AE2230-II Propulsion and Power

Formulas – Air-Breathing Propulsion

Total Temperature and pressure

 κ 
V2  κ −1 2   
 T  κ −1 
TO =+
T T 1 +
= M  pO= p ⋅  O 
2c P  2  T 

Compression

Subscript 1 for inlet conditions and subscript 2 for exit conditions

  κ −1 
  
T2 1  p2  κ  
Isentropic Efficiency 1+
=   −1
T1 ηis  p1  
 

Expansion

Subscript 1 for inlet conditions and subscript 2 for exit conditions

 
 κ −1 

T2   p   κ 

Isentropic efficiency 1 − ηis 1 −  
= 2

T1  p 
  1  

Critical Pressure Ratio

 
 
 
 1 
ε Cr = p1 / p2 =  κg 
   1   κ g - 1  κ g -1 
 1 −   ⋅   
   η j   κ g + 1   

Speed of Sound

a= κ ⋅ R ⋅T where R = 287 for air

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 AE2230-II Propulsion and Power

Euler’s formula for turbomachinery

w = U1 ⋅ CU 1 − U 2 ⋅ CU 2

Simplified Combustion Chamber Heat Balance

m air ⋅ c pg ⋅ ∆Tcc= ηcc ⋅ m fuel ⋅ LHV fuel

Combustion fundamentals
𝑛𝑛
Mole fraction of species k 𝑋𝑋𝑘𝑘 = 𝑛𝑛 𝑘𝑘 (𝑛𝑛𝑘𝑘 is the moles of species k)
𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡

𝑚𝑚 𝑀𝑀𝑘𝑘
Mass fraction of species k 𝑌𝑌𝑘𝑘 = 𝑘𝑘 = 𝑋𝑋𝑘𝑘 (𝑚𝑚𝑘𝑘 is the mass of species k)
𝑚𝑚 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑀𝑀 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

Mixture molar mass 𝑀𝑀𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = ∑𝑁𝑁

𝑘𝑘=1 𝑀𝑀𝑘𝑘 𝑋𝑋𝑘𝑘 (𝑋𝑋𝑘𝑘 is the mole fraction of species k)

(𝑚𝑚̇𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 /𝑚𝑚̇𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 ) (𝑌𝑌𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 /𝑌𝑌𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 ) (𝑛𝑛𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 /𝑛𝑛𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 )

Equivalence ratio 𝜙𝜙 = �𝑚𝑚̇ = �𝑌𝑌 = �𝑛𝑛
𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 /𝑚𝑚̇𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 � 𝑠𝑠toich 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 /𝑌𝑌𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 � 𝑠𝑠toich 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 /𝑛𝑛𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 �𝑠𝑠toich

𝑚𝑚̇𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑌𝑌𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
Fuel-Air ratio 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 = =
𝑚𝑚̇𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑌𝑌𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎

𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚
Balance equation 𝐶𝐶𝑛𝑛 𝐻𝐻𝑚𝑚 + (𝑛𝑛 + 𝑚𝑚/4)(𝑂𝑂2 + 3.76𝑁𝑁2 ) → 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑂𝑂2 +
2 2
𝐻𝐻 𝑂𝑂 + 3.76(𝑛𝑛 + )𝑁𝑁2
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 AE2230-II Propulsion and Power

Rocket Propulsion

Momentum of a body Momentum of a system of N bodies

   N  N
I M ⋅v
= 
= ∑
I system = I i ∑ M i ⋅ vi
=i 1 =i 1

Rocket equation Actual velocity change with gravity loss

 M in   M in 
∆=
v veq ⋅ ln   ∆v = veq ⋅ ln   − g ⋅ tb
 M in − M P   M in − M P 
Rocket thrust Mass flow rate
FT = m ⋅ ve + ( pe − pa ) ⋅ Ae m =
dM P
dt
Specific impulse (general Volumetric specific impulse
definition)
tb tb

1 0 ∫ FT ⋅ dt 1 ∫0
FT ⋅ dt
I=
sp ⋅ I=
ρ ⋅ tb
g 0 tb g0 m
∫ m ⋅ dt
0
∫ ⋅ dt
0
ρ

Jet power Thrust power

1 P= FT ⋅ v0
Pjet
= FT ⋅ veq T

Absolute jet power Propulsive efficiency

1 PT
m ( veq − v0 )
2
Pjet _ abs
= ηP =
2 PT + Pjet _ abs

Specific heat perfect gas Equation of state perfect gas Specific heat ratio
γ R R c
cp
= ⋅ A p=ρ A T γ= p
γ −1 MW MW cv

Isentropic flow perfect gas Speed of sound perfect gas Mach number
p R p v
= constant a2 = γ ⋅ A ⋅T = γ ⋅ M=
ρ γ
MW ρ a

Jet velocity Nozzle area vs. flow velocity Mass flow rate nozzle
dA dv pC ⋅ A*
= ( M 2 − 1)
γ −1
 
2γ RA   pe  γ  = m ⋅ Γ (γ )
ve
= ⋅ ⋅ TC ⋅ 1 − 
  pC   A v RA
γ − 1 MW ⋅ TC
  MW

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 AE2230-II Propulsion and Power

Vandenkerckhove function Nozzle pressure / temperature Thrust coefficient

1+γ γ
pC  TC  γ −1  γ − 1
γ
FT
 1+ γ  1−γ  γ −1
⋅M 2  CF =
Γ ( γ=
) γ ⋅ =  =1 + pC ⋅ A*
 p T   2 
 2 

Characteristic velocity Expansion ratio vs. pressure ratio

p ⋅ A* Ae Γ (γ )
c* = C *
=
m A 2
 γ −1

2γ  pe  γ   pe  γ 
⋅  ⋅ 1−  
γ − 1  pC    pC  
 
Chamber temperature Chamber temperature (bipropellant) Pump power
(monopropellant)
H HV m ⋅ ∆ p
TC= T0 + D TC= T0 + Ppump =
cp c p ⋅ (1 + O /F ) η⋅ρ

Regression rate solid Mass flow rate solid propellant Chamber pressure
propellant solid propellant
r= a ⋅ pC n m = ρ s ⋅ r ⋅ Ab 1
 a ⋅ ρ s ⋅ c* 1− n
=pC  *
⋅ Ab 
 A 

Electrical Power Systems

Actual vs. apparent power Electromotive force single-coil generator

Pactual = V ⋅ I ⋅ PF = Papparent ⋅ PF ε = N ⋅ B ⋅ A ⋅ ω ⋅ sin(ωt )

Output voltage electric generator Ohm’s law

V= ε − IRarm V
I=
R

Output frequency alternator Root mean square voltage sinusoidal wave

n⋅ p V peak
f = VRMS =
120 2

Available wind power Root mean square voltage 3-phase generator

1 = 3 ⋅ (VRMS ) single phase
VRMS
Pwind = ρ air ⋅ Ablade ⋅ vwind 3
2

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 AE2230-II Propulsion and Power

Characteristic curve solar cell Fill factor solar cell

 qV  Pmax
I ph I 0  e kT − 1
I =− FF =
VOC ⋅ I SC
 

Solar cell efficiency Open circuit voltage vs. temperature

P VOC (T=
) VOC (T0 ) + α (T − T0 )
η = max
Pin

Life degradation solar cell Required solar array power

Ld = (1 − δ ) → Px − years =Ld ⋅ PBOL
x
Pd ⋅ td Pn ⋅ tn
Psa ⋅=
td +
ηd ηn

Available solar array power

Psa = Sin ⋅ A ⋅η ⋅ I d ⋅ Ld ⋅ cos(Θ )

Rated discharge current battery Actual discharge current battery

C C
I= t D − actual = actual
tD I actual

Peukert’s law Required actual capacity battery

 C 
k −1
Pload ⋅ top
Cactual = C  Cactual =
 ηtot ⋅Vload ⋅ DoD
 I actual ⋅ t D 

Capacitance of a capacitor Energy stored in a capacitor

Q 1 1 Q2
C= =E CV
= 2
=QV
V 2 2 2C

Values of some important constants

Gravitational acceleration at sea level: g0 = 9.81 m/s2
Universal gas constant: RA = 8314 J/(K*kmol)
Elementary electron charge: q = 1.6 x 10-19 C
Boltzmann constant: k = 1.38 x 10-23 J/K
Conversion from Horsepower to kiloWatt: 1 hp = 0.746 kW
Conversion from rad/s to rpm: 1 rad/s = 9.5493 rpm