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Exercise 7.1 (Solutions)Page 334
Calculus and Analytic Geometry, MATHEMATICS 12
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FSc-II/ Ex 7.1 2
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FSc-II/ Ex 7.1 3
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FSc-II/ Ex 7.1 4
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Question # 1
= 196 + 49 + 81 = 326
Let A = (2,5), B ( −1,1) and C (2, −6) , find
Question # 3
(i) AB (ii) 2 AB − CB Find the magnitude of the vector v and write the
(iii) 2CB − 2CA direction cosines of v
Solution
(i) v = 2iˆ + 3 ˆj + 4 kˆ (ii) v = iˆ − ˆj − kˆ
Given A(2,5) , B ( −1,1) and C (2, −6)
(i) AB = ( −1 − 2)iˆ + (1 − 5) ˆj = −3iˆ − 4 ˆj (iii) v = 4iˆ − 5 ˆj.
Solution
(ii) From above AB = −3iˆ − 4 ˆj (i) v = 2iˆ + 3 ˆj + 4 kˆ
Also CB = (2 + 1)iˆ + ( −6 − 1) ˆj = 3iˆ − 7 ˆj ⇒ v =

2
(2) + (3) + (4)
2 2
Now = 4 + 9 + 16 = 29
( ) (
2 AB − CB = 2 −3iˆ − 4 ˆj − 3iˆ − 7 ˆj ) v 2iˆ + 3 ˆj + 4kˆ
Unit vector of v = vˆ = =
= −6iˆ − 8 ˆj − 3iˆ + 7 ˆj v 29
= −9iˆ − ˆj 2 ˆ 3 ˆ 4 ˆ
= i+ j+ k
(iii) Do yourself as above 29 29 29
Hence direction cosines of v are
Question # 2 2 3 4
, , .
Let u = iˆ + 2 ˆj − kˆ , v = 3iˆ − 2 ˆj + 2kˆ , 29 29 29
w = 5iˆ − ˆj + 3kˆ , Find the indicated vector or (ii) Do yourself as above.
number.
(iii) Do yourself as (i)
Solution
(i) u = iˆ + 2 ˆj − kˆ Question # 4
Find α , so that α iˆ + (α + 1) ˆj + 2 kˆ = 3
v = 3iˆ − 2 ˆj + 2kˆ
Solution
w = 5iˆ − ˆj + 3kˆ Since α iˆ + (α + 1) ˆj + 2 kˆ = 3
(
u + 2v + w = iˆ + 2 ˆj − kˆ + 2 3iˆ − 2 ˆj + 2kˆ ) ⇒ α 2 + (α + 1) + ( 2 ) = 3
2 2
(
+ 5iˆ − ˆj + 3kˆ )
⇒ α + α + 2α + 1 + 4 = 3
2 2
= iˆ + 2 ˆj − kˆ + 6iˆ − 4 ˆj + 4 kˆ + 5iˆ − ˆj + 3kˆ

On squaring both sides
= 12iˆ − 3 ˆj + 6 kˆ 2
2α + 2α + 5 = 9
⇒ 2α + 2α + 5 − 9 = 0
2
(ii) Do yourself
⇒ 2α + 2α − 4 = 0
2
(iii) ( )
3v + w = 3 3iˆ − 2 ˆj + 2 kˆ + 5iˆ − ˆj + 3kˆ
⇒ α +α − 2 = 0
2
= 9iˆ − 6 ˆj + 6 kˆ + 5iˆ − ˆj + 3kˆ

⇒ α + 2α − α − 2 = 0
2
5
= 14iˆ − 7 ˆj + 9 kˆ
⇒ α ( α + 2 ) − 1( α + 2 ) = 0
Now 3v + w =
2 2
(14) + ( −7) + (9)
2
⇒ (α + 2 )(α − 1) = 0
6
FSc-II / Ex- 7.2 - 2
⇒ α +2=0 or α −1 = 0 Question # 7
⇒ α = −2 or α =1 Find a vector whose
(i) Magnitude is 4 and is parallel to
Question # 5 a = 2iˆ − 3 ˆj + 6 kˆ
Find a unit vector in the direction of
(ii) Magnitude is 2 and is parallel to
v = iˆ + 2 ˆj − kˆ
a = −iˆ + ˆj + kˆ
Solution
Solution
Given v = iˆ + 2 ˆj − kˆ
Consider a = 2iˆ − 3 ˆj + 6 kˆ
2 2 2
v = (1) + (2) + ( −1) 2 2 2
a = (2) + ( −3) + (6)
= 1+ 4 +1 = 6
Now = 4 + 9 + 36 = 49 = 7
Now
v iˆ + 2 ˆj − kˆ
vˆ = = a 2iˆ − 3 ˆj + 6 kˆ
v 6 aˆ = =
a 7
1 ˆ 2 ˆ 1 ˆ
= i+ j− k 2ˆ 3 ˆ 6 ˆ
6 6 6 =
i− j+ k
7 7 7
Question # 6 Let b be a vector having magnitude 4
If a = 3iˆ − ˆj − 4 kˆ , b = −2iˆ − 4 ˆj − 3kˆ and i.e. b = 4
c = iˆ + 2 ˆj − kˆ . Find a unit vector parallel to Since b is parallel to a
3a − 2 b + 4 c . 2 3 6
1. therefore bˆ = aˆ = iˆ − ˆj + kˆ
Solution 7 7 7
Given a = 3iˆ − ˆj − 4 kˆ
Now
2 3 6 
b = b bˆ = 4  iˆ − ˆj + kˆ 
b = −2iˆ − 4 ˆj − 3kˆ 7 7 7 
8 12 ˆ 24 ˆ
c = iˆ + 2 ˆj − kˆ = iˆ − j+ k
7 7 7
Suppose that
d = 3a − 2 b + 4 c (ii) Do yourself.
(
⇒ d = 3 3iˆ − ˆj − 4 kˆ ) Question # 8
−2 ( −2iˆ − 4 ˆj − 3kˆ ) If u = 2iˆ + 3 ˆj + 4 kˆ , v = −iˆ + 3 ˆj − kˆ and
+4 ( iˆ + 2 ˆj − kˆ ) w = iˆ + 6 ˆj + zkˆ represent the sides of a triangle.
= 9iˆ − 3 ˆj − 12 kˆ + 4iˆ + 8 ˆj + 6 kˆ + 4iˆ + 8 ˆj − 4 kˆ Find the value of z .
Solution
= 17iˆ + 13 ˆj − 10 kˆ
Given u = 2iˆ + 3 ˆj + 4 kˆ
Now
2 2 2 v = −iˆ + 3 ˆj − kˆ
d = (17 ) + ( −13 ) + ( −10 )
w = iˆ + 6 ˆj + zkˆ
= 289 + 169 + 100 = 558 = 3 62
Now Since u , v and w are sides of triangle therefore
u+v =w
d 17iˆ + 13 ˆj − 10 kˆ
ˆ
d= = ⇒ 2iˆ + 3 ˆj + 4 kˆ − iˆ + 3 ˆj − kˆ = iˆ + 6 ˆj + zkˆ
d 3 62
⇒ iˆ + 6 ˆj + 3kˆ = iˆ + 6 ˆj + zkˆ
17 ˆ 13 ˆ 10 ˆ
= i+ j− k.
6
3 62 3 62 3 62 Equating coefficient of k̂ only, we have
3 = z i.e. z = 3
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7
FSc-II / Ex- 7.2 - 3
Question # 9 1 2 2
The position vectors of the points A, B, C and D = iˆ − ˆj + kˆ
3 3 3
are 2iˆ − ˆj + kˆ , 3iˆ + ˆj , 2iˆ + 4 ˆj − 2 kˆ and The two vectors of length 2 and parallel to v are
−iˆ − 2 ˆj + kˆ respectively. Show that AB is 2 vˆ and −2 vˆ .
parallel to CD . 1 2 2  2 4
2 vˆ = 2  iˆ − ˆj + kˆ  = iˆ − ˆj +
4ˆ
k
Solution 3 3 3  3 3 3
Position vector (p.v) of point A = 2iˆ − ˆj + kˆ 1 2 2  2
−2 vˆ = −2  iˆ − ˆj + kˆ  = − iˆ +
4 ˆj − 4 kˆ
3 3 3  3 3 3
p.v of point B = 3iˆ + ˆj
p.v. of point C = 2iˆ + 4 ˆj − 2kˆ (b) Given v = iˆ − 3 ˆj + 4 kˆ , w = aiˆ + 9 ˆj − 12 kˆ
p.v. of point D = −iˆ − 2 ˆj + kˆ Since v and w are parallel therefore there exists
λ ∈ ℝ such that
AB = p.v. of B − p.v. of A v =λw
= 3iˆ + ˆj − 2iˆ + ˆj − kˆ = iˆ + 2 ˆj − kˆ
(
⇒ iˆ − 3 ˆj + 4 kˆ = λ aiˆ + 9 ˆj − 12 kˆ )
CD = p.v. of D − p.v. of C
⇒ iˆ − 3 ˆj + 4 kˆ = aλ iˆ + 9λ ˆj − 12λ kˆ
= −iˆ − 2 ˆj + kˆ − 2iˆ − 4 ˆj + 2 kˆ
Comparing coefficients of iˆ , ĵ and k̂
= −3iˆ − 6 ˆj + 3kˆ
1 = aλ ... (i)
( )
= −3 iˆ + 2 ˆj − kˆ = −3AB −3 = 9λ ... (ii)
i.e. CD = λ AB where λ = −3 4 = −12λ ... (iii)
Hence AB and CD are parallel. 3 1

From (ii) λ = − ⇒ λ=−
Question # 10 9 3
We say that two vectors v and w in space are Putting in equation (i)
parallel if there is a scalar c such that v = cw .  1
1 = a  −  ⇒ − 3 = a i.e. a = −3
The vector point in the same direction if c > 0 and  3
the vectors point in the opposite direction if c < 0
(a) Find two vectors of length 2 parallel to (c) Consider v = iˆ − 2 ˆj + 3kˆ
the vector v = 2iˆ − 4 ˆj + 4 kˆ
2 2 2
v = (1) + ( −2) + (3)
(b) Find the constant a so that the vectors
v = iˆ − 3 ˆj + 4 kˆ and w = aiˆ + 9 ˆj − 12kˆ = 1 + 4 + 9 = 14
Now
are parallel.
(c) Find a vector of length 5 in the direction
v iˆ − 2 ˆj + 3kˆ
opposite that of v = iˆ − 2 ˆj + 3kˆ vˆ = =
(d) Find a and b so that the vectors v 14
3iˆ − ˆj + 4kˆ and aiˆ + b ˆj − 2kˆ are =
1 ˆ
i−
2 ˆ
j+
3 ˆ
k
parallel. 14 14 14
Solution Let a be a vector having magnitude 5 i.e.
(a) v = 2iˆ − 4 ˆj + 4 kˆ a =5
2 2 2 Since a is parallel to v but opposite in
v = ( 2) + ( −4 ) + ( 4 ) direction,
4 + 16 + 16 = 36 = 6
= therefore
7
1 ˆ 2 ˆ 3 ˆ
v 2iˆ − 4 ˆj + 4 kˆ aˆ = − vˆ = − i+ j− k
Now vˆ = = 14 14 14
v 6
8
FSc-II / Ex- 7.2 - 4
Now a = a aˆ  3 1 2 
vˆ = ,− ,
 1 ˆ 2 ˆ 3 ˆ  14 14 14 
= 5 − i+ j− k
 14 14 14  Hence the direction cosines of v are
5 ˆ 10 ˆ 15 ˆ 3 1 2
=− i+ j− k. ,− , .
14 14 14 14 14 14
(ii) v = 6iˆ − 2 ˆj + kˆ
(d) Suppose that v = 3iˆ − ˆj + 4 kˆ and
w = a iˆ + b ˆj − 2 kˆ v = (6) 2 + (−2) 2 + (1) 2
= 36 + 4 + 1 = 41
∵ v and w are parallel
∴ there exists λ ∈ ℝ such that Let v̂ be unit vector along v . Then
v = λw v 6iˆ − 2 ˆj + kˆ
ˆv = =
(
⇒ 3iˆ − ˆj + 4 kˆ = λ a iˆ + b ˆj − 2 kˆ ) v 41
⇒ 3iˆ − ˆj + 4 kˆ = aλ iˆ + bλ ˆj − 2λ kˆ 6 ˆ 2 ˆ 1 ˆ
= i− j+ k
Comparing coefficients of iˆ , ĵ and k̂ 41 41 41
3 = aλ ... (i)  6 −2 1 
vˆ =
 41 , 41 , 41 
−1 = bλ ... (ii)
4 = −2λ ... (iii) Hence the direction cosines of v are
From equation (iii) 6 −2 1
, , .
4 41 41 41
− = λ ⇒ λ = −2
2
Putting value of λ in equation (i) (iii) P = ( 2,1,5 ) , Q = (1,3,1)
3 PQ = (1 − 2 ) iˆ + ( 3 − 1) ˆj + (1 − 5 ) kˆ
3 = a ( −2) ⇒ a=−
2 = −iˆ + 2 ˆj − 4kˆ
Putting value of λ in equation (ii)
PQ = (−1) 2 + (2) 2 + (−4) 2
1
−1 = b ( −2) ⇒ b= = 1 + 4 + 16 = 21
2
Let v̂ be unit vector along PQ . Then
Question # 11
Find the direction cosines for the given vector: PQ −iˆ + 2 ˆj − 4kˆ
vˆ = =
(i) v = 3iˆ − ˆj + 2 kˆ (ii) v = 6iˆ − 2 ˆj + kˆ PQ 21
(iii) PQ , where P = ( 2,1,5 ) and Q = (1,3,1) . −1 ˆ 2
= i+ ˆj − 4 kˆ
Solution 21 21 21
(i) v = 3iˆ − ˆj + 2 kˆ  −1 2 −4 
vˆ =
v = (3) 2 + (−1) 2 + (2) 2
 21 , 21 , 21 
= 9 +1+ 4 = 14 Hence the direction cosines of PQ are
Let v̂ be unit vector along v . Then −1 2 −4
, , .
v 3iˆ − ˆj + 2kˆ 21 21 21
vˆ = =
v 14 Question # 12
Which of the following triples can be the direction
3 ˆ 1 ˆ 2 ˆ
8
= i− j+ k angles of a single vector:
14 14 14 (i) 45 , 45 , 60 (ii) 30 , 45 , 60
(iii) 45 , 60 , 60
9
FSc-II / Ex- 7.2 - 5
(iii) 30 , 60 , 60 will be direction angles of the

Solution vectors if
(i)
cos 2 45 + cos 2 60 + cos 2 60 = 1
45 , 45 , 60 will be direction angles of the
L.H.S = cos 2 45 + cos 2 60 + cos 2 60
vectors if 2 2 2
cos 2 45 + cos 2 45 + cos 2 60 = 1  1  1 1
=  +  + 
L.H.S = cos 2 45 + cos 2 45 + cos 2 60  2  2 2
2 2 2 1 1 1
 1   1  1 = + + = 1 = R.H.S
=  +  +  2 4 4
 2   2  2 Therefore given angles are direction angles.
1 1 1 5
= + + = ≠ R.H.S
2 2 4 4
Therefore given angles are not direction angles. Error Analyst
M. Mahad Khaliq
Superior College Jauharabad
(ii) 30 , 45 , 60 will be direction angles of the
vectors if Saqib Aleem
Punjab College of Sciences
cos 2 30 + cos 2 45 + cos 2 60 = 1
L.H.S = cos 2 30 + cos 2 45 + cos 2 60 Muhammad Tayyab Riaz (2009-10)
Pakistan International School Al-Khobar, Saudi Arabia.
2
 3   1 2  1 2
=   +  2  +  2  Awais (2009-10)
 2  Punjab College, Lahore.
3 1 1 3
= + + = ≠ R.H.S Salman Ali (2009-2010)
4 2 4 2 Superior College Multan.
Therefore given angles are not direction angles.
Become an Error analyst, submit errors at
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Book: Exercise 7.2, page 341

Calculus and Analytic Geometry
Mathematic 12
Punjab Textbook Board, Lahore.
Edition: August 2003.
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MathCity.org
Question # 1
@ http://www.mathcity.org, Version Available online: 3.0
Find the cosine of the angle θ between u and v :

(i) u = 3iˆ + ˆj − kˆ , v = 2iˆ − ˆj + kˆ (ii) u = iˆ − 3 ˆj + 4kˆ, v = 4iˆ − ˆj + 3kˆ
(iii) u = [ −3,5] , v = [ 6, −2] (iv) u = [ 2, −3,1] , v = [ 2, 4,1]
Solution
(i) u = 3iˆ + ˆj − kˆ , v = 2iˆ − ˆj + kˆ
u = (3) 2 + (1)2 + (−1) 2 = 9 + 1 + 1 = 11
v = (2) 2 + (−1) 2 + (1) 2 = 4 + 1 + 1 = 6
( )(
u ⋅ v = 3iˆ + ˆj − kˆ ⋅ 2iˆ − ˆj + kˆ )
= (3)(2) + (1)(−1) + (−1)(1) = 6 − 1 − 1 = 4
Now u ⋅ v = u v cosθ
u⋅v 4 4
⇒ cosθ = = ⇒ cosθ =
u v 11 × 6 66
(ii) Do yourself as above
(iii) u = [ −3,5] = −3iˆ + 5 ˆj , v = [ 6, − 2] = 6iˆ − 2 ˆj
Now do yourself as above
(iv) u = [ 2, −3,1] = 2iˆ − 3 ˆj + kˆ , v = 2iˆ + 4 ˆj + kˆ Now do yourself as (i)
[
Question # 2
Calculate the projection of a along b and projection of b along a when:
(i) a = iˆ − kˆ , b = ˆj + kˆ (ii) a = 3iˆ + ˆj − kˆ , b = −2iˆ − ˆj + kˆ
Solution
(i) a = iˆ − kˆ , b = ˆj + kˆ
a = (1) 2 + (0) 2 + (−1) 2 = 1 + 1 = 2
b = (0) 2 + (1) 2 + (1)2 = 1 + 1 = 2
( )( )
a ⋅ b = iˆ − kˆ ⋅ ˆj + kˆ = (1)(0) + (0)(1) + (−1)(1) = 0 + 0 − 1 = −1
Since a ⋅ b = a b cosθ
a⋅b −1
So projection of a along b = a cosθ = =
b 2
a⋅b −1
Also projection of b along a = b cosθ = =
10
a 2
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11
FSC-II / Ex. 7.3 - 2
(ii) Do yourself as above

Question # 3
Find a real number α so that the vectors u and v are perpendicular.
(i) u = 2α iˆ + ˆj − kˆ, v = iˆ + α ˆj + 4kˆ (ii) u = α iˆ + 2α ˆj − kˆ, v = iˆ + α ˆj + 3kˆ
Solution
(i) Do yourself as (ii) below
(ii) u = α iˆ + 2α ˆj − kˆ , v = iˆ + α ˆj + 3kˆ
Since u and v are perpendicular therefore u.v = 0
( )( )
⇒ α iˆ + 2α ˆj − kˆ ⋅ iˆ + α ˆj + 3kˆ = 0
⇒ (α )(1) + (2α )(α ) + (−1)(3) = 0
⇒ α + 2α 2 − 3 = 0 ⇒ 2α 2 + α − 3 = 0
⇒ 2α 2 + 3α − 2α − 3 = 0 ⇒ α ( 2α + 3) − 1( 2α + 3) = 0
⇒ ( 2α + 3)(α − 1) = 0
⇒ 2α + 3 = 0 or α − 1 = 0
3
⇒ α =− or α =1
2
Question # 4
Find the number z so that the triangle with vertices A (1, −1,0 ) , B ( −2, 2,1) and
C ( 0, 2, z ) is a right triangle with right angle at C.
Solution
Given vertices: A(1, −1,0) , B(−2, 2,1) and C (0,2, z )
CA = (1 − 0) ɵi + (−1 − 2) ˆj + (0 − z ) kˆ = ɵi − 3 ˆj − zkˆ
A
CB = (−2 − 0) ɵi + (2 − 2) ˆj + (1 − z ) kˆ = −2 ɵi + (1 − z ) kˆ
Now CA is ⊥ to CB therefore CA ⋅ CB = 0
( )( )
⇒ ɵi − 3 ˆj − zkˆ ⋅ −2 ɵi + (1 − z ) kˆ = 0
B C
⇒ (1)(−2) + (−3)(0) + (− z )(1 − z ) = 0
⇒ − 2 + 0 − z + z2 = 0 ⇒ z2 − z − 2 = 0
⇒ z2 − 2z + z − 2 = 0 ⇒ z ( z − 2 ) + 1( z − 2 ) = 0
⇒ ( z − 2 )( z + 1) = 0
⇒ z − 2 = 0 or z + 1 = 0
⇒ z = 2 or z = −1
Question # 5
If v is a vector for which
v ⋅ ɵi = 0 , v ⋅ ˆj = 0 , v ⋅ kˆ = 0 , find v .
11
12
FSC-II / Ex. 7.3 - 3
Solution
Suppose v = a1 iˆ + a2 ˆj + a3 kˆ
Since v ⋅ ɵi = 0 ( )
⇒ a1 iˆ + a2 ˆj + a3 kˆ ⋅ ɵi = 0
⇒ a1 iˆ ⋅ ɵi + a2 ˆj ⋅ ɵi + a3 kˆ ⋅ ɵi = 0
⇒ a1 (1) + a2 (0) + a3 (0) = 0 ⇒ a1 = 0
Also v ⋅ ˆj = 0 ( )
⇒ a1 iˆ + a2 ˆj + a3 kˆ ⋅ ˆj = 0
⇒ a1 iˆ ⋅ ˆj + a2 ˆj ⋅ ˆj + a3 kˆ ⋅ ˆj = 0
⇒ a1 (0) + a2 (1) + a3 (0) = 0 ⇒ a2 = 0
Also v ⋅ kˆ = 0 ( )
⇒ a1 iˆ + a2 ˆj + a3 kˆ ⋅ kˆ = 0
⇒ a1 iˆ ⋅ kˆ + a2 ˆj ⋅ kˆ + a3 kˆ ⋅ kˆ = 0
⇒ a1 (0) + a2 (0) + a3 (1) = 0 ⇒ a3 = 0
Hence
v = (0)iˆ + (0) ˆj + (0)kˆ = 0
Question # 6
(i) Show that the vectors 3iˆ − 2 ˆj + kˆ , iˆ − 3 ˆj + 5kˆ and 2iˆ + ˆj − 4kˆ from a right
angle.
(ii) Show that the set of points P = (1,3, 2) , Q = (4,1, 4) and R(6,5,5) from a
right triangle.
Solution
(i) Let a = 3iˆ − 2 ˆj + kˆ
, b = iˆ − 3 ˆj + 5kˆ and c = 2iˆ + ˆj − 4kˆ
Now b + c = iˆ − 3 ˆj + 5kˆ + 2iˆ + ˆj − 4kˆ
= 3iˆ − 2 ˆj + kˆ = a
Hence a , b and c form a triangle.
( )(
Now a ⋅ b = 3iˆ − 2 ˆj + kˆ ⋅ iˆ − 3 ˆj + 5kˆ )
= (3)(1) + (−2)(−3) + (1)(5) = 3 + 6 + 5 = 14
( )(
b ⋅ c = iˆ − 3 ˆj + 5kˆ ⋅ 2iˆ + ˆj − 4kˆ )
= (1)(2) + (−3)(1) + (5)(−4) = 2 − 3 − 20 = −21
( )(
c ⋅ a = 2iˆ + ˆj − 4kˆ ⋅ 3iˆ − 2 ˆj + kˆ )
= (2)(3) + (1)(−2) + (−4)(1) = 6 − 2 − 4 = 0
Since c ⋅ a = 0 therefore c ⊥ a
Hence a , b and c represents sides of right triangle.
12
(ii) Given: P (1,3, 2) , Q (4,1, 4) and R(6,5,5)
PQ = ( 4 − 1) iˆ + (1 − 3) ˆj + ( 4 − 2 ) kˆ = 3 iˆ − 2 ˆj + 2 kˆ
13
FSC-II / Ex. 7.3 - 4
QR = ( 6 − 4 ) iˆ + ( 5 − 1) ˆj + ( 5 − 4 ) kˆ = 2 iˆ + 4 ˆj + kˆ
RP = (1 − 6 ) iˆ + ( 3 − 5 ) ˆj + ( 2 − 5 ) kˆ = −5 iˆ − 2 ˆj − 3kˆ
Now
PQ + QR + RP
= 3 iˆ − 2 ˆj + 2 kˆ + 2 iˆ + 4 ˆj + kˆ − 5 iˆ − 2 ˆj − 3kˆ = 0
Hence P , Q and R are vertices of triangle.
Now
( )(
PQ ⋅ QR = 3 iˆ − 2 ˆj + 2 kˆ ⋅ 2 iˆ + 4 ˆj + kˆ )
= (3)(2) + (−2)(4) + (2)(1) = 6 − 8 + 2 = 0
⇒ PQ ⊥ QR
Hence P , Q and R are vertices of right triangle.
Question # 7
Show that mid point of hypotenuse a right triangle is equidistant from its vertices.
Solution
Suppose a right triangle OAB . Let C be a midpoint of hypotenuse AB , then
CA = − CB ⇒ CA = CB ………….. (i)
Now OA = OC + CA
B
OB = OC + CB
Since OA ⊥ OB therefore OA ⋅ OB = 0
( )(
⇒ OC + CA ⋅ OC + CB = 0 ) C
⇒ (OC − CB ) ⋅ (OC + CB ) = 0 ∵ CA = − CB
⇒ OC ⋅ ( OC + CB ) − CB ⋅ ( OC + CB ) = 0 O A
⇒ OC ⋅ OC + OC ⋅ CB − CB ⋅ OC − CB ⋅ CB = 0
2 2
⇒ OC + OC ⋅ CB − OC ⋅ CB − CB = 0 ∵ OC ⋅ CB = CB ⋅ OC
2 2
⇒ OC − CB = 0
2 2
⇒ OC = CB ⇒ OC = CB …………… (ii)
Combining (i) and (ii), we have
OC = CA = CB
Hence midpoint of hypotenuse of right triangle is equidistant from its vertices.
Question # 8
Prove that perpendicular bisectors of the sides of a triangle are concurrent.
Solution
Let A , B and C be a vertices of a triangle having position vectors a , b and c
13
respectively.
Also consider D , E and F are midpoints of sides AB , BC and CA , then
14
FSC-II / Ex. 7.3 - 5
a+b
p.v of D = OD =
2
b+c A
p.v of E = OE =
2
c+a D F
p.v of F = OF =
2 O
Let right bisector on AB and BC intersect at point O ,
B E C
which is an origin.
Since OD is ⊥ to AB
Therefore OD ⋅ AB = 0
a+b 1
⇒   ⋅ ( b − a ) = 0 ⇒ (b + a) ⋅ (b − a) = 0
 2  2
⇒ (b + a) ⋅(b − a) = 0 ⇒ a ⋅(b − a) + b ⋅(b − a) = 0
⇒ a⋅b − a⋅a + b⋅b −b⋅a = 0
2 2
⇒ a⋅b − a + b − a⋅b = 0 ∵ a⋅b = b⋅a
2 2
⇒ b − a = 0 ………….. (i)
Also OE is ⊥ to BC
b+c
Therefore OE ⋅ BC = 0 ⇒   ⋅(c − b) = 0
 2 
Similarly solving as above, we get
2 2
c − b = 0 ………….(ii)
Adding (i) and (ii), we have
2 2 2 2
b − a + c − b =0+0
2 2
⇒ c − a =0
⇒ ( c + a) ⋅ ( c − a) = 0
c+a
⇒   ⋅ ( c − a) = 0
 2 
⇒ OF ⋅ AC = 0 ⇒ OF is ⊥ to AC
i.e. OF is also right bisector of AC .
Hence perpendicular bisector of the sides of the triangle are concurrent.
Question # 9
Prove that the altitudes of a triangle are concurrent.
Solution A
Consider A , B and C are vertices of triangle
having position vectors a , b and c respectively.
Let altitude on AB and BC intersect at origin O
O (0,0) .
14
B C
Since OC is perpendicular to AB
15
FSC-II / Ex. 7.3 - 6
⇒ OC ⋅ AB = 0
⇒ c ⋅(b−a) = 0
⇒ c ⋅ b − c ⋅ a = 0 ... (i)
Also OA is perpendicular to BC
⇒ OA ⋅ BC = 0
⇒ a ⋅(c −b) = 0
⇒ a ⋅ c − a ⋅ b = 0 ... (ii)
Adding (i) and
c ⋅b − c ⋅a + a ⋅ c − a ⋅ b = 0 + 0
⇒ c ⋅b − c ⋅a + c ⋅ a − a ⋅ b = 0 ∵ a⋅c=c ⋅a
⇒ c ⋅b − a ⋅ b = 0
⇒ (c − a ) ⋅ b = 0
⇒ AC ⋅ OB = 0 ∵ AC = c − a
⇒ AC is perpendicular to OB .
Hence altitude of the triangle are concurrent.
Question # 10
Prove that the angle in a semi circle is a right angle.
Solution
Consider a semicircle having centre at origin O (0,0) and A , B are end points of
diameter having position vectors a , − a
respectively. Let C be any point on a circle having C
position vector c .
Clearly radius of semicircle = a = − a = c
–c
Now AC = c − a
B – –a O –a A
BC = c − (− a ) = c + a
Consider
AC ⋅ BC = ( c − a ) ⋅ ( c + a )
= c ⋅ ( c + a) − a ⋅ ( c + a)
= c ⋅c + c ⋅a −a⋅c −a⋅a
2 2
= c +a⋅c −a⋅c + a ∵ a⋅c = c ⋅a
2 2
= c − a
2 2
= c − c =0 ∵ a = c
This show AC is ⊥ to BC i.e. ∠ ACB = 90
Hence angle in a semi circle is a right angle.
Question # 11
Prove that cos(α + β ) = cosα cos β − sin α sin β
15
Solution
Consider two unit vectors â and b̂ making angle α and − β with + ive x − axis.
16
FSC-II / Ex. 7.3 - 7
Then aˆ = OA = cosα iˆ + sin α ˆj

y
and bˆ = OB = cos(− β ) iˆ + sin(− β ) ˆj A
= cos β iˆ − sin β ˆj a
Now α
x
( )(
aˆ ⋅ bˆ = cosα iˆ + sin α ˆj ⋅ cos β iˆ − sin β ˆj ) O β
b
⇒ aˆ ⋅ bˆ = cosα cos β − sin α sin β (i) B
But we have ∠AOB = α + β
⇒ aˆ ⋅ bˆ = aˆ bˆ cos(α + β )
= (1)(1)cos(α + β ) ∵ aˆ = bˆ = 1
⇒ aˆ ⋅ bˆ = cos(α + β ) … (ii)
Comparing (i) and(ii), we have
cos(α + β ) = cosα cos β − sin α sin β
Question # 12
Prove that in any triangle ABC .
(i) b = a cos C + c cos A (ii) c = a cos B + b cos A
(ii) b 2 = c 2 + a 2 − 2ca cos B (iv) c 2 = a 2 + b 2 − 2ab cos C
Solution
(i) Consider a , b and c are vectors along the sides of triangle BC , CA and AB ,
also let a = a , b = b and c = c
then form triangle, A
π – A
a + b + c = 0 … (i)
b
(i) ⇒ b = −a − c c– A –
π – C
Taking dot product of above with b , we have B C
B
b ⋅ b = (− a − c ) ⋅ b a C
π – B –
2
b = −a ⋅ b − c ⋅ b
= − a b cos (π − C ) − c b cos (π − A )
= a b cos C + c b cos A ∵ cos (π − B ) = − cos B
⇒ b 2 = ab cos C + cb cos A
⇒ b = a cos C + c cos A ÷ ing by b
A
(ii) From equation (i) π – A
c = −a −b b
A –
–c
Taking dot product of above equation with c . π – C
B B C
c ⋅ c = ( −a − b ) ⋅ c a
– C
Now do yourself as above. π – B
(iii) From equation (i)

b = −a −c
16
17
FSC-II / Ex. 7.3 - 8
Taking dot product of above equation with b

b ⋅ b = (− a − c ) ⋅ b
= ( − a − c ) ⋅ (− a − c ) ∵ b = −a − c
2
b = −a ⋅ ( −a − c ) − c ⋅ ( −a − c )
= a⋅a + a⋅c + c ⋅a + c⋅c
= a⋅a + a⋅c + a⋅c + c⋅c ∵ a⋅b = b⋅a
= a ⋅ a + 2a ⋅ c + c ⋅ c
2 2
= a + 2 a c cos (π − B ) + c
⇒ b 2 = a 2 + ac ( − cos B ) + c 2 ∵ cos (π − B ) = − cos B
Hence b 2 = c 2 + a 2 − 2ca cos B
(iv) From equation (i)

c = −a−b
Taking dot product of above equation with c
c ⋅ c = (− a − b ) ⋅ c
= (− a − b ) ⋅ (− a − b ) ∵ c = −a−b
Now do yourself as above (iii)
Error Analyst
Saqib Aleem (2015) - Punjab College of Sciences
Uzair Amin (2016)
Book: Exercise 7.3, page 349

Calculus and Analytic Geometry Mathematic 12
Punjab Textbook Board, Lahore.
Available online at http://www.MathCity.org in PDF Format

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Exercise 7.4 (Solutions)
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FSc-II/ Ex 7.4 2
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FSc-II/ Ex 7.4 3
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FSc-II/ Ex 7.4 4
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FSc-II/ Ex 7.4 5
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FSc-II/ Ex 7.4 6
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MathCity.org
Exercise 7.5 (Solutions)
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FSc-II/ Ex 7.5 2
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FSc-II/ Ex 7.5 3
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FSc-II/ Ex 7.5 4
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Punjab text book board lahore
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Chapter#7 Class 2nd
Contacts: Definitions →Theory → Exercise
Scalar: Addition of two vectors is explained by following two
A quantity which has magnitude only is called scalar. 𝑒. 𝑔 laws.
time, volume, speed and work e.tc the scalars are i. Triangle law of addition:
denoted by letters. If two vectors 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡𝑤𝑜
Vectors: Sides 𝐴𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵𝐶 𝑜𝑓 ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 s. that the terminal point
A quantity which has both magnitude and direction is 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑏.
called vector. 𝑒. 𝑔 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦, displacement, force and Then 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑟𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝐴𝐶 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠
torque 𝑒. 𝑡. 𝑐. A vector 𝑠𝑎𝑦 𝑉 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑉 ⃗ 𝑜𝑟 𝑉 e.t.c. Vector sum AC of the triangle gives vector sum 𝑎 + 𝑏
or by bold face letter v. 𝑖. 𝑒 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵𝐶 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶 ⇒ 𝑎 + 𝑏 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶
Geometrical interpretation of Vector:
Geometrically, A vector is represented by a line segment
𝐴𝐵 with A its initial point and B its terminal point. It is
often found convenient to denoted a vector by an arrow
and written either as ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 or as a bold face symbol like
𝑣 𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑣.
Magnitude of a vector.
Let 𝑣 𝑏𝑒 𝑎 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟, then its magnitude is denoted by |𝑣 |
𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑙𝑦 𝑣. 𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝑖𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 ii. Parallelogram law of addition:
Point A to point B will be magnitude of ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑠 If two vectors 𝑢 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡𝑤𝑜
Denoted by |𝐴𝐵|⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ Sides 𝐴𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴𝐶 𝑜𝑓 ||𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑎𝑠 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒. 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
Diagonal 𝐴𝐷 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑖. 𝑒
Unit vector:
A vector whose magnitude is one (unity) is called unit ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐷 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶 = 𝑢 + 𝑣
vector. Unit vector of 𝑣 𝑖𝑠 𝑤𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝑣̂ (read as v hat)
𝑣
and is defined as 𝑣̂ =
|𝑣|
Null vector:
A vector whose magnitude is zero but no specific
direction is called null or zero vector. It is denoted by 𝑜
Negative Vectors:
Two vectors are said to be negative of each other if they
have the same magnitude but opposite direction.
Subtraction of two vectors:
If 𝐴𝐵 = 𝑣 then 𝐵𝐴 = −𝐴𝐵 = −𝑣 𝑎𝑛𝑑 |𝐵𝐴| = |−𝐴𝐵| 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 𝑏𝑒 𝑎 ||𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚.
(∵ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑛𝑜𝑛 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 = 𝑫𝑪 = 𝒂 ⃗
Multiplication of vector by a scalar: let 𝑘 𝑏𝑒 𝑎 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑟
𝐵𝐶 = 𝑨𝑫 = ⃗𝒃
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Number (𝑘 ∈ 𝑅 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 𝑏𝑒 𝑎 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟. 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑘𝑣 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
In ∆𝑨𝑩𝑪
Which is k times to vector 𝑣 .
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶 = 𝑨𝑩 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑩𝑪
(𝑖) 𝑣 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘𝑣 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑓 𝑘 > 0.
(𝑖𝑖) 𝑣 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘𝑣 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑓 𝑘 < 𝑜 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶 = 𝒂 = 𝒃 ⃗
Equal Vectors: ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
In ∆𝑨𝑩𝑫 , 𝐴𝐵 + 𝑩𝑫 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑨𝑫
Two vectors ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⇒ 𝐵𝐷 = 𝑨𝑫 − 𝑨𝑩 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗𝐶𝐷 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑖𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙, 𝑖𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑦 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 ⇒ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵𝐷 = 𝒃 − 𝒂 ⃗ ⇒ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐷𝐵 = −(𝒃 − 𝒂)
𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖. 𝑒 |𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = |𝐶𝐷
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⇒ 𝑫𝑩 = 𝒂 − 𝒃
Parallel vectors:
Two vectors 𝑢 ⃗ , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑖𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑖𝑓 𝑢 ⃗ ×𝑘𝑣
28
Or 𝑣 × 𝑘 𝑢 ⃗ if 𝑢
⃗ × 𝑘 𝑣 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑢⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑖𝑓 𝑘 > 0 𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝑢 ⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑓
𝑘<𝑜
Addition of two vectors:
Writen by Amir Shehzad 03434443214 msc mathematics

29
Position vector:
The vector whose initial point is at called position vector
of point p.
Position vector of 𝑝 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑃
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 = 𝑫𝑪 = 𝒂 ⃗
as ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴 = [1,0] , ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Then 𝑖̂ = [1,0],
The ratio formula

𝑂𝐵 = [0,1]
𝑗 = [𝑜, 1]
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 = 𝑫𝑪 = 𝒂 ⃗ Statement:
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 𝑏𝑒 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑤ℎ𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠
𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑦. 𝑖𝑓 𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑝 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝐴𝐵 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒
𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑝: 𝑞 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛
By
𝑞𝑎 + 𝑝𝑏
𝑟=
𝑝+𝑞
Proof:
Vectors in plane: In fig.
𝑙𝑒𝑡 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑃 = 𝑎 𝑏𝑒 𝑎 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒. 𝑤𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑥
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴 = 𝑎, 𝑂𝐵 = 𝑏⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑃 = 𝑟
𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑦. 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑎 Given that
= [𝑥, 𝑦] 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝑃 𝑝
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝑃: ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑃𝐵 = 𝑝: 𝑞 ⇒ = → (𝑖)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝐵 𝑞
∆𝑂𝐴𝑃, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑂𝐴
𝑂𝑃 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝐴𝑃
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑂𝐴
𝐴𝑃 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑂𝑃 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑟 − 𝑎
In ∆ 𝑂𝐴𝐵, 𝑂𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑂𝑃 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑃𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑂𝐵
𝑃𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑂𝑃 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑏⃗ − 𝑟
By (i)
𝑟−𝑎 𝑝
⇒ = ⇒ 𝑞(𝐹 − 𝑎) = 𝑝(𝑏⃗ − 𝑟)
𝑨𝒅𝒅𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏: 𝑏⃗ − 𝑟 𝑞
 𝑞𝑟 − 𝑞𝑎 = 𝑝𝑏⃗ − 𝑝𝑟 ⇒ 𝑞𝑟 + 𝑝𝑟 = 𝑝𝑏⃗ + 𝑞𝑎
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑎 = [𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ], 𝑏⃗ = [𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ] 𝑏𝑒 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒
⇒ (𝑞 + 𝑝)𝑟 = 𝑝𝑏⃗ + 𝑞𝑎
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑎 + 𝑏⃗ = [𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ] + [𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ], [𝑥1 + 𝑥2 , 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 ]
𝑝𝑏⃗ + 𝑞𝑎
⇒𝑟=
Subtraction: (𝑞 + 𝑝)
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑎 = [𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ], 𝑏⃗ = [𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ] 𝑏𝑒 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝑞𝑏⃗ + 𝑝𝑎
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 ⇒ 𝑟 =
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑎 − 𝑏⃗ = [𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ] − [𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ], [𝑥1 − 𝑥2 , 𝑦1 − 𝑦2 ] (𝑞 + 𝑝)
Magnitude of a vector in plane:
⃗ = [𝒙, 𝒚] 𝑏𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑠 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑔.
Let 𝒂 Corollary:
Then by pat agora’s theorem 𝑖𝑓 𝑝 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝐵 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑝: 𝑞 = 1: 1
2 2 2 𝒂+𝒃
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = |𝑂𝐴
|𝑂𝑃 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | + |𝐴𝑃
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |
So, 𝒓=
2
|𝑎| = 𝑥 + 𝑦2 2 𝟐
 𝑎 = √𝑥 + 𝑦 2 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 .
2
Exercise NO 7.1
Question No.1
Write the vector ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐏𝐐 in the form x 𝒊 + y 𝒋 .
(i) 𝑷(𝟐, 𝟑) , 𝑸(𝟔, −𝟐)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ) 𝒊 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ) 𝒋
PQ
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (6−2) 𝒊 + (−2−3) 𝒋
PQ
Another notation for represent vectors in plane:
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⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑂𝐵
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑂𝐴 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏𝑒 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
PQ = 4 𝒊 – 5 𝒋
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑦. 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 |𝑂𝐴 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = 1 |𝑂𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = 1 (ii) 𝑷(𝟎, 𝟓) , 𝑸(−𝟏, −𝟔)

30
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
PQ = (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ) 𝒊 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ) 𝒋
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
PQ = (−1−0) 𝒊 + (−6−5) 𝒋
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
PQ = −1 𝒊− 11 𝒋
Q.2: Find the magnitude of the vector u:
(i) 𝐮 = 2 𝒊 – 7 𝒋
Q.5: find the vector from the point A to the origin where
AB = 4 i – 2 j and B is the point (−2,5).
SOLUTION:
Given that: AB
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ? here o = (0,0)
AO
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 4 𝒊 −2 𝒋 , B(−2,5) ⟹ OB
AS we know that AB ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = OB
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − OA
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = −2𝒊 + 5𝒋
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⟹ OA⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =OB
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − AB
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
|𝐮| = √(𝑥)2 + (𝑦)2
⟹ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴 = (−2𝒊 + 5𝒋) – ( 4 𝒊– 2 𝒋)
|𝐮| = √(2)2 + (−7)2
= −2▁𝒊 + 5▁𝒋 − 4 ▁𝒊 + 2 ▁𝒋
|𝐮| = √4 + 49 = − 6𝒊 + 7𝒋
|𝐮| = √53 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = − 6𝒊 +7𝒋 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 6𝒊 −7𝒋 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =
⟹ −AO ⟹ AO ( ∵ OA
(ii) 𝐮 = 𝒊 + 𝒋
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ )
−AO
|𝐮| = √(𝑥)2 + (𝑦)2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = AB
Q.9: if “O” is the origin and OP ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ , find the point
|𝐮| = √(1)2 + (1)2 when A and B are (−3,7) and (1,0) respectively. (2019 I
|𝐮| = √1 + 1 S.Q)
|𝐮| = √2 SOLUTION: NOW we find point P(x, Y). Given that
(iii) 𝐮 = [𝟑, −𝟒] (−3,7) and (1,0) and here O(0,0).
𝐮=3𝒊–4𝒋 As ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OP = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AB
|𝐮| = √(𝑥)2 + (𝑦)2 ⟹ (𝑥 − 0) 𝒊 + (𝑦 − 0) 𝒋 = (1 + 3) 𝒊 + (0 − 7) 𝒋
|𝐮| = √(3)2 + (−4)2 𝑥𝒊 + 𝑦𝒋 = 4𝒊 − 7𝒋

|𝐮| = √9 + 16 Comparing both sides, we have
x = 4 and y = −7
|𝐮| = √25
𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑃(4, −7)
|𝐮| = 5 Q.6: Find a unit vector in the direction of the vector
Q.3: if 𝐮 = 2 i – 7 𝒋 , 𝐯 = i –6 𝒋 , w = – i + 𝒋 . Find the given below.
following vectors. (i) 𝒗 = 2𝒊 – 𝒋
(i) 𝐮+𝐯−𝐰
|𝑣| = √(2)2 + (−1)2 = √5
= (2 𝒊 − 7 𝒋) + ( 𝒊 −6 𝒋) − ( −i + 𝒋) 𝑣
NOW 𝑣̂ =
= 2 𝒊− 7 𝒋 + 𝒊 −6 𝒋+ 𝒊 – 𝒋 |𝑣|
2𝑖 − 𝑗 2 1
= 4 𝒊 − 14 𝒋 = = 𝑖− 𝑗
√5 √5 √5
1
= (2𝑖 – 𝑗 )
√5
(ii) 2𝐮−3𝐯 +4𝐰 𝟏 √𝟑
= 2(2 𝒊 – 7 𝒋) −3(𝒊−6 𝒋) +4(−𝒊 + 𝒋) (ii) 𝒗 = 𝟐
𝒊+ 𝟐 𝒋
= 4 𝒊 – 14 𝒋 – 3 𝒊 +18 𝒋 – 4 𝒊 +4 𝒋 1 √3
|𝑣| = √(2)2 + ( 2 )2 = √4 + 4 = 1
1 3
= −3 𝒊 + 8 𝒋 𝑣
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
NOW 𝑣̂ =
|𝑣|
(iii) 𝐮 +𝐯+ 𝐰
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 1 √3
1 1 𝑖+ 𝑗 1 √3
= (u + v +w) = 2 (2 𝒊 – 7 𝒋 + 𝒊 −6 𝒋 - i + 𝒋) =2 1
2
= 2 𝑖+ 2
𝑗
2
1 √𝟑 𝟏
= ( 2 𝒊 – 12 𝒋)=𝒊–6𝒋 (iii) 𝒗 = − 𝟐 𝒊 −𝟐𝒋
2
Q.4: Find the sum of the vectors AB and CD, given the 2
1 2
√3 3 1
four points A(1, −1), B(2,0), C(−1,3), D(−2,2) . |𝑣| = √(− 2
) + (− 2) = √4 + 4 = 1
SOLUTION: Given: A(1, −1), B(2,0), C(−1,3), D(−2,2) 𝑣
NOW 𝑣̂ =
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ) 𝒊 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ) 𝒋 |𝑣|
AB √3 1
− 𝑖 − 𝑗 √3 1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (2−1) 𝒊 + ( 0+1) 𝒋 = 𝒊 + 𝒋
AB = 2 2
=− 𝑖 −2 𝑗
1 2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
CD = (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ) 𝒊 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ) 𝒋 Q.7: If A, B, C are respectively the points (2,-4), (4,0),
30
(1,6).Use vector method to find the coordinates of the
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
CD = (−2+1) 𝒊 + ( 2 – 3) 𝒋 = −𝒊– 𝒋
point D
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + CD
NOW AB ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝒊+ 𝒋 − 𝒊 – 𝒋 = 0𝒊 + 0𝒋= 0 (Null Vector) (i) ABCD is a parallelogram
31
SOLUTION: we find 𝐷(𝑥, 𝑦)
Given: A (2, −4),B (4,0),C (1,6)
Since ABCD is a parallelogram, so
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AB= ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
DC 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AB|| ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
DC
AB = [4,0] − [2, −4] = [4 − 2,0 + 4] = [2,4]
(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ) 𝑖 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ) 𝒋 =(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ) 𝑖 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ) 𝒋
(x+2) 𝒊 + (y +2) 𝒋 = (4+8 ) 𝒊 + ( 1− 0) 𝒋
(x+2) 𝒊 + (y+2) 𝒋 = 12i + 𝒋
Comparing both sides
X+2 = 12 & y+ 2 = 1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
DC = [1,6] − [𝑥, 𝑦] = [1 − 𝑥, 6 − 𝑦] ⟹ x = 10 & y = −1 Thus 𝐸(10, −1)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
∵ AB= DC ⇒ [2,4] = [1 − 𝑥, 6 − 𝑦] Q.10: Use vectors, to show that ABCD is a
⇒ 2 = 1 − 𝑥, 4 = 6 − 𝑦 ⇒ 𝑥 = 1 − 2, 𝑦 = 6 − 4 parallelogram, when the points A,B,C and D are
⇒ 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 = 2 𝑠𝑜 𝐷(𝑥, 𝑦) = (−1,2) respectively (0,0), (a,0), (𝒃, 𝒄), (𝒃 − 𝒂, 𝒄).
SOLUTION: Given that: (0,0), (a,0), (𝑏, 𝑐), (𝑏 − 𝑎, 𝑐)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (a−0) 𝒊 + (0−0) 𝒋 = a𝒊+0𝒋
AB
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
DC = (𝑏 − 𝑏 + 𝑎) 𝑖 + (c−c) 𝑗 = a𝑖+0𝑗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AD = (b−a−0) 𝑖 + (c−0) 𝑗 = (b−a) 𝑖 + c𝑗
(𝑖𝑖) ∵ 𝐴(2, −4), 𝐵(4,0)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶(1,6) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
BC = (b−a) 𝑖 + (c−0) 𝑗 = (b−a) 𝑖 + c𝑗
Let 𝐷(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑞. 𝑝𝑡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = DC
As AB ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ & AD
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = BC⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎𝑠 𝐴𝐷𝐵𝐶 𝑖𝑠 ||𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚.
So ABCD is a parallelogram.
So from 𝑓𝑖𝑔 ∵ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ AD= ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
CB 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AD|| ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
CB
Q.11: if 𝐀𝐁 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ . Find the coordinates of point A, when
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝐂𝐃
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AD = [𝑥, 𝑦] − [2, −4] = [𝑥 − 2, 𝑦 + 4]
points B, C, D are (1,2), (−2,5), (4,11) respectively.
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
CB = [4,0] − [1,6] = [4, −1,0, −6] = [3, −6]
SOLUTION: NOW we find point A(x, Y). Given that
∵ AD= ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ CB ⇒ [𝑥 − 2, 𝑦 + 4] = [3, −6] B(1,2), C(−2,5), D(4,11)
⇒ 𝑥 − 2 = 3, 𝑦 + 4 = −6 ⇒ 𝑥 = 5 , 𝑦 = −10 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝐂𝐃
As if 𝐀𝐁
⇒ 𝑠𝑜 𝐷(𝑥, 𝑦) = (5, −10)
⟹ (1−x) 𝑖 +(2−y) 𝑗 = (4+2) 𝑖 + (11−5) 𝑗
(1−x) 𝑖+(2−y) 𝑗 = 6𝑖 +6𝑗
Comparing both sides, we have
1− x = 6 and 2−y = 6
X = 5 and y = -4
Q.8: If B, C, D are respectively the points (4,1), (-2,3), (- 𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝐴(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝐴(5, −4)
8,0).Use vector method to find the coordinates of the Q.12: Find the position vectors of the point of division of
point: the line segments joining the following pair of points, in
the given ratio:
(i) A, if ABCD is a parallelogram (i) point “C” with position vector 2𝒊 – 3 𝒋 and point D
SOLUTION: we find 𝐴(𝑥, 𝑦) with position vector 3𝒊 + 2𝒋 in the ratio 4 : 3
Given: B (4,1),C (−2,3),D (−8,0)
SOLUTION: Given that ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OC = a = 2𝒊 – 3𝒋 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OD = b = 3𝒊 + 2𝒋 ,
Since ABCD is a parallelogram, so
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ p:q=4:3
AB = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
DC
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝒓 = ? ,
Let OP Let P be the point which divides
(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ) 𝒊 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ) 𝒋 =(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ) 𝒊 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ) 𝒋
CD in ratio 4 : 3
(4−x) 𝒊 + (1−y) 𝒋 = (−2+8 )i + ( 3−0) 𝒋
Using ratio formula, we have
(4−x) 𝒊 + (1− y) 𝒋 = 6i + 3𝒋 3(2𝑖 – 3𝑗)+4(3𝑖 + 2𝑗) 6𝑖−9𝑗+12𝑖+8𝑗
𝑞𝑎 + 𝑝𝑏
Comparing both sides 𝒓= = =
𝑝+𝑞 3+4 7
18𝑖−𝑗 18 1
4− x = 6 & 1− y = 3 = = 7 𝑖 − 7𝑗
7
⟹ x = −2 & y =−2 Thus 𝐴(−2, −2)
(ii) point “E” with position vector 5i and point F with
position vector 4i + 𝒋 in the ratio 2 : 5.
(ii) E, AEBD is a parallelogram
SOLUTION: we find E(x,y) SOLUTION: Given that ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OE= a = 5𝒋 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OF= b = 4𝒊 + 𝒋 , p:q
Given: A (−2, −2),B (4,1),D (−8,0) =2:5
31
Since ADBC is a parallelogram, so ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = r = ?
Let OP
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AE = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
BD

32
Let P be the point which divides CD in ratio 2 : 5 Using
ratio formula, we have
𝒓=
=
𝑞𝑎 + 𝑝𝑏
𝑝+𝑞
25𝑗 + 8𝒊 + 2𝒋
7
=
7
5(5𝒋)+2(4𝒊 + 𝒋)
=
2+5
8𝒊 + 27𝒋
=
=
(c + 𝑑) − (a + d) c + 𝑑 − a − d c − a
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = OH
EH
2
2
2
=
=
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = d+d − a+b
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ – OE
2
2
=
2
(a + d) − (a + b) a + d − a − b d − b
2
=
2
c+d b+c
8 27 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
FG = OG– OF = 2 − 2
= 𝒊+ 𝒋
7 7 (c + d) − (b + c) c+d−b−c d−b
Q.14: Prove that line segment joining the mid points of = = =
2 2 2
two sides of a triangle is parallel to third side & half as As EF ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ and EH
⃗⃗⃗⃗ =HG ⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = FG
along. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ and EH
⃗⃗⃗⃗ ∥ HG
⟹ EF ⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ∥ FG
SOLUTION: consider a triangle ABC, such that OA ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = a, Thus EFGH is a parallelogram.
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OB= b , ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OC= c
Let D & E be the mid points of sides ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AB & Concept of vector in space
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AC respectively. If three dimensional space 𝑋𝑂𝑋 ′ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑍𝑂𝑍 ′ 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = a+b ; OE
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = a+c Coordinate axis.
OD 2 2 The planes made by 𝑋𝑂𝑌 , 𝑌𝑂𝑍 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑍𝑂𝑋 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑋𝑌
Plane. 𝑌𝑍 − 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑍𝑋 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒. 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑦
These planes are mutually orthogonal to each other.
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = OC
NOW BC ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ –OB
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = c – b → (i)
a+b a+c (a+b)–(a+c)

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AND DE OE – ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OD = 2 − 2 = = Note:
2
a+b−a−c c−b 1 If P is point in space then it will have three coordinates
= = (c−b) (ii)
2 2 2 along 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 , 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑦.
From (i) & (ii) it is clear that BC & DE are parallel and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ DE
is half to BC. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑖𝑓 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑
Q.15: prove that line segments joining the mid points of 𝑧 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑦
sides of a quadrilateral taken in order form a Then coordinates of point p are 𝑝(𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐)𝑎𝑠 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑖𝑛
parallelogram. 𝑓𝑖𝑔. 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢⃗ 𝑏𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑤ℎ𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑠
Q.15: prove that line segments joining the mid points of ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑢
𝑂𝑃 ⃗ = [𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧]
sides of a quadrilateral taken in order form a 𝑵𝒐𝒘 (𝒊)𝑨𝒅𝒅𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏:
parallelogram. 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢⃗ = [𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ] , 𝑣 = [𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 ]
SOLUTION: consider the quadrilateral ABCD, such that ⃗ + 𝑣 = [𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ] + [𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 ]
𝑢
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = a, OB
OA ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = b, OC
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = c, OD ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = d ⃗ + 𝑣 = [𝑥1 + 𝑥2 , 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 , 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 ]
𝑢
(𝒊𝒊) 𝑫𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆:
Let E, F, G, H be the mid points of sides ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ AB , ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
BC, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
CD, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AD
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢⃗ = [𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ] , 𝑣 = [𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 ]
respectively. D(d)
⃗ − 𝑣 = [𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ] − [𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 ]
𝑢
a+b b+c c+d a+d
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OE = , ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OF = , ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OG = , ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OH = ⃗ − 𝑣 = [𝑥1 − 𝑥2 , 𝑦1 − 𝑦2 , 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 ]
𝑢
2 2 2 2
EF= ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
NOW ⃗⃗⃗⃗ OF− ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OE =
b+c
−
a+b (𝒊𝒊𝒊)𝑺𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒕𝒊𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏:
2 2 𝑖𝑓 𝑘 𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑢 ⃗ = [𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧] 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑘𝑢 ⃗ = 𝑘[𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧]
= [𝒌𝒙, 𝒌𝒚, 𝒌𝒛]
Magnitude of vector (in space)
⃗ = [𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧] 𝑏𝑒 𝑎 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢
𝑜𝑟 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 |𝑢 ⃗ | 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑠
|𝑢⃗ | = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2
Properties of a vector:
(b + c) − (a + b) b + c − a − b (𝒊)𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒎𝒖𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒚:
= =
2 2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑢⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣
32
c−a
= 𝑢
⃗ +𝑣 =𝑣+𝑢⃗
2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = OG ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = c+d − a+𝑑
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ –OH Proof:
HG 2 2
33 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢
𝑢
⃗ = [𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ] , 𝑢 ⃗ = [𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 ]
⃗ + 𝑣 = [𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ] + [𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 ]
⃗ + 𝑣 = [𝑥1 + 𝑥2 , 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 , 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 ]
𝑢
= [𝑥1 + 𝑥2 , 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 , 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 ]
= [𝑥2 + 𝑥1 , 𝑦2 + 𝑦1 , 𝑧2 + 𝑧1 ]
= [𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 ] + [𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ]
=𝑣+𝑢
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗
(𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠 𝑙𝑎𝑤 ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑑)
Thus 𝑢 ⃗ +𝑣 =𝑣+𝑢 ⃗ As
(𝒊𝒊)𝑨𝒔𝒔𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒚: ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴 = [1,0,0], ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐵 = [0,1,0], ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐶 = [0,0,1]
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑢 ⃗ , 𝑣 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤⃗⃗
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑖 = [1,0,0], 𝑗 = [0,1,0], 𝑘 = [0,0,1]
(𝑢 ⃗ + 𝑣) + 𝑤 ⃗⃗ = 𝑢 ⃗ + (𝑣 + 𝑤 ⃗⃗ )
Proof: 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔
Let 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
(𝑢 ⃗ + 𝑣) + 𝑤 ⃗⃗ = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 + 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 ) + (𝑥3 , 𝑦3 𝑧3 ) ⃗ = [𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧] 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑢
Now if 𝑢 ⃗ 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑤𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑠
= (𝑥1 + 𝑥2 , 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 , 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 ) + (𝑥3 , 𝑦3 , 𝑧3 ) ⃗ = [𝑥, 𝑜, 𝑜] + [𝑜, 𝑦, 𝑜] + [0,0, 𝑧]
𝑢
= (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) + (𝑥2 + 𝑥3 , 𝑦2 + 𝑦3 , 𝑧2 + 𝑧3 ) = 𝑥[1,0,0] + 𝑦[0,1,0] + 𝑧[0,0,1]
= (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) + ((𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 ) + (𝑥3 , 𝑦3 , 𝑧3 )) ⃗ = 𝑥𝑖̂ + 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘̂
𝑢
=𝑢 ⃗ + (𝑣 + 𝑤 ⃗⃗ ) Distance between two points in space:
Hence ( 𝑢 ⃗ + 𝑣) + 𝑤 ⃗⃗ = 𝑢 ⃗ + (𝑣 + 𝑤 ⃗⃗ ) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗1 𝑛𝑎𝑑 𝑂𝑃
𝑖𝑓 𝑂𝑃 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 2 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒
Inverse property: 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝑝1 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝2 (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 )
For a vector 𝑢 ⃗ ,𝑢 ⃗ + (−𝑢 ⃗ ) = (−𝑢 ⃗)+𝑢 ⃗ =0 The vectors 𝑝 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
1 𝑝2 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑦
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑓:
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 ⃗ = [𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧] 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
𝑝
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
1 𝑝2 = 𝑂𝑝2 + 𝑂𝑝1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
−𝑢 ⃗ = [−𝑥, −𝑦, −𝑧]
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑢 ⃗ + (−𝑢 ⃗ ) = [𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧] + [−𝑥. −𝑦, −𝑧] = [𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 ] − [𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ]
= [𝑥 − 𝑥, 𝑦 − 𝑦, 𝑧 − 𝑧] = [𝑥2 − 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 − 𝑦2 , 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 ]
(0,0,0) = 0 By
𝑆𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦:
(−𝑢 ⃗)+𝑢 ⃗ = [−𝑥, −𝑦, −𝑧] + [𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧] 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏\𝑤 𝑝1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝2 = |𝑝 1 𝑝2 |
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
= [−𝑥 + 𝑥, −𝑦 + 𝑦, −𝑧 + 𝑧] = [0,0,0] = 𝑜
= √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2 + (𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )2
Thus 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑢 ⃗ 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑠 − 𝑢 ⃗
(𝒊𝒗)𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒖𝒃𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒚: This is called distance formula b/w two points
𝒊𝒇 𝒌 𝒃𝒆 𝒂𝒏𝒚 𝒔𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑢 ⃗ , 𝑣 𝑏𝑒 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑝1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝2 𝑖𝑛 𝑅
𝑘(𝑢 ⃗ + 𝑣 ) = 𝑘𝑢 ⃗ + 𝑘𝑣 Distance angles and direction cosine of a vector:
𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒐𝒇: Let 𝐶 = 𝑂𝑃⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = [𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧] = 𝑥 𝑖̂ + 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧 𝑘̂ 𝑏𝑒 𝑎 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝒍𝒆𝒕 𝑢 ⃗ = [𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 , 𝒛𝟏 ], 𝒗[𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚𝟐 , 𝒛𝟐 ] 𝑠. 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝛼, 𝛽 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛾 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔
𝑘(𝑢 ⃗ + 𝑣 ) = 𝑘[(𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 , 𝒛𝟏 ) + (𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚𝟐 , 𝒛𝟐 )] 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠
= 𝑘[𝑥1 + 𝑥2 , 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 , 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 ]
𝑎𝑥𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝛼, 𝛽 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛾 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠
= [𝑘𝑥1 + 𝑘𝑥2 , 𝑘𝑦1 + 𝑘𝑦2 , 𝑘𝑧1 + 𝑘𝑧2 ]
Of vectors
= 𝑘(𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 , 𝒛𝟏 ) + 𝑘(𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚𝟐 , 𝒛𝟐 )
= 𝑘𝑢 ⃗ + 𝒌𝑣 𝑟 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 , 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 𝑎𝑛𝑑 cos 𝛾 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
(𝒗) 𝑺𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝑴𝒖𝒍𝒕𝒊𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒚: 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑟
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎, 𝑏 𝑏𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢 ⃗ 𝑏𝑒 𝑎 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟. 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
𝑎(𝑏𝑢 ⃗ ) = (𝑎𝑏) 𝑢 ⃗
Proof:
⃗ = [𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧]
Let 𝑢
 𝑎 (𝑏𝑢 ⃗ ) = 𝑎(𝑏(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)) = 𝑎(𝑏𝑥, 𝑏𝑦, 𝑏𝑧)
 = [𝑎𝑏𝑥, 𝑎𝑏𝑦, 𝑎𝑏𝑧] = (𝑎𝑏) 𝑢 ⃗
33
Another Notation for represented vectors in space:
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ , 𝑂𝐵
Let 𝑂𝐴 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑂𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 ,
Important result
𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑦.
Prove that 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜶 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜷 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜸 = 𝟏
34
Proof:
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑟 = [𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ] = 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦𝑗 + 𝑧𝑘
 |𝑟| = √𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐
 𝒓 = √𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐
 𝒓𝟐 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 → (𝒊)
(ii) 𝐯 – 3𝐰 = ?
v – 3w = (3𝑖 −2𝑗+2𝑘) – 3(5𝑖 − 𝑗+3𝑘) = 3𝑖 −2𝑗+2𝑘 –
15𝑖+3𝑗 −9𝑘 = −12𝑖 + 𝑗 − 7𝑘
(iii) |𝟑𝐯 + 𝐰| =?
3v + w = 3(3𝑖 − 2𝑗 + 2𝑘) + 5𝑖 − 𝑗 + 3𝑘 = 9𝑖 −
𝒊𝒏 𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 ∆𝑶𝑨𝑷 6𝑗 + 6𝑘 + 5𝑖 − 𝑗 + 3𝑘 = 14𝑖 − 7𝑗 + 9𝑘
𝑶𝑨 𝒛
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶 = 𝑶𝑷 = 𝒓 |3v + w| = √(14)2 + (−7)2 + (9)2 =
𝒚 𝒛
𝒔𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒍𝒚 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷 = = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜸 = √196 + 49 + 81 = √326
𝒓 𝒓 Q.3: Find the magnitude of the vector v and write
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝒛𝟐
So 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜶 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜷 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜸 = 𝒓𝟐 + 𝒓𝟐 + 𝒓𝟐 the direction cosine of 𝐯:
𝒙 𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛 𝟐 𝒓 𝟐 (i) 𝐯 = 2𝒊 +3𝒋 + 4𝒌
= = 𝟐=𝟏
𝒓𝟐 𝒓 MAGNITUDE
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜶 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜷 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜸 = 𝟏 𝒉𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒅.
|v| = √(𝑥)2 + (𝑦)2 + (𝑧)2
|v| = √(2)2 + (3)2 + (4)2
Exercise NO 7.2 |v| = √4 + 9 + 16 = √29
DIRECTION COSINE
𝐷𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜
Q.1: Let A =(2,5) , B = (−1,1) , C = (2, −6). Find Direction cosine = 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒
(i) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐀𝐁 = ? ∵ direction ratio = 2, 3, 4
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AB= (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ) 𝑖 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ) 𝑗 So, Direction cosine =
2,3,4
√29
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AB = (−1−2) 𝑖 + (1−5) 𝑗 Direction cosine =
2
,
3
,
4
√29 √29 √29
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AB = −3𝑖 −4𝑗
(ii) 2𝐀𝐁 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ?
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ – 𝐂𝐁 (ii) 𝐯 = 𝒊 –𝒋 − 𝒌
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ – ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
2AB CB = 2[ (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ) 𝑖 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ) 𝑗] − [ (𝑥2 − MAGNITUDE
𝑥1 ) 𝑖 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ) 𝑗] |v| = √(𝑥)2 + (𝑦)2 + (𝑧)2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ – ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
2AB CB = 2[ (−1−2) 𝑖+ (1−5) 𝑗 ] – [ (−1−2) 𝑖+ |v| = √(1)2 + (−1)2 + (−1)2
|v| = √1 + 1 + 1 = √3
(1+6) 𝑗 ]
DIRECTION COSINE
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ – ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
2AB CB = 2[−3𝑖-4𝑗] – [−3𝑖 + 7𝑗] = −6𝑖 −8𝑗+3𝑖 −7𝑗 𝐷𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜
Direction cosine = 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒
= −3𝑖 −15𝑗
∵ direction ratio = 1, −1, −1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ – 2𝐂𝐀
(iii) 2𝐂𝐁 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ? 1,−1,−1
So, Direction cosine =
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ – 2CA
2CB ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 2(CB ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ – ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
CA) = 2[{(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ) 𝑖 + (𝑦2 − √3
1 −1 −1
𝑦1 ) 𝑗} − { (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ) 𝑖 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ) 𝑗}] Direction cosine = , ,
√3 √3 √3
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ – 2CA
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 2(CB
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ – CA
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ) = 2[ {(−1−2) 𝑖 + (1+6) 𝑗 } – { (iii) 𝐯 = 4𝒊 −5𝒋
2CB
MAGNITUDE
(−2−2) 𝑖 + (5+6) 𝑗 }] = 2[ {(−3𝑖+7𝑗)} –{(0𝑖+11𝑗)}]
|v| = √(𝑥)2 + (𝑦)2 + (𝑧)2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ – 2CA
2CB ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 2(CB
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ – CA
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ) = -6𝑖+14𝑗 −0𝑖 −11𝑗 =
|v| = √(4)2 + (−5)2 (0)2
−6𝑖 −3𝑗
|v| = √16 + 25 + 0 = √41
Q.2: Let 𝐮= 𝒊+2j−𝒌 , 𝐯 = 3𝒊 −2j+2𝒌 , 𝐰 = 5𝒊 −j+3𝒌.
DIRECTION COSINE
Find the indicated vectors or numbers: 𝐷𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜
(i) u + 2𝐯 + 𝐰 = ? Direction cosine =
34
𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒
u + 2v + w = (𝑖+2𝑗 − 𝑘)+2(3𝑖 −2𝑗+2𝑘 )+( 5𝑖 − 𝑗+3𝑘 ) ∵ direction ratio = 4, −5, 0
4,−5,0
= 𝑖+2𝑗 − 𝑘+6𝑖 −4𝑗+4𝑘 + 5𝑖 − 𝑗+3𝑘 = 12𝑖 −3𝑗+6𝑘 So, Direction cosine =
√29
35
Q.4:
Direction cosine =
Find α, so that
|𝛂𝒊 + (𝛂 + 𝟏)𝒋 + 𝟐𝒌| = 𝟑
2
,
√29 √29 √29
−5
,
0 8
U =7𝒊 −
12
7
𝒋 +
24
7
𝒌
ii) magnitude is 2 and is parallel to −𝒊 + 𝒋 + 𝒌

SOLUTION:
U = ? Given: |𝑢| = 2 , v = −𝒊 + 𝒋 + 𝒌
SOLUTION:
As u∥v
|α𝒊 + (α + 1)𝒋 + 2𝒌| = 3
So u=v
√(α)2 + (α + 1)2 + (2)2 = 3 𝑢 𝑣
⟹ |𝑢|
= |𝑣|
√α2 + α2 + 1 + 2α + 4 = 3 −𝒊+ 𝒋 + 𝒌 2[−𝒊+ 𝒋 + 𝒌] −𝟐𝒊 +𝟐 𝒋+𝟐 𝒌
𝑣
Squaring on both side U = |𝑢| |𝑣| = (2) = =
√22 +(−3)2 +62 √49 7
α2 + α2 + 1 + 2α + 4 = 9 U
2 2
=−7𝒊 + 7𝒋
2
+ 7𝒌
2α2 + 2α + 5 = 9
Q.8: if 𝐮 = 2𝒊+3𝒋+4𝒌 , 𝐯 = -𝒊+3𝒋-𝒌 ,
2α2 + 2α + 5 − 9 = 0
2α2 + 2α − 4 = 0 𝐰 = 𝒊+6𝒋+z𝒌 represents the sides of a triangle. Find the
Dividing by 2 value of Z.
α2 + α − 2 = 0 SOLUTION:
2
α + 2α − α − 2 = 0 As u, v, w represents the sides of triangle
α(α+2)−1(α+2 ) = 0 So u + v = w
(α+2)(α−1) = 0 2𝑖+3𝑗+4𝑘 - 𝑖+3𝑗-k = 𝑖+6𝑗+z𝑘
Either α+2 = 0 or α−1 = 0 𝑖+6𝑗+8𝑘 = 𝑖+6𝑗+z𝑘
Q.5: Find a unit vector in the direction of 𝐯 = i + 2𝒋 – 𝒌
By comparing
SOLUTION: ⟹Z=3
̂ be unit vector in the direction of v
Let V Q.9: The position vectors of the points A , B , C and , D
Then, v = 𝑖 + 2𝑗 – 𝑘 are 𝟐𝒊 − 𝒋 + 𝒌 , 𝟑𝒊 + 𝒋 , 𝟐𝐢 + 𝟒𝒋 − 𝟐𝒌 and −𝒊 − 𝟐𝒋 + 𝒌
|v| = √(1)2 + (2)2 + (1)2 respectively. Show that AB is parallel to CD.
|v| = √1 + 4 + 1 = √6 SOLUTION:
Required unit vector is: Given that: OA = 2𝒊 − 𝒋 + 𝒌 , OB = 3𝒊 + 𝒋 , OC = 2𝒊 +
𝑖 + 2𝑗 – 𝑘
̂= v =
V =
1
𝑖 +
2
𝑗 −
1
𝑘 4𝒋 − 2𝒌 , OD = −𝒊 − 2𝒋 + 𝒌
v √6 √6 √6 √6
AB = OB−OA = (3𝒊 + 𝒋) −( 2𝒊 − 𝒋 + 𝒌) = 3𝒊 + 𝒋 − 2i +
Q.6: if 𝒂= 3𝒊−𝒋-4𝒌 , 𝒃 = −2𝒊−4𝒋−3𝒌 , 𝒄 = 𝒊+2𝒋−𝒌. find a
𝒋 − 𝒌 = 𝒊 + 2𝒋 − 𝒌
unit vector parallel to 3𝒂−2𝒃+4𝒄.
SOLUTION: CD = OD−OC = (−𝒊 − 2𝒋 + 𝒌) − (2𝒊 + 4𝒋 − 2𝒌) = −𝒊 −
Let 𝑣 = 3𝑎−2𝑏+4𝑐 = 3(3𝑖−𝑗-4k)−2(−2𝑖−4𝑗−3k)+4(𝑖+2𝑗−𝑘) 2𝒋 + 𝒌 − 2𝒊 − 4𝒋 + 2𝒌 = −3𝒊 − 6𝒋 + 3𝒌 = −3AB
𝑣 = 9𝑖−3𝑗−12𝑘+4𝑖+8𝑗+6𝑘+4𝑖+8𝑗−4𝑘 = 17𝑖+13𝑗 −10𝑘 ⟹ AB ∥ CD Hence AB is parallel to CD.
|𝑣| = √(17)2 + (13)2 + (−10)2 =
Q.10: We say that vectors v and w are parallel if there is
√289 + 169 + 100 = √558
Let u be a unit vector parallel to v, then a scalar c such that v = cw. The vector point in the same
𝑣 17𝑖 +13𝑗 −10𝑘 17 13 10 direction if c > 𝟎 and the vector point in the opposite
𝑢= = = 𝑖+ 𝑗− 𝑘 direction if c < 0.
|𝑣| √558 √558 √558 √558
Q.7: Find a vector whose:
i) Magnitude is 4 and is parallel to 2𝒊−3𝒋+6𝒌 (2019 I S.Q) a) Find two vectors of length 2 parallel to vector 𝐯 =
SOLUTION: 𝟐𝐢 − 𝟒𝒋 + 𝟒𝒌
U = ? Given: |𝑢| = 4 , v = 2𝒊−3𝒋+6𝒌 SOLUTION:
As u∥v Given:|u| = 2, v = 2𝑖 − 4𝑗 + 4𝑘 u = ?
So u=v As u∥v
𝑢 𝑣
⟹ = |𝑣| So u=±v
35
|𝑢|
u v
𝑣 2𝒊−3𝒋+6𝒌 4[2𝒊−3𝒋+6𝒌] 8𝒊−12𝒋+24𝒌 ⟹ =±
|u| |v|
U = |𝑢| |𝑣|
= (4) = = v
√22 +(−3)2 +62 √49 7
u = ± |u|
|v|
36
u = ±(2)
u=±
u=±
2[2𝑖−4𝑗+4𝑘]
6
2𝑖−4𝑗+4𝑘
2
3
2𝑖−4𝑗+4𝑘
√22 +(−4)2 +42
4 4
|𝑣| = √(6)2 + (−2)2 + (1)2
|𝑣| = √36 + 4 + 1 = √41
Direction ratio of v are 6 , −2 , 1
Direction cosines of v =
𝐷𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜
6
𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒
,
−2
,
1
u = ± (3 𝑖 − 3 𝑗 + 3 𝑘) √41 √41 √41
b) Find the constant a so that the vectors 𝐯 = 𝒊 − 𝟑𝒋 + iii) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐏𝐐 , where p = (2,1,5) & Q = (1,3,1)
𝟒𝒌 & 𝒘 = 𝐚𝒊 + 𝟗𝒋 − 𝟏𝟐𝒌 are parallel. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
PQ= (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ) 𝑖 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ) 𝑗+(𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )𝑘
SOLUTION: ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
PQ = (1−2) 𝑖 + (3−1) 𝑗 + (1−5) 𝑘
As v∥𝑤 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = −𝑖 + 2𝑗−4𝑘
𝑎 9
PQ
∴ 1 = −3 (Direction ratio are same) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √(−1)2 + (2)2 + (−4)2
|PQ
⟹ a = −3 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √1 + 4 + 16 = √21
|PQ
c) Find a vectors of length 5 in the direction opposite
Direction ratio of v are −1 , 2 , −4
that of 𝐯 = 𝒊 − 𝟐𝒋 + 𝟑𝒌 (2019 S.Q) 𝐷𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜
SOLUTION: 𝐮 =? 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒
−1 2 −4
Given: |u| = 5 , v = 𝑖 − 2𝑗 + 3𝑘 Direction cosines of v = 21 , 21 , 21
√ √ √
As u∥v Q.12: Which of the following triples can be the direction
So u=−v angles of a single vector:
u v
⟹ =− i) 45° , 45° , 60° (2018S.Q)
|u| |v|
v SOLUTION:
u = − |u| Let α = 45° , β = 45° , γ = 60°
|v|
𝑖−2𝑗+3𝑘 If α , β , γ are direction angles of a single vector, then
u = −(5)
√12 +(−2)2 +32 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝜶+𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝜷+𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜶 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜷 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜸 = 𝟏
5[𝑖−2𝑗+3𝑘]
u=− L.H.S = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛽 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛾
√14
−5𝑖+10𝑗−15𝑘 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 45° + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 45° + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 60°
u= 1 2 1 2 1 2
√14 = ( 2) + ( 2) + (2)
−5 10 15 √ √
u= 𝑖 + 𝑗 − 𝑘 1 1 1 2+2+1 5
√14 √14 √14 = + + = = 4 ≠ R.H.S
d) Find a & b so that the vectors 2 2 4 4
Thus , 𝛃 , 𝛄 are not the direction angles of a single
𝟑𝒊 − 𝒋 + 𝟒𝒌 , 𝐚𝒊 + 𝐛𝒋 − 𝟐𝒌 are parallel.
vector.
SOLUTION: As v∥𝑤 ii) 30° , 45° , 60°
𝑎 𝑏 −2 𝑎 𝑏 −1
∴ = = ⟹ = = SOLUTION:
3 −1 4 3 −1 2
𝑎 −1 𝑏 −1 Let α = 30° , β = 45° , γ = 60°
⟹ 3 = 2 and −1 = 2
3 1 If α , β , γ are direction angles of a single vector, then
⟹ a = − 2 and b = 2
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜶 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜷 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜸 = 𝟏
Q.11: Find the direction cosines for the given vector. L.H.S = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛽 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛾
i) 𝟑𝒊 − 𝒋 + 𝟐𝒌 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 30° + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 45° + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 60°
SOLTION: 3 2 1 2 1 2
= (2) + ( 2) + (2)
Let 𝑣 = 3𝑖 − 𝑗 + 2𝑘 √
3 1 1 3+2+1 3
= + + = 4 = 2 ≠ R.H.S
|𝑣| = √(3)2 + (−1)2 + (2)2 4 2 4
Thus , 𝛃 , 𝛄 are not the direction angles of a single
|𝑣| = √9 + 1 + 4 = √14
vector.
Direction ratio of v are 3 , −1 , 2
𝐷𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 iii) 45° , 60° , 60°
Direction cosines of v = 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 SOLUTION:
3 −1 2
Direction cosines of v = 14 , 14 , 14 Let α = 45° , β = 60° , γ = 60°
√ √ √
ii) 𝟔𝒊 − 𝟐𝒋 + 𝒌 (2017S.Q) If α , β , γ are direction angles of a single vector, then
36
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜶 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜷 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜸 = 𝟏
SOLTION:
L.H.S = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛽 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛾
Let 𝑣 = 6𝑖 − 2𝑗 + 𝑘
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 45° + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 60° + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 60°
37 1
=2+4+4=
2 1 2
= ( 2) + (2) + (2)
1
√
1 1 2+1+1
4
1 2
4
= 4 = 1 R.H.S
Thus, 𝛃, are the direction angles of a single vector.
The Scalar product of two vectors (Dot product)
Definition:
𝑢. 𝑣 = (𝑎1 𝑖 + 𝑏1 𝑗 + 𝑐1 𝑘) . (𝑎2 𝑖 + 𝑏2 𝑗 + 𝑐2 𝑘)
= (𝑎1 . 𝑎2 )( 𝑖. 𝑖) + 𝑎1 𝑏2 ( 𝑖. 𝑗) + 𝑎1 𝑐2 ( 𝑖. 𝑘) + 𝑏1 𝑎2 ( 𝑗. 𝑖)
+𝑏1 𝑏2 ( 𝑖. 𝑗) + 𝑏1 𝑐2 ( 𝑗. 𝑘) + 𝑐1 𝑎2 ( 𝑘. 𝑖) + 𝑐1 𝑏2 ( 𝑘. 𝑗)
+ 𝑐1 𝑐2 ( 𝑘. 𝑘)
 𝑢. 𝑣 = 𝑎1 𝑎2 + 𝑏1 𝑏2 + 𝑐1 𝑐2
The scalar product of two non-zero vectors 𝑢 ⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 𝑖𝑠
Angle 𝒃\𝒘 two vectors:
denoted by 𝑢 ⃗ . 𝑣 (𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑎𝑠 𝑢
⃗ 𝑑𝑜𝑡 𝑣 ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠 ;
For two vectors 𝑢 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣
𝑢⃗ .𝑣 = | 𝑢
⃗ || 𝑣 |𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
(𝑎) 𝑢 ⃗ .𝑣 = | 𝑢
⃗ || 𝑣 |𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 ∵ 𝑜≤𝜃≤𝜋
Where 𝜃 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑢 ⃗ 𝑡𝑜 𝑣 𝑎𝑛𝑑 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋
𝑢
⃗ .𝑣
Note: the dot product is also referred to the scalar ∵ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 =
|𝑢|| 𝑣|
product or the inner product.
(𝑏) 𝑖𝑓 𝑢 = 𝑎1 𝑖 + 𝑏1 𝑗 + 𝑐1 𝑘 𝑎𝑛𝑑
Deduction of the important results:
For unit vector 𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑘 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒. 𝑣 = 𝑎2 𝑖 + 𝑏2 𝑗 + 𝑐2 𝑘
(𝑎) 𝑖. 𝑖 = |𝑖||𝑖|𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑜 0 = 1  𝑢. 𝑣 = 𝑎1 𝑎2 + 𝑏1 𝑏2 + 𝑐1 𝑐2
𝑗. 𝑗 = |𝑗| |𝑗| 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑜 0 = 1 |𝑢| = √𝑎12 + 𝑏12 + 𝑐12 , |𝑣| = √𝑎22 + 𝑏22 + 𝑐22
𝑘. 𝑘 = |𝑘||𝑘|𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑜 0 = 1 Since
𝑢
⃗ .𝑣
0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 =
(b) 𝑖. 𝑗 = |𝑖| |𝑗| 𝑐𝑜𝑠9𝑜 = 0 |𝑢|| 𝑣|
𝑗. 𝑘 = |𝑗| |𝑘|𝑐𝑜𝑠9𝑜 0 = 0 𝑎1 𝑎2 +𝑏1 𝑏2 +𝑐1 𝑐2
 cos 𝜃 =
𝑘. 𝑖 = |𝑘||𝑖|𝑐𝑜𝑠9𝑜 0 = 0 √𝑎12 +𝑏12 +𝑐12 √𝑎22 +𝑏22 +𝑐22
(c) prove that 𝑢. 𝑣 = 𝑣. 𝑢
Corollaries:
𝑢. 𝑣 = |𝑢||𝑣|𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑖𝑓 𝜃 = 𝑂0 𝑜𝑟 𝜋 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑢 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟.
𝑢. 𝑣 = |𝑢||𝑣| cos(−𝜃) 𝝅
(ii) 𝒊𝒇 𝜽 = , 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝑢. 𝑣 = 0
𝟐
𝑢. 𝑣 = |𝑣||𝑢|𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
Then vector 𝑢 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 are ⊥ 𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙.
𝑢. 𝑣 = 𝑣. 𝑢
Projection of a vector upon another vector:
Hence dot product of two vectors is commutative.
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑢 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑂𝐵
Let 𝑂𝐴 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑣
Perpendicular (orthogonal) vectors
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝜃 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡
Two non-zero vectors 𝑢 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑖𝑓
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑖𝑓 𝑢. 𝑣 = 0 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋 𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑤 𝐵𝑀 ⊥ 𝑂𝐴 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑂𝑀 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒
𝜋 𝜋 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑣 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑢 𝑁𝑜𝑤 𝑖𝑛 ∆ 𝑂𝑀𝐵.
(∵ 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑏\𝑤 𝑢 ⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑜 cos = 0)
2 2 |𝑂𝑀 |
𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = ⇒ |𝑂𝑀| = |𝑂𝐵|𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
⃗ .𝑣 = | 𝑢
𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑢 ⃗ || 𝑣 |𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 cos ⇒ 𝑢⃗ .𝑣 = 0 |𝑂𝐵|
2 𝑢. 𝑣
|𝑂𝑀| = |𝑣|𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 ∵ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 =
|𝑢|| 𝑣|
Properties of Dot Product: 𝑢. 𝑣
∵ 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑣 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑢 =
Let 𝑢 , 𝑣 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤 𝑏𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑐 ∈ 𝑅 |𝑢|
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 (𝑖) 𝑢 . 𝑣 = 0 ⇒ 𝑢 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑣 = 0 Similarly,
(𝑖𝑖) 𝑢 . 𝑣 = 𝑣 . 𝑢(𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦)
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑢 . (𝑣 + 𝑤) = 𝑢 . 𝑣 + 𝑢. 𝑤 (𝑑𝑖𝑠. 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦) 𝑢. 𝑣
∵ 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑢 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑣 =
(𝑖𝑣) (𝑐𝑢). 𝑣 = 𝑐(𝑢. 𝑣) (𝑐 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑟) |𝑣|
2
(𝑣) 𝑢. 𝑣 = | 𝑢|
Analytical Expression of dot product 𝑢. 𝑣:
(Dot product of vectors in their components from) Exercise NO 7.3
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 𝑎1 𝑖 + 𝑏1 𝑗 + 𝑐1 𝑘 𝑎𝑛𝑑 Question No1
𝑣 = 𝑎2 𝑖 + 𝑏2 𝑗 + 𝑐2 𝑘 Find the cosine of angle 𝜽 𝒃𝒆𝒕𝒘𝒆𝒆𝒏 𝒖 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒗
37
Be two vectors i) 𝒖 = 3𝒊+𝒋−𝒌 , 𝒗 = 2𝒊−𝒋+𝒌 (2016 S.Q)
Now SOLUTION:
𝒖= 3𝒊+𝒋−𝒌 , 𝒗 = 2𝒊−𝒋+𝒌
38
If θ is the angle between u and v, then
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 =
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 =
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 =
𝒖.𝒗
|𝒖||𝒗|
(𝟑𝒊+𝒋−𝒌).(𝟐𝒊−𝒋+𝒌)
√𝟑𝟐 +𝟏𝟐 +(−𝟏)𝟐 .√𝟐𝟐 +(−𝟏)𝟐 +𝟏𝟐
𝟔−𝟏−𝟏
√𝟗+𝟏+𝟏 . √𝟒+𝟏+𝟏
Projection of 𝑎 along 𝑏 = 𝑎.𝑏̂ =𝑎 .
0+0+1
√2
=
(𝑗+k) .(𝑖−k)
1
√2
Projection of 𝑏 along 𝑎 = 𝑏. 𝑎̂ = 𝑏 .
0+0−1 1
𝑏
|𝑏|
𝑎
|a|
=
=
𝑎.𝑏
|𝑏|
𝑏.𝑎
|a|
=
=
(𝑖−k).(𝑗+k)
√12 +12
=
𝟒 𝟒 = =−
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 = = √12 +(−1)2 √2 √2
√𝟏𝟏.√𝟔 √𝟔𝟔 ii) 𝒂 = 3𝒊+𝒋−𝒌 , 𝒃 = −2𝒊−𝒋+𝒌 (2018 S.Q)
ii) u = 𝒊−3𝒋+4𝒌 , 𝒗 = 4𝒊−𝒋+3𝒌 SOLUTION:

𝑏 𝑎.𝑏
SOLUTION: Projection of 𝑎 along 𝑏 = 𝑎. 𝑏̂ = 𝑎 . = =
|𝑏| |𝑏|
𝑢 = 𝑖−3𝑗+4𝑘 , 𝑣 = 4𝑖−𝑗+3𝑘 (3𝑖+𝑗−𝑘).( −2𝑖−𝑗+𝑘) −6−1−1 8
= =−
If θ is the angle between u and v, then √(−2)2 +12 +12 √4+1+1 √6
𝑢.𝑣 𝑎 𝑏.𝑎
cos 𝜃 = Projection of 𝑏 along 𝑎 = 𝑏. 𝑎̂ = 𝑏. = =
|𝑢||𝑣| |𝑎| |𝑎|
(𝒊−3𝒋+4𝒌).(4𝒊−𝒋+3𝒌) ( −2𝑖−𝑗+𝑘) .(3𝑖+𝑗−𝑘) −6−1−1 8
cos 𝜃 = = =−
√12 +(−3)2 +42 .√(4)2 +(−1)2 +32 √32 +(1)2+(−1)2 √9+1+1 √11
4+3+12
cos 𝜃 = 1+9+16 . 16+1+9
√ √
19 19 Q.3(7.3): Find a real number ‘α’ so that the vectors u
cos 𝜃 = 26. 26 = 26 and v are perpendicular.
√ √
iii) 𝒖 = [−𝟑, 𝟓], 𝒗 = [𝟔, −𝟐] i) 𝐮 = 2α𝒊+𝒋−𝒌 , 𝐯 = i+αj+4𝒌
SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
u = −3𝑖+5𝑗 , 𝑣= 6𝑖−2𝑗 Since u and v are perpendicular, so
If θ is the angle between u and v, then u. v = 0
𝑢.𝑣
cos 𝜃 = (2α𝒊+𝒋−k)( i+α𝒋+4𝒌) = 0
|𝑢||𝑣|
(−3𝒊+5𝒋).(6𝒊−2𝒋) 2α+α−4 = 0
cos 𝜃 = 4
√(−3)2 +(5)2 .√(6)2+(−2)2 3α = 4 ⟹ α = 3
−18−10
cos 𝜃 = ii) 𝐮 = α𝒊+2α𝒋−𝒌 , 𝐯 = 𝒊+α𝒋+3𝒌
√9+25 .√36+4
−28 −28 SOLUTION:
Cos 𝜃 = =
√34.√40 √1360
−28 −28 −7 Since u and v are perpendicular, so
cos 𝜃 = = = u.v=0
√16 . √85 4√85 √85
iv) 𝒖 = [𝟐, −𝟑, 𝟏] , 𝒗 = [𝟐, 𝟒, 𝟏] (α𝒊+2α𝒋−k)( 𝒊+α𝒋+3𝒌) = 0
SOLUTION: α+2𝛼 2 −3 = 0
𝒖 = 2𝒊−3𝒋+𝒌 , 𝒗= 2𝒊+4𝒋+𝒌 2𝛼 2 + α−3 = 0
If θ is the angle between u and v, then 2𝛼 2 + 3α − 2α−3 = 0
𝒖.𝒗 α(2α+3)−1(2 α+3) = 0
cos 𝜃 =
|𝒖||𝒗| (2α+3)(α−1) = 0
(2𝒊−3𝒋+𝒌).(2𝒊+4𝒋+𝒌) 2α+3 = 0 or α−1 = 0
cos 𝜃 = 3
√22 +(−3)2 +12 .√(2)2 +(4)2 +12
4−12+1
α =− 2 or α = 1
cos 𝜃 = 4+9+1 . 4+16+1
√ √
−7 −7
cos 𝜃 = 14. 21 = 294 Q.4: Find the number ‘Z’ so that the triangle with
√ √ √
−7 −7 −1 vertices A(1,−1,0), B(−2,2,1), C(0,2,Z) is a right triangle
cos 𝜃 = 49×6 = 7 6 = 6
√ √ √ with right angle at C.
SOLUTION:
Q.2: Calculate the projection of a along b and b along a A(1,−1,0), B(−2,2,1), C(0,2,Z)
when: ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ) 𝒊 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ) 𝒋+(𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )𝒌
𝐂𝐀
i) 𝒂 = 𝒊−𝒌 , 𝒃 = 𝒋+𝒌
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (1−0) 𝒊 + (−1−2) 𝒋 +(0−Z) 𝒌
𝐂𝐀
SOLUTION:
38
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐂𝐀 = 𝒊 −3j−Z𝒌
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐂𝐁 = (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ) 𝒊 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ) 𝒋+(𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )𝒌

39
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐂𝐁 = (−2−0) 𝒊 + (2−2) 𝒋 +(1−Z) 𝒌
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐂𝐁 = −2𝒊 +0𝒋+(1−Z) 𝒌
As m∠ACB =90° , so ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⟹ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐂𝐀 . ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐂𝐁 = 0
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐂𝐁 ⊥𝐂𝐀
(𝒊 −3𝒋−Z𝒌).( −2𝒊 +0𝒋+(1−Z) 𝒌) = 0

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
PR= (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ) 𝑖 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ) 𝑗+(𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )𝑘
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
PR = (6−1) 𝑖 + (5−3) 𝑗 +(5−2) 𝑘
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 5𝑖 +2𝑗+3𝑘
PR
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ +QR
∵PQ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 3𝑖−2 j+2𝑘+2𝑖 +4𝑗+𝑘 = 5𝑖+2𝑗+3𝑘 = PR
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
∴ P, Q, R are the vertices of a triangle.
−2−0−Z(1−Z) = 0 ∵ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
PQ . ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
QR = (3𝑖−2 𝑗+2𝑘).( 2𝑖 +4𝑗+𝑘) = 6−8 + 2 = 0
−2−Z+𝑍 2 = 0
𝑍2 − 𝑍 − 2 = 0 ∴ P, Q, R are the vertices of a right triangle.
𝑍 2 − 2𝑍 + 𝑍 − 2 = 0
Z(Z−2) + 1(Z − 2) = 0 Q.7: Show that mid point of hypotenuse of a right
(Z − 2)(Z + 1) = 0 triangle is equidistance from its vertices.
Z − 2 = 0 or Z + 1 ⇒ Z = −1 SOLUTION:
Consider a right triangle AOB such that O(0,0) , A(a,0) ,

B(0,b).
Let M be the mid point of hypotenuse AB such that M
𝑎+0 𝑏+0 𝑎 𝑏
( 2
. 2 ) = M (2 . 2)
Q.5: if 𝐯 is a vector for which 𝐯 . 𝒊 = 0 , 𝐯. 𝒋= 0 , 𝐯 . 𝒌 = 0. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = |BM ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = |OM
We want to prove: |AM
Find𝐯. (2018 S.Q)
SOLUTION:
Let the required vector v = xi + yj + z𝑘 (i)
As v . i = 0 ⟹ (xi + yj + z𝑘).i = 0 ⟹ x = 0
As v . j = 0 ⟹ (xi + yj + z𝑘).j = 0 ⟹ y = 0
As v . k = 0 ⟹ (xi + yj + zk). 𝑘 = 0 ⟹ Z = 0
Putting the values in (i)
v = 0i + 0j + 0k = 0 (Null vector)
Q.6: Show that the vectors 3i−2𝒋+𝒌 , i−3𝒋+5k𝒌and 2i+𝒋-

4k form a right triangle.
SOLUTION:
(i) Let u = 3𝒊−2𝒋+𝒌 , v = 𝒊−3𝒋+5𝒌 , w = 2𝒊+𝒋−4𝒌
Since v + w = 𝒊−3𝒋+5k+2𝒊 −4𝒌 = 3𝒊−2𝒋+𝒌 = u
𝑎 𝑏
Therefore u , v and w are the sides of a triangle. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AM= (2 − 𝑎) 𝒊 + (2 − 0) 𝒋
Since u . w = (3𝒊−2𝒋+k).( 2𝒊+𝒋−4𝒌) = 6−2−4 = 0 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎 𝑏
AM = (− 2 ) 𝒊 + (2) 𝒋
⟹ u⊥w=0
2 2
∴ u , v and w are the sides of a right triangle. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √(− 𝑎) + (𝑏)
|AM 2 2
(ii) Show that the set of points p = (1,3,2) , Q = (4,1,4) , R
2 2 2 +𝑏 2
= (6,5,5) form a right triangle. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √𝑎 + 𝑏 = √𝑎
|AM 4 4 4
SOLUTION: ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = 1 √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
|AM 2
Let p = (1,3,2) , Q = (4,1,4) , R = (6,5,5)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
PQ= (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ) 𝑖 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ) 𝑗+(𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )𝑘 𝑎 𝑏
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
BM = (2 − 0) 𝒊 + (2 − 𝑏) 𝒋
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
PQ = (4−1) 𝑖 + (1−3) 𝑗 +(4−2) 𝑘
𝑎 𝑏
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
BM = (2 ) 𝒊 − (2) 𝒋
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 3𝑖−2 𝑗+2𝑘
PQ
2 2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ) 𝑖 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ) 𝑗+(𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )𝑘
QR ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √(𝑎) + (− 𝑏)
|BM 2 2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
QR = (6−4) 𝑖 + (5−1) 𝑗 +(5−4) 𝑘
39
2 2 2 +𝑏 2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √𝑎 + 𝑏 = √𝑎
|BM
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
QR = 2𝑖 +4𝑗+𝑘 4 4 4
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = 1 √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
|BM 2

40
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OM =
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =
OM
𝑎
𝑎 2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √( ) + ( )
|OM 2 2
𝑏
( 2 ) 𝒊 + (2 ) 𝒋
𝑏
( − 0) 𝒊 + ( − 0) 𝒋
𝑎
2 2
𝑏 2
⟹(
⟹ OF
⟹OF
𝑐+𝑎
2
) . (𝑐 − 𝑎) = 2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ . AC
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 0
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⊥ AC
So, OF
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
0
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ is also a right bisector of ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

AC.
Thus all the right bisector are concurrent at ‘O’
2 2 2 +𝑏2 Q.9: Prove that the altitudes of a triangle are
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √𝑎 + 𝑏 = √𝑎
|OM 4 4 4 concurrent.
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = 1 √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
|OM SOLUTION:
2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = |BM ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = |OM ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | , which is the required Consider the triangle ABC such that
Clearly |AM
result.
Then ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = b , OC
OA= a , OB ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = c
Q.8: Prove that the perpendicular bisectors of the sides
of a triangle are concurrent. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = OB
AB ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ −OA
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = b – a , BC ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = OC⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ −OB
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = c – b , ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =
AC
SOLUTION: ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OC −OA ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = c – a
Consider the triangle ABC such that D , E , F are the mid ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⊥ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
LetAM BC , ⃗⃗⃗⃗
CL ⊥ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AB be the altitudes of a triangle which
points of sides AB ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ , BC⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ , AC
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ respectively. C (c) meet at ‘O’
𝑎+𝑏 𝑏+𝑐
Then ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OA= 𝑎 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OB= 𝑏 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OC= c , ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OD= 2 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OE= 2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑎+𝑐
, OF
2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = OB
AB ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ −OA
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑏 – 𝑎 , BC
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = OC
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ −OB
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑐 – 𝑏 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =
AC
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − OA
OC ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑐 – 𝑎
Let ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OD ⊥ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AB , ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OE⊥ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
BC be the right bisectors which meet
at ‘O’
As ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AM ⊥ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
BC
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
so OA ⊥ BC ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⟹ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OA . ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
BC = 0
a . (c – b) = 0
As ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OD ⊥ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AB , so a. c − a. b = 0→ (𝑖)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OD . AB = 0 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⊥ AB
As CL ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎+𝑏
( 2
). (𝑏 – 𝑎) = 0 so ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OC ⊥ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗AB
(𝑏+𝑎) . (𝑏– 𝑎) = 0 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⟹OC . AB = 0
𝑏 2 − 𝑎2 = 0 → (i) c . (b – a) = 0
As OE ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⊥ BC
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ , so c. b − c. a = 0 → (ii)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OE . ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
BC = 0 Adding (i) and (ii)
𝑏+𝑐 a. c − a. b +c. b − c. a = 0
( ). (c – 𝑏) = 0
2 ⟹ c. b − a. b = 0
(c+𝑏) . ( c – 𝑏) = 0 ⟹ (c−a). b = 0
𝑐 2 − 𝑏 2 = 0 →(ii)
⟹ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AC . ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OB = 0
Adding (i) and (ii)
⟹ OB ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⊥ AC⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 2 − 𝑎2 + 𝑐 2 − 𝑏 2 = 0
⟹ BN ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⊥ AC⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ & passing through; O’
⟹ 𝑐 2 − 𝑎2 = 0
40
⟹ (𝑐+𝑎) . (𝑐 − 𝑎) = 0 So altitude of the triangle are concurrent at ‘o’
Divide both side by 2 Q.10: Prove that the angle in a semi circle is a right
angle. (2017 L.Q)
41 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OA = cos 𝛼 𝒊 + sin 𝛼 𝒋
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = cos( −β) 𝒊 + sin(−β) 𝒋 = cos β 𝒊 − sin β 𝒋
OB
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ and OB
Taking dot product of OA ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OA . ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OB =( cos 𝛼 𝒊 + sin 𝛼 𝒋).( cos β 𝒊 − sin β 𝒋)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | |OB
|OA ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | cos(𝛼 + 𝛽) = cos 𝛼 cos 𝛽 − sin 𝛼 sin 𝛽
1 . 1 cos(𝛼 + 𝛽) = cos 𝛼 cos 𝛽 − sin 𝛼 sin 𝛽 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | =
∵ |OA
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = 1
|OB
Consider a semicircle APB with center at origin O(0,0) and cos(𝛼 + 𝛽) = cos 𝛼 cos 𝛽 − sin 𝛼 sin 𝛽
Q.12: Prove that in any triangle ABC
A , B are ends of diameter having position vectors a, −a
i) 𝒃 = 𝒄 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨 + 𝐚 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑪
respectively.
SOLUTION:
Let C be any point on semicircle having position vector c.
Consider a triangle ABC such that
Clearly |a| = |−a| = |c| (radii of semicircle) (i)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = a , CA
BC ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = b , AB
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑐
Now AC⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = OC
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ −OA
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = c−a
∴a+b+c=0
𝑏 = −a – c
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = OC
And BC ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ −OB
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = c−(−a) = c + a
Taking dot product with b
b . b = (−a – c) . b
Consider ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AC . ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
BC = (c−a) . (c + a) 𝑏 2 = −a. b − 𝑐. b
𝑏 2 = −|a||b| cos(𝜋 − 𝐶) − |c||b| cos(𝜋 − 𝐴)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AC . ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
BC = c . (c + a) – a . (c + a) ∵ cos(𝜋 − 𝐶) = (−cos 𝐶)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ . BC
AC ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = c . c +c . a − a . c −a . a ∵ cos(𝜋 − 𝐴) = (−cos 𝐴)
𝑏 2 = −𝑎𝑏 (−cos 𝐶) − cb(− cos 𝐴)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AC . ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
BC = 𝑐 2 + a . c − a . c − 𝑎2 ∵a.c=c 𝑏 2 = 𝑎𝑏 cos 𝐶 + cb cos 𝐴
.a Taking b common
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AC . ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
BC = 𝑐 2 −𝑎2 𝑏 2 = 𝑏[a cos 𝐶 + c cos 𝐴]
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ Cancel b on both sides
AC . ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
BC = 𝑐 2 −𝑐 2 ∵ |a| =
b = 𝑎 cos 𝐶 + 𝑐 cos 𝐴
|c| ii) 𝒄 = 𝐚 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑩 + 𝐛 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ . BC
AC ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 0 SOLUTION:
⟹ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⊥BC
AC ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ Consider a triangle ABC such that
Thus the angle in a semicircle is a right angle
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = a , CA
BC ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = b , AB
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = c
Q.11: Prove that 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝜶 + 𝜷) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜷 − ∴a+b+c=0

𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜶 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜷
SOLUTION: c = −a – b
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ and OB
Consider two unit vectors OA ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ in XY-plane
Taking dot product with c
making angle α, −β with positive axis respectively
So that m∠AOB = 𝛼 + 𝛽 c . c = (−a – b) . c
𝑐 2 = −a. 𝑐 − b. c
∵ cos(𝜋 − 𝐵) = (−cos 𝐵)
∵ cos(𝜋 − 𝐴) = (−cos 𝐴)
𝑐 2 = −|a||c| cos(𝜋 − 𝐵) − |b||c| cos(𝜋 − 𝐴)
41
𝑐 2 = −𝑎𝑐 (−cos 𝐵) − bc(− cos 𝐴)
𝑐 2 = 𝑎𝑐 cos 𝐵 + bc cos 𝐴
42
Taking c common
𝑐 2 = 𝑐[a cos 𝐶 + c cos 𝐴]

Cancel c on both sides
c = 𝑎 cos 𝐵 + 𝑐 cos 𝐴
The cross product (vector product)
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 𝑏𝑒 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑛𝑜𝑛 − 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠. 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑟
𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑢 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 𝑤𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝑢 × 𝑣 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒
̂
𝒂𝒔 𝑢 × 𝑣 = (|𝑢| |𝑣|𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽)𝒏
Where 𝜃𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑏\𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑠. 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡
𝑜 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛̂ 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 ⊥ 𝑎𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒
𝑜𝑓 𝑢 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 𝑤𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑑
iii) 𝒃𝟐 = 𝒄𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐 −2𝒄𝒂 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑩
𝑟𝑢𝑙𝑒.
SOLUTION:
Right hand rule:

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = a, CA
BC ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = b , AB
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = c
∴a+b+c=0
b = −a – c = −(a+c)
Squaring on both sides
2
(b)2 = [−(a + c)]
(b)2 = (a + c)2
b . b = (a + c). (a + c)
𝑏 2 = a. a + a. c + c. a + c. c if the figure right hand point along the vecors
𝑏 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑐 2 + 2a. c 𝑢 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝑡𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝑏 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑐 2 + 2|a||c| cos(𝜋 − 𝐵) 𝑣 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒
∵ cos(𝜋 − 𝐵) = (−cos 𝐵) The direction of 𝑛̂ which is
𝑏 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑐 2 + 2𝑐𝑎 (−cos 𝐵) 𝑢×𝑣
𝑏 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑐 2 − 2𝑎𝑐 cos 𝐵 In fig.(ii) the right hand rule
iii) 𝒄𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 −2𝒂𝒃 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑪 Shows the direction
SOLUTION: Of 𝑣 × 𝑢
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
BC = a , ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
CA = b , ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AB = c
∴a+b+c=0
c = −a – b = −(a+b)
squaring on both sides
2
(c)2 = [−(a + b)]
(c)2 = (a + b)2
c . c = (a + b)( a + b) Derivative of uses full results of cross products:
𝑐 2 = a. a + a. b + b. a + b. b For unit vector 𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑘 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒.
𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 2a. b (𝑎) 𝑖 × 𝑖 = |𝑖||𝑖|𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑜 0 𝑛̂ = 0
𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 2|a||b| cos(𝜋 − 𝐶)
𝑗 × 𝑗 = |𝑗| |𝑗| 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑜 0 𝑛̂ = 0
∵ cos(𝜋 − 𝐶) = (−cos 𝐶)
42
𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 2𝑎𝑏 (−cos 𝐶) 𝑘 × 𝑘 = |𝑘||𝑘|𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑜 0 𝑛̂ = 0
𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 − 2𝑎𝑏 cos 𝐶

43
(b) 𝑖 × 𝑗 = |𝑖| |𝑗| 𝑠𝑖𝑛9𝑜 0 𝑘̂ =
𝑗 × 𝑘 = |𝑗| |𝑘|𝑠𝑖𝑛9𝑜 0 𝑖̂ = 𝑖̂
𝑘 × 𝑖 = |𝑘||𝑖|𝑠𝑖𝑛9𝑜 0 𝑗̂ = 𝑗̂
(c) Prove that 𝑢 × 𝑣 = −𝑣 × 𝑢
𝑢 × 𝑣 = |𝑢||𝑣|𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑛̂
𝒊𝒇 𝑢 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑣 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑛𝑜 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑓𝑖𝑐
𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏, 𝒔𝒐 𝒛𝒆𝒓𝒐 𝒗𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒊𝒔 ||𝒕𝒐 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒚 𝒗𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓.
Note:
Zero vector is both ||to ⊥ 𝒂𝒓 𝒕𝒐 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒚 𝒗𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓.
Area of parallelogram:
𝑢. 𝑣 = |𝑢||𝑣|sin(−θ)𝑛̂
𝑢. 𝑣 = |𝑣||𝑢|𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑛̂ Exercise NO 7.4
𝑢 × 𝑣 = −𝑣 × 𝑢 Q.1: Compute the cross product 𝒂 × 𝒃 and 𝒃 × 𝒂. Check
𝑢 × 𝑢 = |𝑢||𝑢|𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑂0 𝑛̂ = 0 your answer by showing that each 𝒂 and 𝒃 is
Note: perpendicular to 𝒂 × 𝒃 and 𝒃 × 𝒂.
The cross product of 𝑖 , 𝑗 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘 i) 𝒂 = 𝟐𝒊 + 𝒋 − 𝒌 , 𝒃 = 𝒊 − 𝒋 + 𝒌
𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑤𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛 SOLUTION:
It is helpful to remember. 𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝑎 × 𝑏 = |2 1 −1|
Properties of cross product: 1 1 1
(𝒊) 𝑢 × 𝑣 = 0 𝑖𝑓 𝑢 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑣 = 0 = 𝑖 (1−1) − 𝑗 (2+1)+ 𝑘 (−2−1)
(𝒊𝒊) 𝑢 × 𝑣 = −𝑣 × 𝑢 = 0𝑖 −3𝑗 −3𝑘
(𝒊𝒊𝒊) 𝑢 × (𝑣 × 𝑤) = 𝑢 × 𝑣 + 𝑢 × 𝑤 (𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦) 𝑖 𝑗 𝑘−
(𝒊𝒗) 𝑢 × (𝑘𝑣) = 𝑘(𝑢) × 𝑣 = 𝑘(𝑢 × 𝑣) Now 𝑏 × 𝑎 = |1 −1 1 |
(𝒗) 𝑢 × 𝑢 = 0 2 1 −1
= 𝑖 (1−1) −𝑗 (−1−2)+ 𝑘 (1+2)
Analytical Expression of 𝑢 × 𝑣
Let = 0𝑖+3𝑗+3𝑘
𝑢 = 𝑎1 𝑖 + 𝑏1 𝑗 + 𝑐1 𝑘 𝑎𝑛𝑑 As
𝑣 = 𝑎2 𝑖 + 𝑏2 𝑗 + 𝑐2 𝑘 𝒂. 𝒂 × 𝒃 =( 𝟐𝒊 + 𝒋 − 𝒌). (0𝑖 − 3𝑗 − 3𝑘)
=0−3+3=0
𝑢 × 𝑣 = (𝑎1 𝑖 + 𝑏1 𝑗 + 𝑐1 𝑘) × (𝑎2 𝑖 + 𝑏2 𝑗 + 𝑐2 𝑘)
So 𝑎 ⊥ 𝒂 × 𝒃
= (𝑎1 𝑎2 )( 𝑖 × 𝑖) + 𝑎1 𝑏2 ( 𝑖 × 𝑗) + 𝑎1 𝑐2 ( 𝑖 × 𝑘) As
𝒂. 𝒃 × 𝒂 =( 𝟐𝒊 + 𝒋 − 𝒌). (0𝑖 + 3𝑗 + 3𝑘)
+ 𝑏1 𝑎2 ( 𝑗 × 𝑖)
=0+3–3=0
+𝑏1 𝑏2 ( 𝑖 × 𝑗) + 𝑏1 𝑐2 ( 𝑗 × 𝑘) + 𝑐1 𝑎2 ( 𝑘 × 𝑖) So 𝑎 ⊥ 𝒃 × 𝒂
+ 𝑐1 𝑏2 ( 𝑘 × 𝑗) + 𝑐1 𝑐2 ( 𝑘 × 𝑘) As
 𝑎1 𝑏2 𝑘 + 𝑎1 𝑐2 𝑗 − 𝑏1 𝑎2 𝑘 + 𝑏1 𝑎2 𝑖 + 𝑐1 𝑎2 𝑗 − 𝑐1 𝑏2 𝑖 𝒃. 𝒂 × 𝒃 =( 𝟐𝒊 + 𝒋 − 𝒌). (0𝑖 − 3𝑗 − 3𝑘)
Rearrange we have, = 0 −3 + 3 = 0
 𝑢 × 𝑣 = (𝑏1 𝑐2 − 𝑐1 𝑏2 )𝑖 − (𝑎1 𝑐2 − 𝑐1 𝑎2 )𝑗 + So 𝒃 ⊥ 𝒃 × 𝒂
As
(𝑎1 𝑏2 − 𝑎2 𝑏1 )𝑘
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘 𝒃. 𝒃 × 𝒂 =( 𝟐𝒊 + 𝒋 − 𝒌). (0𝑖 + 3𝑗 + 3𝑘)
|𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 | = (𝑏1 𝑐2 − 𝑐1 𝑏2 )𝑖 − (𝑎1 𝑐2 − 𝑐1 𝑎2 )𝑗 = 0 −3 +3 = 0
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 So 𝒃 ⊥ 𝒃 × 𝒂
+(𝑎1 𝑏2 − 𝑎2 𝑏1 )𝑘 ii) 𝒂 = 𝒊 + 𝒋 , 𝒃 = 𝒊 − 𝒋
 (𝑏1 𝑐2 − 𝑐1 𝑏2 )𝑖 − (𝑎1 𝑐2 − 𝑐1 𝑎2 )𝑗 + SOLUTION:
(𝑎1 𝑏2 − 𝑎2 𝑏1 )𝑘 𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
Parallel vectors: 𝑎 × 𝑏 = |1 1 0|
If 𝑢 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 𝑎𝑟𝑒 ||𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝜃 = 0, 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑂0 = 0 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 1 −1 0
𝑢 × 𝑣 = |𝑢||𝑣|𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑛̂ = 0 ⇒ 𝑢 × 𝑣 = 0 = 𝑖 (0+0) − 𝑗 (0-0)+ 𝑘 (−1−1)
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑓 𝑢 × 𝑣 = 0 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 0 = 0𝑖 −0𝑗 −2𝑘
43
𝑜𝑟 𝑢 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑢 = 0 𝑖 𝑗 𝑘−
(𝒊) 𝒊𝒇 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝜽 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟎 𝒐𝒓 𝑶𝟎 𝒘𝒉𝒊𝒄𝒉 𝒔𝒉𝒐𝒘𝒔 Now 𝑏 × 𝑎 = |1 −1 0 |
That 𝒗𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒔 𝑢 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙. 1 1 0
44
= 𝑖 (0−0) −𝑗 (0 −0)+ 𝑘 (1+1)
= 0𝑖 −0𝑗+2𝑘
As
𝑎. 𝑎 × 𝑏 =( 𝑖 + 𝑗). (0𝑖 − 0𝑗 − 2𝑘)
=0−0−0=0
Q.2: Find a unit vector perpendicular to the plane
containing 𝒂 and 𝒃. Also find sine of the angle between
them:
i) 𝒂 = 𝟐𝒊 − 𝟔𝒋 − 𝟑𝒌 , 𝒃 = 𝟒𝒊 + 𝟑𝒋 − 𝒌 (2019 S.Q)
SOLUTION:
So 𝑎 ⊥ 𝑎 × 𝑏
As 𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝑎. 𝑏 × 𝑎 =( 𝑖 + 𝑗). (0𝑖 − 0𝑗 + 2𝑘) 𝑎 × 𝑏 = |2 −6 −3|
4 3 −1
= 0 + 0+ 0 = 0
So 𝑎 ⊥ 𝑏 × 𝑎 = 𝑖 (6+9) − 𝑗 (−2+12)+ 𝑘 (6 + 24)
As
𝑏. 𝑎 × 𝑏 =( 𝑖 − 𝑗). (0𝑖 − 0𝑗 − 2𝑘) = 15𝑖 − 10𝑗 +30𝑘
= 0 +0 − 0 = 0
|𝑎 × 𝑏| = √152 + (−10)2 + 302
So 𝑏 ⊥ 𝑏 × 𝑎
As |𝑎 × 𝑏| = √225 + 100 + 900 = √1225 = 35
𝑏. 𝑏 × 𝑎 =( 𝑖 − 𝑗). (0𝑖 − 0𝑗 + 2𝑘)
𝑎×𝑏
= 0 +0 − 0 = 0 Required unit vector =
|𝑎×𝑏|
So 𝑏 ⊥ 𝑏 × 𝑎
15𝑖−10𝑗+30𝑘 15 10 30 3 2 6
iii) 𝒂 = 𝟑𝒊 − 𝟐𝒋 + 𝒌 , 𝒃 = 𝒊 + 𝒋 𝑛̂ = 35
= 35 𝑖 + 35 𝑗 + 35 𝑘 = 7 𝑖 + 7 𝑗 + 7 𝑘
SOLUTION:
If θ is the angle between 𝑎 and 𝑏, then
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝑎 × 𝑏 = |3 −2 1| |𝑎×𝑏| 35
sin θ = =
1 1 0 |𝑎||𝑏| √22 +(−6)2 +(−3)2 .√4 2 +32 +(−1)2
= 𝑖 (0−1) − 𝑗 (0−1)+ 𝑘 (3 + 2) 35 35 35 5
sin θ = 4+36+9 .√16+9+1
= = 7. =
= −1𝑖 + 𝑗 +5𝑘 √ √ √26
49. √26 √26
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘− ii) 𝒂 = −𝒊 − 𝒋 − 𝒌 , 𝒃 = 𝟐𝒊 − 𝟑𝒋 + 𝟒𝒌
Now 𝑏 × 𝑎 = |1 1 0 |
3 −2 1 SOLUTION:
= 𝑖 (1+0) −𝑗 (1−0)+ 𝑘 (−2−3) 𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
= 1𝑖 − 𝑗 −5𝑘 𝑎 × 𝑏 = |−1 −1 −1|
As 2 −3 4
𝒂. 𝒂 × 𝒃 =( 𝟑𝒊 − 𝟐𝒋 + 𝒌 ). (−1𝑖 + 𝑗 +5𝑘) = 𝑖 (−4−3) − 𝑗 (−4+2)+ 𝑘 (3 + 2)
= −3 −2 + 5 = 0
= −7𝑖 + 2𝑗 +5𝑘
So 𝑎 ⊥ 𝒂 × 𝒃
As |𝑎 × 𝑏| = √(−7)2 + 22 + 52
𝒂. 𝒃 × 𝒂 =( 𝟑𝒊 − 𝟐𝒋 + 𝒌 ). (1𝑖 − 𝑗 − 5𝑘)
=3+2–5=0 |𝑎 × 𝑏| = √49 + 4 + 25 = √78
So 𝑎 ⊥ 𝒃 × 𝒂 𝑎×𝑏
Required unit vector =
As |𝑎×𝑏|
𝒃. 𝒂 × 𝒃 =( 𝒊 + 𝒋). (−1𝑖 + 𝑗 +5𝑘) −7𝑖+2𝑗+5𝑘 −7 2 5

𝑛̂ = = 𝑖 + 𝑗 + 𝑘
= −1 +1 + 0 = 0 √78 √78 √78 √78
So 𝒃 ⊥ 𝒃 × 𝒂 If θ is the angle between 𝑎 and 𝑏, then
As
𝒃. 𝒃 × 𝒂 =( 𝒊 + 𝒋). (1𝑖 − 𝑗 − 5𝑘) |𝑎×𝑏| √78
sin θ = =
|𝑎||𝑏| √(−1)2 +(−1)2 +(−1)2 .√22 +(−3)2 +4 2
= 1 −1 +0 = 0
44
So 𝒃 ⊥ 𝒃 × 𝒂 sin θ =
√78
=
√78
= √ .
78 1
= √26.
1
=√
26
√1+1+1 .√4+9+16 √3.√29 3 √29 √29 29

45
iii) 𝒂 = 𝟐𝒊 − 𝟐𝒋 + 𝟒𝒌 , 𝒃 = −𝒊 + 𝒋 − 𝟐𝒌 (2016 S.Q)
SOLUTION:
𝑎 × 𝑏 = | 2 −2 4 |
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
(i) P(0,0,0) ; Q(2,3,2) ; R(−1,1,4)
SOLUTION:
−1 1 −2
= 𝑖 (449) − 𝑗 (−4+4)+ 𝑘 (2 − 2)
= 0𝑖 + 0𝑗 +0𝑘 = 0 (null vector)

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ) 𝒊 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ) 𝒋+(𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )𝒌
𝑃𝑄
|𝑎 × 𝑏| = √02 + 0 + 02
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =(2 − 0) 𝒊 + (3 − 0) 𝒋+(2 − 0)𝒌
𝑃𝑄
|𝑎 × 𝑏| = 0
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 2 𝒊 + 3 𝒋+2𝒌
𝑃𝑄
As 𝑎 × 𝑏 = 0
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝑅 =(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ) 𝒊 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ) 𝒋+(𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )𝒌
⟹ 𝑎 and 𝑏 are parallel.
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝑅 =(−1 − 0) 𝒊 + (1 − 0) 𝒋+(4 − 0)𝒌
Also 𝑎 = 2𝑖 − 2𝑗 + 4𝑘 = −2 (−𝑖 + 𝑗 − 2𝑘) = −2𝑏
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝑅 = − 𝒊 + 𝒋+4𝒌
⟹ 𝑎 and 𝑏 are parallel but opposite in direction. 𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝑄 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝑅 = | 2 3 2|
Thus the angle between them is 180°
−1 1 4
∴ θ = 180° = 𝑖 (12−2) − 𝑗 (8 +2)+ 𝑘 (2 + 3)
⟹ sin θ = 0 = 10𝑖 − 10𝑗 + 5𝑘
iv) 𝒂 = 𝒊 + 𝒋 , 𝒃 = 𝒊 − 𝒋 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ × ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

|𝑃𝑄 𝑃𝑅| = √102 + (−10)2 + 52
SOLUTION: ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ × 𝑃𝑅
|𝑃𝑄 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √100 + 100 + 25 = √225 = 15
1
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘 Area of ∆PQR = |𝑃𝑄 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = 1 . 15 = 15 square unit
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ × 𝑃𝑅
2 2 2
𝑎 × 𝑏 = |1 1 0| (ii) P(1,-1,-1) ; Q(2,0,-1) ; R(𝟎,2,1)
1 −1 0
SOLUTION:
= 𝑖 (0+0) − 𝑗 (0 −0)+ 𝑘 (−1 − 1)
= 0𝑖 − 0𝑗 − 2𝑘
|𝑎 × 𝑏| = √02 + (−0)2 + (−2)2
|𝑎 × 𝑏| = √0 + 0 + 4 = √4 = 2
𝑎×𝑏
Required unit vector =
|𝑎×𝑏| ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝑄 =(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ) 𝒊 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ) 𝒋+(𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )𝒌
0𝑖−0𝑗−2𝑘 0 0 −2
𝑛̂ = = 𝑖+ 𝑗+ 𝑘 = 0𝑖 − 0𝑗 − 𝑘 = −𝑘 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝑄 =(2 − 1) 𝒊 + (0 + 1) 𝒋+(−1 + 1)𝒌
2 2 2 2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝒊 + 𝒋+0𝒌
𝑃𝑄
If θ is the angle between 𝑎 and 𝑏, then
|𝑎×𝑏| 2 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ) 𝒊 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ) 𝒋+(𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )𝒌
𝑃𝑅
sin θ = =
|𝑎||𝑏| √12 +12 +0 .√12 +(−1)2 +02
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =(0 − 1) 𝒊 + (2 + 1) 𝒋+(1 + 1)𝒌
𝑃𝑅
2 2 2 2
sin θ = = = (√2)2
= =1
√1+1+0 .√1+1+0 √2.√2 2 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = − 𝒊 + 3 𝒋+2𝒌
𝑃𝑅
45
Q.3: Find the area of the triangle, determined by the
points P, Q , R.

46
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝑄 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑖
𝑃𝑅 = | 1
−1
𝑗
1
3
𝑘
= 𝑖 (2−0) − 𝑗 (2 +0)+ 𝑘 (3 + 1)
= 2𝑖 − 2𝑗 + 4𝑘
0|
2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑖
𝐴𝐷 = |3
8
𝑗
0 −2|
−7 1
𝑘
= 𝑖 (0−14) − 𝑗 (3 +16)+ 𝑘 (−21 − 0)
= −14𝑖 − 19𝑗 − 21𝑘
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ × 𝑃𝑅
|𝑃𝑄 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √22 + (−2)2 + 42 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ × 𝐴𝐷
| 𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √(−14)2 + (−19)2 + (−21)2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ × ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
|𝑃𝑄 𝑃𝑅| = √4 + 4 + 16 = √24 = √2 × 6 = 2√6 | ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐷| = √196 + 361 + 441 = √998
1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = 1 . 2√6 = √6 square unit
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ × 𝑃𝑅
Area of ∆PQR = |𝑃𝑄 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ × 𝐴𝐷
Area of ∆PQR = |𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √998 sq. unit
2 2
iii) A(−1,1,1) ; B(−1,2,2) ; C(−3, 4, −5) ; D(−3,5, −4)

Q.4: Find the area of the parallelogram whose vertices
are: SOLUTION:
i ) A(0,0,0) ; B(1,2,3) ; C(2, −1,1) ; D(3,1,4) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ) 𝒊 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ) 𝒋+(𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )𝒌

𝐴𝐵
SOLUTION: ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =(−1 + 1) 𝒊 + (2 − 1) 𝒋+(2 − 1)𝒌

𝐴𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ) 𝒊 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ) 𝒋+(𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )𝒌
𝐴𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝟎𝒊 + 𝒋+𝒌
𝐴𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =(1 − 0) 𝒊 + (2 − 0) 𝒋+(3 − 0)𝒌
𝐴𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ) 𝒊 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ) 𝒋+(𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )𝒌
𝐴𝐷
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝒊 + 2 𝒋+3𝒌
𝐴𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐷 =(−3 + 1) 𝒊 + (5 − 1) 𝒋+(4 − 1)𝒌
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ) 𝒊 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ) 𝒋+(𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )𝒌
𝐴𝐷
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐷 = −2 𝒊 + 4𝒋 − 5𝒌
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =(3 − 0) 𝒊 + (1 − 0) 𝒋+(4 − 0)𝒌
𝐴𝐷
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ × 𝐴𝐷
𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = | 0 1 1|
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 3 𝒊 + 𝒋+4𝒌
𝐴𝐷
−2 4 −5
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘 = 𝑖 (-5−4) − 𝑗 (0 +2)+ 𝑘 (0 + 2)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ × 𝐴𝐷
𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = |1 2 3|
3 1 4 = −9𝑖 − 2𝑗 + 2𝑘
= 𝑖 (8−3) − 𝑗 (4 −9)+ 𝑘 (1 − 6)
| ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐷| = √(−9)2 + (−2)2 + 22
= 5𝑖 + 5𝑗 − 5𝑘 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ × 𝐴𝐷
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √81 + 4 + 4 = √89
| 𝐴𝐵
| ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐷| = √52 + 52 + (−5)2 Area of ∆PQR = |⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐷| = √89 sq. unit
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ × 𝐴𝐷
| 𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √25 + 25 + 25 = √75 = 5√3
Q.5: Which vectors if any, are perpendicular or parallel:
Area of ∆PQR = |⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐷| = 5√3 sq. unit
i) 𝒖 = 𝟓𝒊 − 𝒋 + 𝒌 ; 𝒗 = 𝒋 − 𝟓𝒌 ; 𝒘 = −𝟏𝟓𝒊 + 𝟑𝒋 − 𝟑𝒌
ii) A(1,2, −1) ; B(4,2, −3) ; C(6, −5,2) ; D(9, −5,0)
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
As 𝑢 . 𝑣 =( 5𝑖 − 𝑗 + 𝑘). ( 𝑗 − 5𝑘) = 0 − 1 − 5 = −6 ≠ 0
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ) 𝒊 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ) 𝒋+(𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )𝒌
𝐴𝐵
So 𝑢 and 𝑣 are not perpendicular.
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =(4 − 1) 𝒊 + (2 − 2) 𝒋+(−3 + 1)𝒌
𝐴𝐵
As 𝑢 . 𝑤 =( 5𝑖 − 𝑗 + 𝑘). ( −15𝑖 + 3𝑗 − 3𝑘) = −75 − 3 − 3 = −81 ≠ 0
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 3𝒊 + 0 𝒋 − 2𝒌
𝐴𝐵
So 𝑢 and 𝑤 are not perpendicular.
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ) 𝒊 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ) 𝒋+(𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )𝒌
𝐴𝐷
As 𝑣 . 𝑤 =( 𝑗 − 5𝑘). ( −15𝑖 + 3𝑗 − 3𝑘) = 0 + 3 + 15 = 18 ≠ 0
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐷 =(9 − 1) 𝒊 + (−5 − 2) 𝒋+(0 + 1)𝒌
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐷 = 8 𝒊 − 7 𝒋+𝒌
Now 𝑤 = −15𝑖 + 3𝑗 − 3𝑘

𝑤 = −3(5𝑖 − 𝑗 + 𝑘)
46
47
⟹𝑢 ∥ 𝑤
𝑤 = −3𝑢
ii) 𝒖 = 𝒊 + 𝟐𝒋 − 𝒌 ; 𝒗 = −𝒊 + 𝒋 + 𝒌 ; 𝒘 = − 𝒊 − 𝝅𝒋 +
𝝅
𝟐
𝒌
𝝅
𝟐
𝒂×𝒃 =𝒄 ×𝒂 (2)
From (1) & (2), we conclude that 𝑎×𝑏 = 𝑏 ×𝑐=𝑐 ×𝑎
Q.8: Prove that 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝜶 − 𝜷) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜶 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜷 +

𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜷 (2015 L.Q)
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
As 𝑢 . 𝑣 =( 𝑖 + 2𝑗 − 𝑘 ). (−𝑖 + 𝑗 + 𝑘 ) = −1 + 2 − 1 = 0
So 𝑢 and 𝑣 are perpendicular.

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
As 𝑢 . 𝑤 =( 𝑖 + 2𝑗 − 𝑘). ( − 𝑖 − 𝜋𝑗 + 𝑘) = − − 2𝜋 − = −3𝜋 ≠ 0
2 2 2 2

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋−2𝜋+𝜋
As 𝑣 . 𝑤 =( −𝑖 + 𝑗 + 𝑘). ( − 𝑖 − 𝜋𝑗 + 𝑘) = − 𝜋 + = =0
2 2 2 2 2
So 𝑢 and 𝑤 are perpendicular.

𝜋 𝜋 −𝜋𝑖−2𝜋𝑗+𝜋𝑘 Consider two unit vectors ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴 and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐵 in xy-plane making
Now 𝑤 = − 𝑖 − 𝜋𝑗 + 𝑘 = angle 𝛼, 𝛽 with positive x-axis respectively.
2 2 2
π
𝑤 = − (𝑖 + 2𝑗 − 𝑘) Such that m∠AOB = 𝛼 − 𝛽
2
π
𝑤=− 𝑢 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = cos 𝛼 𝑖 + sin 𝛼 𝑗
𝑂𝐴
2
⟹ 𝑢 ∥ 𝑤 but opposite in direction. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝑂𝐵 = cos 𝛽 𝑖 + sin 𝛽 𝑗
Q.6: Prove that 𝒂 × (𝒃 + 𝒄) + 𝒃 × (𝒄 + 𝒂) + 𝒄 × (𝒂 + 𝒃) = 𝟎 Taking cross product of ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐵 and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴
SOLUTION: (2015 S.Q) 𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ × 𝑂𝐴
𝑂𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = |cos 𝛽 sin 𝛽 0|
L.H.S = 𝑎 × (𝑏 + 𝑐) + 𝑏 × (𝑐 + 𝑎) + 𝑐 × (𝑎 + 𝑏)
cos 𝛼 sin 𝛼 0
=(𝑎×𝑏)+(𝑎×𝑐)+(𝑏 ×𝑐)+(𝑏 ×𝑎)+(𝑐 ×𝑎)+(𝑐 ×𝑏)
∵ 𝒃 × 𝒂 = − ( 𝒂 × 𝒃 ) & 𝒄 × 𝒂 = −( 𝒂 × 𝒄 ) & 𝒄 × 𝒃 = −( 𝒃 × 𝒄 ) |⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝑂𝐵| |⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴| sin(𝛼 − 𝛽) 𝑘 = 𝑖 (0−0) − 𝑗 (0 −0)+ 𝑘 (sin 𝛼 cos 𝛽 −
=(𝑎×𝑏)+(𝑎×𝑐)+(𝑏 ×𝑐)−(𝑎×𝑏)−(𝑎×𝑐)−(𝑏 ×𝑐) cos 𝛼 sin 𝛽)
= Q.7: If 𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄 = 𝟎, then prove that 𝒂 × 𝒃 = 𝒃 × 𝒄 = 𝒄 × 𝒂 1.1 sin(𝛼 − 𝛽) 𝑘 = 𝑘 (sin 𝛼 cos 𝛽 − cos 𝛼 sin 𝛽 )
SOLUTION: As 𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄 = 𝟎 sin(𝛼 − 𝛽) = sin 𝛼 cos 𝛽 + cos 𝛼 sin 𝛽
0 = R.H.S Q.9: if 𝒂 × 𝒃 = 𝟎 and 𝒂 . 𝒃 = 0 what conclusion can be

drawn about 𝒂 or 𝒃
Taking cross product with 𝒂
𝒂 × (𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄) = 𝟎 × 𝒂 SOLUTION:
𝒂×𝒂+𝒂×𝒃+𝒂×𝒄=𝟎 ∵𝑎×𝑏 =0
∵ 𝒂×𝒂=𝟎
 | 𝑎||𝑏|𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 0 ⇒ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 0
0 + 𝒂 × 𝒃 −( 𝒄 × 𝒂 ) = 𝟎  𝜃 = sin−1 0 = 0
𝒂×𝒃 =𝒄 ×𝒂 (1)  𝜃 = 0 , 𝜋 𝑠𝑜 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙.
𝐴𝑛𝑑 𝑎 . 𝑏 = 0
Taking cross product with 𝒃
 |𝑎||𝑏 |𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 0 ⇒ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 0
𝒃 × (𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄) = 𝟎 × 𝒃
 𝜃 = cos−1(0) = 900 ⇒ 𝜃 = 900
𝒃×𝒂+𝒃×𝒃+𝒃×𝒄=𝟎 𝑠𝑜 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟. 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 ||𝑎𝑛𝑑
47
∵ 𝒃×𝒃=𝟎
𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑜 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑏𝑒 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑜𝑟
𝑛𝑢𝑙𝑙.
𝒃 × 𝒂 +𝟎 −( 𝒄 × 𝒃 ) = 𝟎

48
Triple product of vectors:
There are two types of triple product of vectors:
(a) Scalar triple product:
(𝑢 × 𝑣). 𝑤 𝑜𝑟 𝑢. (𝑣 × 𝑤)
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
= − |𝒂𝟏 𝒃𝟏 𝒄𝟏 | 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝑅1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅2
𝒂𝟑 𝒃𝟑 𝒄𝟑
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
= |𝒂𝟑 𝒃𝟑 𝒄𝟑 | 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝑅1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅2
𝒂𝟏 𝒃𝟏 𝒄𝟏
∵ 𝑢. (𝑣 × 𝑤) = 𝑣. (𝑤 × 𝑢)
(b) Vector triple product: Now
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
𝑢 × (𝑣 × 𝑤)
𝑣. (𝑤 × 𝑢) = |𝒂𝟑 𝒃𝟑 𝒄𝟑 |
𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑤𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝒂𝟏 𝒃𝟏 𝒄𝟏
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦. = − |𝒂𝟏 𝒃𝟏 𝒄𝟏 | 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝑅1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅2
𝒂𝟑 𝒃𝟑 𝒄𝟑
Definition: 𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3
Let 𝑢 = 𝑎1 𝑖 + 𝑏1 𝑗 + 𝑐1 𝑘 = |𝒂𝟏 𝒃𝟏 𝒄𝟏 | 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝑅1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅2
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟐
𝑣 = 𝑎2 𝑖 + 𝑏2 𝑗 + 𝑐2 𝑘 𝑎𝑛𝑑
∵ 𝑣. (𝑤 × 𝑢) = 𝑤. (𝑢 × 𝑣)
𝑤 = 𝑎3 𝑖 + 𝑏3 𝑗 + 𝑐3 𝑘 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑟
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑢. (𝑣 × 𝑤) = 𝑣. (𝑤 × 𝑢) = 𝑤. (𝑢 × 𝑣)
Triple product of vectors 𝑢, 𝑣 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤 𝑖𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑵𝒐𝒕𝒆: (𝒊) 𝐷𝑜𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑦 𝑏𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐ℎ𝑛𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑑
(𝑢 × 𝑣). 𝑤 𝑜𝑟 𝑢. (𝑣 × 𝑤) 𝑜𝑟 𝑤(𝑢 × 𝑣) . 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
𝑖. 𝑒 (𝑢 × 𝑣). 𝑤 = 𝑢. (𝑣 × 𝑤) = [𝑢 𝑣 𝑤]
𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑢. (𝑣 × 𝑤) 𝑖𝑠 𝑤𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑠;
(𝑣 × 𝑤). 𝑢 = 𝑣. (𝑤 × 𝑢) = [𝑣 𝑤 𝑢]
𝑢. (𝑣 × 𝑤) = [ 𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤] (𝑤 × 𝑢). 𝑣 = 𝑤. (𝑢 × 𝑣) = [𝑤 𝑢 𝑣]
(ii) the value of the product changes if the order is non
Analytic Expression of 𝑢. (𝑣 × 𝑤) cycle.
𝒍𝒆𝒕𝑢 = 𝑎1 𝑖 + 𝑏1 𝑗 + 𝑐1 𝑘 (𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑢 . 𝑣 . 𝑤 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢. (𝑣 × 𝑤) 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠.
𝑣 = 𝑎2 𝑖 + 𝑏2 𝑗 + 𝑐2 𝑘 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒑𝒊𝒑𝒆𝒅
𝑤 = 𝑎3 𝑖 + 𝑏3 𝑗 + 𝑐3 𝑘 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑂𝐴 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑢 , 𝑂𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑣 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑂𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑤 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑑𝑔𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒𝑑 𝑂𝐴𝐹𝐶𝐷𝐸𝐺𝐵
𝑣 × 𝑤 = |𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟐 |
𝒂𝟑 𝒃𝟑 𝒄𝟑
= 𝑖 (𝑏2 𝑐3 − 𝑐2 𝑏3 ) − 𝑗(𝑎2 𝑐3 − 𝑐2 𝑎3 ) + 𝑘(𝑎2 𝑏3 − 𝑏2 𝑎3 ))
𝑢. (𝑣 × 𝑤) = 𝑎1 (𝑏2 𝑐3 − 𝑐2 𝑏3 ) − 𝑏1 (𝑎2 𝑐3 − 𝑐2 𝑎3 )
+ 𝑐1 (𝑎2 𝑏3 − 𝑏2 𝑎3 ))
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
𝑢. (𝑣 × 𝑤) = |𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟐 |
𝒂𝟑 𝒃𝟑 𝒄𝟑
Which determine 𝑓𝑜𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐 𝑜𝑓
𝑢 , 𝑣 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤
Prove that:
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝜃 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑏\𝑤 𝑤 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑢 × 𝑣)
𝑢. (𝑣 × 𝑤) = 𝑣. (𝑤 × 𝑢) = 𝑤. (𝑢 × 𝑣)
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑓: 𝑤𝑒 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝐴𝑠 |𝑢 × 𝑣| = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ||𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑂𝐴𝐺𝐵
𝒍𝒆𝒕𝑢 = 𝑎1 𝑖 + 𝑏1 𝑗 + 𝑐1 𝑘 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 ||𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒𝑑
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |
|𝑂𝑀
𝑣 = 𝑎2 𝑖 + 𝑏2 𝑗 + 𝑐2 𝑘 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑤 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑛 ∆𝐶𝑂𝑀, 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 =
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |
|𝑂𝐶
𝑤 = 𝑎3 𝑖 + 𝑏3 𝑗 + 𝑐3 𝑘
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = |𝑂𝐶
⇒ |𝑂𝑀 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
48
𝑢. (𝑣 × 𝑤) = |𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟐 | ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = 𝑤𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
⇒ |𝑂𝑀
𝒂𝟑 𝒃𝟑 𝒄𝟑 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 ||𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒𝑑
𝐴𝑠 |𝑂𝑀

49 𝐴𝑠 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 ||𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒𝑑 = (𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒)(ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡)
= |𝑢 × 𝑣|. |𝑤| 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 ||𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒𝑑 = 𝑤. (𝑢 × 𝑣)
∵ 𝑤. (𝑢 × 𝑣) = 𝑢. (𝑣 × 𝑤) (
∵ 𝑤. (𝑢 × 𝑣)
|𝑢 × 𝑣|. |𝑤| 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
)
Exercise NO 7.5
Q.1: find the volume of the parallelepiped for which the
given vectors are three edges:
𝑠𝑜 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 ||𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒𝑑 = 𝑢. (𝑣 × 𝑤) i) 𝒖 = 𝟑𝒊 + 𝟐𝒌
The Volume of Tetrahedron:
𝒗 = 𝒊 + 𝟐𝒋 + 𝒌
Volume of tetrahedron 𝑨𝑩𝑪𝑫
𝟏 𝒘 = −𝒋 + 𝟒𝒌
= (∆𝑨𝑩𝑪)(𝒉𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝑫 𝒂𝒃𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝑨𝑩𝑪)
𝟑
Volume of a parallelepiped = [𝑢 𝑣 𝑤]
3 0 2
= |1 2 1|
0 −1 4
2 1 1 1 1 2
= 3| | − 0| | +2| |
−1 4 0 4 0 −1
= 3(8+1) −0(4−0) +2(−1−0)
= 27−0−2 = 25 cubic unit
ii) 𝒖 = 𝟑𝒊 − 𝟒𝒋 − 𝒌
𝒗 = 𝒊 − 𝒋 − 𝟐𝒌
𝒘 = 𝟐𝒊 − 𝟑𝒋 + 𝒌
Volume of a parallelepiped = [𝑢 𝑣 𝑤]
𝟏 1
Thus, 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 = (𝑢 × 𝑣). 𝑤 = [𝑢 𝑣 𝑤] 1 −4 −1
𝟔 6
= |1 −1 −2|
2 −3 1
Properties of scalar triple product:
−1 −2 1 −2 1 −1
1. 𝑖𝑓 𝑢, 𝑣 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑤 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑟, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 = 1|
−3 1
| − (−4) |
2 1
|− 1|
2 −3
|
||𝒑𝒊𝒑𝒆𝒅 𝒔𝒐 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒆𝒅 𝒊𝒔 𝒛𝒆𝒓𝒐. 𝒊. 𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒗𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝑢 , 𝑣 , 𝑤
= 1(−1−6)+4(1+4)−1(−3+2)
𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒆𝒓 ⇔ (𝑢 × 𝑣). 𝑤 = 0
𝒊𝒇 𝒂𝒏𝒚 𝒕𝒘𝒐 𝒗𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕 𝒂𝒓𝒆 = −7+20+1 = 14 cubic unit
𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍, 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒊𝒕𝒔 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝒊𝒔 𝒛𝒆𝒓𝒐. 𝒊. 𝒆 iii) 𝒖 = 𝒊 − 𝟐𝒋 + 𝟑𝒌
[𝑢 𝑣 𝑤] = [𝑢 𝑣 𝑤] = 0
Application of vectors in physics and Engineering 𝒗 = 𝟐𝒊 − 𝒋 − 𝒌
(𝒂)𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝒅𝒐𝒏𝒆: 𝒘 = 𝒋+𝒌
𝒊𝒇 𝒅 𝒊𝒔 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝑨 𝒕𝒐 𝑩 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒄𝒆
⃗ 𝒊𝒔 𝒂𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒆𝒅 𝒐𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒍𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏,
𝑭 volume of a parallelepiped = [𝑢 𝑣 𝑤]
𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌𝒅𝒐𝒏𝒆 = (𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆)(𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕)
1 −2 3
 𝑾 = ⃗𝑭. 𝑨𝑩
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑭. 𝒅 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒅 = 𝑨𝑩 = |2 −1 −1|
0 1 1
−1 −1 2 −1 2 −1
= 1| | − (−2) | |+ 3| |
1 1 0 1 0 1
= 1(−1+1)+2(2+0) +3(2 +0)
= 0+4 + 6 = 10 cubic unit
49
Q.2: verify that 𝒂 . 𝒃 × 𝒄 = 𝒃 . 𝒄 × 𝒂 = 𝒄 . 𝒂 × 𝒃. if
𝒂 = 𝟑𝒊 − 𝒋 + 𝟓𝒌 ; 𝒃 = 𝟒𝒊 − 𝟐𝒋 + 𝟒𝒌 ; 𝒄 = 𝟐𝒊 + 𝟓𝒋 + 𝒌

50
= 3|
3
5
3
𝒂 . 𝒃 × 𝒄 = |4
2
−2
1
−1
3
5
| − (−1) |
4
2
= 3(3+10)+1(4+4) +5(20 −6)
5
−2|
1
−2
1
| + 5|
4
2
3
5
|
⟹α=
SOLUTION:
10
4
⟹ α=
ii) 𝒊 − 𝟐𝜶𝒋 − 𝒌 ; 𝒊 − 𝒋 + 𝟐𝒌 and 𝛂 𝒊 − 𝟐𝒋 + 𝒌

5
2
Let 𝒖 = 𝒊 − 𝟐𝜶𝒋 − 𝒌 ; 𝒗 = 𝒊 − 𝒋 + 𝟐𝒌; 𝒘 = 𝒊 − 𝟐𝒋 + 𝒌
= 39+8+70 = 117 The vectors 𝑢 , 𝑣 , 𝑤 are coplanar if [𝑢 𝑣 𝑤] = 0
4 3 −2 1 −2α −1
𝒂 . 𝒃 × 𝒄 = |2 5 1| |1 −1 2 |=0
3 −1 5 α −1 1
5 1 2 1 2 5 1(−1+2) − 1(2α − 1) − α(4α − 1) = 0

= 4| | − 3| | + (−2) | |
−1 5 3 5 3 −1
⇒ 1 + 2𝛼 + 1 − 4𝛼 2 − 𝛼 = 0 ⇒ −4𝛼 2 + 𝛼 + 2 = 0
= 4(25+1)−3(10−3)−2(−2 −15)
4𝛼 2 − 𝛼 − 2 = 0
= 104−21 + 34 = 117
2 5 1 −𝑏±√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐
Using quadratic formula 𝑥=
𝒂 . 𝒃 × 𝒄 = |3 −1 5 | 2𝑎
4 3 −2
−(−1) ± √(−1)2 − 4(4)(−2) 1 ± √1 + 32
−1 5 3 5 3 −1 𝛼= =
= 2| | −5| | + 1| | 2(4) 8
3 −2 4 −2 4 3
= 2(2−15)−5(−6−20) +1(9 +4) 1 ± √33
⇒𝛼=
8
= −26+130+13 = 117
Q.3: Prove that the vectors 𝒊 − 𝟐𝒋 + 𝟑𝒌 ; −𝟐𝒊 + 𝟑𝒋 − 𝟒𝒌 Q.5:( a ): Find the value of i) 2𝒊 × 𝟐𝒋 . 𝒌 ii) 3𝒋 . 𝒌 × 𝒊 iii)
and 𝒊 − 𝟑𝒋 + 𝟓𝒌 are coplanar. [𝒌 𝒊 𝒋 ] (2015 S.Q) iv) [𝒊 𝒊 𝒌 ]
SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
𝟐 𝟎 𝟎
Let 𝑢 = 𝒊 − 𝟐𝒋 + 𝟑𝒌 ; 𝑣 = −𝟐𝒊 + 𝟑𝒋 − 𝟒𝒌 ; 𝑤 =𝒊− i) 2𝒊 × 𝟐𝒋 . 𝒌 = |𝟎 𝟐 𝟎| = 𝟐(𝟐 − 𝟎) − 𝟎(𝟎 − 𝟎) + 𝟎(𝟎 − 𝟎) = 𝟒 − 𝟎 − 𝟎 = 𝟒
𝟎 𝟎 𝟏
𝟑𝒋 + 𝟓𝒌
𝟎 𝟑 𝟎
ii) 3 𝒋 . 𝒌 × 𝒊 = |𝟎 𝟎 𝟏| = 𝟎(𝟎 − 𝟎) − 𝟑(𝟎 − 𝟏) + 𝟎(𝟎 − 𝟏) = 𝟎 + 𝟑 + 𝟎 = 𝟑
𝟏 −𝟐 𝟑 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎
3 −4 −2 −4
[𝑢 𝑣 𝑤] = |−𝟐 𝟑 −𝟒| =1| | − (−2) | |+
−3 5 1 5 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏
𝟏 −𝟑 𝟓 iii) [𝒌 𝒊 𝒋 ] = 𝒌 . 𝒋 × 𝒋 = |𝟏 𝟎 𝟎| = 𝟎(𝟎 − 𝟎) − 𝟎(𝟎 − 𝟎) + 𝟏(𝟏 − 𝟎) = 𝟎 −
−2 3
3| | = 1(15 − 12) + 2(−10 + 4) + 3(6 − 3) = 3 − 12 + 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎
1 −3
𝟎+𝟏=𝟏
9=0
𝟏 𝟎 𝟎
Thus the vectors are perpendicular. iv) [𝒊 𝒊 𝒌 ] = 𝒊 . 𝒊 × 𝒌 = |𝟏 𝟎 𝟎| = 𝟏(𝟎 − 𝟎) − 𝟎(𝟏 − 𝟎) + 𝟎(𝟎 − 𝟎) = 𝟎 −
𝟎 𝟎 𝟏
Q.4: Find the constant ‘α’ such that the vectors are 𝟎−𝟎=𝟎
coplanar.
(b) Prove that
i) 𝒊 − 𝒋 + 𝒌 ; 𝒊 − 𝟐𝒋 − 𝟑𝒌 and 𝟑𝒊 − 𝛂𝒋 + 𝟓𝒌
𝒖 . (𝒗 × 𝒘)+ 𝒗 . (𝒘 × 𝒖)+ 𝒘 . (𝒖 × 𝒗) = 𝟑𝒖 . (𝒗 × 𝒘)
SOLUTION: (2017 S.Q) SOLUTION:

Let 𝑢 = 𝑖 − 𝑗 + 𝑘 ; 𝑣 = 𝑖 − 2𝑗 − 3𝑘; 𝑤 = 3𝑖 − α𝑗 + 5𝑘
L.H.S
The vectors 𝑢 , 𝑣 , 𝑤 are coplanar if [𝑢 𝑣 𝑤] = 0
= 𝑢 . (𝑣 × 𝑤)+ 𝑣 . (𝑤 × 𝑢)+ 𝑤 . (𝑢 × 𝑣)
1 −1 1
|1 −2 −3| = 0 ∵ 𝒖 . (𝒗 × 𝒘) = 𝒗 . (𝒘 × 𝒖) = 𝒘 . (𝒖 × 𝒗)
3 −α 5
= 𝑢 . (𝑣 × 𝑤) + 𝑢 . (𝑣 × 𝑤) + 𝑢 . (𝑣 × 𝑤)
1(−10−3α) + 1(5 + 9) + 1(−α + 6) = 0
= 3𝑢 . (𝑣 × 𝑤)
50
−10−3α +14− α + 6 = 0
= R.H.S
−4α + 10 = 0

51
Q.6: Find the volume of the tetrahedron with the
vertices.
i) (0,1,2) , (3,2,1) , (1,2,1) , and (5,5,6)
Q.8: A particle, acted by constant forces 𝟒𝒊 + 𝒋 − 𝒌 and 𝟑𝒊 −
𝒋 − 𝒌 is displaces from A(1,2,3) to B(5,4,1). Find the work
done.
SOLUTION: Given: let

A(1,2,3) , B(5,4,1)
𝐹1 = 4𝑖 + 𝑗 − 𝑘 ; 𝐹2 = 3𝑖 − 𝑗 − 𝑘 and
SOLUTION:
Total force: 𝐹 = 𝐹1 + 𝐹2 = 4𝑖 + 𝑗 − 𝑘 + 3𝑖 − 𝑗 − 𝑘 = 7𝑖 + 0 𝑗 − 4𝑘
Let A(0,1,2) , B(3,2,1) , C(1,2,1) , D(5,5,6)
Displacement: 𝑑 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 = (5 − 1)𝑖 + (4 − 2)𝑗 + (1 − 3)𝑘 =
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 = (3 − 0)𝑖 + (2 − 1)𝑗 + (1 − 2)𝑘 = 3𝑖 + 𝑗 − 𝑘 4𝑖 + 2 𝑗 − 2𝑘
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶 = (1 − 0)𝑖 + (2 − 1)𝑗 + (1 − 2)𝑘 = 𝑖 + 𝑗 − 𝑘 We know that Work done = 𝐹 . 𝑑 = (3𝑖 − 𝑗 − 𝑘 ).( 4𝑖 + 2 𝑗 −
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐷 = (5 − 0)𝑖 + (5 − 1)𝑗 + (6 − 2)𝑘 = 5𝑖 + 4 𝑗 + 4𝑘 2𝑘) = 28 + 0 + 8 = 36 units
1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Volume of the tetrahedron ABCD = [𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐷 ]
Q.9: A particle is displace from the point A(5,-5,-7) , to
6
the point B(6,2,-2) under the action of constant forces
3 1 −1 defined by
1
= |1 1 −1|
6
5 4 4 𝟏𝟎𝒊 − 𝟔𝒋 + 𝟏𝟏𝒌 , 𝟒𝒊 + 𝟓 𝒋 + 𝟗𝒌 , −𝟐𝒊 + 𝒋 − 𝟗𝒌. Show
1 that the total work done by the forces is 67 units.
= [3(4 + 4) − 1(4 + 5) + (−1)(4 − 5)]
6
1 1 8 SOLUTION: Given: Let 𝐹1 = 10𝑖 − 6𝑗 + 11𝑘 , 𝐹2 = 4𝑖 + 5 𝑗 + 9𝑘

= [24 − 9 + 1] = . 16 = Cubic unit
6 6 3
𝐹3 = −2𝑖 + 𝑗 − 9𝑘 and A(5,-5,-7) , B(6,2,-2)
ii) (2,1,8) , (3,2,9) , (2,1,4) , and (3,3,10) (2015
Total force : 𝐹 = 𝐹1 + 𝐹2 + 𝐹3 = 10𝑖 − 6𝑗 + 11𝑘 + 4𝑖 + 5 𝑗 + 9𝑘 + (
S.Q)(2018,19L.Q)
−2𝑖 + 𝑗 − 9𝑘) = 12𝑖 + 0𝑗 + 11𝑘
SOLUTION:
Displacement: ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (6 − 5)𝑖 + (2 + 5)𝑗 + (−2 + 7)𝑘 =
𝑑 = 𝐴𝐵
Let A(2,1,8) , B(3,2,9) , C(2,1,4) , D(3,3,10) 𝑖 + 7 𝑗 + 5𝑘
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (3 − 2)𝑖 + (2 − 1)𝑗 + (9 − 8)𝑘 = 𝑖 + 𝑗 + 𝑘
𝐴𝐵
We know that Work done = 𝐹 . 𝑑 =(12𝑖 + 0𝑗 + 11𝑘).( 𝑖 + 7 𝑗 +
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (2 − 2)𝑖 + (1 − 1)𝑗 + (4 − 8)𝑘 = 0𝑖 + 0𝑗 − 4𝑘
𝐴𝐶 5𝑘) = 12 + 0 + 55 = 67 units
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (3 − 2)𝑖 + (3 − 1)𝑗 + (10 − 8)𝑘 = 𝑖 + 2 𝑗 + 2𝑘

𝐴𝐷 Q.10: A force of magnitude 6 units acting parallel to 2𝑖 − 2𝑗 + 𝑘
displaces the point of application from (1,2,3) to (5,3,7). Find the work
1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝐴𝐶
Volume of the tetrahedron ABCD = [𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝐴𝐷
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ] done.
6
1 1 1 SOLUTION: Let 𝐹 =? , |𝐹 |=6 Given vector: 𝑣 =

1
= |0 0 −4| 2𝑖 − 2𝑗 + 𝑘 and let A(1,2,3) , B(5,3,7)
6
1 2 2
1
= [1(0 + 8) − 1(0 + 4) + 1(0 − 0)] As 𝐹 ∥ 𝑣
6
𝐹 𝑣 𝑣
1
= [8 − 4 + 0] =
1
.4 =
2
Cubic unit So 𝐹̂ = v̂ ⟹ = ⟹ 𝐹 = |𝐹 | =
6 6 3 |𝐹 | |𝑣| |𝑣|
2𝑖− 2𝑗+𝑘 2𝑖− 2𝑗+𝑘
Q.7: Find the work done, if the point at which the constant 6. = 6. = 2 (2𝑖 − 2𝑗 + 𝑘) = 4𝑖 − 4𝑗 +
√4+4+1 3
force ⃗𝑭 = 𝟒𝒊 + 𝟑 𝒋 + 𝟓𝒌 is applied to an object, moves from 𝑷𝟏 (𝟑, 𝟏, −𝟐) 2𝑘
to 𝑷𝟐 (𝟐, 𝟒, 𝟔).
Displacement: 𝑑 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 = (5 − 1)𝑖 + (3 − 2)𝑗 +
SOLUTION: Given: 𝐹 = 4𝑖 + 3 𝑗 + 5𝑘 , 𝑃1(3,1, −2) ,
(7 − 3)𝑘 = 4𝑖 + 𝑗 + 4𝑘
𝑃2 (2,4,6)
Displacement: 𝑑 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃1 𝑃2 = (2 − 3)𝑖 + (4 − 1)𝑗 + (6 + 2)𝑘 = We know that
−𝑖 + 3 𝑗 + 8𝑘
Work done = 𝐹 . 𝑑
51
We know that Work done = 𝐹 . 𝑑 = (4𝑖 + 3 𝑗 + 5𝑘). ( −𝑖 +
= ( 4𝑖 − 4𝑗 + 2𝑘) . ( 4𝑖 + 𝑗 + 4𝑘)
3 𝑗 + 8𝑘) = −4 + 9 + 40 = 45 Units

52
= 16 − 4 + 8 = 20 Units
Q.11: A force ⃗𝑭 = 𝟑𝒊 + 𝟐𝒋 − 𝟒𝒌 is applied at the point

(1,-1,2). Find the moment of the force about the point
(2,-1,3).
𝑟 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 = (1 − 2)𝑖 + (−2 − 0)𝑗 + (1 + 2)𝑘 = −𝑖 −
2 𝑗 + 3𝑘
𝑖 𝑗
Moment of force about B = 𝑟 × 𝐹 = |−1 −2 3 | =
𝑘
2 1 −3
SOLUTION: Given: 𝐹 = 3𝑖 + 2𝑗 − 4𝑘 and Let A (1,-
𝑖(6 − 3) − 𝑗(3 − 6) + 𝑘(−1 + 4) = 3𝑖 + 3 𝑗 + 3𝑘
1,2) , B(2,-1,3)
Q.14: Find the moment about A(1,1,1) of each of the
concurrent forces 𝒊 − 𝟐 𝒋 , 𝟑𝒊 + 𝟐𝒋 − 𝒌 , 𝟓𝒋 + 𝟐𝒌 ,
where P(2,0,1) is their point of concurrency.
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (1 − 2)𝑖 + (−1 + 1)𝑗 + (2 − 3)𝑘 = −𝑖 +

𝑟 = 𝐴𝐵 SOLUTION: Given:
−0 𝑗 − 𝑘
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
Moment of force about A = 𝑟 × 𝐹 = |−1 0 −1| =
3 2 −4
𝑖(0 + 2) − 𝑗(4 + 3) + 𝑘(−2 − 0) = 2𝑖 − 7 𝑗 − 2𝑘
Q.12: A force 𝑭⃗ = 𝟒𝒊 − 𝟑𝒌 passes through the point Let 𝐹1 = 𝑖 − 2 𝑗 , 𝐹2 = 3𝑖 + 2𝑗 − 𝑘 𝐹3 = 5𝑗 +

A(2,-2,5). Find the moment of 𝑭 about the point B(1,- 2𝑘 and A(1,1,1) , P(2,0,1)
3,1).
Total force: 𝐹 = 𝐹1 + 𝐹2 + 𝐹3 = 𝑖 − 2 𝑗 + 3𝑖 + 2𝑗 −
SOLUTION: Given: 𝐹 = 𝟒𝒊 − 𝟑𝒌 and A (2,-2,5) , B(1,-
𝑘 + 5𝑗 + 2𝑘 = 4𝑖 + 5𝑗 + 𝑘
3,1)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (2 − 1)𝑖 + (0 − 1)𝑗 + (1 − 1)𝑘 = 𝑖 − 𝑗 +
𝑟 = 𝐴𝑃
𝑟 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 = (2 − 1)𝑖 + (−2 + 3)𝑗 + (5 − 1)𝑘 = 𝑖 + 𝑗 +
0𝑘
4𝑘
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
Moment of force about B = 𝑟 × 𝐹 = |1 −1 0| =
Moment of force about B = 𝑟 × 𝐹 = |1 1 4 | =
4 5 1
4 0 −3
𝑖(−3 − 0) − 𝑗(−3 − 16) + 𝑘(0 − 4) = −3𝑖 + 19 𝑗 − 4𝑘 𝑖(−1 − 0) − 𝑗(1 − 0) + 𝑘(5 + 4) = −𝑖 − 𝑗 + 9𝑘
⃗ = 𝟐𝒊 + 𝒋 − 𝟑𝒌 acting at a point Q.15: A force ⃗𝑭 = 𝟕𝒊 + 𝟒𝒋 − 𝟑𝒌 is applied at P(1,-2,3).

Q.13: Given a force 𝑭
Find its moment about the point Q(2,1,1).
A(1,-2,1). Find the moment of 𝑭 about the point B(2,0,-2). (19
S.Q ⃗ = 𝟕𝒊 + 𝟒𝒋 − 𝟑𝒌
SOLUTION: 𝑭
SOLUTION: Given: 𝐹 = 𝟐𝒊 + 𝒋 − 𝟑𝒌 and A (1,-2,1) ,
B(2,0,-2)

52
53𝑟 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑄𝑃 = (1 − 2)𝑖 + (−2 − 1)𝑗 + (3 − 1)𝑘
= −𝑖 − 3𝑗 + 2𝑘
𝑖 𝑗
Moment of force about B = 𝑟 × 𝐹 = |−1 −3 2 | =
𝑘
7 4 −3
𝑖(9 − 8) − 𝑗(3 − 14) + 𝑘(−4 + 21) = 𝑖 + 11 𝑗 + 17𝑘

53

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1

Also CB = (2 + 1)iˆ + ( −6 − 1) ˆj = 3iˆ − 7 ˆj ⇒ v =

= iˆ + 2 ˆj − kˆ + 6iˆ − 4 ˆj + 4 kˆ + 5iˆ − ˆj + 3kˆ

= 9iˆ − 6 ˆj + 6 kˆ + 5iˆ − ˆj + 3kˆ

Hence AB and CD are parallel. 3 1

(iii) 30 , 60 , 60 will be direction angles of the

Book: Exercise 7.2, page 341

Find the cosine of the angle θ between u and v :

Available online at http://www.MathCity.org

(ii) Do yourself as above

Then aˆ = OA = cosα iˆ + sin α ˆj

(iii) From equation (i)

Taking dot product of above equation with b

(iv) From equation (i)

Uzair Amin (2016)

Book: Exercise 7.3, page 349

Available online at http://www.MathCity.org in PDF Format

These resources are shared under the licence Attribution-

If you have any suggestion

Writen by Amir Shehzad 03434443214 msc mathematics

The ratio formula

Writen by Amir Shehzad 03434443214 msc mathematics

|𝐮| = √(3)2 + (−4)2 𝑥𝒊 + 𝑦𝒋 = 4𝒊 − 7𝒋

Writen by Amir Shehzad 03434443214 msc mathematics

a+b a+c (a+b)–(a+c)

ii) magnitude is 2 and is parallel to −𝒊 + 𝒋 + 𝒌

ii) u = 𝒊−3𝒋+4𝒌 , 𝒗 = 4𝒊−𝒋+3𝒌 SOLUTION:

Writen by Amir Shehzad 03434443214 msc mathematics

(𝒊 −3𝒋−Z𝒌).( −2𝒊 +0𝒋+(1−Z) 𝒌) = 0

Consider a right triangle AOB such that O(0,0) , A(a,0) ,

Q.6: Show that the vectors 3i−2𝒋+𝒌 , i−3𝒋+5k𝒌and 2i+𝒋-

Writen by Amir Shehzad 03434443214 msc mathematics

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ is also a right bisector of ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

Q.11: Prove that 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝜶 + 𝜷) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜷 − ∴a+b+c=0

𝑐 2 = −|a||c| cos(𝜋 − 𝐵) − |b||c| cos(𝜋 − 𝐴)

𝑐 2 = 𝑐[a cos 𝐶 + c cos 𝐴]

Right hand rule:

Consider a triangle ABC such that

Writen by Amir Shehzad 03434443214 msc mathematics

𝒃. 𝒂 × 𝒃 =( 𝒊 + 𝒋). (−1𝑖 + 𝑗 +5𝑘) −7𝑖+2𝑗+5𝑘 −7 2 5

Writen by Amir Shehzad 03434443214 msc mathematics

= 0𝑖 + 0𝑗 +0𝑘 = 0 (null vector)

⟹ sin θ = 0 = 10𝑖 − 10𝑗 + 5𝑘

iv) 𝒂 = 𝒊 + 𝒋 , 𝒃 = 𝒊 − 𝒋 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ × ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

|𝑎 × 𝑏| = √02 + (−0)2 + (−2)2

Writen by Amir Shehzad 03434443214 msc mathematics

= 𝑖 (0−14) − 𝑗 (3 +16)+ 𝑘 (−21 − 0)

= −14𝑖 − 19𝑗 − 21𝑘

iii) A(−1,1,1) ; B(−1,2,2) ; C(−3, 4, −5) ; D(−3,5, −4)

i ) A(0,0,0) ; B(1,2,3) ; C(2, −1,1) ; D(3,1,4) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ) 𝒊 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ) 𝒋+(𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )𝒌

SOLUTION: ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =(−1 + 1) 𝒊 + (2 − 1) 𝒋+(2 − 1)𝒌

Writen by Amir Shehzad 03434443214 msc mathematics

From (1) & (2), we conclude that 𝑎×𝑏 = 𝑏 ×𝑐=𝑐 ×𝑎

Q.8: Prove that 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝜶 − 𝜷) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜶 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜷 +

So 𝑢 and 𝑣 are perpendicular.

So 𝑢 and 𝑤 are not perpendicular.

So 𝑢 and 𝑤 are perpendicular.

⟹ 𝑢 ∥ 𝑤 but opposite in direction. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

∵ 𝒃 × 𝒂 = − ( 𝒂 × 𝒃 ) & 𝒄 × 𝒂 = −( 𝒂 × 𝒄 ) & 𝒄 × 𝒃 = −( 𝒃 × 𝒄 ) |⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

SOLUTION: As 𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄 = 𝟎 sin(𝛼 − 𝛽) = sin 𝛼 cos 𝛽 + cos 𝛼 sin 𝛽