Lesson 1

X wa Y desu X wa Y desu ka?

Assuming that noun2 is a possession / related to Noun1 no Noun2 wa…

noun1

Lesson 2

Assuming that X is any of the ff: X wa Y desu

kore sore are

Assuming that X is any of the ff: X wa dare no Y desu ka?

kore sore are

Dore ga

Kono / sono / ano + noun K / S / Ano noun wa…

X wa doko desu ka?

X wa koko / soko / asoko desu.

Koko / soko / asoko / doko for location K / S /Asoko

Janai negates a statement X wa Y janai desu

Lesson 3

RU-verb drops the -u U-verb is from –u to –i within its bracket Kuru and suru are irregular

wa wo de ni / he ni
Topic / subject Object Place (staying) Place (going) Occasion / Year / month / week
/ day / time EXCEPT goro / gurai
/ kinou / ima / kyou / ashita /
mainichi / itsu but OPTIONAL
for shuumatsu, asa, hiru, yoru,
konban

verb + masen ka for invitation

Topic wa frequency time (ni) location de object wo verb

Lesson 4

Thing / plant ga arimasu / arimasen

Person / animal ga imasu / imasen

Assuming that X is a location X no Y wa…

Assuming that X is a noun and Y X wa Y desu (ka) X wa nan desu (ka)

is the modifier X wa Y janai X wa nan deshita (ka)
X wa Y deshita (ka)
X wa Y janakatta desu

wa wo ga de ni
mo mo mo de mo ni mo

X wa object wo Y to verb X wa Y to object wo verb Object wo X wa Y to verb

takusan can be placed before or after the object wo

Lesson 5

osoku / hayaku + verb

ii-adj
present + original form + desu
present - drop -i + kunai
past + drop -i + katta
past - drop -i + kunakatta
special ii ii desu but others turn from ii to yo

na-adj
present + drop na + desu
present - drop na + janai
past + drop na + deshita
past - drop na + janakatta

X wa dou desu ka? X wa dou deshita ka?

All rules of tenses apply EXCEPT that both present X wa Y (na) noun desu
+ of ii and na do not put desu but just at is
X wa donna noun desu / deshita ka?

X ga suki / kirai desu

Verb + mashou with optional ka (but not a question)

Lesson 6

RU-verb drops the ru + te U verb is very abnormal

U, TSU, RU - tte
MU, BU, NU - nde
KU - ite
GU - ide
SU - shite
KURU - kite SURU - shite

please - te kudasai
asking for permission - te mo ii desu ka
must not - te wa ikemasen
question Nani wo shite wa ikemasen ka
series of actions (verbs) - te + last verb with the tense

invitation is in MASU form Replace with mashou (ka)

Lesson 7

- te iru
- te imasu - te imasen
- te imashita - te imasen deshita
Nani wo shite imasu / imashita ka?

place ni sunde imasu

I work FOR ni tsutomete imasu I am a / an / I work AS wo shite imasu

MASU but FUTURE TENSE PRESENT TENSE in TE IRU

shirimasu shitte imasu
kekkon shimasu kekkon shite imasu
sumimasu sunde imasu
tachimasu tatte imasu
suwarimasu suwatte imasu
yasemasu yasete imasu
furotimasu futotte imasu
shinimasu shinde imasu

X wa Y wo motte imasu X wa Y ga arimasu

Assuming that X is the noun, Y is a body part, and X wa Y ga Z desu

Z is the description

++ i-adj (ii) Drop -i + kute (yokute)

++ na-adj Drop na + de
++ noun Noun + de
+- both i and na adjs Present + + desu + ga

purpose Change into MASU X wa Y ni iku / kuru / kaeru

Y verb Drop the MASU Verbs conjugate

Lesson 8

Present + -
verb same with dictionary form ru: nai u: anai
i-adj drop desu
na-adj drop na + da (yo) drop desu
noun + da (yo)

shinai konai nai

te iru te inai except shirimasen

invitation masen ka present - ^

please te kudasai te ^
permission te mo ii desu ka te mo ii ^
must not te wa ikemasen te mo ikenai ^
softer nai de kudasai

X wa nani ka verb ka X wa nani mo verb + - conjugation

for person dare ga

X wa present short + / - to itte imashita X wa present short + / - to omoi masu

Lesson 9

Past + -
verb te form into ta / da present – but drop i then katta
i-adj drop desu
na-adj drop na + da (yo) drop desu
noun + da (yo)

te ita te inakatta shiranakatta

Question: All is in the past + ^

un, past + uun, past -

X wa pastt short + / - to itte imashita X wa past short + / - to omoi masu

verb te iru wa dare desu ka

person wa verb te iru person desu

determiner / topic wa * kind desu

simple noun 1 no i or na adj
person + place + verb person ga place de verb past short +
person + adverb + verb person ga adverb verb present short + / verb past short -
complex no toki person ga time / date ni place de adverb verb topic desu

company wa person ga tsutomete iru kaisha desu (ka)

sports wa place de ninki ga aru sports desu (ka)

mou verb past + ka

hai, mou verb past + iie, mada verb te imasen

cause short verb kara, result short verb

cause short verb kara, result long verb
cause long verb kara, result long verb
WRONG: cause long verb kara, result short verb

Lesson 10

X no hou ga Y yori adj desu

Y yori X no hou ga adj desu
X no hou ga adj desu

item 1 to item 2 to dochira / docchi no hou ga adj desu ka

item 1 mo item 2 mo adj desu
item 1 mo item 2 mo suki demo kirai demo nai desu

X ga ichiban adj desu

Assuming that * is any of the ff: X to Y to Z no naka de, dore ga adj desu ka
Nani – more than 3
Dare – person X no naka de, * ga adj desu ka
Itsu – anything related to time/date/season
Doko - place

noun no (item) desu

i-adj no (noun) desu
na-adj na no (noun) desu

verb present short form + tsumori DESU

noun noun ni naru

i-adj drop i ending + ku naru naru (u-verb) conjugation varies
na-adj drop na ending + ni naru

nanimo / doko (ni) mo / dare (ni) mo + - verb

nani ka / doko ka (ni) / dare ka (ni) verb ka

Assuming that * is any of the ff: Douyatte statement ka

transportation, appliance, gadget, language, etc. X kara Y made * de ikimasu

Except aruite place ni verb

X kara Y made time kakarimasu
X kara Y made * de time kakarimasu

Lesson 11

I want …
+ present item ga / wo verb masu form (drop masu) + tai desu
- present item ga / wo verb masu form (drop masu) + takunai desu
+ past item ga / wo verb masu form (drop masu) + takatta desu
- past item ga / wo verb masu form (drop masu) + takunakatta desu

2nd person POV want(s) …

+ present item wo verb masu form (drop masu) + tagatte imasu
- present item wo verb masu form (drop masu) + tagatte imasen
+ past item wo verb masu form (drop masu) + tagatte imashita
- past item wo verb masu form (drop masu) + tagatte imasen deshita

verb in past short form (ta / da) + ri

+ present ta/da ri – ta/da ri shimasu
- present ta/da ri – ta/da ri shimasen
+ past ta/da ri – ta/da ri shimashita
- past ta/da ri – ta/da ri shimasen deshita
must not ta/da ri – ta/da ri shite wa ikemasen
future ta/da ri – ta/da ri suru tsumori DESU
want ta/da ri – ta/da ri shitai desu

verb in past short form (ta / da)

verb ta/da koto ga arimasu verb ta/da koto ga arimasen

verb ta/da koto ga arimasu ka

hai, (verb ta/da) koto ga arimasu iie, (verb ta/da) koto ga arimasen

noun 1 ya noun 2

Lesson 12

* n desu doushitan desu ka

noun na + n desu
verb short form + n desu tai + n desu to itte irundesu to omoun desu tsumorin desu
i-adj short form + n desu
na-adj na + n desu

verb masu form (drop masu) + sugiru (RU conjugates) short form: sugita
i-adj drops i + sugiru na-adj drops na + sugiru

+ advice past short form + hou ga ii desu yo

- advice present negative short form + hou ga ii desu yo
noun na no de
verb dictionary form no de
i-adj no de (NO DESU)
na-adj na no de

verb past negative short (drop i) + kereba ikemasen (deshita)

verb past negative short (drop i) + kya ikemasen (deshita)
verb past negative short (drop i) + kereba ikenai
verb past negative short (drop i) + kereba ikenakatta

noun short forms + deshou (ka)

verb ALL SHORT FORMS + deshou (ka)
verb past negative short form + deshou (ka)
i-adj (NO DESU)
na-adj (NO NA, NO DESU)
casual: darou (ka)