Electric Vehicle III

Electric Vehicle Architecture Design [10 hr]

1 Types of Electric Vehicle and components
2 Electrical protection and system requirement
3 Photovoltaic solar based EV design
4 Battery Electric vehicle (BEV)
5 Hybrid electric vehicle (HEV)
6 Plug-in hybrid vehicle (PHEV
7 Fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV)
8 Electrification Level of EV
9 Comparison of fuel vs Electric and solar power
Types of Electric Vehicle and components

• There are four main types of electric vehicles (EVs), classed by their
energy source.
• BEVs or Battery electric vehicles,
• HEVs or Hybrid electric vehicles, and
• PHEVs or Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles,
• FCEVs or Hydrogen Fuel cell electric vehicles.

Others Types:
• EVs using Supply Lines
• Solar-Powered EVs
• EVs with flywheel and supercapacitor
Future Electric vehicle: ???
Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV)
Architecture of Battery Electric Vehicles
Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV)
• Battery Electric Vehicles also called BEVs, and more frequently called
EVs, are fully-electric vehicles.
• It has rechargeable batteries and no fuel engine.
• Store electricity onboard with high-capacity battery packs.
• Battery power is used to run the electric motor and all onboard
electronics.
• Do not emit any harmful emissions and hazards caused by traditional
gasoline-powered vehicles.
• BEVs are charged by electricity from an external source and
regenerative braking also.
• Example of these, the Nissan Leaf and the Mitsubishi MiEV
 ICE Vehicle vs BEV
Fundamental Difference

Engine Motor
ICE BEV

Fuel Tank
Battery Pack
 ICE Vehicle vs BEV

Parts & Component to be Parts & Component to be added in

removed in BEV BEV
• Electric Motor
• Fuel tank • Controller
• Battery Pack and BMS
• Fuel Pump
• Transmission System
• Engine • DC to DC converter
• Clutch & transmission • Charging infrastructure
• Software and Monitoring
 ICE Vehicle vs BEV

Modified Parts & Component

• Colling System
• Air Conditioning System
• Dashboard
 ICE Vehicle vs BEV
Common Parts

• Body/ Frame • Safety System

• Doors and Window • Wipers and Fluid Pump
• Wheels • Braking System
• Suspension System • Mirrors
• Power Steering System • Interiors
Challenges of BEV: ?
 Challenges of BEV

Batteries: Enery storage

• Weight
• Volume
• Cost
• Life
• Safety
• Disposal
Advantage and Disadvantage of BEV
Advantage Disadvantage
Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs)
Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs)
 Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs)
• Power train is combination of energy source and energy converter. Such as
gasoline - heat engine system, battery - electric motor system.
• Vehicle with two or more power train is called hybrid vehicle.
• Hybrid vehicle with electric power train is called HEVs.
• The most common types of HEVs combine an IC engine with a battery and an
electric motor and generator.
• Traditinally HEVs are classified in to two basic types:series hybrid and
parallel hybrid. But some new types of HEVs could not classified in to
these kind.
• Now it is classified in four types: series hybrid, parallel hybrid, series-
parallel hybrid and complex hybrid.
Types of Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs)
Based on Architecture

a) Series hybrid
b) Parallel hybrid
c) Series-Parallel hybrid
d) Complex hybrid
Series HEVs
Parallel HEVS
Series-Parallel HEVs
Complex HEVs
 Types of Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs)
Based on Degree of Hybridisation
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• The ratio of power developed by an electric motor in a hybrid vehicle to
the total power consumed by the vehicle is known as degree of
hybridization.
• The greater the degree of hybridisation, the greater the scope for using
a smaller IC engine
1) Micro Hybrid:
2) Mild Hybrid:
3) Full Hybrid:
4) Plug-in Hybrid:
Types of Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs)
Based on Degree of Hybridisation
 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF
HYBRID CARS
Advantage Disadvantage
• Lower emission
• Low power
• Less maintenace
• More expensive
• Fuel economy
• Maintenance
• Dual advantage of fuel and electric
• Battery Replacement
• No reliance on charging points
Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEVs)
Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEVs)

• A Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) is a vehicle equipped with a

battery that allows recharge via both home outlets or at charging
stations (plugging in) and regenerative braking.
• In most cases both the electric drive and the ICE are able to propel
the vehicle, some vehicles use solely the electric drive.
• PHEVs can be used in a full electric mode if there is enough energy
stored in the battery.
Why PHEV?
 Needs of PHEV over HEV
• PHEV works like a regular hybrid, it has a much higher capacity battery, full
battery charge cannot be achieved solely via the on-board generator and
requires plugging into an electrical outlet or charging station.
• PHEV is for extended range all-electric driving, on short trips, the PHEV
operates like an EV.
• PHEV can typically drive for 25 to 50 km solely on stored battery power,
once that range is used up, the vehicle works like a normal hybrid, until its
recharged again.
• PHEV can revert to regular hybrid operation once its EV range is depleted,
using gasoline and self-generated electricity, for hundreds of km of
additional driving.
• Charging PHEV reduces its fuel use.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF
PHEV
Advantage Disadvantage
• Higher Vehicle Costs
• Lower emission • Higher charging time
• Less maintenace • Maintenance
• Fuel economy • Battery Replacement
• Dual advantage of fuel and electric • Reliance on charging points
Fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV)
Fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV)

• A fuel cell vehicle has a hydrogen tank

instead of a petrol/gasoline tank.
• In the fuel cell, hydrogen is combined with
atmospheric oxygen to generate electricity.
• Only emission is the water produced as a by-
product of electricity generation.
• fuel cell electric vehicles offer good driving
range, short re-fueling time and a flexible
layout and design.
Fuel Cell
What is Fuel cell?

• A fuel cell is a galvanic cell in

which the chemical energy of a fuel
is con- verted directly into
electrical energy by means of
electrochemical processes.
• The energy of oxidation of
conventional fuels can be converted
directly into electricity in a fuel cell.
• It has been found that a fuel of
hydrogen when combined with oxygen
proves to be a most efficient design.
Fuel-cell operation
Fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV), battery
electric vehicle (BEV) and internal
combustion engine (ICE) comparision
Photovoltaic solar based EV design
Photovoltaic solar based EV design

q Photovoltaic solar electric vehicle (PSEV) is

an electric vehicle (EV) with onboard
photovoltaic cells charging a set of batteries
for extended driving range.

q It is possible to use directly energy

produced by solar modules to drive a solar
car, but using batteries as a stored energy
supply is a better and more efficient choice.
Photovoltaic solar based EV design

q Utilizing solar panels to generate electricity

for use in the SPEV not only acts as the range
extender but also reduces the carbon
footprint.
q Solely, relying on solar energy to power
the electric vehicle has many limitations
such as limited range and power
capabilities.
q Thus, the ability to charge the vehicle
from plug-in AC source has been also
provided.
Photovoltaic solar based EV design
Photovoltaic solar based EV design
Components of a Photovoltaic solar based EV
1. Battery-Packs
2. Electric Motor
3. Motor Controller
4. Inverter
5. Solar Panel
6. On-board Charging System
What is Photovoltaic cell?
What is Photovoltaic cell?

A photovoltaic (PV) cell is

an energy harvesting
technology, that converts
solar energy into useful
electricity through a
process called
the photovoltaic effect.
What is Photovoltaic effect?

The photovoltaic effect is a

process that generates
voltage or electric
current in a photovoltaic
cell when it is exposed to
sunlight.
Solar Powered Charging Stations
Solar Powered Charging Stations
• Solar Powered charging stations(SPCs) are one of the importatmt
development related to the electrification of transportation.
• In many caes, electricity generated by solar panel are connected to
the grid and charging station such that power for charging station
available all the time or have battery connection without grid
connection.
• This system can be connected where no grid is available.
Why Photovoltaic solar based EV and
Charging Station?
Why Photovoltaic solar based EV and
Charging Station?
• Solar energy is alternative and sustainable energy.
• Every year, energy irradetes from sun to the earth is equvalent of
19000 billion tons of oil.
• Todays worlswide energy demand is equvalent of 9 billion tons of oil.
• Cost of solar photovoltaic system become economic.
Limitation Photovoltaic solar based EV
• Expensive than ICEs and pure electric EVS.
• Only work efficiently in area of high sunshine.
 Electrification Level of EV

§ The electrification level for the given vehicles defines the ratio of electrical
power available to the total power.

§ Transportation electrification is a paradigm shift from less efficient internal

combustion engine based vehicles towards more-efficient and cleaner
electrified vehicles to enable a sustainable transportation system.

§ Higher degrees of electrification represent a larger-power electrical path

leading to less use of fossil fuels and, hence, better fuel economy and lower
greenhouse gas emissions.