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IS 14458-2 (1997): Guidelines for retaining wall for hill

area, Part 2: Design of retaining/breast walls [CED 56:
Hill Area Development Engineering]

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 ( Reaffirmed 2002 )

Indian Standard
RETAINING WALL FOR HILL AREA -
GUIDELINES
PART 2 DESIGN OF RETAINING/BREAST WALLS

Its 93.020

@ BIS 1997

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS

MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002

October 1997 Price Group 4

Hill Area Development Engineering Sectional Committee, CED 56

FOREWORD

This Indian Standard was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, after the draft finalized by theHi
Area Development Engineering Sectional Committee had been approved by the Civil Engineering
Division Council.

Retaining wall is a structure used to retain backfill and maintain difference in the elevation of the two
ground surfaces. Retaining wall may be effectively utilized to tackle the problem of landslide in hill area
by stabilizing the fill slopes and cut slopes.

From the initial construction cost considerations, one metre of extra width in filling, requiring retaining
walls, costs much more than constructing the same width by cutting inside the hill. Similarly the cost of
a breast wall is several times more than a non-walled cut slope. However, considering maintenance cost,
progressive slope instability and environmental degradation from unprotected heavy excavations, the use
of retaining walls on hill roads and terraces becomesessential. This standard (Part 2) is, therefore, being
formulated to provide necessary guidance in design of retaining/breast walls for stability of hill slopes, the
other parts of the code being as follows which are under preparation:

Part 1 Selection of type of wall,

Part 3 Construction of dry stone walls,
Part 4 Construction of banded dry stone walls,
Part 5 Construction~of cement stone walls,
Part 6 Construction of gabion walls,
Part 7 Construction of RCC crib walls,
Part 8 Construction of timber crib walls,
Part 9 Design of RCC cantilever wall/buttressed walls/L-type walls, and
Part 10 Design and construction of reinforced earth retaining walls.

In the formulation of this standard, assistance has been derived from Mountain Risk Engineering
Handbook.

The composition of technical committee responsible for the formulation of this standard is given at
Annex B.

For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this standard is complied with the final
value, observed or calculated, expressing the result of a test or analysis shall be rounded off in accordance
with IS 2 : 1960 ‘Rules for rounding off numerical values (revised)‘. The number of significant places
retained in the rounded off value should be the same as that of the specified value in this standard.
 IS 14458 (Part 2) : 1997

Indian Standard .

RETAINING WALL FOR HILL AREA -

GUIDELINES
PART 2 DESIGN OF RETAINING/BREAST WALLS

1 SCOPE a) Breast wall, and

b) Retaining wall.
This standard (Part 2) deals with design of gravity
type structures used to support earth or other 3.1.1 Breast walls are normally stone masonry
materials behind them which would otherwise not walls provided to protect the slopes of cutting in
stay in that position. Other types of retaining struc- natural ground from the action of weather and cut
tures are covered in Part 9 and Part 10 of this slope failure but not from impact of snow
standard (underpreparation) avalanches. A toe wall cannot be used to stabilize
an unstable slope.
2 REFERENCES
3.1.2 Retaining walls are built to resist the earth
The Indian Standards listed in Annex A contain
pressure of filling and the traffic loads of the road.
provisions which through reference in this text,
These are commonly used in hill roads when the
constitute provision of this standard. At the time
road goes in embankment or partly cutting and
of publication, the editions indicated were valid.
part!y filling (see Fig. 1). The retaining walls are
All standards are subject to revision, and parties to
also used extensively to develop sites for building
agreements based on this standard are encouraged
complexes.
to investigate the possibility of applying the most
recent editions of the standards indicated in 4 BEARING CAPACITY
Annex A
4.1 The allowable bearing capacity shall be calcu-
3 GENERAL lated in accordance with IS6403 on the basis of soil
test data. In case of non-erodible rocks, the bearing
3.1 Gravity type retaining structures in hills are
capacity shall not exceed one-half the unconfined
generally of two types:
compression strength of the rock if the joints are

HILL SLOPE

ROAD SIDE
DRAIN

\PARAPET

WALL

SLOPE IINS

FIG.1 TYPICALARRANGEMENTOFRETAININGWALLANDBREAST
WALLINAROADCROSS-SECTION

1
IS 14458 (Part 2) : 1997

tight. Where the joints are open, the bearing absence of soil test data, for preliminary design, the
capacity shall not exceed one-tenth the unconfined values given in Table 1 may be adopted. Bearing
compression strength of the rock. Bearing capacity capacity of rocks may be determined in accordance
for weak and closely jointed rock shall be as- with IS 12070. In case of erodible and weak foun-
sessed after visual inspections supplemented as dations (clay, loose soil, etc) gabion walls shall be
necessary by field or laboratory tests to deter- preferred as they can withstand high differential
mine their strength and compressibility. In the settlements.

Table 1 Safe Bearing Capacities for Different Typesof Soil

(Clause 4.1)
Type of Bearing Material Symbol consistency of Place Recommended Value of
Safe Bearing Capacity
(t/m2)

(1) (2) (3) (4)

Well graded mixture of fine and GW-GC, Very compact 100
coarse-grained soil, glacial till, GC, SC
hard pan, boulder clay
Gravel, gravel-sand mixtures, GW, GP Very compact 80
boulder-gravel mixtures SW, SP Medium to compact 60
Loose 40
Coarse to medium sand, sand SW, Very compact 40
with little gravel SP Medium to compact 30
Loose 30
Fine to medium sand, silty or SW, SM, Very compact 30
clayey medium to coarse sand SC Medium to compact 25
Loose 15
Fine sand, silty or blayey medium SP, SM, Very compact 30
to fine sand SC Medium to compact 20
Loose 15
Homogeneous inorganic clay, CL, CH Very stiff to hard 40
sandy or silty Medium to stiff 20
clay Soft 5
Inorganic silt, sandy or clayey ML, MH Very stiff to hard 30
silt, varied silt-clay-fine sand Medium to stiff 15
soft 5

4.2 When earthquake forces are included, the per- Table 2 Typical Strength Characteristics of Soil
missible increase in allowable bearing capacity (Clcluse 4.3)
shall be in accordance with 3.3 of IS 1893. Group c (Cohesion of Spit) @’ (Effective tan@’
4.3 The value of cohesion ‘c’ and angle of internal Symbol (t/m’) Stress
Envelope)
friction ‘a vary for different backfill and founda- (degrees)
tion materials. These values shall be determined
by experiment. However for preliminary design~the (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
values given in Table 2 may be used. GW 0 0 > 38 > 0.79
GP 0 0 > 37 > 0.74
5 DESIGN CRITERIA GM - - > 34 > 0.87
5.1 The design of a retaining structure shall consist GC - - > 31 > 0.60
of two principal parts, the evaluation of loads and SW 0 0 38 0.79
pressures that may act on the structure and the SP 0 0 37 0.74
design of the structure to withstand these loads and SM 0.5 0.2 34 0.67
pressures. SM-SC 0.5 0.15 33 0.66
SC 0.75 0.1 31 0.60
5.1.1 Following forces shall be accounted for in the
ML 0.7 0.1 32 0.62
design:
ML-CL 0.65 0.2 32 0.67
a) Self weight of the retaining structure;
CL 0.9 0.15 28 0.54
b) Live load and imposed loads, if any;
MH 0.75 0.21 25 0.47
c) Earth pressure acting on the wall;
CH 1.0 0.1 19 0.35

2
 IS 14458(Part 2) : 1997

d) Water pressure due to water table/subsur- concrete keys monolithicwith foundation slab or to
face seepage; provide piles.
e) Water pressure due to water table on toe
5.4 It is generally not possible to design each and
side, if any;
every wall along the entire length of a road. Stand-
f) Seismic forces; and ard designs as given in Table 3 may be adopted for
g) Special loads, if any. walls less than 8 m in height and 120 m2 area in a
The self weight of the structure, and live and im- low hazard zone provided the allowable bearing
posed loads shall be estimated in accordance with capacity is more than the maximum pressure indi-
IS 875 (Parts 1 to 5). In the usual cases live load cated in the table.
may be taken between 250 kg/m2 to 500 kg/m2 on 6 OTHER DETAILS
the top width of the wall.
6.1 Depth of Walls
The earth pressures and other seismic forces on the The depth of retaining wall and breast wall below
retaining structure shall be estimated in accordance ground level or terrace level shall be at least
with IS 1893. For low volume roads, the walls may 500 mm below side drain within soil or highly
not be designed for earthquake forces. In case of jointed rock and foundation shall be on natural
retaining walls for roads earth pressure due to sur- firm ground. All multiple breast walls shall be
charge shall be in accordance with IRC Codes. taken to the firm rock surface.
The consideration of full water pressure behind the 6.2 Stepping of Base of Wall on Rock Slope
wall may lead to quite heavy section. Adequate If the retaining wall is made on rock slope, the
arrangement for release of this water pressure shall foundation shall be stepped as shown in Fig. 2. In
be made. Atleast 30 percent water pressure shall case of steep slopes (>35“), retaining walls with
always be considered even in case of provision of front face nearly vertical and back-face inclined
good efficient pressure release system. shall be used as it will reduce the height of wall
5.2 Retaining walls and breast walls shall be considerably.
designed as rigid walls, using following criteria:
a) Factor of > 2.0 (static loads)
safety > 1.5 (with (see also
against earthquake IS 1904)
overturning forces)
b) Factor of safety > 1.5 (static loads)
against sliding > 1.0 (with earth-
quake forces)
NOTE - The live loads and imposed loads adding to
stability of the structure shall not be considered in working
out the factors of safety given in 5.2(a) and 5.2(b).

Maximum base 5 qa (allowable bearing

pressure capacity)
5 1.33 qa (during FIG.~ STEPPINGOFFOUNDATIONOFWALLON
earth-quake) ROCKSLOPE
Minimum base > 0 (zero) [see also 6.3 Dip of the Base of Wall Towards Hillside
pressure IS 4247
A dip of the base of wall towards hillside to the
Factor of safety > 1.25 (Part 3)]
extent of 3 : 1 (horizontal : vertical) proves very
against floatation I economical in seismic conditions (see Fig. 3). It in-
In case of steep hills, the factors of safety for creases factor of safety against sliding significantly.
slip surface below foundation shall be
greater than 1.5 and 1.0 in static and seismic 6.4 Negative Batter of Backside of Breast Wall
conditions respectively. Breast wall with negative batter (see Fig. 3) on
The design of wall foundations shall meet the cut-slope side reduces earth pressure significantly.
requirements of IS 1080 and IS 1904. So even nominal section of breast wall stabilizes
5.3 Sometimes, to achieve the minimum factor of cut slopes in soil, provided breast wall is founded
safety given in 5.2(b) and thereby resist sliding it on rock or firm natural ground. Negative batter of
may be necessary to increase the base area or to add upto 1 : 3 (horizontal : vertical) is recommended.

3
 Table 3 Standard Design of Cement Masonry and Dry Stone Masonry Retaihing Walls E
(Clause 5.4) c

Back Fill Cement Masonry Dry Stone Masonry

E
Particulars
3
Type
& A
/ \ f \ 5
??
..
Ht 3M Ht 6M Ht 8M Ht IOM Ht 3M HI hhl Ht XM Ht IOh1 z
/ %~~-~v~-~
Good Top width 0.65 0.70 - 0.75 1.00 1.00 0.80 1.00 I.00 0.90 1.00 - 0.70 - - 0.7s 0.95 1.00 0.8.5 1.00 I.00 0.90 1.00 - 3
Back-fill in m
FUll Base width 1.91 2.01 - 3.92 4.78 841 523 8.10 10.96 6.64 13.57 - 2.01 - - 3.92 4.32 8.SO 5.33 6.89 I i.81 6.64 14.58 -
Drainage in m
GW, GP Foundation 14.00 13.00 - 2.5.0 20.00 13.00 33.00 2o.wo 17.00 40.00 21.00 - ll.OO- - 22.00 20.00 17.00 29.00 20.00 13.00 36.00 16.00 -
SW, SP pressure in t/m’
Fair Top width 0.60 0.75 - 0.90 I.00 I 00 0.95 I.00 I 00 I.00 1.oo I 00 075 ~ ~~ 0.85 1.00 - 1.00 1.00 I .oo I 00 1.00 1.00
Back-till in m
Low pore Base width I.81 2.11 - 4.12 4.47 4.88 5.53 6.59 8 I4 6.94 9.90 14.03 2.11 - - 4.12 4.42 - 5.63 649 6 94 6.94 8.50 10.26
hater pressure in m
P GM, SM Foundation IS.00 13.00 - 25.00 22.00 20.00 32.00 25.00 20.00 39.00 2.5.00 II.00 I I 00 - - 22.00 20.00 - 28.00 22.00 20.00 34.00 25.00 20.00
SM, SC presS”re
in t/m*
~__.___
Poor Top width I.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 100 _ _ __ _ _ -- I.00 1.00 1.00 I 00 1.00 1.00
Back-fill in m
High pore Base width - - - - - - - 6.49 7.89 8.50 7.79 I I 01 ~- - - - - - 6.54 8.65 8.70 7.84 IO.1 I II.97
Water pressure in m

GC, SC Foundation - - - - - - - 22.00 20.00 19.00 29.00 23.00 - - -- - -- - 22.00 20.00 16.00 25.00 20.00 18.00
ML pressbre
in t/m*

NOTES
1 Wall Geometry : Front face vertical back, face inclined, base inclined with hill.
2 Back Fill Top : Horizontal with surcharge I .S t/m*.
‘+
3 Select wall dimensions such that allowable bearing capacity is greater than the foundation pressure. :J
4 The base width for dry stone masonry wall is slightly less for cement masonry wall because wall friction angle is likely to be equal to angle of internal friction of back fill in the case of dry stone masonry
 IS 14458(Part 2) : 1997

300mm LAYER OF SILTY SOIL

WITH BOULDER TO PREVENT
INGRESS OF RAIN WATER BREAST WALL

RETAINING

SLOPE 1 IN5

ATCH DRAIN

LSLOPE 1 IN 5

FIG.~ TERRACEDEVELOPMENTFORBUILDINGCOMPLEXESWITH
RETAININGWALLANDBREASTWALL
6.5 Drainage Plan cause erosion of breast walls on topmost terrace.
Grass turfing shall be laid on the ground slope to
6.51 Inverted filter shall be provided behind
prevent erosion.
retaining walls to drain off ground water table or
rainwater seepage. 6.5.5 Catch water drains shall be avoided near the
top of the breast walls as they allow seepage of
6.5.2 Weep holes shall be provided in cement
water in unmaintained conditiions into the cut
stone masonry walls at spacing of about 1.5 m
slope and destabilize it. If necessary, catch water
centre-to-centre in neither direction. The size of
drains may be provided far away from breast walls
weep holes shall be 100 mm to 150 mm PVC
for above reasons. A catch water drain shall be
(flexible) pipes and shall be embedded at 10” down
provided at the toe of the breast wall to collect
from the horizontal towards valley side to effective-
water from weep holes and surface runoff of the
ly drain the water from ground.
slope.
6.5.3 Impervious silty soil layer or back-till of
6.6 Erosion Control of Toe of Retaining Walls
about 300 mm thickness shall be provided on the
top to prevent seepage o( rain water in the back-fill The rain water flows at a high speed from high
or into the foundation of buildings on terraces (see retaining walls (~3 m). This may lead to toe
Fig. 3). However, the back-fill shall be of self- erosion of soft rocks (shale/sand rock/con-
draining material (coarse sand, gravel and glomerate, etc) at the foundation. So dry stone
boulder), free of fines. pitching may be done as shown in Fig. 3. Stones of
150 mm size may be laid on slope for a distance of
6.5.4 Natural gullies shall be diverted away from
1 m below the toe of retaining walls.
the building site so that flow of rain water does not
IS 14458 (Part 2) : 1997

ANNEX A
(Clause 2)
LIST OF REFERRED INDIAN STANDARDS

IS No. Title IS No. Title

875 Code of practice for design loads 1893 : 1984 Criteria for earthquake resistant
(other than earthquake) for design of structures (fourth
buildings and structures: . revision)
(Part 1) : 1987 Dead loads - Unit weights of 1904. 1986
Code of practice for design and
building material and stored *
construction of foundations in
materials (second revision)
soils: General requirements (third
(Part 2) : 1987 Imposed loads (second revision) revision)

(Part 3) : 1987 Wind loads (second revision) 4247 Code of practice for structural
(Part 3) : 1978 design of surface hydel power
(Part 4) : 1987 Snow loads (second revision) stations: Part 3 Substructure Cfirst
(Part 5) : 1987 Special loads and load combina- revision)
tions (second revision) 6403 : 1981 Code of practice for determina-
1080 : 1986 Code of practice for design and tion of bearing capacity of shal-
construction of shallow founda- low foundations (first revision)
tions on SOih (other than raft, ring 12070 : 1987 Code of practice for design and
and shell) (second revision) construction of shallow founda-
tion on rock
 IS 14458 (Part 2) : 1997

ANNEX B
(Foreword)
COMMITTEE COMPOSITION

Hill Area Development Engineering Sectional Committee, CED 56

Chairman Representing
DRGOPALRANJAN University of Roorkee, Roorkee
Members
SHRISHEIKHNAZIRAHMED Public Works Department, Jammu & Kashmir

PROFAK. CI~AKRABORTY Indian Institute of Remote Sensing, Dehra Dun

SHRIR.C.LAKHERA (Alternate)
CHAIRMAN-CUM-MANAGINGDIRECTOR National Buildings Construction Corporation, New Delhi
SHRIB.B.KLJMAR(Alfemare)
CHIEFENGINEER(DAMDESIGN) Uttar Pradesh Irrigation Design Organization, Roorkee
SUNG ENGINEER(TEHRIDAM DEXGN
CIRCLE)(Alfemnre)
CHIEFENGINEER(ROADS) Ministry of Surface Transport, New Delhi
SUPIDGENGINEER(RoADS)(AZ~~~U~~)
DEPLJTYDIRECTORGENERAL Indian Roads Congress, New Delhi
(D&S DT& DGBR)
DEPUTYSECRETARY (T),IRC(Alternate)
DIRECTOR, HCD (N&W) Central Water Commission, New Delhi
DIREC~OR(SARDARSAROVAR)(@~~~~~)
DRR.K.DuBEY Indian Meteorological Department, New Delhi
DRD.S.UPADHYAY (Alternate)
SHRIPAWANKUMARGUPTA Society for Integrated Development of Himalayas, Mussorie
FIELDCOORDINATOR(Altemare)
SHRIT.N.GUPTA Building Materials and Technology Promotion Council, New Delhi
SHRIJ.SENGUPTA (Alternate)
SH~UM.M.HARBOL.A Forest Survey of India, Dehra Dun
SHRIP.K.PATHAK (AZtemate)
DRU.C.KALITA Regional Research Laboratory, Jorhat
SHRIB.C.BORTHAKUR (Alternate)
SHRIS.KAUL Ministry of Railways, New Delhi
SHRIKIREETKUMAR G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development, Almora
PROFA.K.MA~TRA School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi
PROFARVINDKRISHAN(Aliemate)
DRG.S.MEHROTRA Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee
SHRIN.C.BHAGA~‘(Alternate)
SHRIP.L.NARUW Geological Survey of India, Calcutta
SHRIS.DASGUFTA(Altemnte)
SHRIMATIM.PARTHASARATHY Engineer-in-Chief’s Branch, Army Headquarters, New Delhi
SHRIN.K.BALI (Alremate)
SHRID.P.PRADHAN Sikkim Hill Area Development Board, Gangtok
SHRIP.JAGANNATHARAO Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi
SHR~D. S.TOL~A(Alfemale)
DR K. S. RAo IIT, New Delhi
SHRIP.K.SAH Directorate General Border Roads (D&S), New Delhi
SHRIJ.GOPALAKRISHNA(Alfemare)
SHRIG.S.SAINI Central Mining Research Institute, Dhanbad
DRBHAWANISINGH University of Roorkee, Roorkee
DRP.C.JAIN (Alternate)
SHRIBHOOPS~NGH Department of Science and Technology, New Delhi
SHRIR.D.SINGH National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee
DRSUDHIRKUMAR (Alternate)
PROF C.P.SINHA North-Eastern Regional Institute of Water and Land Management,
SHRID.K.SINGH(Alternate) Assam
SHRILAKHBIRSINGHSONKHLA Public Works Department, Simla
DRP.SRINIVASULU Structural Engineering Research Centre, Madras
SHRIN.GOPALAKRISHNAN(Alternate)
SU~GSURVEYOROF Woags(NZ) Central Public-Works Department, New Delhi
SURVEYOROFWORKS- I (NZ)(AZtemafe)

(Continued onpage 8)
IS 14458(Part 2) : 1997

(Continuedfiom page 7)

Members Representing
SHlUV.SURESH Housing and Urban Development Corporation (HUDCO), New Delhi
SHRID.P.SINGH(Alternate)
SHRlS.C.nWARl U.P. Hill Area Development Board, Lucknow
SHRIK. VENKATACHALAM Central Soil and Material Research Station. New Delhi
SHRIS.K BASBBAR(Alternate)
DRN.S.VIRDHI Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, Dehra Dun
SHRIVINODKUMAR, Director General, BIS (.5x-opficio Member)
Director(Civ Engg)
Member Secretaries

SHRIT. B. NARAYM’AN
Joint Director (Civ Engg), BIS
SHRISANJAYPANT
Deputy Director (Civ Engg), BIS

8
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of ‘BIS Handbook’ and ‘StandardsMonthly Additions’.
This Indian Standard has been developed from Dot: No. CHD 56 (5546).

Amendments Issued Since Publication

Amend No. Date of Issue Text Affected

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