Right On!

page 35 3.10 façade (n)/fəˈsɑːd/

3.1 snare (n)/sneə(r)/ the outward appearance of sth/sb, which may
be different to the inner character ● Despite
a small, usually metal, trap used for catching
his brave façade, Kevin tends to get easily
animals ● Lee released the rabbit whose
upset at the sight of suffering.
foot had got trapped in the snare. ➣snare,
ensnare(v) 3.11 bunch (n)/bʌntʃ/
a (disorganised) group of people ● An

Reading pages36-37
assorted bunch of volunteers, from teenagers
to elderly, turned up to help out at the bazaar.
➣bunch (v)
3.2 NGO (abbrev) /ˌen dʒiːˈəʊ/
a non-governmental organisation; a charity 3.12 heavenwards (adv) /ˈhevnwədz/
or other non-profit organisation not controlled towards the sky ● When asked where she
by governments ● Several new NGOs were was intending to find cash for theproject,
formed to offer aid to economic immigrants. Jean simply raised her eyes heavenwards and
shrugged.
3.3 relief (n)/rɪˈliːf/
practical emergency aid, such as food, 3.13 pretence (n)/prɪˈtens/
clothes or medical supplies ● Relief workers the act of pretending that sth is true ● The
have been doing their best to support the Smiths dropped their pretence of wealth when
earthquake victims. ➣relieve (v), relieved the banks cancelled their credit cards.
(adj) ➣pretend (v), pretender (n), pretend (adj)

3.4 humanitarian (adj) /hjuːˌmænɪˈteəriən/ 3.14 ladle (v)/ˈleɪdl/

related to supporting and improvingconditions to serve food using a large deep spoon ● Tony
for people in need ● The mass influx ofillegal ladled the delicious sauce on top of the pasta.
immigrants has created an unmanageable ➣ladle (n)
humanitarian crisis. ➣humanitarian, 3.15 shawl (n)/ʃɔːl/
humanitarianism (n) an item of clothing worn around the shoulders
3.5 sponsorship (n)/ˈspɒnsəʃɪp/ or covering the head ● Liana knitted some
financial support, often given in return for warm shawls for the women at the homeless
advertising ● Our local marine wildlife support shelter.
group depends on sponsorship from a mobile 3.16 humbling (adj)/ˈhʌmblɪŋ/
phone provider to fund the new rescue centre. that makes you feel not as good as you
➣sponsor (v), sponsor (n) believed you were ● It was a humbling
3.6 food bank (n) /fuːdbæŋk/ experience for Bill to see how happy the
a place where free food is given to people in children were despite their poverty. ➣humble
need ● It’s shocking to think that there is a (v), humbleness (n)
need to feed people through community food 3.17 turn your back on sb/sth (expr) /tɜːn jɔː(r)
banks in so many countries. bæk ɒnˈsʌmbədi/ˈsʌmθɪŋ/
3.7 soup kitchen (n) /suːpˈkɪtʃɪn/ ignore or reject sb/sth ● When George went to
a place where soup or other cooked food is prison for fraud, even his close family turned
served to destitute people ● Living on the their back on him.
streets since she lost her home, Tracy waits 3.18 in earnest (phr) /ɪnˈɜːnɪst/
in line for a plate of food at the soup kitchen seriously and sincerely ● The tears in his eyes
every day. showed he was speaking in earnest as he
3.8 run-down (adj)/ˈrʌnˌdaʊn/ described his wartime experience. ➣earnestly
in a neglected poor condition ● Central (adv)
Glasgow has been transformed since the 3.19 sentiment (n)/ˈsentɪmənt/
run-down old slums were replaced by a strong feeling ● I completely agree with your
modern buildings and pedestrianised sentiments on this issue. ➣sentimental (adj),
shopping areas. sentimentally (adv)
3.9 pocket (n)/ˈpɒkɪt/ 3.20 selfless (adj)/ˈselfləs/
a small separate part of a larger area caring more about the needs of others than
● Allied forces had taken control of most of your own ● In an utterly selfless fashion, Helen
the country, but met with a few pockets of always helps anyone in need without a second
resistance in theeast. thought. ➣selflessness (n), selflessly (adv)
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3.21 austerity (n)/ɒˈsterəti/ 3.32 soul-crushing (adj) /səʊlˈkrʌʃɪŋ/
a situation where people have to make do confidence-destroying; extremely disappointing
with very little money due to poor economic ● Being questioned in front of the judgein
conditions ● Faced with the prospect of raising court was a soul-crushingexperience.
their family in austerity in Greece, they opted
3.33 tally (n)/ˈtæli/
to emigrate to Australia for a more secure
a count of the total or amount of sth ● Alison
future. ➣austere (adj), austerely(adv)
kept a tally of the number of homeless who
3.22 middleman (n)/ˈmɪdlmæn/ arrived at the shelter every night. ➣tally (v)
a person who liaises or negotiates between
3.34 prominently (adv)/ˈprɒmɪnəntli/
people or companies ● Charles acts as a
mainly ● When we reached the restaurant, a
middleman between job seekers and employers. sign was prominently displayed in the window
3.23 donor (n)/ˈdəʊnə(r)/ informing us that it was closed for repairs.
a person who gives sth freely to help others ➣prominence (n), prominent (adj)
● A new children’s hospital was builtfollowing
3.35 signee (n)/ˌsaɪˈniː/
a generous contribution from an anonymous
sb who signs their name on sth ● According to
donor. ➣donate (v), donation(n)
the group’s Facebook page, the petition has
3.24 recipient (n)/rɪˈsɪpiənt/ attracted 30,000 signees so far. ➣sign (v)
sb who receives sth ● Although the company
3.36 philanthropist (n)/fɪˈlænθrəpɪst/
sends out hundreds of emails every day, most
sb wealthy who helps people in need, usually
recipients ignore them, so they only get a
by making donations ● Donating £5.00 per
handful of responses. ➣receive (v)
year to your favourite cause does not make
3.25 orphanage (n)/ˈɔːfənɪdʒ/ you a philanthropist. ➣philanthropy (n),
an institution for children whose parents are philanthropic (adj)
dead ● Candice grew up in an orphanageafter
3.37 hashtag (n)/ˈhæʃtæɡ/
her grandparents died in the war. ➣orphan (v),
a key word or phrase with the hash symbol ‘#’
orphan(n)
in front of it, used as a search tool on social
3.26 mutually (adv)/ˈmjuːtʃuəli/ media ● After experimenting with different
felt to an equal extent by all involved ● Let’s hashtags, Kate began to reach a wider
find a mutually convenient venue to meet in. audience through her Twitter account.
➣mutual (adj)
3.38 activism (n)/ˈæktɪvɪz(ə)m/
3.27 redistribution (n) /ˌriːdɪstrɪˈbjuːʃn/ the practice of working towards social change,
sharing out sth in a different way than it was often collectively ● Brenda felt it was time to
previously ● The opposition party hascalled get involved in environmental activism when
for the redistribution of public money from she saw the state of her local beach. ➣activist
defence into the education sector. (n), active (adj), actively (adv)
➣redistribute (v)
3.39 narcissism (n)/ˈnɑːsɪsɪz(ə)m/
3.28 sustenance (n)/ˈsʌstənəns/ the tendency to admire yourself and your
the nourishment we need to stay alive and appearance to an extreme extent ● Is the
healthy ● The country’s minimum wage level is selfie craze purely down to narcissism, or is it
hardly enough to provide daily sustenance for simply a cry for approval to cover insecurity?
a small family. ➣sustain (v), sustainability (n), ➣narcissistic (adj)
sustainable (adj), sustainably (adv)
3.40 mask (v)/mɑːsk/
3.29 stigma (n)/ˈstɪɡmə/ disguise; cover sth up to hide it ● We all
sth that causes a feeling of disapproval or managed to mask our feelings until the last
prejudice ● There’s no longer any stigma moment, so Melinda had no idea about the
about being unemployed since so many surprise party. ➣mask (n), masked (adj)
people have been in the same position.
3.41 altruism (n)/ˈæltruɪz(ə)m/
➣stigmatise (v)
the fact of caring selflessly about other
3.30 traumatic (adj)/trɔːˈmætɪk/ people’s needs ● It was questionable whether
extremely difficult and causing great stress the celebrity’s support for the cause was
● The most traumatic experience I ever had motivated by altruism or to stay in the limelight.
as a child was when our dog went missing ➣altruistic (adj)
for a week. ➣traumatise (v), trauma (n),
3.42 prevalent (adj)/ˈprevələnt/
traumatically(adv)
widespread or common at a particular time
3.31 dignity (n)/ˈdɪɡnəti/ or place ● Taking advantage of the prevalent
a sense of honour and self-respect sympathy towards the disaster victims, the
● After years of unemployment, Fred felt a uploaded video caught the eye of millions of
sense of dignity when he started working for viewers and earned a fortune from clicks on
this firm. ➣dignify(v) ads. ➣prevail (v), prevalence (n)
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 3.43 surplus (adj)/ˈsɜːpləs/ 3.55 fictitious (adj)/fɪkˈtɪʃəs/
in excess of what you need ● Any more made-up and not real or true ● His plot
donations of clothes for the bazaar would be is based on a real situation, but all the
surplus to requirements as we already have characters have fictitious names. ➣fiction (n),
more than we can store. ➣surplus (n) fictitiously (adv)
3.44 straitened (adj)/ˈstreɪtnd/ 3.56 intermediary (adj)/ˌɪntəˈmiːdiəri/
short of money or having less than you had sb who helps to negotiate an agreement
before ● Following their redundancy upon the between two or more groups or organisations
closure of the company, the former staff are ● Websites such as eBay™ offer an
now living in straitened circumstances. intermediary platform between buyers and
➣strait (n) sellers. ➣intermediate(adj)
3.45 legendary (adj)/ˈledʒəndri/ 3.57 benefactor (n)/ˈbenɪfæktə(r)/
famous and often mentioned ● Fans were sb who donates money or goods, etc. to help
devastated at the death of the legendary David individuals or charities ● The new hospital
Bowie in 2016. ➣legend (n) wing is to be named after the benefactor who
3.46 irony (n)/ˈaɪrəni/ funded the construction.
a situation where sth has an opposite or 3.58 solely (adv)/ˈsəʊlli/
contrasting result to what is intended ● The only; exclusively ● The hostel provides shelter
irony was that the new Minister for Health and solely for abused women and their children.
Sport was an overweight heavy smoker who ➣sole (adj)
never walked the length of himself. ➣ironic
3.59 redeem (v)/rɪˈdiːm/
(adj), ironically (adv) exchange sth for sth else ● During the
3.47 address (v)/əˈdres/ Second World War, British families were given
deal with ● It’s time our governmentaddressed vouchers which they redeemed to claim their
the problem of youth unemployment. food rations. ➣redemption (n)
➣address (n)
3.60 beneficiary (n)/ˌbenɪˈfɪʃəri/
3.48 foremost (adj)/ˈfɔːməʊst/ sb who is entitled to receive a donation or
most important or urgent ● The issue of other benefit ● All potential beneficiaries have
heating allowances for the elderly should be to give some proof of identity at the community
foremost on the agenda. ➣foremost (adv) centre before receiving any food vouchers.
➣benefit (v, n), beneficial (adj), beneficially (adv)
3.49 reap the benefit (expr) /riːp ðə ˈbenɪfɪt/
have the advantage of the positive results of 3.61 impoverished (adj)/ɪmˈpɒvərɪʃt/
sth ● Studying for her masters in Law wasno very poor ● Crime rates are high in the most
picnic, but now she’s got her own practice and impoverished areas of the city. ➣impoverish
is starting to reap the benefits. (v), impoverishment (n)
3.50 band together (phr v) /bændtəˈɡeðə(r)/ 3.62 harrowing (adj)/ˈhærəʊɪŋ/
form a group to work collectively ● Theparents frightening or very upsetting ● Getting to
and teachers banded together to organise the the bomb shelter when the air-raid warning
school fair. sounded was a harrowing experience.
➣harrow (v)
3.51 destitute (adj)/ˈdestɪtjuːt/
without any money or source of income 3.63 chasten (v)/ˈtʃeɪsn/
● Finding himself destitute, Vidalis wandered make sb feel sorry for doing sth ● Our visit
the streets in search of work. ➣destitution(n) to the long-term care unit in the
3.52 prep (v)/prep/ children’shospital was a chastening
prepare ● Have you prepped your opening experience.
➣chastely (adv)
speech yet? ➣prep (n)
3.53 round up (phr v) /raʊndʌp/ 3.64 altruistic (adj)/ˌæltruˈɪstɪk/
find people or animals and bring them together putting other people’s needs before your
in a group ● Irene has rounded up a few own ● A plethora of electronic petitions
friends to help with the kids’ party. are generated daily seemingly on altruistic
➣round-up (n)
grounds. ➣altruism (n), altruistically(adv)

3.54 unsightly (adj)/ʌnˈsaɪtli/

ugly; unpleasant looking ● The unsightly Charity work: nouns
figures of the homeless sleeping in city centre activism orphanage
doorways are often a source of concern altruism redistribution
among passers-by. austerity relief
foodbank soup kitchen
humanitarian sponsorship
NGO sustenance
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Vocabulary pages38-39-40
3.75 disburse (v)/dɪsˈbɜːs/
pay out sums of money from an amount
collected to different people or groups ● The
3.65 conscious (adj)/ˈkɒnʃəs/
college disburses scholarships to up to 100
deliberate; determined ● Ben always makes
students every year. ➣disbursement (n)
a conscious effort to help those less fortunate
than he is. ➣consciousness (n), consciously 3.76 disperse (v)/dɪˈspɜːs/
(adv) make sth/sb spread out and move away in
✎Opp: unconscious different directions; scatter ● We need a good
shower of rain to disperse some of the smoke
3.66 conscience (n)/ˈkɒnʃəns/
polluting the city. ➣dispersion (n), dispersal (n)
the sense that makes you feel guilty if you
do sth wrong ● How can you cheat your 3.77 emigrate (v)/ˈemɪɡreɪt/
customers with a clear conscience? Don’t leave your country to go to live in another
you care at all? ➣conscientious (adj), one ● Many families emigrated from Europe
conscienciously (adv) to the USA in the 17th century. ➣emigrant,
emigration (n)
3.67 revolt (v)/rɪˈvəʊlt/
react against sth/sb you feel is wrong or bad 3.78 immigrate (v)/ˈɪmɪɡreɪt/
● The majority of Scots revolted against the move to a country to live there after leaving
UK’s decision to leave the EuropeanUnion. your homeland ● Millions of Asians and
➣revolution (v), revolutionary (adj) Africans have immigrated to Europe in recent
years. ➣immigrant (n), immigration (n)
3.68 oppress (v)/əˈpres/
treat sb unfairly by denying their rights and 3.79 empathy (n)/ˈempəθi/
freedom; restrict sb’s development ● Laws the ability to relate to or understand sb else’s
which oppress the rights of women are still feelings ● Rod developed a sense of empathy
sadly prevalent in many countries. with the villagers after spending the harsh
➣oppression (n), oppressor (n), oppressive winter with them. ➣empathise (v), empathetic
(adj), oppressively (adv) (adj), empathetically (adv)
3.69 suppress (v)/səˈpres/ 3.80 condemn (v)/kənˈdem/
restrain sth; stop sth from developing ● The express strong disapproval for sth you feel is
attempt at a military coup was suppressed wrong ● Animal welfare groups throughout
overnight. ➣suppression, suppressant (n) the world condemned the mass poisoning of
strays. ➣condemnation (n)
3.70 uprising (n)/ˈʌpraɪzɪŋ/
a revolt against people in power ● Theuprising 3.81 condone (n)/kənˈdəʊn/
which began against Ottoman rule in 1821 led accept or show approval for immoral behaviour
to the establishment of an independent Greek ● Violence against innocent people oranimals
nation. should never becondoned.
3.71 persecute (v)/ˈpɜːsɪkjuːt/ 3.82 advocate (v)/ˈædvəkeɪt/
treat sb unfairly or cruelly because of their support and recommend sth ● The
beliefs, race, etc. ● Janet discovered that her organisation strongly advocates the provision
ancestors had fled from France to Scotland in of more homeless shelters in the city centre.
1685 because they were being persecuted for ➣advocate (n)
their religious beliefs. ➣persecution (n) 3.83 blatantly (adv)/ˈbleɪtəntli/
3.72 prosecute (v)/ˈprɒsɪkjuːt/ openly and frankly without caring how others
charge sb in court for committing a crime are affected ● It is blatantly obvious that
● The police decided not to prosecute the the state is unable or unwilling to provide
homeless woman for stealing food from the adequate welfare support. ➣blatant (adj)
dustbin. ➣prosecution, prosecutor(n) 3.84 disregard (v)/ˌdɪsrɪˈɡɑːd/
3.73 affluent (adj)/ˈæfluənt/ ignore ● The fact that Tom was a war hero
very wealthy with a comfortable living standard was disregarded when he was out of work.
● After the civil war, many Greek families ➣disregard (n)
emigrated to more affluent countries, such as 3.85 alarm (v)/əˈlɑːm/
Australia. ➣affluence(n) cause sb to feel worried or afraid ● I don’t
3.74 effluent (n)/ˈefluənt/ want to alarm you, but isn’t that smoke coming
sewage or other liquid waste ● Due to a from your flat? ➣alarm (n), alarming (adj),
blockage in the drains, there was a disgusting alarmingly (adv)
smell of effluent in the street.

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 3.86 assault (v)/əˈsɔːlt/ 3.97 just (adj)/dʒʌst/
affect sth negatively and unpleasantly fair and morally correct ● Mrs Jones had just
● It could be argued that extreme political cause to complain about illegally parked cars
correctness assaults the rights to freedom of blocking the wheelchair ramp. ➣justice (n),
speech. ➣assault(n) justly (adv)
✎Opp: unjust
3.87 abuse (v)/əˈbjuːs/
treat sth/sb in a way that harms them ● In 3.98 benevolent (adj)/bəˈnevələnt/
our country, strict punishments are imposed willing to help and be generous towards others
on people who abuse children. ➣abuse (n), ● The centre receives financial support from a
abusive (adj), abusively (adv) benevolent localbusinessman.
➣benevolence (n)
3.88 boycott (v)/ˈbɔɪkɒt/
refuse to buy or use sth from a particular 3.99 corrupt (adj)/kəˈrʌpt/
source as a form of protest ● Activists are dishonestly using your position to get money
encouraging the public to boycott companies or some advantage ● Democracy is under
which are damaging the environment. threat from corrupt political practices.
➣boycott (n) ➣corrupt (v), corruption (n), corruptible (adj)

3.89 mount (v)/maʊnt/ 3.100 merciful (adj)/ˈmɜːsɪfl/

organise and carry out ● The school mounted willing to be kind to and forgive people in your
a photographic exhibition to raise awareness power ● Henry VIII could hardly be considered
on social isues. a merciful ruler when he had his own wives
3.90 occupy (v)/ˈɒkjupaɪ/ executed. ➣mercy (n), mercifuly (adv)
✎Opp: merciless
take control of an area or country, etc.
● Greece as we know it was occupied over 3.101 brutal (adj)/ˈbruːtl/
the centuries by numerous forces, including cruel, violent and without feeling ● He was
Romans, Goths, Franks, Venetians, Turks and sentenced to life imprisonment for the brutal
Germans. ➣occupation(n) attack on the school. ➣brutalise (v), brute (n),
3.91 picket (v)/ˈpɪkɪt/ brutality (n), brutally (adv)
stand outside a workplace to protest and try to 3.102 humane (adj)/hjuːˈmeɪn/
persuade others to join a strike ● Flights were showing compassion and kindness to people
disrupted for weeks when striking workers and animals ● Private care home should be
picketed the airport. ➣picket (n) regulated to ensure the elderly are living in
3.92 stage (v)/steɪdʒ/ humane conditions. ➣humanity (n), humanely
organise and participate in sth ● Campaigners (adv)
staged a protest march during the presidential ✎Opp: inhumane
visit. ➣stage (n) 3.103 prejudiced (adj)/ˈpredʒədɪst/
3.93 rally (n)/ˈræli/ having an unreasonable hatred of a particular
a large organised public protest meeting ● The group of people ● Fear and ignorance can
word spread rapidly throughout social media, often lead to prejudiced views against other
ensuring a mass turnout at the rally against nationalities. ➣prejudice (n)
education cuts. ➣rally (v) 3.104 catch sb red-handed (expr) /kætʃˈsʌmbədi
3.94 human chain (n) /ˈhjuːməntʃeɪn/ ˌredˈhændid/
a long line of people linked together either by catch sb in the act of doing sth wrong ● The
holding hands, or to complete a task jointly bank cashier was fired when she was caught
● Local residents formed a human chain to red-handed stealing cash as she loaded the
carry the buckets of water up the hill to put out ATM.
thewildfire. 3.105 fall back on (phr v) /fɔːl bækɒn/
use as a source of support ● Living on a
3.95 apathetic (adj) /ˌæpəˈθetɪk/
minimum wage, Jimmy had no savings to fall
disinterested or not caring ● How can you
be so apathetic about people whoare back on when his car needed repairs.
starving? Why don’t you care? ➣apathy (n), 3.106 run up against (phr v) /rʌn ʌp əˈɡenst/
apathetically (adv) encounter; face ● When the area was
3.96 callous (adj)/ˈkæləs/ designated as a refugee camp, theauthorities
unkind and without sympathy or feeling ran up against complaints from the local
for others ● Patrick was offended by his community.
colleagues callous remarks about the Irish. 3.107 come down to (phr v) /kʌm daʊntuː/
➣callousness (n), callously (adv) be dependent on ● Whether he stays in the
country or not all comes down to whether he
can make a decent living here.

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3.108 do away with (phr v) /du əˈweɪwɪθ/ 3.117 biased (adj)/ˈbaɪəst/
put an end to ● There was a public outcry at tending to favour one thing over another
the government’s decision to do away with ● In view of the referee’s unfair decision, he
some popular TV channels. was clearly biased towards the hometeam.
➣bias (n)
✎Opp: unbiased
Phrasal verbs 3.118 privileged (adj)/ˈprɪvəlɪdʒd/
band together run up against having more rights or opportunities than others
round up come down to ● Until a few decades ago, only privileged
fall back on do away with families had the luxury of travelling abroad on
holiday. ➣privilege(n)
✎Opp: underprivileged
3.109 confront (v)/kənˈfrʌnt/ 3.119 whistle-blower (n) /ˈwɪslˈbləʊə(r)/
face up to and deal with directly ● Confronted a person who alerts people to the fact that
by a line of police, the hooligans following the a company or person in power is doing sth
peaceful demonstration retreated into the back illegal ● The politician's downfall was due to a
streets. ➣confrontation (n) whistle-blower's press release.
3.110 jump on the bandwagon (expr) /dʒʌmp ɒn
ðəˈbændwæɡən/
join others doing sth that is currently People
fashionable to be seen to do so ● Anna had
asylum seeker feminist
never really cared about animals; she was just
benefactor human chain
jumping on the vegetarian bandwagon to seek
beneficiary middleman
approval from her new boyfriend.
breadwinner philanthropist
3.111 bury your head in the sand (expr) /ˈberi bunch recipient
jɔː(r) hed ɪn ðəsænd/ coastguard signee
ignore a problem and refuse to admit it is there donor whistle-blower
● If politicians continue to bury their heads in
the sand regarding violence among football
fans, the problem will only getworse.
3.112 bring out the best in sb (expr) /brɪŋ aʊt ðə
best ɪnˈsʌmbədi/
Grammar pages41-42-43
cause sb to show their best qualities 3.120 polling station (n) /ˈpəʊlɪŋˈsteɪʃn/
● A few days’ work at the homelessshelter a place where people go to cast their vote
has brought out the best inMaria. in an election ● On election day, our local
primary schools are used as polling stations.
3.113 fall on deaf ears (expr) /fɔːl ɒn defɪəz/
be ignored ● Although several storm warnings 3.121 abolition (n)/ˌæbəˈlɪʃn/
were issued, the advice fell on deaf ears and the end of a law; the end of sth by order of a
motorists got trapped in snowdrifts. law ● Human rights groups are pushing for
the abolition of the death penalty in countries
3.114 get behind sth (expr) /get bɪˈhaɪndˈsʌmθɪŋ/
where it still exists. ➣abolish (v)
support sth ● If the United Nations doesn’t get
behind the immigration crisis, our countrywill 3.122 abolish (v)/əˈbɒlɪʃ/
never be able to deal with it alone. end sth officially, by order of law ● The death
penalty was completely abolished in the UK in
3.115 spare no effort (expr) /speə(r) nəʊ ˈefət/ 1998. ➣abolition (n)
do as much as possible to achievesth
● The firefighter spared no effort and rescued 3.123 corruption (n)/kəˈrʌpʃn/
the puppy from the bottom of thewell. illegal behaviour by sb who exploits their
position of power for personal gain ● A special
3.116 obedience (n)/əˈbiːdiəns/
force was set up to clamp down on corruption
willingness to follow orders and behave are
you are told to ● As Julie’s dog wouldn’t listen among tax officials. ➣corrupt (v), corrupt (adj),
to a word she said, she had to send it to corruptible (adj)
obedience training. ➣obey (v), obedient (adj), 3.124 obliterate (v)/əˈblɪtəreɪt/
obediently (adv) destroy or remove all evidence of sth ● The
✎Opp: disobedience rain had obliterated the tell-tale tyre marks
from the crash scene. ➣obliteration (n)

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 3.125 feminist (n)/ˈfemənɪst/
sb who believes in and supports that women’s Speaking page45
and men’s rights and opportunities should be
equal ● Not everyone seems to have grasped 3.135 underprivileged (adj) /ˌʌndəˈprɪvəlɪdʒd/
with less money or opportunities thanothers
that feminists stand up for equality of men’s
● What support is there for underprivileged
rights as well as women’s. ➣feminism (n),
families?
feminist (adj)
✎Opp: privileged
3.126 breadwinner (n)/ˈbredwɪnə(r)/
the main wage-earner of a household
● When Dad lost his job, Mum became the Feelings:adjectives
sole breadwinner who had to support all ofus.
altruistic impoverished
3.127 aftershock (n)/ˈɑːftəʃɒk/ apathetic just
an earthquake that follows as a consequence benevolent matter-of-fact
of a (usually) larger one ● After the 6.5 Richter biased merciful
earthquake, the townspeople spent the brutal prejudiced
night in the park, fearing further damage by callous selfless
aftershocks. conscious soul-crushing
3.128 asylum seeker (n) /əˈsaɪləmˈsiːkə(r)/ corrupt straitened
sb who requests permission to stay safely in harrowing traumatic
another country after being forced to leave humane underprivileged
their own in danger of their lives ● Amongst humbling
the crowd of immigrants at the port were a
number of asylum seekers waiting to have
their passports and documents checked.
3.129 coastguard (n)/ˈkəʊstɡɑːd/
the organisation responsible for policing
Writing pages46-47
activities at sea near the coastline and 3.136 huddle (v)/ˈhʌdl/
rescuing ships in trouble ● Realising we would sit with your arms and legs close to your body
never make it to shore without the engine, we for protection or warmth; sit or stand close
sent up a distress flare which was seen by the together with others ● We all huddled round
coastguard. the campfire and told ghost stories.
➣huddle (n)
3.130 ordeal (n) /ɔːˈdiːl/
a very difficult experience ● My first day at 3.137 matter-of-fact (adj) /ˈmætə(r) əv fækt/
work after leaving school was quite an ordeal. plain-speaking and practicalwithout
expression of emotion ● She was remarkably
3.131 monsoon (n)/ˌmɒnˈsuːn/
matter-of-fact about having fled the horrors
a seasonal period of heavy rains in southern
Asia ● Low-lying villages in Bangladesh are of war.
liable to flooding during the monsoon season. 3.138 stature (n)/ˈstætʃə(r)/
height ● For one so large in stature, he was
3.132 fake (adj)/feɪk/
rather a coward.
made to appear to sth else; not real ● He was
arrested at the Australian border for tryingto 3.139 commend (v)/kəˈmend/
enter the country with a fake identity. ➣fake praise sb for doing sth ● The group were
(v), fake(n) commended for their successful fundraising
efforts. ➣commendation (n), commendable
3.133 solidarity (n)/ˌsɒlɪˈdærəti/
(adj), commendably (adv)
support for one group by another who share
the same values ● Several other public 3.140 no big deal (expr) /nəʊ bɪgdiːl/
services were striking in solidarity with the sth that is unimportant or not a problem
hospital staff. ● Sure, I’ll look after your pets when your
away; it’s no bigdeal.
3.134 abstain (v)/əbˈsteɪn/
choose not to do sth which you might normally 3.141 twist sb’s arm (expr) /twɪstˈsʌmbədiz ɑːm/
do ● Alistair abstained from voting in the persuade sb who is reluctant ● If you twist
election as he could agree with either of the Joe’s arm, I’m sure he’ll give you a lift tothe
candidates. ➣abstention (n), abstinence (n) station.
3.142 needless to say (expr) /ˈniːdləs təseɪ/
as is already understood ● Needless to say,
none of us had even read the book before we
saw the film.

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3.143 mainstream (adj)/ˈmeɪnstriːm/
broadly accepted as normal by the majority Video 3: DirtyEnergy
● Michele prefers obscure indie films to page 48
mainstream Hollywoodculture.
➣mainstream (n) 3.149 power plant (n) /ˈpaʊə(r)plɑːnt/
a building where electric power is produced
3.144 marginalise (v)/ˈmɑːdʒɪnəlaɪz/
● Residents living near the coal-fired power
make sb feel insignificant and not part of a
group ● We made sure the new student was plant have complained of health problems due
invited to the party so that she wouldn’t feel topollution.
marginalised. ➣margin (n), marginal (adj), 3.150 injustice (n)/ɪnˈdʒʌstɪs/
marginally (adv) unfairness or an unfair act ● 19th century
novelists drew attention to the social injustices
3.145 inspirational (adj) /ˌɪnspəˈreɪʃənl/ of the time.
that gives inspiration ● The president’s
✎Opp: justice
opening speech was trulyinspirational.
➣inspire (v), inspiration (n) 3.151 outrage (n)/ˈaʊtreɪdʒ/
sth very shocking which angers people
3.146 follow in sb’s footsteps (expr) /ˈfɒləʊɪn
● Environmental groups said the plans to build
ˈsʌmbədiz ˈfʊtstep/
the runway across the country park were an
choose the same job or the same way
outrage. ➣outrageous (adj), outrageously
of life as sb else, usually a family member,
did or does ● Ruth surprised us all by (adv)
studying art when she was expected to 3.152 banner (n)/ˈbænə(r/
follow in her parents’ footsteps and run the a large piece of fabric or paper with a message
family hotel. written on it showing support for a cause
● Demonstrators carried banners outside the
3.147 make your mark (expr) /meɪk jɔː(r) mɑːk/ court calling for the woman’srelease.
have an important effect on sth ● You have to
be particularly talented or well-connectedto 3.153 slogan (n)/ˈsləʊɡən/
make your mark in society. a catchphrase designed to attract attention
and get a message across quickly ● Protesters
3.148 enrich (v)/ɪnˈrɪtʃ/
carried banners bearing anti-war slogans
improve the quality of sth ● She hoped that
outside parliament.
her children’s books would enrich the lives of
their readers. ➣enrichment (n) 3.154 roadblock (n)/ˈrəʊdblɒk/
an obstacle that stops a plan progressing
● We’re facing so many legal roadblocks that
Expressions I don’t think we’ll ever manage to open our
restaurant.
bring out the best in sb
bury your head in the sand
catch sb red-handed
fall on deaf ears
Places/Locations
follow in sb’s footsteps pocket
get behind sth powerplant
jump on the bandwagon pollingstation
make your mark
needless to say
no big deal
reap the benefit Feelings: nouns
spare noeffort conscience obedience
turn your back on sb/sth dignity outrage
twist sb’s arm injustice sentiment
narcissism stigma

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