SANS1200G

© SABS.
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UDC 624 (083.75) SABS 1200 G - 1 9 8 2
SOUTH AFRICAN BUREAU O F STANDARDS
STANDARDIZED S P E C I F I C A T I O N
for
C I V I L ENGINEERING CONSTRUCTION
G : CONCRETE (STRUCTURAL)
A p p r o v e d by t h e O b t a i n a b l e f r o m the
COUNCIL OF THE SA BUREAU O F STANDARDS
SOUTH AFRICAN Private B a g X 1 9 1
BUREAU O F STANDARDS Pretoria
on 1 7 A u g u s t 1 9 8 2 0001 R e p u b l i c of South A f r i c a
Telegrams : C o m p a r a t o r , P r e t o r i a
P u b l i s h e d and printed i n t h e R e p u b l i c of South A f r i c a by t h e

South A f r i c a n B u r e a u of Standards
ISBN 0-626-06293-4 Gr 8
© SABS. This standard may only be used and printed by subscribers to the SABS’ Complete Collection of Standards and Related Documents.
© SABS. This standard may reside on a LAN, WAN, intranet, internet or ECM server and is exclusively available to subscribers to the SABS’ Complete Collection
3 SABS 1200 G-1982

Concrete ( s t r u c t u r a l )
CONTENTS
Clause Page Number
1 . SCOPE .............................................................................. 5
2 . INTERPRETATIONS .................................................................... 5
2.1 supporting Specifications .......................................................... 5
2.2 Application ........................................................................ 5
2.3 Definitions ........................................................................ 5
2.4 Explanation of T e r m s ............................................................... 6
2.4.1 ................................................................
Exposure c o n d i t i o n s 6
2.4.2 Strength concrete .................................................................. 6
2.4.3 Joints ............................................................................. 6
3 . MATERIALS .......................................................................... 6
3.1 Approval of M a t e r i a l s.............................................................. 6
3.2 Cement ............................................................................. 6
3.2.1 ..........................................................
Applicable s p e c i f i c a t i o n s 6
3.2.2 ........................................................
A l t e r n a t i v e t y p e s of cement 6
3.2.3 S t o r a g e of cement.................................................................. 6
3.3 Water ......................... .................................................... 6
3.4 Aggregates .................... .................................................... 6
3.4.1 ...... ....................................................
Applicable s p e c i f i c a t i o n 6
3.4.2 Use of plums .................. .................................................... 6
3.4.3 ......... ....................................................
S t o r a g e of a g g r e g a t e s 6
3.5 Admixtures .................... .................................................... 7
3.5.1 Approval of admixtures required .................................................... 7
3.5.2 Air-entraining agents ......... .................................................... 7
3.6 Reintorcement ................. .................................................... 7
3.7 Storag .e Capacity
. .............. .................................................... 7
3.8 Deteriorated Material .............................................................. 7
4 . PLANT .............................................................................. 7
4.1 General ............................................................................ 7
4.2 Batching P l a n t ..................................................................... 7
4.3 Mixing P l a n t ....................................................................... 7
4.3.1 General requirements f o r mixing p l a n t .............................................. 7
4.3.2 .................................................. 7
Approval f o r s h o r t mixing p e r i o d s
4.4 Vibrators .......................................................................... 7
4.5 Formwork ........................................................................... 7
4.5.1 Desiyil ............................................................................. 7
4.5.2 Finish ............................................................................. 7
4.5.3 Ties ............................................................................... 7
5 . CONSTRUCTION ....................................................................... 8
5.1 Reinforcement ...................................................................... 8
5.1.1 Bending ............................................................................ 8
5.1.2 Fixing ............................................................................. 8
5.1.3 Cover .............................................................................. 8
5.1.4 splicing ........................................................................... 8
5.1.5 .........................................................
P r o t e c t i o n of exposed b a r s 8
5.2 Formwork ............................................................................ 8
5.2.1 ......................................................... 8
C l a s s i f i c a t i o n of f i n i s h e s
5.2.2 ............................................................
P r e p a r a t i o n of formwork 8
5.2.3 Re-use of formwork ................................................................. 8
5.2.4 Openings ........................................................................... 8
5.2.5 Removal of formwork ................................................................ 9
5.3 Holes. Chases. and Fixing Blocks ................................................... 9
5.4 P i p e s and Conduits ................................................................. 9
5.5 Concrete ........................................................................... 9
5.5.1 Quality ............................................................................ 9
5.5.2 Batching ........................................................................... 11
5.5.3 Mixing ............................................................................. 11
5.5.4 Transportation ..................................................................... 11
5.5.5 Placing ............................................................................ 11
5.5.6 compaction ......................................................................... 1 2
5.5.7 Construction j o i n t s ................................................................ 12
5.5.8 .............................................................. 12
Curing and p r o t e c t i o n
5.5.9 Adverse weather c o n d i t i o n s......................................................... 1 2
5.5.10 Concrete s u r f a c e s.................................................................. 1 2
5.5.11 Watertight concrete ................................................................ 12
5.5.12 Concrete i n w e t ground ............................................................. 13
5.5.13 Grouting ................................................................. .........13
5.5.14 Defects .................................................................. .........13
5.5.15 Records .................................................................. .........13
6 . TOLERANCES ............................................................... .........13
6.1 B a s i s of Measurement ..................................................... .........13
6.1.1 General .................................................................. ........- 1 3
6.1.2 Methods of measurement of d e v i a t i o n s ..................................... .........13
6.2 Permissible Deviations ................................................... .........13
6.2.1 General .................................................................. .........13
6.2.2 Concrete s u r f a c e s........................................................ .........13
6.2.3 ............................................................
S p e c i f i e d PDs .........13
SABS 1200 G-1382 4

Concrete ( s t r u c t u r d l )
CONTENTS ( c o n t i n u e d )
Clause Page Number
1 . TESTS .............................................................................. 14
7.1 F a c i l i t i e s and Frequency o f Sampling ............................................... 14
7.1.1 Facilities ......................................................................... 14
7.1.2 Frequency o f sampling ............................................................... 14
7.1 Testing ............................................................................ 14
7.2.1 General ............................................................................. 14
7.2.2 S i t e testing ........................................................................ 14
7.2.3 Laboratory t e s t i n g .................................................................. 14
7.2.4 Early-strength t e s t i n g ............................................................. 15
7.3 ..........................................
Acceptance C r i t e r i a f o r S t r e n g t h C o n c r e t e 15
7.3.1 .....................................
S t r e n g t h more t h a n 3 MPa below s p e c i f i e d v a l u e 15
7.3.2 ..............................................
C r i t e r i a f o r three v a l i d t e s t r e s u l t s 15
7.3.3 ...............................................
p r o v i s i o n f o r s t a t i s t i c a l assessment 15
7.3.4 procedure f o r examination o f c oncret e .............................................. 15
7.3.5 ...........................................
Replacement or s t r e n g t h e n i n q o f c o n c r e t e 15
8 . MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT . .......................................................... 15
8.1 Measurement arid Rates ... .......................................................... 15
8.1.1 Formwork ................ .......................................................... 15
8.1.2 Reinforcement ........... .......................................................... 16
8.1.3 Concrete ................ .......................................................... 16
8.2 Scheduled Formwork Items .......................................................... 17
8.3 S c h e d u l e d Reinforcement I ems ...................................................... 17
8.4 Scheduled C o n c r e t e Items ........................................................... 17
8.5 J o i n t s ............................................................................. 18
8.6 Manufacture (or Supply) and E r e c t P r e c a s t Elements ................................. 18
8.7 G r o u t i n g ........................................................................... 18
8.8 HD B o l t s and M i s c e l l a n e o u s Metal Work .............................................. 18
APPENDIX A . APPLICABLE STANDARDS ................................................................. 19
F i r s t K e v i s i o n August 1382
This s p e c i f i c a t i o n supersedes
SABS 1200 G-1380
5 SABS 1200 G-1982

SOUTH AFRICAN BUREAU OF STANDARDS
STANDARDIZED SPECIFICATION
for
C I V I L ENGINEERING CONSTRUCTION
G : CONCIUZTE (STRUCTURAL)
1. SCOPE
1.1 T h i s s p e c i f i c a t i o n covers t h e requirements f o r s t r u c t u r a l c o n c r e t e WO] (P iin and r e i n f o r c e d ) 3r c i v i l
engineering and b u i l d i n g c o n s t r u c t i o n . I t covers t h e b a s i c m a t e r i a l s , t h e p l a n t and formwork r e q u i r e d ,
t h e q u a l i t y , manufacture, and c u r i n g of t h e c o n c r e t e , t o l e r a n c e s i n workmanship, t e s t s and acceptance
c r i t e r i a , and t h e methods by which t h e f i n i s h e d s t r u c t u r e i s t o be measured f o r t h e purpose of payment.
1.2 T h i s s p e c i f i c a t i o n does not cover s p e c i a l i z e d a s p e c t s of s t r u c t u r a l c o n c r e t e work, p o s t - and p r e s t r e s s e d

work, and p i l e s , c a i s s o n s , c y l i n d e r s , and harbour and marine works.
NOTE: The s t a n d a r d s r e f e r r e d t o i n t h e s p e c i f i c a t i o n a r e l i s t e d i n Appendix A.
2. INTEHPRETATIONS
2.1 SUPPORTING SPECIFICATIONS. Where t h i s s p e c i f i c a t i o n i s r e q u i r e d f o r a p r o j e c t , t h e following s p e c i f i -
c a t i o n s s h a l l , i n t e r a l i a , form p a r t of t h e c o n t r a c t document:
a ) Project s p e c i f i c a t i o n ;
b) SABS 1200 A o r SABS 1200 A A , as a p p l i c a b l e ;
and, i n a d d i t i o n , SABS 1200 D o r SABS 1200 DA, a s a p p l i c a b l e , may be r e q u i r e d .
2.2 APPLICATION. This s p e c i f i c a t i o n contains clauses t h a t a r e generally applicable t o s t r u c t u r a l concrete

work. I n t e r p r e t a t i o n s and v a r i a t i o n s of t h e s p e c i f i c a t i o n a r e s e t o u t i n P o r t i o n 2 of t h e p r o j e c t
s p e c i f i c a t i o n which precedes t h i s s p e c i f i c a t i o n i n a c o n t r a c t document.
2.3 DEFINITIONS. For t h e purposes of t h i s s p e c i f i c a t i o n t h e d e f i n i t i o n s and a b b r e v i a t i o n s g i v e n i n SABS 1200

A o r SABS 1200 AA ( a s a p p l i c a b l e ) and t h e following d e f i n i t i o n s s h a l l apply:
a ) General
Adverse weather. Cold weather, o r weather i n which
a ) t h e ambient temperature i s above 25 OC, o r
b) t h e r e l a t i v e humidity i s low, o r
c) t h e wind v e l o c i t y i s h i g h ,
o r weather i n which any combination of t h e s e t h r e e c o n d i t i o n s o c c u r s , and which t e n d s t o impair t h e
a u a l i t v of f r e s h o r hardened c o n c r e t e o r otherwise c a u s e s c o n c r e t e t o have abnormal p r o p e r t i e s .
Approved l a b o r a t o r y . A l a b o r a t o r y s u i t a b l y equipped and s t a f f e d f o r purposes of c o n c r e t e t e s t i n g and a s
such approved
__ by t h e Engineer. -
- - Weather c o n d i t i o n s i n which t h e ambient temperature i s 5 "C o r less.
Cold weather.
Concrete cover. Thc t h i c k n e s s of c o n c r e t e between t h e f a c e of t h e c o n c r e t e and t h e o u t s i d e of
-__--
r e i n f o r c i n g s t e e l n e a r e s t t h i s f a c e a s cast.
Cool weather. Weather c o n d i t i o n s i n which t h e ambient temperature i s h i g h e r than 5 OC b u t n o t h i g h e r
than 15 OC.
F i x t u r e . An i t e m such a s a b o l t , anchorage, b e a r i n g , o r t h e l i k e t h a t i s c a s t o r grouted i n t o c o n c r e t e .
Formwork. Temporary works r e q u i r e d t o support and shape t h e c o n c r e t e f o r a s t r u c t u r e .
-___
Hot weather. Weather c o n d i t i o n s i n which t h e ambient temperature i s h i g h e r t h a n 32 OC.
Normal weather. Weather c o n d i t i o n s i n which t h e ambient temperature i s h i g h e r than 15 OC b u t n o t higher
than 32 OC.
b) Quality
Consist.ency. The e x t e n t , a s measured by t h e slump t e s t , t o which f r e s h c o n c r e t e r e s i s t s flow OK
deformation.
___-___
Grade of c o n c r e t e . An i d e n t i f y i n g number f o r t h e c o n c r e t e , t h e number being numerically e q u a l t o t h e
s p e c i f i e d s t r e n g t h a t 2 8 d expressed i n megapascals (see 2.4.2).
P.r e s c r i b e d mix c o n c r e t e . Concrete f o r which t h e Engiiieer h a s p r e s c r i b e d t h e mix p r o p o r t i o n s .
-
Ready-mixed c o n c r e t e . Concrete complying with t h e r e l e v a n t requirements of t h e s p e c i f i c a t i o n and
d e l i v e r e d on t h e S i t e i n a p l a s t i c s t a t e .
Sample (of c o n c r e t e ) . The minimum volume of uncompacted f r e s h l y mixed c o n c r e t e r e q u i r e d i n terms of SABS
3
Method 861 f o r a d e s i g n a t e d t e s t (e.g. 16 dm f o r t h e compressive s t r e n g t h test f o r 3 cubes of nominal
s i d e 150 nun).
S t r e n g t h c o n c r e t e . Concrete designed p r i m a r i l y f o r s t r e n g t h .
_____
T a r g e t slumE. The average v a l u e f o r t h e slump of c o n c r e t e aimed a t t o ensure compliance w i t h t h e slump
r e q u i r e d i n terms of 5.5.1.2.
Workability.
__I_-_ - The p r u p e r t y of f r e s h c o n c r e t e t h a t determines t h e e a s e w i t h which it can be placed and
compacted without s e g r e g a t i o n of t h e c o n s t i t u e n t m a t e r i a l s .
c) S t r e n g t h
S p e c i f i e d s t r e n g t h . The r e q u i r e d c o n c r e t e s t r e n g t h ( o r t h e s t r e n g t h corresponding t o t h e r e q u i r e d
c o n c r e t e grade) s t a t e d on t h e drawings o r i n t h e p r o j e c t s p e c i f i c a t i o n , and which i n a l l c a s e s r e p r e s e n t s
t h e s t r e n g t h below which n o t more than 5 X of v a l i d 2 8 d t e s t r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d on cubes of c o n c r e t e of
t h e same grade can be expected t o f a l l . (NOTE: S p e c i f i e d s t r e n g t h i s r e f e r r e d t o i n c e r t a i n design
codes a s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s t r e n g t h . )
T a r g e t s t r e n g t h . An average v a l u e of t h e s t r e n g t h of c o n c r e t e t h a t i s h i g h e r than t h e s p e c i f i e d s t r e n g t h
and i s aimed a t t o ensure t h a t t h e s p e c i f i e d s t r e n g t h i s a t t a i n e d . (NOTE: I f t h e s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n can
be determined, t h e v a l u e of t h e t a r g e t s t r e n g t h i s a t l e a s t equal t o t h e s p e c i f i e d s t r e n g t h + 1.64 times
t h e s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n of v d l i d 28 d t e s t r e s u l t s . )
V a l i d t e s t r e s u l t . The average r e s u l t obtained from t h e t e s t i n g of t h r e e t e s t cubes of c o n c r e t e i n
accordance with SABS Method 863.
SABS 1200 G-1982 6

concrete [structural)
2.4 EX P LANATl(il\l C Y TEIII.IS

2.4.1 Exposure C o ~. _
nditions
I_
2.4.1.1 Mild c o n-d- i t i o n s . C o n d i t i o n s under which t h e c o n c r e t e i s p r o t e c t e d from t h e w e a t h e r a n d exposed o n l y t o

air.
2.4.1.2 Mndcrate c o n d i t__
__ i o n s . C o n d i t i o n s under which t h e c o n c r e t e i s
a) s h e l t e r e d from s e v e r e r a i n and i s n o t s u b j e c t t o f r e e z i n g when w e t ; or
b) b u r i e d i n n o n - a g g r e s s i v e s o i l . ; or
c ) c o n t i n u o u s l y u n d e r f r e s h water.
2.4.1.3 S e v e r e condition?.. C o n d i t i o n s under which t h e c o n c r e t e i s expostid o r s u b j e c t t o any o f t h e f o l l o w i n g :
a ) Driviny rain;
b) a l t e r n a t e w e t t i n g and d r y i n g o u t ;
c) f r e e z i n g when w e t ;
d ) f r e s h water ( a t t h e w a t e r - l i n e ) ;
c ) s p l a s h i n g or s p r a y i y w i t h f r e s h w a t e r ;
f ) c o r r o s i v e fumes or heavy c o n d e n s a t i o n o f water;
g) aggressive soil;
h) salt-laden a i r .
2.4.1.4 v e r y s e v e r e c o n d i t i o n s . C o n d i t i o n s u n d e r which t h e c o n c r e t e i s exposed t o any o f t h e f o l l o w i n g :
a ) Sea-water (below o r a t t h e w a t e r - l i n e ) ;
b ) sea-wat.er s p r a y or windborne s a l t s ;
c) water c o n t a i n i n g s u l p h a t e s or c h l o r i d e s ;
d ) h i g h l y c o r r o s i v e fumes.
2.4.2 S t r e n g t h C o n c r e t e . A s t r e n g t h c o n c r e t e i s d e s i g n a t e d by i t s s p e c : i f i e d s t r e n g t h f o l l o w e d by t h e s i z e o f
s t o n e u s e d i n i t s m a n u f a c t u r e , e.g. 30 MPa/l9 mm r e f e r s t o a Grade 30 mix made w i t h 19 mm s t o n e .
2.4.3 Joints.
---_- The l o c a t i o n of j o i n t s i s c o n t r o l l e d by d e s i g n r e q u i r e m e n t s and c o n s t r u c t i o n l i m i t a t i o n s . All
j o i n t s a r e " c o n s t r u c t i o n j o i n t s " w i t h i n t h e g e n e r a l meaning of the term. J o i . n t s shown on t h e d r a w i n g s o r
i n t h e s c h e d u l e are " d e s i g n a t e d j o i n t s " . The E n g i n e e r may, i n c o l l a b o r a t i o n w i t h t h e C o n t r a c t o r , approve
f u r t h e r j o i n t s b e f o r e t h e c a s t i n g of c o n c r e t e , which j o i n t s w i l l t h e n become " d e s i g n a t e d j o i n t s " . The
terms " c o n s t r u c t i o n a l j o i n t s " , "movement j o i n t s " , " c o n t r a c t i o n j o i n t s " , and "expansion j o i n t s " are u s e d
t o i d e n t i f y v a r i o u s t y p e s of d e s i g n a t e d j o i n t s . The tenn " u n f o r e s e e n j o i n t " i s u s e d t o i d e n t i f y a j o i n t
formed d u r i n g c o n c r e t i n g when p l a n t f a i l u r e , i n c l e m e n t w e a t h e r , or s o m e o t h e r u n f o r e s e e n e v e n t h a s
e n f o r c e d a h a l t i n t h e p l a c i n g of c o n c r e t e and h a s t h u s c r e a t e d E ! s i t u a t i o n i n which a c o n s t r u c t i o n j o i n t
h d s t o b e made i n a l o c a t i o n t h a t was n e i t h e r d e s i g n a t e d n o r approved b e f o r e t h e commencement of
concreting.
3. MATERIALS
3.1 APPHGVAL OF MATERIALS. The C o n t r a c t o r s h a l l s u p p l y i n good t i m e t o t h e E n g i n e e r , f o r h i s a p p r o v a l ,
samples of t h e a g g r e g a t e s ( a n d , i f so o r d e r e d , o f t h e w a t e r ) t h a t . he p r o p o s e s t o u s e f o r t h e c o n c r e t e and
s h a l l f u r n i s h e v i d e n c e t h a t t h e w a t e r and a g g r e g a t e s comply w i t h t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s of 3 . 3 and 3.4.
Evidence s h a l l b e i n t h e form o f e i t h e r
a ) a s t a t e m e n t frol;, an approved l a b o r a t o r y o f t h e r e s u l t s o f t e s t s , or
b ) an a u t h o r i t a t i v e r e p o r t or r e c o r d o f p r e v i o u s e x p e r i e n c e .
3.2 CENKNT
3.2.1 A p p l i c a b l e S p e c i f i c a t i o n s . S u b j e c t t o t h e p r o v i s i o n s of 3.2.2, cement and b l e n d s o f p o r t l a n d cement and
m i l l e d g r a n u l a t e d b l a s t f u r n a c e s l a g (see SABS 626) s h a l l comply w i t h t h e r e l e v a n t r e q u i r e m e n t s of t h e
following specifications:
BS 1370 Low h e a t P o r t l a n d cement
SABS 471 P o r t l a n d cement ( o r d i n a r y , r a p i d - h a r d e n i n g , and s t J p h a t e - r e s i s t i n g )
SABS 6 2 6 P o r t l a n d b l a s t f u r n a c e cement
SABS 0 3 1 P o r t l a n d cement 15 and r a p i d - h a r d e n i n g p o r t l a n d cement 15
3.2.2 A l t e r n a t i v e l'ypcxs o f Cement. Any t y p e o f cement o t h e r t h a n t h o s e r e f e r r e d t o i n 3.2.1 s h a l l b e u s e d o n l y
when s p e c i f i c a l l y a u t h o r i z e d by t h e E n g i n e e r . (See 8.1.3.2 and E.1.3.3.)
3.2.3 Sllorage of Cement. S e p a r a t e s t o r a g e f a c i l i t i e s s h a l l b e provideC, on t h e S i t e f o r e a c h t y p e of cement
_______
used.
Cemant t h a t i s s t o r e d on t h e S i t e s h a l l b e k e p t u n d e r c o v e r t h a t p r o v i d e s p r o p e r p r o t e c t i o n a g a i n s t
m o i s t u r e and o t h e r f a c t o r s t h a t may promote d e t e r i o r a t i o n .
S t o r a g e o f cement i n b u l k i n weather-proof s i l o s o r s i m i l a r c o n t a i n e r s w i l l b e p e r m i t t e d p r o v i d e d t h a t
t h e cement drawn f o r use i s measured by mass and n o t by volume.
3.3 WATER. Water s h a l l b e c l e a n and f r e e from i n j u r i o u s amounts o f a c i d s , a l k a l i s , o r g a n i c matter, and o t h e r

s u b s t a n c e s t h a t may i m p a i r t h e s t r e n g t h or d u r a b i l i t y of c o n c r e t e .
3.4 AGCR)LGATES
3.4.1 Applicable Specification. Both t h e c o a r s e a g s r e g a t e ( s t o n e ) and t h e f i n e a g g r e g a t e ( s a n d ) s h a l l comply
w i t h t h e r e l e v a n t r e q u i r e m e n t s o f S A B S 1083.
3.4.2 use o f Plums. Where plums a r e r e q u i r e d t o b e u s e d , or are p e r m i t t e d , t h e y s h a l l
a ) b e h a r d , c l e a n s t o n e of mass 1 5 t o 55 kg;
b ) c o n s t i t u t e n o t more t h a n 20 % of t h e volume o f t h e c o n c r e t e ;
c) have no a d h e r i n g f i l m or c o a t i n g ;
d ) b e s u c h t h a t no plum h a s a dimension g r e a t e r t h a n o n e - t h i r d of t h e smallest dimension o f t h e c o n c r e t e
member or g r e a t e r t h a n 300 mm, whichever i s less;
e ) e a c h b e s u r r o u n d e d by c o n c r e t e o f d e p t h a t l e a s t 80 mm; and
f ) have an a g g r e g a t e c r u s h i n g v a l u e a t l e a s t e q u a l t o t h a t s p e c i f i e d f o r c o a r s e a g g r e g a t e i n SAnS 1.083.
3.4.3 S t o r a g e o f A g g r e g a t e s . A g g r e g a t e s o f d i f f e r e n t nominal s i z e s s h a l l b e s t o r e d s e p a r a t e l y and i n s u c h a
way t h a t
a ) s e g r e g a t i o n i s minimized; and
b ) i n t e r m i x i n g o f d i f f e r e n t m a t e r i a l s and c o n t a m i n a t i o n by f o r e i y r i m a t t e r i s p r e v e n t e d .
7 SABS 1200 G-1992

3.5 ADMIXTURES
3.5.1 2 p r o v a l of Admixtures Required. Admixtures s h a l l n o t be used i n any c o n c r e t e mix without t h e approval
of t h e Engineer, who may r e q u i r e tests t o b e made b e f o r e t h e y a r e used. To f a c i l i t a t e approval, t h e
C o n t r a c t o r s h a l l p r o v i d e t h e following information:
a ) The t r a d e name of t h e admixture, i t s s o u r c e , and t h e m a n u f a c t u r e r ' s recommended method of use;
b ) t y p i c a l dosage r a t e s and p o s s i b l e d e t r i m e n t a l e f f e c t s o f under-dosage and overdosage;
c ) whether compounds (such a s t h o s e c o n t a i n i n g c h l o r i d e i n any form a s an a c t i v e i n g r e d i e n t ) l i k e l y t o
cause c o r r o s i o n of t h e reinforcement o r d e t e r i o r a t i o n of t h e c o n c r e t e a r e p r e s e n t and, i f so, t h e
c h l o r i d e c o n t e n t (expressed as c h l o r i d e i o n s o r a s e q u i v a l e n t anhydrous calcium c h l o r i d e ) by mass of
admixture ( s e e 5.5.1.4);
d ) t h e average expected a i r c o n t e n t of f r e s h l y mixed c o n c r e t e c o n t a i n i n g an admixture which causes a i r t o
be e n t r a i n e d when used a t t h e manufacturer's recommended r a t e of dosage.
3.5.2 Air-Entraining Agents. I f t h e use of an a i r - e n t r a i n i n g a g e n t i s p e r m i t t e d by t h e Engineer, t e s t
measurements s h a l l be c a r r i e d o u t on S i t e by t h e C o n t r a c t o r , a s and when r e q u i r e d by t h e Engineer, t o
determine
a ) t h e percentage of a i r e n t r a i n e d i n t h e c o n c r e t e ; and
b ) t h e d e n s i t y of t h e c o n c r e t e .
The C o n t r a c t o r s h a l l p r o v i d e equipment t o p e r m i t measurement of e n t r a i n e d a i r a t such f r e q u e n c i e s a s a r e
r e q u i r e d by t h e Engineer.
3.6 REINFORCEMENT. Reinforcing b a r s s h a l l comply with t h e r e l e v a n t requirements of SABS 920. Welded s t e e l

f a b r i c s h a l l comply w i t h t h e r e l e v a n t requirements of SABS 1074. S t e e l s h a l l be so s t a c k e d o f f t h e
ground a s t o prevent d i s t o r t i o n and s h a l l be p r o t e c t e d from a g g r e s s i v e environments and contamination.
3.7 STORAGE CAPACITY. The s t o r a g e c a p a c i t y provided and t h e amount of m a t e r i a l s t o r e d (whether cement,

a g g r e g a t e s , s t e e l , or w a t e r ) s h a l l be s u f f i c i e n t t o e n s u r e t h a t no i n t e r r u p t i o n t o t h e p r o g r e s s of t h e
work i s occasioned by l a c k of m a t e r i a l s .
3.8 DETERIORATED MATERIAL. M a t e r i a l t h a t h a s d e t e r i o r a t e d , o r t h a t h a s been contaminated o r o t h e r w i s e

damaged, s h a l l n o t be used i n c o n c r e t e . Such m a t e r i a l s h a l l be removed from t h e S i t e w i t h o u t delay.
4. PLANT
4.1 GENERAL. All p l a n t s h a l l be maintained i n good working o r d e r .
4.2 HATCHING PLANT. The C o n t r a c t o r s h a l l e n s u r e , by r e g u l a r examination, c a l i b r a t i o n , and tests, t h a t t h e

b a t c h i n g s y s t e m f u n c t i o n s e f f i c i e n t l y and a c c u r a t e l y and t h a t hoppers and cement c o n t a i n e r s a r e k e p t dry
and c l e a n . The b a t c h i n g p l a n t s h a l l be such t h a t
a ) cement may be batched t o an accuracy o f w i t h i n 2 2 of t h e mass r e q u i r e d ;
b ) w a t e r may be measured, by mass o r by volume, t o an accuracy of w i t h i n 2 % o f t h e q u a n t i t y r e q u i r e d ;
and
c) aggregate may be batched t o an accuracy of w i t h i n 3 % of t h e mass r e q u i r e d .
I n t h e c a s e of an automatic p l a n t , t h e weighing s c a l e s s h a l l be so i n t e r l o c k e d t h a t a new b a t c h of
m a t e r i a l s cannot be d e l i v e r e d u n t i l t h e weighing hoppers have been completely emptied of t h e previous
b a t c h and t h e s c a l e s a r e i n balance.
Where d i s c h a r g e of m a t e r i a l s from t h e hoppers i s manually c o n t r o l l e d , a method of s i g n a l l i n g s h a l l be
employed t o e n s u r e t h a t i n g r e d i e n t s a r e n o t o m i t t e d , o r a r e not added more than once, when a b a t c h of
c o n c r e t e i s being made up.
4.3 M I X I N G PLANT
4.3.1 General Requirements f o r Mixing P l a n t . The type and c a p a c i t y of mixing machines s h a l l be such t h a t t h e
r a t e of o u t p u t of c o n c r e t e i s s u i t a b l e f o r t h e rate of c o n c r e t i n g . Each machine s h a l l be capable of
producing a uniform d i s t r i b u t i o n of t h e i n g r e d i e n t s throughout t h e b a t c h and s h a l l comply w i t h t h e
s p e c i f i c a t i o n t o which t h e manufacturer c l a i m s it h a s been manufactured. Worn or b e n t b l a d e s and paddles
s h a l l b e replaced. The i n n e r s u r f a c e s of t h e mixer s h a l l be c l e a n and f r e e from hardened c o n c r e t e .
4.3.2 Approval f o r S h o r t Mixing P e a . The C o n t r a c t o r s h a l l o b t a i n t h e E n g i n e e r ' s p r i o r approval should he
wish t o use any p a r t i c u l a r t y p e of mixer i n r e s p e c t of which
a ) it h a s been e s t a b l i s h e d on S i t e , o r
b ) t h e manufacturer h a s guaranteed,
t h a t e f f i c i e n t mixing can be c o n s i s t e n t l y achieved i n mixing p e r i o d s s h o r t e r than t h o s e s p e c i f i e d i n
5.5.3.1(e).
4.4 VIBRATORS. V i b r a t o r s s h a l l b e capable of f u l l y compacting each l a y e r of c o n c r e t e where compaction by

vibration i s specified. A t l e a s t one standby v i b r a t o r s h a l l be a v a i l a b l e f o r every t h r e e (or s m a l l e r
number o f ) v i b r a t o r s necessary t o m a i n t a i n t h e r a t e of p l a c i n g .
4.5 FORMWORK
4.5.1 Design. Formwork s h a l l be so designed and c o n s t r u c t e d t h a t t h e c o n c r e t e can be p r o p e r l y p l a c e d and
compacted and t h a t , s u b j e c t t o t h e t o l e r a n c e s s p e c i f i e d i n 6.2.3 ( a ) and ( b ) , t h e r e q u i r e d s h a p e s ,
f i n i s h c s , p o s i t i o n s , l e v e l s , and dimensions shown on t h e drawings a r e maintained. The formwork and
j o i n t s s h a l l be capable of r e s i s t i n g t h e dead l o a d , i n c l u d i n g t h e p r e s s u r e e x e r t e d by t h e w e t c o n c r e t e ,
wind f o r c e s , and a l l o t h e r superimposed l o a d s and f o r c e s .
Where formwork i s t o be e r e c t e d over a road, a s t r e e t , o r a railway, t h e C o n t r a c t o r s h a l l so design h i s
formwork t h a t t h e f u l l c l e a r a n c e s r e q u i r e d f o r t h e f r e e movement of t r a f f i c are maintained t o t h e
s a t i s f a c t i o n of t h e a u t h o r i t y c o n t r o l l i n g such road, street, o r railway. Where so r e q u i r e d i n terms of
t h e p r o j e c t s p e c i f i c a t i o n , t h e C o n t r a c t o r s h a l l , b e f o r e c o m e n c i n g e r e c t i o n , o b t a i n t h e approval of such
a u t h o r i t y f o r t h e d e s i g n of h i s formwork.
4.5.2 F i n i s h . The q u a l i t y of formwork s h a l l be such t h a t t h e f i n i s h e d s u r f a c e of t h e c o n c r e t e i s a s scheduled
o r shown on t h e drawings o r a s r e q u i r e d i n terms of t h e p r o j e c t s p e c i f i c a t i o n (see 5.2.1).
4.5.3 U . The t y p e s of t i e s used and t h e i r p o s i t i o n s h a l l be such t h a t t h e r e q u i r e d f i n i s h i s achieved and
w i l l n o t be marred by subsequent c o r r o s i o n of t h e t i e s .
SABS 1200 G-1982 8

5. CONSTHIJCTlON
5.1 RI~INFOIICMENT
5.1.1 Bending
5.1.1.1 Reinforcing b a r s s h a l l be b e n t t o t h e dimensions shown on t h e drawings and i n accordance w i t h SABS 8 2 .
5.1.1.2 Except a s allowed i n 5.1.1.3, a l l b a r s s h a l l be b e n t c o l d and bending s h a l l be done slowly, a s t e a d y ,
even p r e s s u r e being used w i t h o u t j e r k o r impact.
5.1.1.3 S u b j e c t t o t h e approval of t h e Engineer and provided t h a t t h e b a r s do n o t depend f o r t h e i r s t r e n g t h on
c o l d working, b a r s of diameter 32 mm o r more may b e b e n t h o t .
5.1.1.4 Bars t h a t a r e t o be b e n t h o t s h a l l be h e a t e d slowly t o a c h e r r y r e d h e a t ( n o t above 840 "C) and, a f t e r
bending, s h a l l be allowed t o c o o l slowly i n a i r . Hot b a r s shall1 not be quenched w i t h wat.er.
5.1.2 Fixing. S t e e l s h a l l , a t t h e t i m e of t h e p l a c i n g of t h e c o n c r e t e , be f r e e from loose o r powdery r u s t ,
s c a l e , o i l , and o t h e r c o a t i n g s t h a t may reduce t h e bond between steel and surrounding c o n c r e t e , a f f e c t
t h e d u r a b i l i t y of t h e c o n c r e t e , o r i n i t i a t e c o r r o s i o n of t h e reinforcement. I f any substance o t h e r than
wat.er i s used f o r l u b r i c a t i n g t h e formwork, every p r e c a u t i o n s h a l l b e taken t o avoid contamination of t h e
reinforcement by such substance.
Reinforcement s h a l l be p o s i t i o n e d as shown on t h e drawings and maintained i n t h o s e p o s i t i o n s w i t h i n t h e
t o l e r a n c e s g i v e n i n 6.2. I t s h a l l be secured a g a i n s t displaceraent by t y i n g a t i n t e r s e c t i o n s with
ailnealed w i r e o f nominal diameter 1 , 6 mm or 1 , 2 5 nun, o r by t h e u s e of a c c e p t a b l e c l i p s o r , i f p e r m i t t e d
by t h e Engineer, by welding. Reinforcement s h a l l be supported i n i t s c o r r e c t p o s i t i o n by means of
hangers o r s a d d l e s , and a l i g n e d by means of c h a i r s and s p a c e r s of approved design.
Supporting s t e e l t o approved design w i l l be added t o t h e r e i n f o r c i n g schedule by t h e Engineer. o t h e r
s u p p o r t i n g m a t e r i a l s s h a l l b e s u b j e c t to p r i o r approval.
5.1.3 __
Cover. Unless o t h e r w i s e shown on t h e drawings, t h e cover of c o n c r e t e over reinforcement ( o t h e r t h a n over
r a i l o r s t r u c t u r a l s t e e l reinforcement) f o r v a r i o u s environmental exposure c o n d i t i o n s s h a l l i n no c a s e be
less than
a) t h e a p p l i c a b l e v a l u e given i n Table 1, measured from t h e ou1.side of any b a r o r s t i r r u p , o r
b ) t h e diameter of t h e reinforcement or s t i r r u p t o which t h e cover i s measured,
whichever i s g r e a t e r .
TABLE 1 -
M I N I M U M COVER FOR
VARIOUS EXPOSURE CONDITIONS
(mm)
Exposure c o n d i t i o n s
(Sec 2 . 4 . 1 )
Specified strength
of Concrete,
MPa
I
20 25 30 t
T i
Mild ................ 20 20 15 15
Moderate ............ 40 40 30 ;!5
Severe .............. 50 40 LO
.........
Very s e v e r e 60
Cover over r a i l and s t r u c t u r a l s t e e l reinforcement s h a l l be a t l e a s t 80 mm, u n l e s s o t h e r w i s e showii on t h e

drawings.
The cover f o r f i r e p r o t e c t i o n s h a l l b e i n accordance with t h e r e l e v a n t requirements of SABS 0144.
5.1.4 S p l i c i n g . S p l i c e s o r j o i n t s i n r e i n f o r c i n g b a r s s h a l l be made only as and where shown on t h e drawings or
a s o t h e r w i s e approved.
5.1.5 P r o t e c t i o n of Exposed Bars. I f l e f t exposed f o r f u t u r e bondinc of e x t e n s i o n s t o t h e Works, reinforcement
s h a l l be p r o t e c t e d from corrosi.on as d i r e c t e d .
5.2 FOKI4WORK
5.2.1 C l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f F i n i s h e s . Formwork w i l l be c l a s s i f i e d i n accordance with t h e s u r f a c e c o n d i t i o n
r e q u i r e d on t h e f i n i s h e d c o n c r e t e . Such s u r f a c e c o n d i t i o n s a r e c l a s s i f i e d as f o l l o w s and w i l l be so
scheduled:
a ) Rough. No t r e a t m e n t of t h e s u r f a c e of t h e c o n c r e t e w i l l b e r e q u i r e d a f t e r t h e s t r i k i n g of t h e
formwork. The f i n i s h of t h e c o n c r e t e need n o t be more a c c u r a t e than Degree of Accuracy I11 a s d e f i n e d i n
terms of Clause 6.
b ) Smooth. I m p e r f e c t i o n s such a s s m a l l f i n s , b u l g e s , i r r e g u l a r i t i e s , s u r f a c e honeycombing, and s l i g h t
s u r f a c e d i s c o l o r a t i o n s s h a l l be made good and r e p a i r e d by apprc'ved methods. The f i n i s h of t h e c o n c r e t e
s h a l l be a c c u r a t e t o Degree of Accuracy I1 as d e f i n e d i n terms of Clause 6 ( s e e a l s o 5 . 5 . 1 0 . 3 ) .
c ) S p e c i a l . S p e c i a l f i n i s h e s s h a l l be a s s p e c i f i e d i n t h e p r o j e c t s p e c i f i c a t i o n .
5.2.2 P r e p a r a t i o n of Formwork. Forms s h a l l be e r e c t e d w i t h j o i n t s t i g h t enough t o prevent leakage of cement
mortar.
S u r f a c e s of forms ( r e g a r d l e s s of t h e m a t e r i a l of which they a r e made) t h a t a r e t o be i n c o n t a c t with
f r e s h (wet) c o n c r e t e s h a l l be t r e a t e d with a c o a t of non-staining mineral o i l o r o t h e r approved m a t e r i a l
o r , only i n t h e c a s e of timber forms, by thorough w e t t i n g of t h e s u r f a c e s with water, so a s t o e n s u r e
easy r e l e a s e and prevent adhesion of t h e formwork d u r i n g s t r i p p i n g .
5.2.3 Re-use of Formwork. Before re-use, a l l formwork s h a l l be r e c o n d i t i o n e d , and a l l form s u r f a c e s t h a t a r e
t o be i n c o n t a c t with t h e c o n c r e t e s h a l l be thoroughly cleaned.
5.2.4 Openings. Where necessary f o r t h e p r o p e r p l a c i n g of t h e c o n c r e t e , temporary openings f o r c l e a n i n g ,
i n s p e c t i o n , o r p l a c i n g purposes s h a l l b e provided and, subsequently, so c l o s e d a s t o provide t h e f i n i s h
s p e c i f i e d and t o conform t o the a p p l i c a b l e t o l e r a n c e s given i n 6 . 2 . 3 ( b ) .
9 SABS 1200 G-1Y82

concrete ( s t r u c t u r a l )
5.2.5 E m o v a l of Formwork
5.2.5.1 Formwork s h a l l n o t be removed b e f o r e t h e c o n c r e t e h a s a t t a i n e d s u f f i c i e n t s t r e n g t h t o s u p p o r t i t s own
weight and any l o a d s t h a t may be imposcd on it.
5.2.5.2 For t h i s purpose and except as allowed i n 5.2.5.3, t h e formwork s h a l l remain i n p l a c e , a f t e r p l a c i n g of
t h e c o n c r e t e , f o r t h e a p p r o p r i a t e minimum p e r i o d of t i m e g i v e n i n Table 2.
TABLE 2 - REMOVAL OF FORMWORK ( M I N I M U M TIMES I N DAYS (24 h ) )
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Type of cement used
Rapid-hardening
P o r t l a n d cement and p o r t l a n d cement* Portland b l a s t -
Type of s t r u c t u r a l p o r t l a n d cement 1 5 and rapid-hardening f u r n a c e cement
member o r formwork p o r t l a n d cement 15
Weather
I I I I
Hot Or
normal
1 coo1 Cold
3) Beam s i d e s , w a l l s , and unloaded

dolumns ......................... 0,75 1,s 0,5 1 4
9) S l a b s with p r o p s l e f t under-
neath ........................... 4 7 2 4 10
:) Beam s o f f i t s w i t h props l e f t
underneath, and r i b s of a ribbed-
i
floor construction .............. 7 12 3 ~5 17
3 ) Slab props ) including 10 17
e ) Beam props 1 cantilevers 21
I
* S h o r t e r u e r i o d s mav be used f o r s e c t i o n s of t h i c k n e s s 300 mm or more.
+ I n c o o l weather (see 2 . 3 ( a ) ) , s t r i p p i n g times s h a l l b e determined by i n t e r p o l a t i o n between t h e
p e r i o d s s p e c i f i e d tor normal and c o l d weather.
5.2.5.3 I f t h e C o n t r a c t o r can prove t o t h e s a t i s f a c t i o n of t h e Engineer t h a t a p e r i o d s h o r t e r than t h e
a p p r o p r i a t e minimum given i n Table 2 i s s u f f i c i e n t t o enable t h e c o n c r e t e t o comply w i t h t h e requirement
given i n 5.2.5.1, t h e formwork may be removed a f t e r such s h o r t e r period.
5.2.5.4 Formwork s h a l l be removed c a r e f u l l y so t h a t shock and damage t o t h e c o n c r e t e a r e avoided.
5.2.5.5 Notwithstanding t h e p r o v i s i o n s of 5.2.5.2 and 5.2.5.3, t h e C o n t r a c t o r s h a l l h e r e s p o n s i b l e f o r making
good any damage t o t h e c o n c r e t e a r i s i n g from t h e removal of formwork and i t s supports.
5.3 HOLES, CHASES, AND FIXING BLOCKS. No h o l e s o r c h a s e s , o t h e r than t h o s e shown on t h e drawings or approved
by t h e Engineer, shall be c u t o r o t h e r w i s e formed i n t h e c o n c r e t e . The manner of a t t a c h i n g f i x t u r e s t o
be embedded i n t h e c o n c r e t e s h a l l be s u b j e c t t o approval.
5.4 PIPES AND CONDUITS. N o p i p e s o r c o n d u i t s , o t h e r than t h o s e so shown on t h e drawings, s h a l l be

permanently embedded i n t h e c o n c r e t e without p r i o r approval.
5.5 CONCRETE
5.5.1 Quality
5.5.1.1 General. Concrete s h a l l comply with t h e requirements f o r s t r e n g t h c o n c r e t e (see 5.5.1.7) or f o r
p r e s c r i b e d mix c o n c r e t e (see 5.5.1.6). as a p p l i c a b l e . The t y p e s of a g g r e g a t e s and cement s h a l l not be
a l t e r e d d u r i n g t h e currency of t h e c o n t r a c t without p r i o r approval.
5.5.1.2 Consistency. The slump, measured i n accordance with SABS Method 862, s h a l l be w i t h i n t h e l i m i t s given i n
Table 3 a p p r o p r i a t e t o t h e type of c o n s t r u c t i o n , or w i t h i n such o t h e r l i m i t s a s a r e l a i d down
a) i n the project specification;
b ) by t h e Engineer i n r e s p e c t of p r e s c r i b e d mix concrete; or
c) by t h e Engineer a f t e r r e c e i p t of t h e C o n t r a c t o r ’ s d e s i g n f o r s t r e n g t h c o n c r e t e , i f any, i n terms of
5.5.1.7.
TABLE 3 - SLUMP LIMITS (m)
1
Type of c o n s t r u c t i o n
213 THand-placed Vibrated
-
Max . Min.
Paving and p r e c a s t u n i t s ... 50 30

Heavy mass c o n s t r u c t i o n .... 50 20
Reinforced foundation w a l l s
and f o o t i n g s .............. 80 30
S l a b s , beams, columns, and
reinforced walls .......... 120 80 30
S l a b s and i n d u s t r i a l f l o o r s
on ground ................. 80 50
Plain footings, caissons,
and s u b s t r u c t u r e w a l l s .... 100 60 20
Heavy duty i n d u s t r i a l
floors .................... -
80 50
SABS 1200 G-1982 10

5.5.1.3 Workability. - -_ The c o n c r e t e s h a l l be of such w o r k a b i l i t y t h a t i t . can be r e a d i l y compacted i n t o the c o r n e r s

of t h e formwork and around r e i n f o r c f m e n t without s e y r e g a t i o n of t h e m a t e r i a l s o r e x c e s s i v e b l e e d i n g of
f r e e water a t t h e s u r f a c e .
5.5.1.4 ___
Chloride ......... -
c o n t e n t . Except where a lower v a l u e i s r e q u i r e d i n
amount of c h l o r i d e ion i n c o n c r e t e expressed a s a percentage
terms of t h e p r o j e c t s p e c i f i c a t i o n , t h e
by nlass of t h e cement s h a l l n o t exceed t h e
a p p l i c a b l e v a l u e given i n Table 4 .
TABLE 4 - MAXIMSlM CHMKIDE CONTENT

( A s C 1 , % (m/m))
Type of c o n c r e t e
I
Nass c o n c r e t e
Reinforced and post-tensionrtd
concrete
__I-
Prestressed concrete
(Pretensioned)
1
- -I
Ef f l o r e s - Ef f l o r e s -
Ef f l o r e s - cence not Not s u b j e c t cence not Kxposed Wire of Stressing
cence aestheti- t o marine aestheti- to marine diam. s t r a n d s and
acceptdble cally exposure cally environment over w i r e of diam.
acceptable acceptable 5mm 5 mm and less
I-'-I
2.0 I 0,30 I 0,60 I 0.30 0,20 0,08 0,05
5.5.1.5 D u r a b i l i t y . F o r each grade of c o n c r e t e t h e Engineer w i l l , notwithstanding s t r e n g t h c o n s i d e r a t i o n s ,

I___
s p e c i f y t h e water/cement r a t i o a p p r o p r i a t e t o t h e exposure c o n l i t i o n s i n d i c a t e d i n Table 5 or a s r e q u i r e d

in the project specification.
TABLE 5 - MAXIMUM WATER/CEHENT RATIOS FOF DIFFERENT

CONDITIONS OF EXPOSURE
1 3 4 5
Exposure c o n d i t i o n s
Type of s t r u c t u r e _ _ _ I
Very
Mild Moderate Severe Severe
rhin sections; reinforced p i l e s : a l l

s e c t i o n s with less than 2 5 mm cover t o
reinforcement ................................. * 0,53 0,48 0,40
bloderate sections; r e t a i n i n g w a l l s , p i e r s ,
>earns ......................................... * * 0,53 0.43
............
Zxterior p o r t i o n s of mass c o n c r e t e * * 0,53 0.43
:onCrete s l a b s l a i d on ground ................. * 0,53 0.48 *
Zorrcrete p r o t e c t e d from t h e weather,
i n s i d e b u i l d i n g s , o r i n ground below f r o s t
Level ......................................... * * * *
---
* 111 t h e s e c a s e s t h e r a t i o w i l l b e based on s t r e n g t h f o r w o r k a b i l i t y d e s i r e d .
5.5.1.6 -
P r e s c r i b e d mix c o n ~ e . The Engineer w i l l be r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e design of p r e s c r i b e d mix c o n c r e t e and
f o r determining t h e p r o p o r t i o n s of t h e c o n s t i t u e n t m a t e r i a l s . The C o n t r a c t o r s h a l l p r o v i d e , on t h e S i t e ,
concrete of t h e s p e c i f i e d m a t e r i a l s and i n t h e p r o p o r t i o n s g i v e n by t h e Engineer.
The Engineer w i l l s p e c i f y t h e sources of supply of t h e m a t e r i a l s i n such c o n c r e t e and w i l l make
a v a i l a b l e , a t t h e time of t e n d e r i n g , samples of each aggregate t o g e t h e r w i t h information on t h e i r o r i g i n .
H e w i l l a l s o s p e c i f y t h e following i n r e s p e c t of p r e s c r i b e d mix c o n c r e t e f o r each sectiota of t h e work:
a ) The maximum nominal s i z e of c o a r s e a g g r e g a t e , i n m i l l i m e t r e s , and i t s p r o p o r t i o n i n t h e mix;
b ) t h e p r o p o r t i o n of f i n e aggregate i n t h e mix;
c ) t h e type and p r o p o r t i o n of cement i n t h e mix;
d ) t h e slump, i n m i l l i m e t r e s , o r t h e w/c r a t i o .
5.5.1.7 S t r e n g t h c o n c r e t e . The C o n t r a c t o r s h a l l be r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e design of s t r e n g t h c o n c r e t e , and t h e
submission of t e s t cubes t o an approved l a b o r a t o r y , and f o r t h e measurement of t h e c o n s t i t u e n t m a t e r i a l s
t o produce c o n c r e t e t h a t complies with t h e requirements s p e c i f i e d by t h e Engineer.
The Engineer w i l l s p e c i f y t h e following i n r e s p e c t of s t r e n g t h c o n c r e t e f o r each s e c t i o n of t h e work:
a ) The grade of c o n c r e t e and p o s i t i o n on t h e Works;
b ) t h e maximum nominal s i z e of c o a r s e a g g r e g a t e , i n millimetres.
11 SABS 1200 G-1982

5.5.2 Batching
5.5.2.3 ~-
Cement. The mass of cement s u p p l i e d i n a s t a n d a r d sack s h a l l be assumed t o be 50 kg. A l l cement taken
from b u l k s t o r a g e c o n t a i n e r s and from p a r t l y used sacks s h a l l be batched by mass t o an accuracy of w i t h i n
2 Z of t h e mass r e q u i r e d .
5.5.2.2 -
Water. Mixing water f o r each b a t c h s h a l l be measured. The amount of water measured s h a l l b e a d j u s t e d t o
allow f o r t h e moisture c o n t e n t of t h e a g g r e g a t e s (see 4 . 2 ( b ) ) .
5.5.2.3 Aggregates. I f batching i s by mass, t h e mass o f t h e a g g r e g a t e o f each s i z e s h a l l be determined and a
c o r r e c t i o n made f o r t h e moisture c o n t e n t of t h e aggregates.
I f b a t c h i n g i s by volume, t h e f i n e and t h e c o a r s e a g g r e g a t e s s h a l l be measured s e p a r a t e l y i n s u i t a b l e
measuring boxes of known volume and of such c a p a c i t y t h a t t h e q u a n t i t i e s of aggregates f o r each b a t c h a r e
s u i t a b l e f o r d i r e c t t r a n s f e r i n t o t h e mixer. Bulking t e s t s on t h e f i n e aggregate s h a l l be conducted
r e g u l a r l y in accordance with SABS Method 856 and t h e r e s u l t s used f o r adjustment of t h e b a t c h volume Of
f i n e aqyregate t o g i v e t h e t r u e volume r e q u i r e d .
The Engineer s h a l l b e p e r m i t t e d t o r e q u i r e a d d i t i o n a l t e s t s f o r bulking t o be done a f t e r r a i n h a s f a l l e n
or i f , i n h i s o p i n i o n , any o t h e r cause of v a r i a t i o n i n t h e moisture c o n t e n t of t h e aggregate h a s a r i s e n .
5.5.3 Mixing
5.5.3.1 Elixing a t c o n s t r u c t i o n si-t?. The following requirements s h a l l apply t o t h e mixing of c o n c r e t e a t t h e
construction site:
a ) Mixing of m a t e r i a l s f o r c o n c r e t e s h a l l be conducted by an experienced o p e r a t o r .
b) The sequence of charging t h e mixing p l a n t s h a l l have been approved b e f o r e mixing commences and, u n l e s s
o t h e r w i s e d i r e c t e d , t h e approved sequence s h a l l be maintained.
c) The t o t a l volume of m a t e r i a l p e r b a t c h s h a l l n o t exceed t h e r a t e d c a p a c i t y of t h e mixer.
d ) Before any c o n c r e t e i s mixed, t h e i n n e r s u r f a c e s of t h e mixer s h a l l b e cleaned and all hardened
c o n c r e t e s h a l l be removed. A s l u r r y of cement, sand, and water c o n t a i n i n g cement and sand i n t h e r a t i o
1 : 2 and i n s u f f i c i e n t q u a n t i t y t o cover t h e e n t i r e i n s i d e s u r f a c e of t h e mixer s h a l l be produced i n t h e
c l e a n mixer arid discharged immediately b e f o r e t h e charging of t h e mixer with m a t e r i a l s a t t h e
commencement of each c o n c r e t e production run.
e ) The p e r i o d of mixing s h a l l be measured from t h e time when a l l t h e m a t e r i a l s a r e i n t h e drum o r pan t o
t h e commencement of d i s c h a r g e . S u b j e c t t o t h e p r o v i s i o n s o f (f) below, t h e mixing p e r i o d f o r each batch
of 1 , 5 m3 o r less s h a l l be a t l e a s t 1,s min and 1 min 'for drum-type and pan-type mixers r e s p e c t i v e l y , -and
s h a l l b e i n c r e a s e d by 2 0 s and 15 s r e s p e c t i v e l y f o r each a d d i t i o n a l c u b i c metre o r p a r t t h e r e o f . During
t h i s p e r i o d , t h e drum or pan s h a l l be r o t a t e d a t t h e speed recommended by t h e manufacturer of t h e mixer.
The maximum continuous mixing times a t t h e recommended mixing speeds s h a l l not exceed 10 min and 6 min
p e r b a t c h f o r drum-type and pan-type mixers r e s p e c t i v e l y .
f ) The Engineer w i l l p e r m i t mixing p e r i o d s t o be reduced where he h a s approved t h e use of a mixer t h a t
complies with t h e requirements of 4 . 3 . 2 and t h e C o n t r a c t o r ' s s i t e c o n t r o l i s r a t e d a s good.
9 ) I n t h e e v e n t of d e l a y i n t h e c o n c r e t i n g o p e r a t i o n s , c o n c r e t e may b e r e t a i n e d i n t h e mixer f o r a
maximum p e r i o d of 2 h provided t h a t t h e slump i s checked f r e q u e n t l y and t h a t only enough w a t e r t o
maintain t h e t a r g e t slump i s added t o t h e mixer. During t h i s p e r i o d t h e mixer s h a l l be r e s t a r t e d and run
f o r about 2 min every 15 m i n . The Engineer may o r d e r t h a t t h e p e r i o d of 2 h be reduced i f , i n h i s
o p i n i o n , t h e ambient temperature, o r any o t h e r f a c t o r , w i l l tend t o produce e a r l y s e t t i n g .
h) Discharge s h a l l be so c a r r i e d o u t t h a t t h e r e i s no s e g r e g a t i o n of t h e m a t e r i a l s i n t h e mix. The mixer
s h a l l b e emptied completely b e f o r e it i s recharged. I f t h e mixer h a s been o u t of use f o r l o n g e r than
30 m i n , it s h a l l be thoroughly cleaned o u t , p a r t i c u l a r a t t e n t i o n being p a i d t o t h e removal o f any
build-up of m a t e r i a l s i n t h e drum, i n t h e l o a d e r , and around t h e b l a d e s o r paddles.
5.5.3.2 --
Ready-mixed c o n c r e t e . The Engineer w i l l a d v i s e whether t h e production of c o n c r e t e a t a c e n t r a l concrete
production f a c i l i t y o t h e r than on t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n s i t e is p e r m i t t e d and whether t h e t e s t r e s u l t s
o b t a i n e d by such a production f a c i l i t y a s p a r t of i t s q u a l i t y c o n t r o l s y s t e m are a c c e p t a b l e when t h e
r e s u l t s of t e s t s a r e e v a l u a t e d i n terms o f 7.3.
Where c o n c r e t e i s d e l i v e r e d t o t h e S i t e ready-mixed (see 2.3), t h e requirements of SABS 878 s h a l l apply.
5.5.4 T r a n s p o r t a t i o n . Mixed c o n c r e t e s h a l l be discharged from t h e mixer and t r a n s p o r t e d to i t s f i n a l p o s i t i o n
i r i such a manner t h a t s e g r e g a t i o n , l o s s of i n g r e d i e n t s , and a d u l t e r a t i o n a r e prevented and t h a t t h e mix
i s of t h e r e q u i r e d w o r k a b i l i t y a t t h e p o i n t and t i m e of p l a c i n g .
5.5.5 Placing
5.5.5.1 The C o n t r a c t o r shall g i v e t h e Engineer adequate n o t i c e of h i s i n t e n t i o n t o p l a c e concrete. The concrete
s h a l l b e placed w i t h i n 1 h of t h e t i m e o f i t s d i s c h a r g e from t h e mixer. Concrete s h a l l not be retempered
by t h e a d d i t i o n of water or any o t h e r m a t e r i a l . The forms t o be f i l l e d s h a l l be c l e a n i n t e r n a l l y . A l l
e x c a v a t i o n s and o t h e r s u r f a c e s of an absorbent n a t u r e t h a t are t o come i n t o c o n t a c t with t h e c o n c r e t e
s h a l l b e dampened w i t h water. There s h a l l be no f r e e water on t h e s u r f a c e s a g a i n s t which c o n c r e t e i s t o
be placed.
5.5.5.2 Wherever p o s s i b l e , t h e c o n c r e t e s h a l l be d e p o s i t e d v e r t i c a l l y i n t o i t s f i n a l p o s i t i o n t o avoid
s e g r e g a t i o n and displacement of reinforcement and o t h e r i t e m s t h a t a r e to be embedded.
5.5.5.3 Deposited c o n c r e t e s h a l l not be so worked (whether by means of v i b r a t o r s o r otherwise) as t o cause it t o
flow l a t e r a l l y i n such a way t h a t s e g r e g a t i o n occurs. Where p o s s i b l e , t h e c o n c r e t e s h a l l b e brought up
i n h o r i z o n t a l l a y e r s of compacted t h i c k n e s s not exceeding 450 mm and heaping s h a l l be avoided.
5.5.5.4 Where a c h u t e i s used t o convey t h e c o n c r e t e , i t s s l o p e s h a l l be such a s w i l l n o t cause s e g r e g a t i o n , and
a s u i t a b l e spout o r b a f f l e s s h a l l be provided f o r t h e d i s c h a r g e of t h e c o n c r e t e .
5.5.5.5 Concrete s h a l l not be allowed t o f a l l f r e e l y through a h e i g h t of more than 3 m , u n l e s s o t h e r w i s e
approved.
5.5.5.6 When c l o s e d c i r c u i t s a r e being c o n c r e t e d , work s h a l l commence a t one o r more p o i n t s i n t h e c i r c u i t and
proceed i n o p p o s i t e d i r e c t i o n s a t t h e same time so t h a t on completion of t h e c i r c u i t t h e j u n c t i o n o r
j u n c t i o n s a r e formed w i t h f r e s h l y p l a c e d c o n c r e t e .
5.5.5.7 P l a c i n g of c o n c r e t e under water w i l l be p e r m i t t e d only under e x c e p t i o n a l circumstances when i t is, i n t h e
opinion of t h e Engineer, not p r a c t i c a b l e t o dewater b e f o r e p l a c i n g . N o c o n c r e t e s h a l l be p l a c e d i n
flowing water. When t h e p l a c i n g of c o n c r e t e under water i s p e r m i t t e d , i t s h a l l be placed by means of a
tremie. During p l a c i n g , t h e lower end of t h e tremie s h a l l be continuously immersed i n t h e c o n c r e t e being
d e p o s i t e d . To maintain t h e d e s i r e d p r o p e r t i e s of t h e c o n c r e t e t h e q u a n t i t y of cement i n t h e c o n c r e t e mix
s h a l l be i n c r e a s e d by 20 %. F u l l d e t a i l s of t h e method proposed and of t h e a d j u s t e d c o n c r e t e mix
p r o p o r t i o n s s h a l l be submitted t o t h e Engineer f o r h i s approval b e f o r e p l a c i n g commences.
5.5.5.8 During and a f t e r c o n c r e t i n g under w a t e r , pumping o r dewateriny o p e r a t i o n s i n t h e immediate v i c i n i t y s h a l l
be suspended should t h e r e be, i n t h e o p i n i o n of .the Engineer, any danger t h a t such o p e r a t i o n s w i l l
i n t e r f e r e with t h e f r e s h l y placed c o n c r e t e b e f o r e it h a s s e t and gained adequate s t r e n g t h .
5.5.5.9 The p l a c i n g of c o n c r e t e by pumping i n any s e c t i o n of t h e Works s h a l l be s u b j e c t t o t h e w r i t t e n approval
of t h e Engineer. The C o n t r a c t o r s h a l l f u r n i s h t h e Engineer with i u l l d e t a i l s r e g a r d i n g t h e mix
p r o p o r t i o n s of c o n c r e t e t h a t he i n t e n d s t o p l a c e by pumping.
SABS 1200 G-1982 12

5.5.6 Compaction
5.5.6.1 The c o n c r e t e s h a l l be f u l l y compacted by approved means during .ind immediately a f t e r p l a c i n g . I t shall
be thoroughly worked a g a i n s t the formwork and around reinforcement and o t h e r embedded itellls w i t h o u t
d i s p l a c i n g them.
5.5.6.2 The c o n c r e t e s h a l l be f r e e from honeycombing and p l a n e s of weakness. Successive l a y e r s of t h e same l i f t
s h a l l be thoroughly worked t o g e t h e r . To achieve t h i s , t h e compaction t o o l s h a l l p e n e t r a t e through t h e
new l a y e r t o t h e lower l a y e r which s h a l l s t i l l be s u f f i c i e n t l y p l a s t i c t o permit i n t e r k n i t t i n g .
5.5.6.3 Compaction s h a l l be c a r r i e d o u t by inechanical v i b r a t i o n o r ( i f 'lpprovcd) by spddiny, r o d d i r q , o r f o r k i n g .
Over-vibrdtion r e s u l t i n g i n s e g r e g a t i o n , s u r f a c e l a i t a n c c , or lcakage, o r any combjndtion of t h e s e , shsll
nor: be permitted.
5.5.6.4 Thc r a t e of c o n c r e t e p l a c i n g s h a l l be commensurate with t h e a v a s l a b l e compaction equipment and o n l y
s k i l l e d o p e r a t o r s s h a l l be p e r m i t t e d t o undertake compaction by v i b r a t i o n .
5.5.7 Construct i o n J o i n ts
5.5.7.1 Except a s allowed i n 5.5.7.2, c o n c r e t i n y s h a l l be c a r r i e d o u t c m t i n u o u s l y up t o t h e l o c a t i o n s where
j o i n t s a r e shvwn on t h e drawings o r up t o approved l o c a t i o n s . llnless o t h e r w i s e c o n s t r u c t e d ( s e e
5.5.7.3), j o i n t s s h a l l be c o n s t r u c t e d i n accordance wit.h
a ) t h e d e t a i l s shown on t h e drawings, o r
b ) t h e a p p l i c a b l e requirements of t h e p r o j e c t s p e c i f i c a t i o n .
5.5.7.2 I f , because of an emergency (such a s a breakdown of t h e mixiig p l a n t o r t h e occurrence of u n s u i t a b l e
w e a t h e r ) , c o n c r e t i n g h a s t o b e i n t e r r u p t e d , c o n c r e t e s h a l l be f i n i s h e d o f f a t t h e p l a c e of stoppage i n
t h e manner t h a t w i l l l e a s t impair t h e d u r a b i l i t y , appearance, and proper functioniilg of t h e c o n c r e t e .
5.5.7.3 The method adopted f o r forming j o i n t s n o t covered by 5.5.7.1 and unforeseen j o i n t s ( s e e 2.4.3) s h a l l be
one of t h e following:
a1 C o n s t r u c t i o n j o i n t s when c o n c r e t e i s n o t more than 2 4 h o l d . The s u r f a c e of t h e c o n c r e t e s h a l l be
brushed with a s t e e l w i r e brush b e f o r e new mortar and c o n c r e t e a r e placed a s s p e c i f i e d i n ( b ) below.
b ) Construction j o i n t s when c o n c r e t e i s more than 24 h b u t not more than 3 d o l d . The s u r f a c e of t h e
c o n c r e t e s h a l l be sand-blasted o r chipped with a l i g h t hammer, swept c l e a n , and thoroughly wetted and
covered with a 10 mm t h i c k l a y e r of mortar composed of cement and sand mixed i n t h e same r a t i o a s t h e
cement and sand i n t h e c o n c r e t e mixture. This mortar s h a l l be t r e s h l y mixed and p l a c e d immediately
b e f o r e t h e new c o n c r e t e i s placed.
c ) Construction j o i n t s when c o n c r e t e i s more than 3 d o l d . The procedure s p e c i f i e d i n ( b ) above s h a l l be
followed, except t h a t t h e o l d s u r f a c e s h a l l be prepared and kept: continuously w e t f o r a t l e a s t 24 h
b e f o r e t h e mortar and new c o n c r e t e a r e pldced.
d ) Construction j o i n t s a t t o p s of columns. The procedure f o r brushing o+ c l e a n i n g s p e c i f i e d i n ( a ) o r
(b) above, a s a p p l i c a b l e , s h a l l be followed b e f o r e t h e s t e c l reinforcement of t h e s l a b o r f l o o r t o be
cast on t h e columns i s p l a c e d i n p o s i t i o n .
5.5.8 Curing and P r o t e c t i o n . A f t e r formwork h a s been removed ( s e e 5.;!.5) and a s soon a s it i s p r a c t i c a b l e i n
t h e opinion of t h e Engineer, a l l c o n c r e t e s h a l l , s u b j e c t t o t h e p r o v i s i o n s of 5.5.9.1, be p r o t e c t e d from
contamination and loss of moisture by one o r more of t h e followj.ng methods:
a ) Ponding t h e exposed s u r f a c e s by means of water;
b ) covering t h e c o n c r e t e w i t h sand, o r mats made o f a m o i s t u r e - r e t a i n i n g m a t e r i a l , and keeping t h e
covering continuously wet ;
c ) continuously spraying t h e exposed s u r f a c e s with water;
d) covering t h e c o n c r e t e with waterproof o r p l a s t i c s s h e e t i n g f i r m l y anchored a t t h e edges;
e) t h e use of an approved c u r i n g compound a p p l i e d i n accordance with t h e m a n u f a c t u r e r ' s i n s t r u c t i o n s .
Whatever method of c u r i n g i s adopted, i t s a p p l i c a t i o n s h a l l n o t cause s t a i n i n g , contamination, o r marring
of t h e s u r f a c e o f t h e c o n c r e t e . Water used s h a l l comply with t h e requirements of 3.3.
When t h e ambient temperature i s 5 OC and h i g h e r , t h e c u r i n g p e r i o d s h a l l be a t l e a s t 5 d f o r c o n c r e t e
made with p o r t l a n d cement, a t l e a s t 2 d f o r c o n c r e t e made with rapid-hardening portl.and cement, and a t
l e a s t 7 d f o r c o n c r e t e made w i t h p o r t l a n d b l a s t f u r n a c e cement. When t h e ambient temperature i s below
5 OC, t h e c u r i n g p e r i o d s s h a l l be extended by 7 2 h , 36 h, and 7% h , r e s p e c t i v e l y .
5.5.9 Adverse Weather Conditions ( s e e 2 . 3 ( a ) )
5.5.9.1 Under adverse c o l d weather c o n d i t i o n s , e f f e c t i v e measures s h a l l be taken t o ensure t h a t t h e temperature
of t h e c o n c r e t e , from t h e time of p l a c i n g u n t i l i t has hardened ( i . e . about 2 4 h ) , i s maintained a t n o t
l e s s than 5 OC. I f t h e atmospheric temperature i n t h e v i c i n i t y of t h e c o n c r e t e i s below 2 OC o r i s
expected t o f a l l below 2 OC d u r i n g t h e c u r i n g p e r i o d ( s e e 5.5.81, water s h a l l n o t be used f o r c u r i n g .
A l l s u r f a c e s s h a l l be p r o t e c t e d from i c e o r f r o s t damage.
5.5.9.2 When t h e ambient temperature i s above 32 OC, t h e temperature of t h e c o n c r e t e when d e p o s i t e d s h a l l n o t be
allowed t o exceed 32 OC. Under adverse h o t weather c o n d i t i o n s , t h e C o n t r a c t o r s h a l l t a k e a l l r e a s o n a b l e
s t e p s t o reduce t o a minimum t h e p l a c i n g temperature of t h e conc:rete. S t o c k p i l e s of a g g r e g a t e s and a l l
metal s u r f a c e s i n c o n t a c t w i t h a g g r e g a t e s and c o n c r e t e s h a l l be s h i e l d e d from t h e d i r e c t r a y s of t h e s u n
o r cooled by being sprayed with w a t e r , and windbreaks s h a l l be e r e c t e d , i f n e c e s s a r y , t o p r e v e n t t h e
i n i t i a l r a p i d drying-out of c o n c r e t e which would otherwise occur b e f o r e normal c u r i n g procedures can be
undertaken.
5.5.9.3 Concrete s h a l l n o t be placed during p e r i o d s of heavy o r prolonged r a i n f a l l .
5.5.10 Concrete S u r f a c e s
5.5.10.3 Exposed s u r f a c e s of c o n c r e t e n o t f i n i s h e d a g a i n s t forms (such a$, h o r i z o n t a l o r s l i g h t l y s l o p i n g s u r f a c e s )
s h a l l be brought up t o a p l a n e , uniform s u r f a c e w i t h s u i t a b l e s c r e e d boards.
5.5.10.2 Where a wood-floated o r s t e e l - f l o a t e d o r power-floated f i n i s h O K a s c r e e d topping o r g r a n o l i t h i c f i n i s h
i s r e q u i r e d i n terms of t h e p r o j e c t s p e c i f i c a t i o n , t h e c o n c r e t e s h a l l , u n l e s s o t h e r w i s e s t a t e d i n t h e
p r o j e c t s p e c i f i c a t i o n , be f i n i s h e d t o t h e t o l e r a n c e s s p e c i f i e d f o r Degree of Accuracy I1 i n terms of
6.2.3(d).
5.5.10.3 Finished c o n c r e t e s h a l l have a n e a t , smooth, even, and uniform f i n i s h f r e e from any honeycombing. I f the
f i n i s h of any formed o r f l o a t e d c o n c r e t e s u r f a c e i s , i n t h e opinion of t h e Engineer, u n s a t i s f a c t o r y and
does n o t conform t o t h a t s p e c i f i e d , t h e Contractor w i l l be r e q u i r e d , a t h i s own expense, t o rub down such
s u r f a c e while it i s s t i l l g r e e n , o r , a l t e r n a t i v e l y , t o g r i n d i t down with carborundum o r o t h e r s u i t a b l e
m a t e r i a l when it h a s hardened o r t o t a k e o t h e r approved remedial. measures t o g i v e t h e s p e c i f i e d f i n i s h .
5.5.11 -
W a t e r t i g h t Concrete. Each s e c t i o n of t h e Works t h a t i s r e q u i r e d , i n terms of t h e p r o j e c t s p e c i f i c a t i o n ,
t o hold o r exclude water s h a l l be w a t e r t i g h t , and s p e c i a l care, p a r t i c u l a r l y a t c o n s t r u c t i o n j o i n t s ,
s h a l l be taken by t h e C o n t r a c t o r t o ensure w a t e r t i g h t n e s s . ShoLAd any such s e c t i o n of t h e Works f a i l t o
p a s s t h e t e s t s f o r w a t e r t i g h t n e s s a s r e q u i r e d i n terms of t h e p r o j e c t s p e c i f i c a t i o n o r a s o r d e r e d , o r
show any s i g n of water leakage o r p e n e t r a t i o n a f t e r being taken i n t o u s e , it s h a l l be deemed d e f e c t i v e
and t h e p r o v i s i o n s of 5.5.14.2 s h a l l apply.
13 SABS 1200 G-1982

Concrete (structural)
5.5.12 Concrete in Wet Ground. Wherever concrete is to be placed in wet ground, shellow drains shall be
excavated below the ground formation, filled with broken stone, and connected to suitably placed sumps.
A concrete carpet, the top of which will form the foundation level for the structural concrete, shall
then be laid.
The layout and dimensions of the dry-stone drainaye channels and the thickness of the carpet will be
determined by the Engineer in every case, whether or not these details are given on the drawings.
llnless such drains are scheduled separately, their construction will be dealt with as daywork.
5.5.13 Grouting. Where he is required to grout holding-down bolts, or to place grout under column bases or
bedplates for mechanical or other equipment, the Contractor shall first prepare the relevant concrete
surfaces by scabbling and cleaning them. The mortar grout shall consist of an approved mixture of
cement, sand, water, and admixture, and shall be so rammed into each €ID-bolt ppcket or under each base or
bedplate (as applicable) that all voids and pockets are completely filled around the bolt or between the
top of the concrete and the underside of the metalwork, and, in the case of a base or a bedplate, that
the grout projects beyond the base or bedplate. After the void has been completely filled, the edges of
the mortar grout shall be trimmed at an angle of 45 outward from the bottom edges of each base or
bedplate and the trimmed edge wood-floated to a neat finish.
5.5.14 Defects
5.5.14.1 The concrete shall be homogeneous and free from honeycombing, interstices, and planes of weakness.
If, after the removal of the forms, the concrete shows any defect, the Contractor shall immediately
report such defect to the Engineer, and he shall not carry out any patching or remedial work until
authorized to do so by the Eiigineer.
5 -5.14.2 After thorough inspection and investigation of the quality and strength of the defective work and after
due consideration of the possible consequences of such defect, the Engineer will either specify the
extent and method of repair or order the demolition and reconstruction of the whole of the defective work
to the extent that he considers necessary.
The cost of all such investigation, repair, and remedial work and of any demolition and reconstruction of
defective work shall be borne by the Contractor and all repair, remedial, and reconstruction work shall
be executed to the satisfaction of the Engineer.
5.5.15 Records. The Contractor shall maintain written records that provide the following information:
a) The date on which each section was concreted, the time taken to place the concrete, and the position
of the section in the Works;
b) the daily weather conditions;
c) the nature of samples, the dates on which they were taken, and identification by which the results of
tests on such samples may be correlated with the section of work to which they pertain.
6. TOLERANCES
6.1 BASIS OF MEASUREMENT
6.1.1 General. Permissible deviations appropriate to the degree of accuracy required will be applied to linear
dimensions, position, verticality, level, squareness, and bow.
The degree of accuracy may be one of the following:
a) Degree of Accuracy I11 for use where a high degree of accuracy is unnecessary, e.g. mass foundations;
b) Degree of Accuracy I1 for what is commonly called "good work";
c) Degree of Accuracy I where the use of special, as opposed to normal, methods or materials (or both) is
warranted despite the probability of higher costs than are caused by the use of Degree of Accuracy 11.
This may apply where, for example, prefabricated units (windows, precast panels) are required to fit in
position.
6.1.2 Methods of Measurement of Deviations. Certain deviations will be measured as set out below:
a) Any deviation from flatness of a plane surface will be measured as the maximum deviation of the
surface from any straight line of length 3 m joining two points on the surface, determined by means of a
straight-edge the ends of which are supported on identical blocks of suitable thickness placed over each
of the points.
b) Any abrupt change in a continuous surface, including a local depression or peak in a floor or wall and
any abrupt change caused by a joint in formwork will be measured as specified in (a) above.
c) Out-of-squareness ot a corner or an opening or an element such as a column will be measured by taking
the longer of two adjacent sides as the base line, and determining any departure from the perpendicular
of the side at either end of the base line.
6.2 PERMISSIBLE DEVIATIONS

6.2.1 General. The Contractor shall construct each of the various parts of the Works within the limits of the
applicable permissible deviation set out in 6.2.3 appropriate to the degree of accuracy specified in the
project specification or shown on the drawings. If no degree of accuracy is specified, Degree of
Accuracy I1 shall apply.
6.2.2 Concrete Surfaces. Any departure from flatness and the height or depth of any irregularity of a finished
plane concrete surface shall not exceed the applicable maximum value given in (d)(7) and (8) below. The
specified accuracy shall be achieved without any treatment except the rubbing down of hardened surfaces
with carborundum blocks.
6.2.3 Specified PDs
Permissible deviation,
I11
Deqree of accuracv
I I1 I I
I
mm I mm mm
a) Reinforcement I
1) Spaciny between two adjacent bars ................................ +25
- -+20 +15
-
2) Longitudinal location of bends and ends of bars .................. +40
- -+30 +20
-
3) Cover to reinforcement (see (e) below) ........................... -0+20 -0+20 -O+lO
b) Formwork. Formwork shall be so constructed as to ensure that the
position of the finished work will be as specified, subject to the
relevant permissible deviation given in (c) or (d) below, as
applicable.
SABS 1200 G-1982 14

Permissible d e v i a t i 2 ,
De ee o f accuracy
I11 I1 ____
I
UUll mm mm
EuEdations : M a s s a n d r e i n f o r c e d concrete
P o s i t i o n on plan of any edge or s u r f a c e measured from t h e n e a r e s t
g r i d l i n e o r agreed c e n t r e litre .................................. +50
- +35
- -+20
Linear dimension on plan c a s t a g a i n s t excavation s i d e s ........... +60
- +40
- i-20
-
Linear dimension on p l a n c a s t a g a i n s t formwork ................... +30 +20 +10
Level of underside of c o n c r e t e ................................... -40+20 -30+15 -2E+-10
S u r f a c e l e v e l ( i . e . t o p of foundation) (excluding f l o o r s l a b s ) ... -30+15 -20+10 -10+5
Elements o r coniponents above foundations ( i n c l u d i n g f l o o r s l a b s , )
P o s i t i o n on p l a n of any edge o r s u r f a c e measured from t h e n e a r e s t
g r i d l i n e o r agreed c e n t r e l i n e .................................. -+25 -+15 -
+5
Linear ( o t h e r than c r o s s - s e c t i o n ) dimensions ..................... +30 -+20 -+10
Cross-section dimensions ......................................... -lir+20 -5+15 -+5
Level ( d e v i a t i o n from designed l e v e l w i t h r e f e r e n c e t o t h e n e a r e s t
t r a n s f e r r e d datum ( T V ) of t h e upper o r lower s u r f a c e , a s may be
s p e c i f i e d , of any s l a b o r o t h e r element or component) ............ -2ot10 -15+5 -1o+o
V e r t i c a l i t y , p e r metre of h e i g h t ................................. 5 5 2
s u b j e c t t o a maximum of .......................................... 70 50 30
Out-of-squareness of a c o r n e r o r an opening o r an element such as
a column (see 6 . 1 . 2 ( c ) ) f o r s h o r t s i d e of l e n g t h
i ) Up t o and i n c l u d i n g 0 , 5 m ..................................... -1-10
- + 5
- -+ 3
ii) o v e r 0 , s m up t o and i n c l u d i n g 2 m ........................... +20
- +15
- -+10
iii) over 2 m, up t o and i n c l u d i n g 4 m ........................... -+25 -+20 -+15
Exposed c o n c r e t e s u r f a c e :
i) F l a t l i e s s of p l a n e s u r f a c e ..................................... 10 5 3
i i ) Abrupt changes i n a continuous s u r f a c e ....................... 10 5 2
Exposed c o n c r e t e s u r f a c e t o be p l a s t e r e d :
i) r l a t n e s s of p l a n e s u r f a c e ..................................... 15 10 *
ii) Abrupt changes i n a continuous s u r f a c e ........................ 10 5 *
--
Cover t o reinforcement. No d e v i a t i o n from t h e minimum cover
of c o n c r e t e over reinforcement s p e c i f i e d i n 5 . 1 . 3 ( a ) w i l l be
permitted.
-Location
- of holding-down b o l t s
t h e c e n t r e l i n e of a holding-down b o l t from i t s d e s i g n a t e d
location i n plan ................................................. * -+ 3 *
................
t h e t o p of t h e b o l t from i t s d e s i g n a t e d e l e v a t i o n * -3+5 *
C o n s t i t u e n t s i n c o n c r e t e mix ( i n c l u d i n g water) x x %
PD of q u a n t i t i e s from approved or d e s i g n a t e d o r p r e s c r i b e d mix,
a s applicable .................................................... + 5
- -+ 5 + 5
-
* Tolerances n o t s t a t e d and t h o s e f o r bow, camber, and t w i s t , and
f o r s l i p f o r m c o n c r e t e and p r e c a s t c o n c r e t e w i l l be s t a t e d i n t h e
p r o j e c t s p e c i f i c a t i o n where a p p l i c a b l e .
7. TESTS
7.1 FACILITIES ANV FREQUENCY - O F SAMPLING
7.1.1 F a c i l i t i e s . F o r t h e purposes of t a k i n g samples and c a r r y i n g o u t tests, t h e Engineer s h a l l have f r e e
a c c e s s t o t h e Works, and t h e C o n t r a c t o r s h a l l render any a s s i s t a n c e necessary. I f so r e q u i r e d , t h e
C o n t r a c t o r s h a l l provide s t o r a g e and p r o t e c t i o n f o r such samples on t h e S i t e .
I n a d d i t i o n , t h e C o n t r a c t o r s h a l l p r o v i d e slump cones and t h e moulds r e q u i r e d f o r compressive s t r e n g t h
t e s t i n g i n accordance with SABS Method 863 i n s u f f i c i e n t q u a n t i t i e s t o enable t h e frequency of sampling
and t e s t i n g r e q u i r e d i n terms of 7.1.2 and 7.2 t o be a c h i e v e d .
7.1.2 Frequency of Sampling
7.1.2.1 s u b j e c t t o t h e requirements of 7 . 1 . 2 . 4 , while c o n c r e t e of a p a r t i c u l a r grade and i n s u f f i c i e n t q u a n t i t y
i s being~. placed under t h e same c o n d i t i o n s , s e t s of samples (each sample ( s e e 2.3) being s u f f i c i e n t f o r 3
cubes, beams, c y l i n d e r s , o r prisms, a s r e l e v a n t ) s h a l l be t a k e n u n t i l 30 v a l i d t e s t r e s u l t s have been
obtained.
The s e t s of samples s h a l l be taken i n accordance with SABS Me1:hod 861, f o r example, a s c l o s e a s i s
p r a c t i c a b l e t o t h e s t a r t o f p l a c i n g and a t a p p r o p r i a t e i n t e r v a l s a f t e r t h a t , o r from one p a r t i c u l a r b a t c h
and then from subsequent b a t c h e s chosen a t a p p r o p r i a t e i n t e r v a l s .
7.1.2.2 A t l e a s t one s e t o f samples s h a l l be taken from each d a y ' s ca:;ting and from a t l e a s t every 50 m3 of
c o n c r e t e of each grade placed.
7.1.2.3 Frequency of sampling s h a l l , with due regard t o t h e importance of t h e work and t h e e v e n t u a l assessment of
t e s t r e s u l t s , b e programmed on t h e b a s i s of c o n s i d e r a t i o n s such as whether a t e s t p e r t a i n s t o a
p a r t i c u l a r s e c t i o n of work only o r t o t h e o v e r a l l q u a l i t y of c o n c r e t e i n t h e s t r u c t u r e .
7.1.2.4 Only one sample s h a l l be drawn from any one b a t c h of c o n c r e t e , and, except where otherwise o r d e r e d , no
sample s h a l l be taken of any grade u n t i l a t l e a s t 3 b a t c h e s O E such g r a d e have been mixed and d i s c h a r g e d .
7.2 TKSTING
7.2.1 General. A l l t e s t i n g s h a l l be c a r r i e d o u t i l l accordance with t h e methods r e f e r r e d t o i n t h e s p e c i i i c a -
t i o n o r i n accordance with such o t h e r method o r methods a s a r e s p e c i f i e d i n t h e p r o j e c t s p e c i f i c a t i o n .
7.2.2 S i t e T e s t i n g . The C o n t r a c t o r s h a l l ensure t h a t S i t e t e s t i n g is c a r r i e d o u t by a competent t e c h n i c i a n o r
by a person deemed by t h e Engineer t o be s u f f i c i e n t l y experienced.
7.2.3 _- 1,oboratory T e s t i n g . The C o n t r a c t o r s h a l l ensure t h a t l a b o r a t o r y t e s t i n g i s c a r r i e d o u t by a recognized
t e s t i n g i n s t i t u t i o n o r an approved l a b o r a t o r y o r a f i r m approved by t h e Engineer.
15 SAUS 1200 G-1982
7.2.4 -
Ear1.y-Stren9t.h T e s t i n g . Whereas t h e c r i t e r i a f o r c o n c r e t e s t r e n g t h i n t h e s p e c i f i c a t i o n are b a s e d on
samples t e s t e d a t t h e a g e o f 28 d o n l y , any p l a n f o r e a r l y - s t r e n g t h t e s t i n g s h a l l b e a s a g r e e d between
t h e C o n t r a c t o r and t h e E n g i n e e r . C o r r e l a t i o n between e a r l y - s t r e n g t h t e s t r e s u l t s and e x p e c t e d s t r e n g t h
a t 28 d s h a l l b e b a s e d on s u f f i c i e n t e v i d e n c e o b t a i n e d t h r o u g h c o n t i n u o u s t e s t i n g a t t h e d i f f e r e n t a g e s
and on v a r i a t i o n s i n c u r i n g regimes i f c u r i n g i s n o t s t r i c t l y c o n t r o l l e d .
E a r l y - s t r e n g t h t e s t r e s u l t s may b e u s e d f o r e a r l y r e m e d i a l measures s u c h as t h e changing of t h e mix
d e s i g n , i f n e c e s s a r y , b u t s h a l l n o t b e u s e d f o r a s s e s s m e n t o f s t r e n g t h i n terms o f 7.3.
7.3 ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA FOR STRENGTH CONCRETE

7.3.1 S t r e n g t h more t h a n 3 MPa B e l o w S p e c i f i e d Value. Should a n y v a l i d t e s t r e s u l t o b t a i n e d on c o n c r e t e o f a
s p e c i f i c g r a d e show t h a t t h e s t r e n g t h is more t h a n 3 MPa below t h e s p e c i f i e d s t r e n g t h , t h e c o n c r e t e
y i e l d i n g s u c h r e s u l t w i l l b e deemed n o t t o s a t i s f y t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s o f t h e s p e c i f i c a t i o n . Should a n
e x a m i n a t i o n c a r r i e d o u t i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h 7.3.4 s a t i s f y t h e E n g i n e e r t h a t t h e s t r u c t u r a l adequacy and
d u r a b i l i t y o f t h e p a r t o f t h e s t r u c t u r e i n which t h e c o n c r e t e h a s been used i s n o t i m p a i r e d , t h e c o n c r e t e
s h a l l b e a c c e p t e d and t h e mix d e s i g n and o t h e r f a c t o r s i n f l u e n c i n g t h e q u a l i t y s h a l l b e reviewed i n o r d e r
t o e n s u r e t h a t f u r t h e r c o n c r e t e c a s t w i l l be o f a c c e p t a b l e q u a l i t y .
7.3.2 C r i t e r i a f o r T h r e e V a l i d T e s t R e s u l t s . The f o l l o w i n g c r i t e r i a s h a l l a p p l y where t h r e e c o n s e c u t i v e v a l i d
t e s t r e s u l t s are o b t a i n e d :
a) The a v e r a g e o f any t h r e e c o n s e c u t i v e v a l i d test r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d on c o n c r e t e o f a s p e c i f i c g r a d e s h a l l
exceed t h e s p e c i f i e d s t r e n g t h by a t l e a s t 2 MPa.
b ) I f t h e c r i t e r i o n g i v e n i n ( a ) above i s n o t met b u t t h e s a i d a v e r a g e i s a t l e a s t e q u a l t o t h e s p e c i f i e d
s t r e n g t h , t h e c o n c r e t e c a s t s h a l l be a c c e p t e d b u t the mix d e s i g n and s t a n d a r d of c o n t r o l s h a l l b e
reviewed and a d j u s t e d a s n e c e s s a r y .
Should t h e s a i d a v e r a g e r e s u l t b e less thaii t h e s p e c i f i e d s t r e n g t h , t h e E n g i n e e r w i l l i n v e s t i g a t e , i n
a c c o r d a n c e w i t h 7.3.4, t h e p a r t o f t h e s t r u c t u r e i n which c o n c r e t e r e p r e s e n t e d by s u c h r e s u l t h a s been
used.
7.3.3 P r o v i s i o n f o r S t a t i s t i c a l Assessment. Should a c o n c r e t i n g o p e r a t i o n b e o f s u c h magnitude or t h e sampling
o f s u c h f r e q u e n c y t h a t 30 or more v a l i d t e s t r e s u l t s h a v e become a v a i l a b l e w i t h i n 3 months, t h e
C o n t r a c t o r may c h o o s e , a t t h e d i s c r e t i o n o f t h e E n g i n e e r , t o have r e s u l t s a s s e s s e d s t a t i s t i c a l l y i n s t e a d
o f i n terms o f 7.3.2. I n s u c h case, t h e a v e r a g e o f a l l t h e t e s t r e s u l t s o f a s p e c i f i c g r a d e o f c o n c r e t e
a t any s t a g e s h a l l e x c e e d t h e s p e c i f i e d S t r e n g t h by a t l e a s t 1 , 7 s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n s . I f t h e a v e r a g e of
s u c h t e s t r e s u l t s f a i l s t o m e e t t h i s r e q u i r e m e n t , t h e mix d e s i g n s h a l l b e a d j u s t e d t o e n s u r e compliance
with t h i s criterion.
7.3.4 P r o c e d u r e f o r Examination o f C o n c r e t e . I f , a f t e r e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e t e s t r e s u l t s i n terms o f 7.3.1 and
7.3.2 o r 7.3.3, a s r e l e v a n t , an e x a m i n a t i o n of t h e c o n c r e t e i n t h e s t r u c t u r e i s i n d i c a t e d , o n e or more o f
t h e p r o c e d u r e s i n t h e sequence g i v e n below may b e a d o p t e d a t t h e d i s c r e t i o n o f t h e E n g i n e e r t o d e t e r m i n e
t h e a c c e p t a b i l i t y or o t h e r w i s e o f c o n c r e t e i n p a r t i c u l a r s e c t i o n s of t h e s t r u c t u r e :
a ) An a s s e s s m e n t o f t h e stress l e v e l i n t h e s t r u c t u r e c o n c e r n e d i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e t e s t r e s u l t o b t a i n e d ;
b ) n o n - d e s t r u c t i v e t e s t i n g , s u b j e c t t o s i m i l a r c o n c r e t e o f proved a c c e p t a b l e q u a l i t y b e i n g a v a i l a b l e i n
comparable members i n t h e same c o n s t r u c t i o n as a r e f e r e n c e ( i m p a c t hammers and u l t r a s o n i c t e s t i n g are t w o
examples o f s u c h t e s t t e c h n i q u e s t h a t may b e u s e d , p r o v i d e d t h a t t h e a p p a r a t u s h a s been p r e v i o u s l y
calibrated);
c ) t h e t e s t i n g o f d r i l l e d cores i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e r e l e v a n t SABS s t a n d a r d methods;
d) f u l l - s c a l e l o a d t e s t s i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h SABS 0100 u n d e r terms and c o n d i t i o n s a g r e e d upon between t h e
E n g i n e e r and t h e C o n t r a c t o r .
7.3.5 Replacement or S t r e n g t h e n i n g o f C o n c r e t e . Where l o a d t e s t s a r e , i n t h e o p i n i o n o f t h e E n g i n e e r ,
u n s u i t a b l e or i m p r a c t i c a l , and i f an e x a m i n a t i o n i n terms o f 7.3.4 d o e s n o t show t h e c o n c r e t e s t r e n g t h t o
b e a c c e p t a b l e , o r i f a p o r t i o n o f t h e s t r u c t u r e f a i l s t o p a s s t h e t e s t s , t h e C o n t r a c t o r s h a l l , on t h e
i n s t r u c t i o n s and d i r e c t i o n s o f t h e E n g i n e e r , e i t h e r r e p l a c e o r s t r e n g t h e n by approved means
a ) e a c h s e c t i o n t h a t f a i l e d o r c o n t a i n s c o n c r e t e t h a t f a i l e d , a s r e l e v a n t ; and
b ) any o t h e r s e c t i o n , i r r e s p e c t i v e of s t r e n g t h , t h e f u n c t i o n a l p u r p o s e o f which i s a f f e c t e d by t h e
s e c t i o n or c o n c r e t e r e f e r r e d t o i n (a) above.
The C o n t r a c t o r s h a l l b e a r t h e cost o f any r e p l a c e m e n t or s t r e n g t h e n i n g r e f e r r e d t o i n t h i s s u b c l a u s e as
w e l l a s any o t h e r r e m e d i a l measures t h a t may b e o r d e r e d t o restore t h e d u r a b i l i t y o f t h e c o n c r e t e t o t h a t
a c h i e v a b l e by c o n c r e t e o f t h e s t r e n g t h r e q u i r e d i n terms of t h e s p e c i f i c a t i o n .
8. MEASUREMENT AND PAYHENT

8.1 MEASUREMENT AND RATES
8.1.1 Formwork
8.1.1.1 Formwork, o t h e r t h a n formwork c o v e r e d by 8.1.1.2, w i l l b e measured a s t h e n e t area o f t h e f a c e of t h e
concrete t o be supported during t h e deposition of concrete. N o d e d u c t i o n w i l l b e made f o r f i l l e t s and
s p l a y s of s i z e up t o 50 mm x 50 mm or f o r o p e n i n g s o f d i a m e t e r up t o 0 , 7 m or o f a r e a up t o 0.5 m’.
8.1.1.2 Formwork i n c o n t i n u o u s l e n g t h s o f narrow w i d t h s and o f f i l l e t s o r s p l a y s o v e r 20 mm x 2 0 mm w i l l b e
measured by l e n g t h , t h e w i d t h o r r a n g e o f w i d t h s b e i n g s t a t e d i n t h e s c h e d u l e .
Boxing-out, t h e forming o f h o l e s , and o t h e r s u c h o p e r a t i o n s w i l l b e measured by number, b a s i c d i m e n s i o n s ,
p e r i m e t e r s , o r drawing r e f e r e n c e s , a s s t a t e d i n t h e s c h e d u l e .
8.1.1.3 S e p a r a t e items w i l l b e s c h e d u l e d
a ) f o r e a c h class o f f i n i s h r e q u i r e d o n t h e formed c o n c r e t e ;
b ) f o r t h e d i f f e r e n t a n g l e s o f i n c l i n a t i o n o f formwork g i v e n below:
Description Angle o f i n c l i n a t i o n
of formwork from t h e v e r t i c a l
I I
I
Horizontal Exceeding 85 and n o t e x c e e d i n g 95
Sloping Exceeding 10 and n o t e x c e e d i n g 85
Battered Not e x c e e d i n g 10
Vertical o O
L I
SABS 1 2 0 0 G-1982 16
c ) f o r each i r i c l i n a t i m of each type of s t r u c t u r a l e l e m e n t , siich a s w a l l s and beams, and f o r d i f f e r e n t

pz-op h e i g h t s f o r beams and sl.abs, and f o r formwork t o curved 1;single and double c u r v a t u r e ) , curved i n
plan o n l y , arched, doniical, s p e c i a l l y moulded, and o t h e r t y p e s of work;
d ) f o r depths of openings r e q u i r e d i n t h e formed c o n c r e t e , a s follows:
1) Not exceeding 0,5 m,
2 ) exceeding 0,s m b u t not exceeding 1,O m,
3 ) cxceeding 1 , 0 m b u t not exceeding 1,s m,
4 ) exceeding 1,s m b u t not exceeding 2.0 m ,
5) exceeding 2 . 0 m,
measured p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o t h e s u r f a c e ; and
e ) f o r l a r g e and small v o i d s c l a s s i f i e d a s follows:
I Description
I Maximum c r o s s - s e c t i o n
I
C i r c u l a r voids,
Large Exceeding 0,35 Exc:eeding 0,l

and not ancl not
exceeding 0 , 7 exceeding 0 , 5
I I
I I I I
I Small I Not exceeding j 1
Not. exceeding
8.1.1.4 Where a s p e c i a l smooth f i n i s h i s s p e c i f i e d and scheduled such t h a t it r e q u i r e s more e x t e n s i v e o p e r a t i o n s

t o b e c a r r i e d o u t a f t e r s t r i k i n g than a r e s p e c i f i e d i n 5 . 2 . l ( t ) , payment w i l l become due when t h e
f i n i s h h a s been achieved a s s p e c i f i e d .
8.1.1.5 Where a s p e c i a l f i n i s h ( s e e 5 . 2 . l ( c ) ) i s s p e c i f i e d and scheduled, payment w i l l become due when t h e f i n i s h
has been achieved a s s p e c i f i e d .
8.1.1.13 The u n i t r a t e s h a l l cover t h e c o s t of a l l p a r t s of formwork i n c o n t a c t w i t h t h e c o n c r e t e ( i n c l u d i n g
forming f i l l e t s or s p l a y s up t o 2 0 mni x 2 0 mm) and t h e necessary b e a r e r s , s t r u t s , and o t h e r s u p p o r t s p l u s
t h e labour and p l a n t necessary t o e r e c t and s t r i k e such formwcrk.
8.1.2 Reinforcement
8.1.2.1 S t e e l f o r normal r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e w i l l be measured n e t by mass of a l l b a r s , i n c l u d i n g s u p p o r t i n g s t e e l
d e t a i l e d on t h e r e i n f o r c i n g schedules. The mass w i l l be computed from t h e nominal b a r s i z e and t h e
nominal mass p e r u n i t l e n g t h . No allowance w i l l b e made f 3 r c u t t i n g , waste, s p a c e r d e v i c e s ( m a t e r i a l s
o t h e r than s t e e l b a r s ) , o r binding wire.
S e p a r a t e items w i l l be scheduled f o r :
a ) Each s t e e l s e c t i o n where r a i l s and o t h e r s t e e l s e c t i o n s a r e used; and
b) s t e e l t o b e f i x e d i n d i f f e r e n t p a r t s of t h e work where t h i s could m a t e r i a l l y i n f l u e n c e t h e p r i c i n g of
t h e work.
S t e e l reinforcement f o r p r e c a s t c o n c r e t e u n i t s w i l l not be measured u n l e s s so scheduled ( s e e 8 . 6 ) .
Welded mesh w i l l be measured by a r e a as shown on t h e drawings, no allowance being made f o r c u t t i n g ,
waste, l a p s , o r deductions f o r end cover. The a r e a s measured w i l l be t h o s e of t h e c o n c r e t e f l o o r o r s l a b
r e i n f o r c e d by means of mesh. I n t h e c a s e of continuous u n i t s p a r t l y r e i n f o r c e d by mesh, t h e a r e a w i l l b e
computed from t h e o u t s i d e dimensions o f t h e a r e a covered by mesh r e g a r d l e s s of whether a d d i t i o n a l
r e i n f o r c i n g s t e e l i s p r e s e n t i n t h e same a r e a .
S t e e l o f f c u t s r e s u l t i n g from t h e c u t t i n g and bending of reinforcement i n accordance with t h e bending
schedule s h a l l be deemed t o be t h e p r o p e r t y of t h e C o n t r a c t o r .
8.1.2.2 a) The t o t a l mass of a l l round and s q u a r e s t e e l b a r s w i l l b e scheduled a s b a r s of nominal s i z e 25 mm
(diameter o r s i d e , a s r e l e v a n t ) f o r t h e purpose of o b t a i n i n g a b a s i c c o n t r a c t p r i c e , and t h e b a r s of all
s i z e s a c t u a l l y used w i l l be s u b j e c t t o t h e terms of t h e c o n d i t i o n s of c o n t r a c t covering v a l u a t i o n of
variations.
The q u a n t i t i e s ( o r percentages) of a l l o t h e r s i z e s of s t e e l b a r s t h a t may be r e q u i r e d w i l l be scheduled
a s p r o v i s i o n a l q u a n t i t i e s t h a t a r e s u b j e c t t o a s t a t e d c l a u s e i n t h e S p e c i a l Conditions of C o n t r a c t , and
t h e c o n t r a c t p r i c e s f o r t h e s e w i l l be f i x e d r e g a r d l e s s of t h e ,magnitude of v a r i a t i o n s ( i f any) of
quantities.
b ) Welded mesh w i l l be scheduled s e p a r a t e l y f o r each type and :mass p e r square metre of mesh.
8.1.2.3 a ) The u n i t r a t e s f o r s t e e l b a r s of nominal s i z e 25 mm s h a l l cover t h e c o s t of supply, c u t t i n g , bending,
p l a c i n g i n p o s i t i o n , and f i x i n g of the r e i n f o r c i n g and s u p p o r t i n g s t e e l scheduled, and t h e p r o v i s i o n of
a l l spacer d e v i c e s and binding w i r e , as w e l l a s t h e c o s t of t e s t s i n terms of SABS 920.
b ) The e x t r a - o v e r r a t e s f o r b a r s of a l l nominal s i z e s o t h e r than 25 mm s h a l l cover any d i f f e r e n c e s i n
c o s t a r i s i n g f r o m any o r a l l of t h e o p e r a t i o n s set o u t i n ( a ) above i n r e s p e c t of b a r s of such o t h e r
sizes.
c ) The u n i t r a t e f o r welded mesh s h a l l cover t h e supply, c u t t i n g , and p l a c i n g of mesh, and t h e c o s t of
a l l waste due t o l a p s .
8.1.3 Concrete
8.1.3.1 a ) Concrete w i l l be measured n e t t o t h e dimensions shown on thl? drawinqs o r t o t h e dimensions c a s t ,
whichever are the s m a l l e r . S t r u c t u r a l elements t h a t are undersized w i l l be measured f o r payment only i f
they a r e accepted by t h e Engineer.
b ) N o allowance w i l l be made f o r c o n c r e t e r e q u i r e d t o make up overbreak i n s o f t e x c a v a t i o n , b u t payment
w i l l be made f o r d d d i t i o n a l c o n c r e t e o r formwork, ordered i n w r i t i n g by t h e Engineer t o r e p l a c e
u n s u i t a b l e m a t e r i a l o r overbreak i n hard rock o r i n i n t e r m e d i a t e excavation ( s e e ( d ) below).
17 SABS 1200 G-1982

c ) Subfoundation c a r p e t s and b l i n d i n g l a y e r s w i l l be measured t o t h e p l a n s i z e of t h e c o n c r e t e s t r u c t u r e

r e s t i n g on t h e c a r p e t , o r t h e p l a n s i z e of t h e excavation where a d d i t i o n a l excavation i s provided t o
f a c i l i t a t e e r e c t i o n of forms. Where t h e c o n c r e t e i 5 scheduled by volume it w i l l be measured on t h e me8n
t h i c k n e s s a s c a s t , provided t h a t t h e Engineer i s s a t i s f i e d t h a t t h e excavation h a s n o t a t any p o i n t been
taken deeper o r wider than necessary (see ( b ) above).
d ) where c o n c r e t e i s placed d i r e c t l y a g a i n s t t h e s i d e s o r bottoms of e x c a v a t i o n s i n hard rock o r i n
i n t e r m e d i a t e excavation, an i t e m may be included i n t h e schedule of q u a n t i t i e s f o r any a d d i t i o n a l
c o n c r e t e placed i n overbreak. Such a d d i t i o n a l c o n c r e t e w i l l b e measured on t h e b a s i s of t h e s u p e r f i c i a l
a r e a of t h e s i d e s or bottom, o r b o t h , a s a p p l i c a b l e , of t h e t h e o r e t i c a l n e t excavation i n rock t h a t i s
overbroken and i n c o n t a c t with t h e c o n c r e t e .
6.1.3.2 S e p a r a t e i t e m s w i l l be scheduled, a s a p p l i c a b l e , f o r each t y p e and each g r a d e of c o n c r e t e , f o r each type
of cement and each type o f aggregate, and f o r each u n i t of t h e Works o r each element of a s t r u c t u r e ,
where t h e s e could m a t e r i a l l y i n f l u e n c e t h e p r i c i n g of t h e work and where t h e c o s t of d e p o s i t i n g c o n c r e t e
i s a f f e c t e d by i t s p o s i t i o n i n t h e Works or by t h e c o n d i t i o n s of p l a c i n g , such a s
a ) s l a b s t h a t a r e s l o p i n g , c o n i c a l , o r h o r i z o n t a l , and t h o s e of d i f f e r e n t t h i c k n e s s e s ;
b) c o n c r e t e d e p o s i t e d under water or between t i d e s , t.he l e v e l s of demarcation being s t a t e d ;
c ) s m a l l q u a n t i t i e s each l e s s than 0 , 5 m3 of formed c o n c r e t e ; and
d ) d i f f e r e n t s u r f a c e f i n i s h e s ( o t h e r than s t r i k i n g - o f f and l e v e l l i n g ) such as wood-floated o r
s t e e l - f l o a t e d f i n i s h e s and g r a n o l i t h i c o r mortar screeds.
8.1.3.3 a ) The u n i t r a t e s s h a l l cover t h e c o s t of t h e design of t h e mix i n t h e c a s e of s t r e n g t h c o n c r e t e , t h e
p r o v i s i o n of c o n c r e t e (made with o r d i n a r y p o r t l a n d cement u n l e s s otherwise s c h e d u l e d ) , mixing, t e s t i n g ,
p l a c i n g , compacting, t h e forming of stop-ends and unforeseen c o n s t r u c t i o n j o i n t s , s t r i k i n g - o f f o r
l e v e l l i n g a s a p p l i c a b l e , and c u r i n g and r e p a i r i n g where necessary.
b ) F l o o r s l a b s , where p l a c e d on subfoundation c a r p e t s o r d i r e c t l y on t h e prepared ground s u r f a c e , w i l l be
measured t o t h e n e t t h i c k n e s s dimensioned on t h e drawings.
c) Concrete i n a column supporting a r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e beam o r s l a b s t r u c t u r e w i l l b e measured between
t h e t o p s u r f a c e of t h e foundation, beam, or s l a b on which t h e f o o t of t h e column i s s t a n d i n g and t h e
underside of t h e beam o r s l a b supported by t h e column.
d ) No deduction o r a d d i t i o n w i l l b e made f o r nosings, b o l t h o l e s , chamfers or s p l a y s of s i z e up t o
50 nun x 50 mm, grooves o r chases not exceeding 0,015 m3 each i n volume, o r holding-down b o l t s , r a i l s ,
s t e e l s e c t i o n s , and reinforcement cast i n t h e concrete.
8.2 SCHEDULED FORMWORK ITEMS

Rough .......................................................................
2
8.2.1 -
The s u r f a c e s t o be so formed w i l l b e i d e n t i f i e d i n t h e schedule.
Unit: m
8.2.2 Smooth ...................................................................... Unit: m

2
The s u r f a c e s t o be so formed w i l l be i d e n t i f i e d i n t h e schedule.
8.2.3 S p e c i a l Smooth, Repaired and Rubbed ......................................... Unit: m
2
The s u r f a c e s t o be so formed w i l l be i d e n t i f i e d i n t h e schedule.
8.2.4 S p e c i a l Off-Form............................................................ Unit: m
2
The s u r f a c e s t o h e so formed w i l l be i d e n t i f i e d i n t h e schedule.
8.2.5 Narrow Widths (up t o .... ..........................................
nun wide) Unit: m
The c o n s t a n t width, i f i n e x c e s s of 300 mm, o r t h e range of widths i f up t o 300 mm, o r width and depth i n
t h e c a s e of grooves o r c h a s e s , w i l l be s t a t e d .
8.2.6 Box Out Holes/Form Voids. I t e m s w i l l be scheduled as s e t o u t below:
a ) Small, c i r c u l a r , of diameter up t o and i n c l u d i n g 0,35 m
Over and up t o and i n c l u d i n g
1) - 0 , 5 m deep .............................................. U n i t : No.
2 ) 0.5 m 1,O m deep .............................................. Unit: No.
3) l , o m 1 . 5 m deep .............................................. Unit: N o .
4) 1,5 m 2.0 m deep .............................................. Unit: N o .
5 ) 2,O m - deep .............................................. Unit: N o .
...........
b ) Small, o t h e r than c i r c u l a r , of a r e a up t o and i n c l u d i n g 0 , l m2 Unit: No.
Depths as i n ( a ) above.
c ) Large, c i r c u l a r , of diameter over 0 , 3 5 m up t o and i n c l u d i n g 0.7 m ....... Unit: NO.
Depths as i n (a) above.
2
d ) Large, o t h e r than c i r c u l a r , of a r e a o v e r 0 , l m and up and i n c l u d i n g t o
0,s m" ..................................................... ................
Unit: No.
Depths as i n (a) above.
8.3 SCHEDULED REINFORCEMENT ITEMS

8.3.1 Steel B a r s ................................................. ................ Unit: t
.
The type of s t e e l (mild, h i g h - t e n s i l e , o r o t h e r ) w i l l be s t a ed
8.3.2 Nigh-Tensile Welded Mesh ................................... ................ Unit: m
2
The t y p e r e f e r e n c e w i l l be s t a t e d .
8.3.3 ........ ................ Unit:
R a i l s o r o t h e r S t e e l S e c t i o n s used a s Reiniorcement t
8.4 SCtlEDULED CONCRETE ITEMS

6.4.1 P r e s c r i b e d Mix Concrete ..................................................... Unit: m3
The p r o p o r t i o n s aud t h e p o s i t i o n s o r elements i n t h e Works w i l l be s t a t e d .
8.4.2 Blinding Layer i n ..... Concrete.....
E i t h e r of t h e following w i l l be s t a t e d :
..................................
Minimum t h i c k n e s s and p r o p o r t i o n s o r g r a d e Unit: m 2
P r o p o r t i o n s o r grade........................................................ Unit: m3
6.4.3 S t r e n g t h Concrete, Grade .................................................... Unit: m 3
The g r a d e and p o s i t i o n s or elements i n t h e Works w i l l be s t a t e d . Except where o r d i n a r y p o r t l a n d cement
is r e q u i r e d , t h e type of cement w i l l be s t a t e d .
SABS 1200 G-198% 18

_- ...................................................
2
8.4.4 UnCormed Surface
-___ Finishes Unit: m
Where b e t t e r than rough s u r f a c e f i n i s h e s a r e r e q u i r e d , i t e m s w i l l be scheduled f o r each class or t y p e of
finish, i.e.:
a) Wood-floated f i n i s h ,
b) s t e e l - f l o a l e d f i n i s h ,
c ) power-floated f i n i s h , o r
d) o t h e r s p e c i a l f i n i s h .
8.4.5 Aggregate (where measured s e p a r a t e l y ) ....................................... Unit: m
3
The r a t e s h a l l cover t h e c o s t of supplying and using t h e a g g w g a t e i n t h e manner s p e c i f i e d .
8.4.G Cement (where measured s e p a r a t e l y )
-__ .......................................... Unit: t
The r a t e s h a l l cover t h e cost of supplying and using t h e cemert i n t h e manner s p e c i f i e d .
8.5 JOINTS ...................................................................... Unit: m

S e p a r a t e items w i l l be scheduled f o r c o n t r a c t i o n and expansion j o i n t s of d i f f e r e n t t y p e s and s i z e s and
involving d i f f e r e n t t y p e s , s i z e s , and q u a l i t i e s of water b a r s , s o f t board, s e a l e r s , e t c .
The u n i t r a t e s h a l l cover t h e c o s t of a l l m a t e r i a l s and l a b o u r f o r t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of each j o i n t a s
s p e c i f i e d o r shown on t h e drawings, i n c l u d i n g t h e c o s t of formwork, t e s t i n g , and making good.
8.6 PIANUFACTURE (OK SUPPLY) AND ERECT PRECAST ELEMENTS .......................... Unit: No. o r m
3
S e p a r a t e items w i l l be scheduled f o r :
a) D i f f e r e n t q u a l i t i e s of c o n c r e t e ;
b) d i f f e r e n t t y p e s and s i z e s of u n i t s ;
c) s m a l l u n i t s n o t exceeding 0 , 5 m3 of formed c o n c r e t e ;
d ) d i f f e r e n t p o s i t i o n s of u n i t s f o r e r e c t i o n purposes.
Except where s e p a r a t e i t e m s a r e scheduled f o r s p e c i f i c o p e r a t i s n s o r materials, t h e r a t e s s h a l l cover t h e
c o s t of supply of a l l m a t e r i a l s , p l a n t , and l a b o u r f o r t h e c o n x e t e and reinforcement i n t h e elements
i n c l u d i n g t h e c o s t of moulds f o r forming t h e element, s p e c i a l Eiriishes, c u r i n g , t r a n s p o r t , handling t o
S i t e , e r e c t i n g or b u i l d i n g i n or f i x i n g , and g r o u t i n g .
8.7 GROUTING
a) Under b a s e s ( o r beds) ................................................... Unit: m
3
Grouting under s t r u c t u r a l s t e e l column b a s e s o r members o r under pumps, motors, o r o t h e r machinery w i l l
b e measured by t h e volume of g r o u t ( b e f o r e t h e edges a r e trimmed a t 45 from t h e bottom edges o f
b e d p l a t e s ) necessary t o f i l l t h e v o i d s and pockets between t h e underside of t h e metalwork and t h e t o p of
t h e c o n c r e t e . N o deduction w i l l be made f o r b o l t s , packers, and b a s e p l a t e s h e a r keys p r o t r u d i n g i n t o t h e
g r o u t space.
b ) tlD b o l t s , e t c . (see 8.8). ............................................. Unit: t o r No.
S e p a r a t e items w i l l be scheduled f o r BD b o l t s o r pockets, a s a p p l i c a b l e , of d i f f e r e n t d i a m e t e r s , l e n g t h s ,
and t y p e s , and f o r b e a r i n g s and miscellaneous metal work of d i f f e r e n t types. The q u a n t i t y w i l l b e
measured by t h e volume of g r o u t necessary t o f i l l t h e v o i d s i n t h e c o n c r e t e . No deduction w i l l be made
f o r b o l t s and packers p r o t r u d i n g i n t o t h e g r o u t space.
The r a t e s f o r ( a ) and ( b ) above s h a l l cover t h e c o s t of scabblj-ng, c l e a n i n g , and p r e p a r i n g t h e c o n c r e t e
s u r f a c e s , providing an approved g r o u t , p l a c i n g and ramming it riolidly i n t o a l l v o i d s and pockets, and
m i t r i n g t h e o u t s i d e edges t o a t r u e wood-floated s u r f a c e . Formwork, i f any, w i l l be measured s e p a r a t e l y
i n terms of 8 . 2 .
8.8 HD BOLTS AND MISCELLANEOUS METAL WORK ...................................... Unit: t

Whether t o be s u p p l i e d by t h e C o n t r a c t o r o r by o t h e r s w i l l be sitated. S e p a r a t e i t e m s w i l l be scheduled
a s s p e c i f i e d i n 8.7 ( b ) .
The r a t e s h a l l cover t h e c o s t of supplying and d e l i v e r i n g or t a k i n g d e l i v e r y ( a s a p p l i c a b l e ) , f i x i n g o r
c a s t i n g i n t o c o n c r e t e , and a l l c l e a n i n g , p r e p a r a t i o n , and f i n i s h i n g .
19 SABS 1200 G-1982

Concrete (structural)
APPENDIX A. APPLICABLE STANDAWS
Reference is made to the latest issues of the following standards:
BS 1370 Low heat Portland cement
s m s 82 Bending dimensions of bars for concrete reinforcement

SABS 471 Portland cement (ordinary, rapid-hardening, and sulphate-resisting)
SABS 626 Portland blastfurnace cement
S A D S 831 Portland cement 15 and rapid-hardening portland cement 15
SABS 878 Ready-mixed concrete
SABS 920 Steel bars for concrete reinforcement
SABS 1024 welded steel fabric for concrete reinforcement
SABS 1083 Aggregates from natural sources
SABS 1200 A Civil engineering construction : General
S A W 1200 M Civil engineering construction : General (small works)
SABS 1200 D Civil engineering construction : Earthworks
S A D S 1200 DA Civil engineering construction : Earthworks (small works)
SABS 0100 Structural u s e of concrete
SABS 0144 Detailing of steel reinforcement for concrete
SABS Methods 856, 861, 862, 863
ISBN 0-626-06293-4 rabr pia

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© SABS.

SOUTH AFRICAN BUREAU O F STANDARDS

P u b l i s h e d and printed i n t h e R e p u b l i c of South A f r i c a by t h e

3 SABS 1200 G-1982

Clause Page Number

SABS 1200 G-1382 4

Clause Page Number

APPENDIX A . APPLICABLE STANDARDS ................................................................. 19

5 SABS 1200 G-1982

1.2 T h i s s p e c i f i c a t i o n does not cover s p e c i a l i z e d a s p e c t s of s t r u c t u r a l c o n c r e t e work, p o s t - and p r e s t r e s s e d

NOTE: The s t a n d a r d s r e f e r r e d t o i n t h e s p e c i f i c a t i o n a r e l i s t e d i n Appendix A.

2.2 APPLICATION. This s p e c i f i c a t i o n contains clauses t h a t a r e generally applicable t o s t r u c t u r a l concrete

2.3 DEFINITIONS. For t h e purposes of t h i s s p e c i f i c a t i o n t h e d e f i n i t i o n s and a b b r e v i a t i o n s g i v e n i n SABS 1200

SABS 1200 G-1982 6

2.4 EX P LANATl(il\l C Y TEIII.IS

2.4.1.1 Mild c o n-d- i t i o n s . C o n d i t i o n s under which t h e c o n c r e t e i s p r o t e c t e d from t h e w e a t h e r a n d exposed o n l y t o

3.3 WATER. Water s h a l l b e c l e a n and f r e e from i n j u r i o u s amounts o f a c i d s , a l k a l i s , o r g a n i c matter, and o t h e r

7 SABS 1200 G-1992

3.6 REINFORCEMENT. Reinforcing b a r s s h a l l comply with t h e r e l e v a n t requirements of SABS 920. Welded s t e e l

3.7 STORAGE CAPACITY. The s t o r a g e c a p a c i t y provided and t h e amount of m a t e r i a l s t o r e d (whether cement,

3.8 DETERIORATED MATERIAL. M a t e r i a l t h a t h a s d e t e r i o r a t e d , o r t h a t h a s been contaminated o r o t h e r w i s e

4.2 HATCHING PLANT. The C o n t r a c t o r s h a l l e n s u r e , by r e g u l a r examination, c a l i b r a t i o n , and tests, t h a t t h e

4.4 VIBRATORS. V i b r a t o r s s h a l l b e capable of f u l l y compacting each l a y e r of c o n c r e t e where compaction by

SABS 1200 G-1982 8

Cover over r a i l and s t r u c t u r a l s t e e l reinforcement s h a l l be a t l e a s t 80 mm, u n l e s s o t h e r w i s e showii on t h e

9 SABS 1200 G-1Y82

TABLE 2 - REMOVAL OF FORMWORK ( M I N I M U M TIMES I N DAYS (24 h ) )

3) Beam s i d e s , w a l l s , and unloaded

5.4 PIPES AND CONDUITS. N o p i p e s o r c o n d u i t s , o t h e r than t h o s e so shown on t h e drawings, s h a l l be

Paving and p r e c a s t u n i t s ... 50 30

SABS 1200 G-1982 10

5.5.1.3 Workability. - -_ The c o n c r e t e s h a l l be of such w o r k a b i l i t y t h a t i t . can be r e a d i l y compacted i n t o the c o r n e r s

TABLE 4 - MAXIMSlM CHMKIDE CONTENT

5.5.1.5 D u r a b i l i t y . F o r each grade of c o n c r e t e t h e Engineer w i l l , notwithstanding s t r e n g t h c o n s i d e r a t i o n s ,

s p e c i f y t h e water/cement r a t i o a p p r o p r i a t e t o t h e exposure c o n l i t i o n s i n d i c a t e d i n Table 5 or a s r e q u i r e d

TABLE 5 - MAXIMUM WATER/CEHENT RATIOS FOF DIFFERENT

rhin sections; reinforced p i l e s : a l l

11 SABS 1200 G-1982

SABS 1200 G-1982 12

13 SABS 1200 G-1982

6.2 PERMISSIBLE DEVIATIONS

SABS 1200 G-1982 14

7.3 ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA FOR STRENGTH CONCRETE

8. MEASUREMENT AND PAYHENT

c ) f o r each i r i c l i n a t i m of each type of s t r u c t u r a l e l e m e n t , siich a s w a l l s and beams, and f o r d i f f e r e n t

Large Exceeding 0,35 Exc:eeding 0,l

8.1.1.4 Where a s p e c i a l smooth f i n i s h i s s p e c i f i e d and scheduled such t h a t it r e q u i r e s more e x t e n s i v e o p e r a t i o n s

17 SABS 1200 G-1982

c ) Subfoundation c a r p e t s and b l i n d i n g l a y e r s w i l l be measured t o t h e p l a n s i z e of t h e c o n c r e t e s t r u c t u r e

8.2 SCHEDULED FORMWORK ITEMS

8.2.2 Smooth ...................................................................... Unit: m

8.3 SCHEDULED REINFORCEMENT ITEMS

8.4 SCtlEDULED CONCRETE ITEMS

SABS 1200 G-198% 18

8.5 JOINTS ...................................................................... Unit: m

8.8 HD BOLTS AND MISCELLANEOUS METAL WORK ...................................... Unit: t

19 SABS 1200 G-1982

APPENDIX A. APPLICABLE STANDAWS

Reference is made to the latest issues of the following standards: