - Kinetic
Work Examples Energy and Work

Kinetic Energy
The work done by a spring is therefore:
Work

Work Examples
Z x2
Power
W = F(x)dx
x1
Z x2
= (−kx)dx
x1
1
= − kx2 |xx21
2
Chapter 7 - Kinetic
Work Examples Energy and Work

Kinetic Energy
The work done by a spring is therefore:
Work

Work Examples
Z x2
Power
W = F(x)dx
x1
Z x2
= (−kx)dx
x1
1
= − kx2 |xx21
2
1 2
= k(x − x22 )
2 1
Chapter 7 - Kinetic
Work Examples Energy and Work

Kinetic Energy
The work done by a spring is therefore:
Work

Work Examples
Z x2
Power
W = F(x)dx
x1
Z x2
= (−kx)dx
x1
1
= − kx2 |xx21
2
1 2
= k(x − x22 )
2 1

Work is positive if x1 > x2 (moves toward equilibrium)


Work is negative if x1 < x2 (moves away from equilibrium)
Chapter 7 - Kinetic
Work Examples Energy and Work

Kinetic Energy

Work

Work Examples

A general force: Power

~F = Fx î + Fy ĵ + Fz k̂
Chapter 7 - Kinetic
Work Examples Energy and Work

Kinetic Energy

Work

Work Examples

A general force: Power

~F = Fx î + Fy ĵ + Fz k̂
d~r = dxî + dyĵ + dzk̂
Chapter 7 - Kinetic
Work Examples Energy and Work

Kinetic Energy

Work

Work Examples

A general force: Power

~F = Fx î + Fy ĵ + Fz k̂
d~r = dxî + dyĵ + dzk̂
Z ~r2
W = ~F · d~r
~r1
Chapter 7 - Kinetic
Work Examples Energy and Work

Kinetic Energy

Work

Work Examples

A general force: Power

~F = Fx î + Fy ĵ + Fz k̂
d~r = dxî + dyĵ + dzk̂
Z ~r2
W = ~F · d~r
~r1
Z x2 Z y2 Z z2
= Fx dx + Fy dy + Fz dz
x1 y1 z1
Chapter 7 - Kinetic
Power Energy and Work

Kinetic Energy
Power is the rate of work done, defined as
Work

Work Examples
dW W Power
P= or Pavg =
dt ∆t
Chapter 7 - Kinetic
Power Energy and Work

Kinetic Energy
Power is the rate of work done, defined as
Work

Work Examples
dW W Power
P= or Pavg =
dt ∆t

The unit of power is J/s which is known as the watt (W).


Chapter 7 - Kinetic
Power Energy and Work

Kinetic Energy
Power is the rate of work done, defined as
Work

Work Examples
dW W Power
P= or Pavg =
dt ∆t

The unit of power is J/s which is known as the watt (W).

1 horsepower = 746 watts


Chapter 7 - Kinetic
Power Energy and Work

Kinetic Energy

The instantaneous power is related to the velocity Work

Work Examples
of an object:
Power

dW d[F cos(θ)x]
P = =
dt dt
Chapter 7 - Kinetic
Power Energy and Work

Kinetic Energy

The instantaneous power is related to the velocity Work

Work Examples
of an object:
Power

dW d[F cos(θ)x]
P = =
dt dt
dx
= F cos(θ)
dt
Chapter 7 - Kinetic
Power Energy and Work

Kinetic Energy

The instantaneous power is related to the velocity Work

Work Examples
of an object:
Power

dW d[F cos(θ)x]
P = =
dt dt
dx
= F cos(θ)
dt
P = Fv cos(θ)
Chapter 7 - Kinetic
Power Energy and Work

Kinetic Energy

The instantaneous power is related to the velocity Work

Work Examples
of an object:
Power

dW d[F cos(θ)x]
P = =
dt dt
dx
= F cos(θ)
dt
P = Fv cos(θ)

But in 3 dimensions,

P = ~F · ~v
Chapter 7 - Kinetic
Power Energy and Work

Kinetic Energy

Work

Lecture Question 7.4 Work Examples

A car is accelerated from rest to a speed v in a time interval Power

t. Neglecting air resistance effects and assuming the engine


is operating at its maximum power rating when accelerating,
determine the time interval for the car to accelerate from
rest to a speed 2v.
(a) 2t
(b) 4t
(c) 2.5t
(d) 3t
(e) 3.5t

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