CH 7

Chapter 7 - Kinetic
Chatper 7 - Kinetic Energy and Work Energy and Work
Kinetic Energy
Work
Work Examples
Power
“The release of atomic energy

has not created a new problem.
It has merely made more urgent
the necessity of solving an
existing one.”
- Albert Einstein
David J. Starling
Penn State Hazleton
PHYS 211
Chapter 7 - Kinetic
Kinetic Energy Energy and Work
Kinetic Energy
Energy is a scalar quantity that describes the Work
current status of one or more objects and can take Work Examples
Power
many forms.
Chapter 7 - Kinetic
Kinetic Energy
Energy is a scalar quantity that describes the Work
current status of one or more objects and can take Work Examples
Power
many forms.
Energy is conserved but can transform from one type to

another.
Chapter 7 - Kinetic
Kinetic energy is the energy of motion and is Kinetic Energy
Work
defined for an object to be
Work Examples
Power
1
K = mv2 .
2
Chapter 7 - Kinetic
Kinetic energy is the energy of motion and is Kinetic Energy
Work
defined for an object to be
Work Examples
Power
1
K = mv2 .
2
Heavier and faster objects carry more energy.

Chapter 7 - Kinetic
Kinetic Energy
Work
The units of energy are (from mv2 ) kg - m2 /s2 Work Examples
which is given the name joule (J). Power

Chapter 7 - Kinetic
Kinetic Energy
Work
The units of energy are (from mv2 ) kg - m2 /s2 Work Examples
which is given the name joule (J). Power
James Prescott Joule, not the Crowned Jewels.

Chapter 7 - Kinetic
Kinetic Energy
Work
Lecture Question 7.1 Work Examples
To see why professional baseball pitchers are remarkable, Power
determine the difference in the kinetic energy of a baseball
thrown at speed v and one thrown at 2v and express the
difference as a percentage [i.e., (K2 − K1 )/K1 × 100%].
(a) 50%
(b) 100%
(c) 200%
(d) 300%
(e) 400%
Chapter 7 - Kinetic
Work Energy and Work
Kinetic Energy
Work
Work W is defined as the amount of energy
Work Examples
transferred to or from an object by means of a Power
force.
W = ~F · ~d = Fd cos(θ)
Chapter 7 - Kinetic
Kinetic Energy
Work
Work W is defined as the amount of energy
Work Examples
transferred to or from an object by means of a Power
force.
W = ~F · ~d = Fd cos(θ)
This is positive work; what would be negative?

Chapter 7 - Kinetic
Kinetic Energy
Work
The scalar product indicates that only the
Work Examples
component of ~F parallel to ~d matters. Power
Chapter 7 - Kinetic
Kinetic Energy
Work
The scalar product indicates that only the
Work Examples
component of ~F parallel to ~d matters. Power
The component of the force perpendicular to the motion

does no work.
Chapter 7 - Kinetic
Kinetic Energy
If two or more forces act on the object, the net
Work
work is the sum of the individual works done by Work Examples
Power
each force.
Chapter 7 - Kinetic
Kinetic Energy
If two or more forces act on the object, the net
Work
work is the sum of the individual works done by Work Examples
Power
each force.
Remember: work can be zero or even negative.

Chapter 7 - Kinetic
Kinetic Energy
Work
Work Examples
Work-kinetic energy theorem: the change in
Power
kinetic energy of an object is equal to the net work
done on that object.
∆K = Wnet
Chapter 7 - Kinetic
Kinetic Energy
Work
Work Examples
Work-kinetic energy theorem: the change in
Power
kinetic energy of an object is equal to the net work
done on that object.
∆K = Wnet
Positive work gives an increase in KE; negative work gives

a decrease in KE.
Chapter 7 - Kinetic
Kinetic Energy
Work
Two wooden blocks (masses m and 2m) are sliding with the Power
same kinetic energy across a horizontal frictionless surface.
The blocks then slide onto a rough horizontal surface. Let
xA be the distance that the light block slides before coming
to a stop and xB the distance that the heavy block slides
before it stops. Then,
(a) xA = xB
(b) xA = 2xB
(c) xA = 4xB
(d) xA = 0.5xB
(e) xA = 0.25xB
Chapter 7 - Kinetic
Work Examples Energy and Work
Kinetic Energy
Like all forces, gravity can do positive or negative Work
work on an object. Work Examples
Power
Chapter 7 - Kinetic
Kinetic Energy
Like all forces, gravity can do positive or negative Work
work on an object. Work Examples
Power
Wg = mgd cos(θ)
Chapter 7 - Kinetic
The force from a spring is given by Fs = −kx, Kinetic Energy
Work
where k is the spring constant (stiffness) and x is
Work Examples
how far the spring is stretched/compressed. Power
Unstretched
x=0
Compressed
x<0
Sretched x>0
x
Chapter 7 - Kinetic
The force from a spring is given by Fs = −kx, Kinetic Energy
Work
where k is the spring constant (stiffness) and x is
Work Examples
how far the spring is stretched/compressed. Power
Unstretched
x=0
Compressed
x<0
Sretched x>0
The force always points in the opposite direction of the

displacement.
Chapter 7 - Kinetic
Kinetic Energy
Work
To find the work done by a variable force, we
Work Examples
compute the work done over a small distance Power
many times and then add them up.

Chapter 7 - Kinetic
Kinetic Energy
Work
To find the work done by a variable force, we
Work Examples
compute the work done over a small distance Power
many times and then add them up.
Each small amount of work is ∆W = F∆x or dW = Fdx.

Chapter 7 - Kinetic
Kinetic Energy
Work
The work done by a variable force is written as an Work Examples
Power
integral:
Z
W = F(x)dx
Z
W = ~F · d~r
Chapter 7 - Kinetic
Kinetic Energy
Work
The work done by a variable force is written as an Work Examples
Power
integral:
Z
W = F(x)dx
Z
W = ~F · d~r
We compute the integral along a line of motion.

Chapter 7 - Kinetic
Kinetic Energy
The work done by a spring is therefore:
Work
Work Examples
Z x2
Power
W = F(x)dx
x1
Chapter 7 - Kinetic
Kinetic Energy
Work
Work Examples
Z x2
Power
W = F(x)dx
x1
Z x2
= (−kx)dx
x1
Chapter 7 - Kinetic
Kinetic Energy
Work
Work Examples
Z x2
Power
W = F(x)dx
x1
Z x2
= (−kx)dx
x1
1
= − kx2 |xx21
2
Chapter 7 - Kinetic
Kinetic Energy
Work
Work Examples
Z x2
Power
W = F(x)dx
x1
Z x2
= (−kx)dx
x1
1
= − kx2 |xx21
2
1 2
= k(x − x22 )
2 1
Chapter 7 - Kinetic
Kinetic Energy
Work
Work Examples
Z x2
Power
W = F(x)dx
x1
Z x2
= (−kx)dx
x1
1
= − kx2 |xx21
2
1 2
= k(x − x22 )
2 1
Work is positive if x1 > x2 (moves toward equilibrium)

Work is negative if x1 < x2 (moves away from equilibrium)
Chapter 7 - Kinetic
Kinetic Energy
Work
Work Examples
A general force: Power
~F = Fx î + Fy ĵ + Fz k̂
Chapter 7 - Kinetic
Kinetic Energy
Work
Work Examples
~F = Fx î + Fy ĵ + Fz k̂
d~r = dxî + dyĵ + dzk̂
Chapter 7 - Kinetic
Kinetic Energy
Work
Work Examples
~F = Fx î + Fy ĵ + Fz k̂
Z ~r2
W = ~F · d~r
~r1
Chapter 7 - Kinetic
Kinetic Energy
Work
Work Examples
~F = Fx î + Fy ĵ + Fz k̂
Z ~r2
W = ~F · d~r
~r1
Z x2 Z y2 Z z2
= Fx dx + Fy dy + Fz dz
x1 y1 z1
Chapter 7 - Kinetic
Power Energy and Work
Kinetic Energy
Power is the rate of work done, defined as
Work
Work Examples
dW W Power
P= or Pavg =
dt ∆t
Chapter 7 - Kinetic
Kinetic Energy
Work
Work Examples
dW W Power
P= or Pavg =
dt ∆t
The unit of power is J/s which is known as the watt (W).

Chapter 7 - Kinetic
Kinetic Energy
Work
Work Examples
dW W Power
P= or Pavg =
dt ∆t
The unit of power is J/s which is known as the watt (W).
1 horsepower = 746 watts

Chapter 7 - Kinetic
Kinetic Energy
The instantaneous power is related to the velocity Work
Work Examples
of an object:
Power
dW d[F cos(θ)x]
P = =
dt dt
Chapter 7 - Kinetic
Kinetic Energy
Work Examples
of an object:
Power
dW d[F cos(θ)x]
P = =
dt dt
dx
= F cos(θ)
dt
Chapter 7 - Kinetic
Kinetic Energy
Work Examples
of an object:
Power
dW d[F cos(θ)x]
P = =
dt dt
dx
= F cos(θ)
dt
P = Fv cos(θ)
Chapter 7 - Kinetic
Kinetic Energy
Work Examples
of an object:
Power
dW d[F cos(θ)x]
P = =
dt dt
dx
= F cos(θ)
dt
P = Fv cos(θ)
But in 3 dimensions,
P = ~F · ~v
Chapter 7 - Kinetic
Kinetic Energy
Work
A car is accelerated from rest to a speed v in a time interval Power
t. Neglecting air resistance effects and assuming the engine

is operating at its maximum power rating when accelerating,
determine the time interval for the car to accelerate from
rest to a speed 2v.
(a) 2t
(b) 4t
(c) 2.5t
(d) 3t
(e) 3.5t

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Chapter 7 - Kinetic

Chatper 7 - Kinetic Energy and Work Energy and Work

“The release of atomic energy

Energy is conserved but can transform from one type to

Kinetic energy is the energy of motion and is Kinetic Energy

Kinetic energy is the energy of motion and is Kinetic Energy

Heavier and faster objects carry more energy.

which is given the name joule (J). Power

which is given the name joule (J). Power

James Prescott Joule, not the Crowned Jewels.

This is positive work; what would be negative?

The component of the force perpendicular to the motion

Remember: work can be zero or even negative.

Positive work gives an increase in KE; negative work gives

work on an object. Work Examples

work on an object. Work Examples

The force from a spring is given by Fs = −kx, Kinetic Energy

The force from a spring is given by Fs = −kx, Kinetic Energy

The force always points in the opposite direction of the

compute the work done over a small distance Power

many times and then add them up.

compute the work done over a small distance Power

many times and then add them up.

Each small amount of work is ∆W = F∆x or dW = Fdx.

The work done by a variable force is written as an Work Examples

The work done by a variable force is written as an Work Examples

We compute the integral along a line of motion.

Work is positive if x1 > x2 (moves toward equilibrium)

A general force: Power

A general force: Power

A general force: Power

A general force: Power

The unit of power is J/s which is known as the watt (W).

The unit of power is J/s which is known as the watt (W).

1 horsepower = 746 watts

The instantaneous power is related to the velocity Work

The instantaneous power is related to the velocity Work

The instantaneous power is related to the velocity Work

The instantaneous power is related to the velocity Work

Lecture Question 7.4 Work Examples

A car is accelerated from rest to a speed v in a time interval Power

t. Neglecting air resistance effects and assuming the engine

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