TRN4507 2.2

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HD Automotive Engineering

(EG114705 / EG314705 / EG524705)

TRN4507
Automotive Control Systems
Topic 2
Automotive Sensors and actuators
Classification and performance parameters
01

02 Systems introduction
Various kinds of sensors for operating parameters measurement
on board including advanced driver-assistance systems

Electrical actuation systems including linear electrical actuators such


03 as solenoids, and rotary electrical actuators such as D.C. and A.C.
motors, 3-phase A.C. traction motors, servomotors

Pneumatic and hydraulic actuation systems, the circuits and


04 applications, such as hydraulic motors

Valves and their classification such as pressure, flow, and direction


05 control
Topic 2
Automotive Sensors and actuators

Electrical actuation systems including linear electrical actuators such


03 as solenoids, and rotary electrical actuators such as D.C. and A.C.
motors, 3-phase A.C. traction motors, servomotors

Pneumatic and hydraulic actuation systems, the circuits and


04 applications, such as hydraulic motors

Valves and their classification such as pressure, flow, and direction


05 control
Actuators
Actuators - Introduction
 Actuators are responsible for transforming the output of a control
system into controlling action on a machine or device.
 Basically actuators can be classified as pneumatic, hydraulic,
mechanical and electrical.
 In simple terms, it is a "mover".
 An actuator requires a control signal and a source of energy.
Actuators
Actuators - Introduction
 The control signal is relatively low energy and may be electric
voltage or current, pneumatic or hydraulic pressure, or even
human power.
 Its main energy source may be an electric current, hydraulic fluid
pressure, or pneumatic pressure.
 When it receives a control signal, an actuator responds by
converting the source's energy into mechanical motion.
Actuators
Types of Actuators
 Hydraulic
 Pneumatic
 Electric
 Thermal or magnetic
 Mechanical
Actuators - Hydraulic
Hydraulic

 The hydraulic actuator consists of cylinder or fluid motor that uses hydraulic
power to facilitate mechanical operation.
 The mechanical motion gives an output in terms of linear, rotatory or
oscillatory motion.
 As liquids are nearly impossible to compress, a hydraulic actuator can exert a
large force.
 The drawback of this approach is its limited acceleration.
 The hydraulic cylinder consists of a hollow cylindrical tube along which a piston
can slide.
Actuators - Pneumatic
Pneumatic

 Pneumatic actuators enable considerable forces to be produced from relatively


small pressure changes.
 A pneumatic actuator converts energy formed by vacuum or compressed air at
high pressure into either linear or rotary motion.
 Moreover, pneumatic actuators are safe, cheaper, and often more reliable and
powerful than other actuators.
 These forces are often used with valves to move diaphragms to affect the flow
of air through the valve.
Actuators - Electric
Electric

 An electric actuator may provide the actuation force/torque in one of several


ways.
 Electromechanical actuators may be used to power a motor that converts
electrical energy into mechanical torque.
Actuators - Thermal or magnetic
Thermal or magnetic

 Actuators which can be actuated by applying thermal or magnetic energy to a


solid-state material have been used in commercial applications.
 Thermal actuators can be triggered by temperature or heating through the
Joule effect and tend to be compact, lightweight, economical and with high
power density.
Actuators - Mechanical
Mechanical

 Mechanical actuator functions to execute movement by converting one kind of


motion, such as rotary motion, into another kind, such as linear motion.
 An example is a rack and pinion. The operation of mechanical actuators is
based on combinations of structural components, such as gears and rails, or
pulleys and chains.
Actuators Selection
Application – Selection> :

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Power / Energy Converters
Rotary

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Power / Energy Converters
Linear

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Actuators – Operational Efficiency

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Actuators – Operational Efficiency
Hydraulic System

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Actuators – Operational Efficiency
Electric Motor Actuation System

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Actuators – Motion Control

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Actuators – Power Conversion

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Directional control valves
 A common type is the spool valve, moving horizontally within the valve
body to control the flow.
 In (a) the air supply is connected to port 1 and port 3 is closed. Thus the
device connected to port 2 can be pressurized.

https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=WY2J1k6UFvE

 When the spool is moved to the left in (b), the air supply is cut off and port
2 is connected to port 3, which is a vent to the atmosphere and so the air
pressure in the system attached to port 2 is vented.
 Thus the movement of the spool has allowed the air firstly to flow into the
system and then be reversed and flow out of the system. Rotary spool
valves have a rotating spool which, when it rotates, opens and closes ports
in a similar way. 20
Directional control valves
 Another common form of directional control valve is the poppet valve.
 This valve is normally in the closed condition, there being no connection
between port 1 to which the pressure supply is connected and port 2 to
which the system is connected.
 In poppet valves, balls, discs or cones are used in conjunction with valve
seats to control the flow.
 When the push-button is depressed, the ball is pushed out of its seat and
flow occurs as a result of port 1 being connected to port 2. When the
button is released, the spring forces the ball back up against its seat and so
closes off the flow.

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Symbols

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Symbols

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Hydraulic Systems
⚫ Hydraulics: use of fluid to transmit power
◼ Pumps are power generators
◼ Inverse pumps or cylinders are power drain
◼ Valves used for control
◼ Accumulator as fluid capacitor
◼ Piping / fitting
◼ Proportional / servo valves
⚫ Traditionally high-power applications
⚫ Normally use integrated electronics as sensors

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Vane / gear pumps

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Piston / swash-plate
Swash plate rotates and pumps fluid and fluid flow rotates swash
plate.

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Electrical Actuation System

Electromechanical actuators
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Electrical systems
The system may include following devices:
⚫ Switching devices: relays and solid-state switches (diodes, thyristors &
transistors)
⚫ Solenoid-type devices where a current through a solenoid is used to actuate a
soft iron core
⚫ Drive system

Relays are electrically operated switches in which changing a current in one electric
circuit switches a current on or off in another circuit. Actually, switching devices
have been discussed in another module.

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Solenoids
• Solenoids consist of a coil of electrical wire with an armature which
is attracted to the coil when a current passes through it and
produces a magnetic field.
• The movement of the armature contracts a return spring which
then allows the armature to return to its original position when the
current ceases.
• The solenoids can be linear or rotary, on/off or variable positioning
and operated by d.c. or a.c.
• Such arrangement can be used to provide electrically operated
actuators which are widely used for short stroke devices, typically
up to 25 mm.

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Motor
DC Motors
• Brush-type d.c. motor

Basic structure of
a dc motor

• Rotor – a coil of wire, free to rotate


• Stator – stationary, in the field of a permanent magnet or electromagnet
• Split-ring commutator – with the brush when the coil passes through the
vertical position, the current direction through the coil has to be reversed
• When a current passes through the coil, the resulting force acts on the
side to give rotation of the coil.
• Armature – a cylinder of magnetic material with coils of wire
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Motor
DC Motors
• D.C. motors with field coils are classified as following:
⚫ (a) Series wound motor
⚫ (b) Shunt-wound motor
⚫ (c) Compound motor
⚫ (d) Separately excited motor

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Motor
DC Motors
• dc motor torque-speed characteristics

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Motor
DC Motors
• Pulse width modulation (PWM) is generally used for
speed control, taking a constant d.c. supply voltage and
chopping it.
• H-circuit can be used to control the directions of
rotation.

PWM circuit and varying the armature voltage by chopping the dc voltage 33
Motor
DC Motors
• PWM can be obtained by the above circuit by open-loop
control.

Speed control with feedback

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Motor
DC Motors
• A problem with dc motors is that they require a
commutator and brushes in order periodically to reverse
the current through each armature coil.
• The brushes make sliding contacts with the commutator
and as a consequence sparks jump between two and
they suffer wear.
• Brushes thus have to be periodically changed and the
commutator resurfaced.
• To avoid such problems brushless motors have been
designed.

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Motor
DC Motors
Brushless permanent magnet dc motor
• It consists of a sequence of stator coils
and a permanent magnet rotor.
• The current to the stator coils is
electronically switched by transistors in
sequence round the coils.
• Hall sensors are generally used to sense
the position of the rotor.
• Brushless permanent magnet dc motors
are becoming increasingly used in
situations where high performance
coupled with reliability and low
maintenance are essential.
• Because of their lack of brushes, they
are quiet and capable of high speeds.
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Motor
AC Motors

• There are two main types of AC motors, depending on the type of rotor
used.
• The first type is the induction motor or asynchronous motor; this type
relies on a small difference in speed between the rotating magnetic
field and the rotor to induce rotor current.
• The second type is the synchronous motor, which does not rely on
induction and as a result, can rotate exactly at the supply frequency or a
sub-multiple of the supply frequency.
• The magnetic field on the rotor is either generated by current delivered
through slip rings or by a permanent magnet.

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Motor
Stepper motors

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Motor
Stepper motors

• The rotor is made of soft steel and is cylindrical with four poles.
• When an opposite pair of windings has current switched to them,
a magnetic field is produced with lines of force which pass from
the stator poles through the nearest set of poles on the rotor.
• Since lines of force can be rather like elastic thread and always
trying to shorten themselves, the rotor will move until the rotor
and stator poles line up.

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Pneumatic System – Air Brake System
Brake Diagram

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HD Automotive Engineering
(EG114705 / EG314705 / EG524705)

Thank You!

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