1911 Encyclopædia Britannica

1911

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Table of contents

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In each volume:

Title page
Copyright notice (expired)

In volume 1 only:

Dedications
Prefatory Note
Prefatory Note to the "Handy Volume" edition (1915)
Editorial Introduction

In Index volume only:

Classified Table of Contents — Introduction

Classified Table of Contents
Classified List of Articles
Contributors

List of volumes:

1. Volume 1: A – Androphagi
2. Volume 2: Andros – Austria
3. Volume 3: Austria – Bisectrix
4. Volume 4: Bishārīn – Calgary
5. Volume 5: Calhoun – Chatelaine
6. Volume 6: Châtelet – Constantine
7. Volume 7: Constantine Pavlovich – Demidov
8. Volume 8: Demijohn – Edward
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 9. Volume 9: Edwardes – Evangelical Association
10. Volume 10: Evangelical Church – Francis Joseph I.
11. Volume 11: Franciscans – Gibson
12. Volume 12: Gichtel – Harmonium
13. Volume 13: Harmony – Hurstmonceaux
14. Volume 14: Husband – Italic
15. Volume 15: Italy – Kyshtym
16. Volume 16: L – Lord Advocate
17. Volume 17: Lord Chamberlain – Mecklenburg
18. Volume 18: Medal – Mumps
19. Volume 19: Mun – Oddfellows
20. Volume 20: Ode – Payment of Members
21. Volume 21: Payn – Polka
22. Volume 22: Poll – Reeves
23. Volume 23: Refectory – Sainte-Beuve
24. Volume 24: Sainte-Claire Deville – Shuttle
25. Volume 25: Shuválov – Subliminal Self
26. Volume 26: Submarine Mines – Tom-Tom
27. Volume 27: Tonalite – Vesuvius
28. Volume 28: Vetch – Zymotic Diseases
29. Volume 29: Index

See also:

The Reader's Guide to the Encyclopaedia Britannica,

The Encyclopedia Britannica Company, 1913
Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition
1902 Encyclopædia Britannica (10th ed., supplement
to the 9th)

4
1922 Encyclopædia Britannica (12th ed., supplement
to the 11th)
1926 Encyclopædia Britannica (13th ed., supplement
to the 12th and further supplement to the 11th)

5
This work is in the public domain in
the United States because it was
published in 1911, before the cutoff of
January 1, 1929.

This work may be in the public

domain in countries and areas with
longer native copyright terms that
apply the rule of the shorter term to
foreign works.

6
 THE
ENCYCLOPÆDIA
BRITANNICA

ELEVENTH EDITION

7
FIRST edition, published in three volumes, 1768—1771.
SECOND ” ” ten ” 1777—1784.
THIRD ” ” eighteen ” 1788—1797.
FOURTH ” ” twenty ” 1801—1810.
FIFTH ” ” twenty ” 1815—1817.
SIXTH ” ” twenty ” 1823—1824.
SEVENTH ” ” twenty-one ” 1830—1842.
EIGHTH ” ” twenty-two ” 1853—1860.
NINTH ” ” twenty-five ” 1875—1889.
ninth edition and eleven
TENTH ”
supplementary volumes, 1902—1903.
ELEVENTH ” published in twenty-nine volumes, 1910—1911.

8
 COPYRIGHT
in all countries subscribing to the
Bern Convention
by
THE CHANCELLOR, MASTERS AND SCHOLARS
of the
UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE

All rights reserved

9
 DEDICATED BY PERMISSION

TO

HIS MAJESTY GEORGE THE FIFTH

KING OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND
AND OF THE BRITISH DOMINIONS BEYOND THE
SEAS
EMPEROR OF INDIA

AND TO

WILLIAM HOWARD TAFT

PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

10
T
HE Encyclopædia Britannica, of which the Eleventh
edition is now issued by the University of
Cambridge, has a history extending over 140 years.
The First Edition, in three quarto volumes, was
issued in weekly numbers (price 6d. each) from 1768 to
1771, by “a Society of Gentlemen in Scotland.” The
proprietors were Colin MacFarquhar, an Edinburgh printer,
and Andrew Bell, the principal Scottish engraver of that
day. It seems that MacFarquhar, a man of wide knowledge
and excellent judgment, was the real originator of the work,
though his want of capital prevented his undertaking it by
himself. The work was edited and in great part written by
William Smellie, another Edinburgh printer, who was bold
enough to undertake “fifteen capital sciences” for his own
share. The numerous plates were engraved by Bell so
admirably that some of them have been reproduced in every
edition down to the present one.

The plan of the work differed from all preceding

“dictionaries of arts and sciences,” as encyclopædias were
usually called until then in Great Britain; it combined the
plan of Dennis de Coetlogon (1745) with that in common
use—on the one hand keeping important subjects together,
and on the other facilitating reference by numerous and
short separate articles arranged in alphabetical order.
Though the infant Encyclopædia Britannica omitted the
whole field of history and biography as beneath the dignity
of encyclopædias, it speedily acquired sufficient popularity

11
to justify the preparation of a new edition on a much larger
scale. The decision to include history and biography caused
the secession of Smellie; but MacFarquhar himself edited
the work, with the assistance of James Tytler, famous as the
first Scottish aeronaut, and for the first time produced an
encyclopædia which covered the whole field of human
knowledge. This Second Edition was issued in numbers
from June 1777 to September 1784, and was afterwards
bound up in ten quarto volumes, containing (8595 pages
and 340 plates) more than three times as much material as
the First Edition.

These earliest editions of the Encyclopædia Britannica

consisted mainly of what may be described as compilation;
like all their predecessors, from the time of Alsted to that of
Ephraim Chambers, they had been put together by one or
two men who were still able to take the whole of human
knowledge for their province. It was with the Third Edition
that the plan of drawing on specialist learning, which has
since given the Encylopædia Britannica its high reputation,
was first adopted. This edition, which was begun in 1788
and completed, in eighteen volumes, in 1797, was edited by
MacFarquhar until his death in 1793, when about two-thirds
of the work were completed. Bell, the surviving proprietor,
then appointed George Gleig—afterwards Bishop of
Brechin—as editor, and it was he who enlisted the
assistance, as contributors, of the most eminent men of
science then living in Scotland. Professors Robison,
Thomas Thomson and Playfair were the most notable of
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these specialist contributors, and a Supplement in two
volumes was issued in 1801 to allow them to extend their
work to those earlier letters of the alphabet which had
already been issued by MacFarquhar. It was their labours
which first gave the Encyclopædia Britannica its pre-
eminent standing among works of reference, and prepared
the way for it to become, as a later editor claimed, not
merely a register but an instrument of research, since
thereafter the leading specialist in all departments were
invited to contribute their unpublished results to its pages.

In the Fourth Edition, published by Andrew Bell in

twenty volumes from 1801 to 1810, the principle of
specialist contributions was considerably extended, but it
was only brought to such degree of perfection as was
possible at the time by Archibald Constable, “the great
Napoleon of the realms of print,” who purchased the
copyright of the Encyclopædia Britannica soon after Bell’s
death in 1809. Constable lavished his energy and his money
on the famous “Supplement to the Fourth, Fifth and Sixth
Editions,” which in 1813 he commissioned Macvey Napier
to edit. It was with the appearance of this Supplement that
the Encyclopædia Britannica ceased to be a purely Scottish
undertaking, and blossomed out into that great
cosmopolitan or international enterprise which it has since
become. The most eminent writers, scholars and men of
science in England and on the continent of Europe, as well
as in Scotland itself, were enlisted in the work: Sir Walter
Scott, Jeffrey, Leslie, Playfair and Sir Humphry Davy,
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Dugald Stewart—who received the then unprecedented sum
of £1000 for a single contribution—Ricardo, Malthus and
Thomas Young, with foreign men of science like Arago and
Biot. From this time onward, indeed, a list of the
contributors to successive editions of the Encyclopædia
Britannica would be a list of the most eminent British and
American writers and thinkers of each generation; the work
had become the product of the organized co-operation of
acknowledged leaders of the world’s thought in every
department of human knowledge. For this advance the
credit is mainly due to Constable.

The Fifth and Sixth Editions, each in twenty volumes,

issued by Constable between 1815 and 1824, were
practically reprints of the Fourth, the Supplement—issued
in six volumes from 1816 to 1824—being considered
adequate to supply their deficiencies. The Seventh Edition,
edited by Macvey Napier on the same lines as the
Supplement, of which it incorporated a great part, was
brought out by a new publisher, Adam Black, who had
bought the copyright on Constable’s failure. This edition
was issued from 1830 to 1842, and was comprised in
twenty-one volumes, which included a general index to the
whole work. The Eighth Edition, under the editorship of T.
Stewart Traill, was issued by the firm of A. & C. Black,
from 1853 to 1860, in twenty-one volumes, with a separate
index volume.

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 The Ninth Edition was then undertaken by the same
firm on a scale which Adam Black considered so hazardous
that his refused to have any part in the undertaking, and he
accordingly advertised his retirement from the firm. This
Edition began to appear in 1875, under the editorship of
Thomas Spencer Baynes, and was completed in 1889 by
William Robertson Smith. It consisted of twenty-four
volumes, containing 21,572 pages and 302 plates, with a
separate index volume. Adam Black’s prognostications of
failure were signally falsified by the success of the work, of
which nearly half a million sets—including American
pirated and mutilated editions—were ultimately sold. The
great possibilities of popularity for the Encyclopædia
Britannica in Great Britain were only realized, however,
when in 1898 The Times undertook to sell a verbatim
reprint of the Ninth Edition at about half the price originally
asked for it by the publishers. The success of this reprint led
to the publication by The Times in 1902 of an elaborate
supplement in eleven New Volumes (one containing new
maps and one a comprehensive index to the whole work),
constituting, with the previous twenty-four volumes, The
Tenth Edition. The Eleventh Edition, which supersedes both
Ninth and Tenth, and represents in an entirely new and
original form a fresh survey of the whole field of human
thought and achievement, written by some 1500 eminent
specialists drawn from nearly every country of the civilized
world, incorporating the results of research and the progress
of events up to the middle of 1910, is now published by the
University of Cambridge, where it is hoped that the
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Encyclopædia Britannica has at length found a permanent
home.

It will be seen from this brief survey of the history of

the Encyclopædia Britannica that, while the literary and
scholarly success of the work has been uniform and
continuous, its commercial career has naturally been subject
to vicissitudes. Six different publishing firms have been at
various times associated with its production; and the
increasing magnitude of the work, consequent on the steady
growth of knowledge, made this wellnigh inevitable. The
Encyclopædia Britannica has to-day become something
more than a commercial venture, or even a national
enterprise. It is a vast cosmopolitan work of learning, which
can find no home so appropriate as an ancient university.

The present publication of the new Encyclopædia

Britannica by the University of Cambridge is a natural step
in the evolution of the university as an educational
institution and a home of research. The medieval University
of Cambridge began its education labours as an institution
intended almost exclusively for the instruction of the clergy,
to whose needs its system of studies was necessarily in a
large measure accommodated. The Revival of Learning, the
Renaissance and the Reformation widened its sphere of
intellectual work and its interests, as well as its actual
curriculum. The 19th century saw the complete abolition of
the various tests which formerly shut the gates of the
English universities against a large part of the people. The

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early establishment in Cambridge of special colleges for
women was also a sign of expanding activities. About the
same time the University Extension movement, first
advocated at Cambridge in 1871 on the ground that the
ancient universities were not mere clusters of private
establishments but national institutions, led to a wider
conception of the possibilities of utilizing the intellectual
resources of the universities for the general diffusion of
knowledge and culture; and the system of Local
Examinations brought the university into close contact with
secondary education throughout the country. But the public
to which the University of Cambridge thus appealed,
though wider than that of the college lecture-rooms, was
still necessarily limited. Practically it is only through the
medium of the University Press that Cambridge can enter
into and maintain direct relations with the whole of the
English-speaking world. The present time seems
appropriate for an effort towards thus signally extending the
intellectual and educational influence of the university.

To this end, the University of Cambridge has

undertaken the publication of the Encyclopædia Britannica,
and now issues the Eleventh Edition of that work. These
twenty-eight volumes and index aim at achieving the high
ambition of bringing all extant knowledge within the reach
of every class of readers. While the work, in its present
form, is to some extent based on the preceding edition, the
whole field has been re-surveyed with the guidance of the
most eminent specialists. The editors early decided that the
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new edition should be planned and written as a whole, and
refused to content themselves with the old-fashioned plan
of regarding each volume as a separate unit, to be compiled
and published by itself. They were thus able to arrange their
material so as to give an organic unity to the whole work
and to place all the various subjects under their natural
headings, in the form which experience has shown to be the
most convenient for a work of universal reference. An
important consequence of this method of editing is that the
twenty-eight volumes are now ready for publication at the
same time, and that the complete work can be offered to the
public in its entirety. Although the work has been reduced
to the smallest compass consistent with lucidity—
bibliographies of all subjects which call for assistance of
this nature being provided in aid of more detailed study—
the aim throughout has been to maintain the highest
standard of scholarly authority, and to provide a thorough
elucidation of important scientific problems for which the
modern inquirer as no adequate text-books. This Eleventh
Edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica is now, therefore,
offered to the public by the University of Cambridge in the
hope and belief that it will be found to be a trustworthy
guide to sound learning, and an instrument of culture of
world-wide influence.
Cambridge
November 1, 1910.

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 P R E FAT O RY N O T E[1]
TO

THE “HANDY VOLUME” ISSUE

By JAMES BRYCE (Viscount Bryce)

T
HE progress of mankind, usually measured in its
material aspects by the increase in the population of
the globe and in the wealth — i.e., the number and the
value of objects useful to man — which the globe contains,
may be also measured in its intellectual aspects by the
volume of knowledge which is available for man's service
or enjoyment, and by the capacity of the human mind for
using or enjoying that knowledge. The increase in
population had been, during the last four centuries up to the
beginning of the World-War of 1914, very large. It was then
in Europe, the only Continent for which figures that can be
trusted exist, about 407,000,000, having probably been at
the beginning of the Christian era not more than 35,000,000
in that Continent, perhaps much less. The increase in
wealth, for estimating which no data exist, has of course
been incomparably greater. The increase in knowledge,
however, has been so much vaster and more rapid than
either of the above that no sort of comparison can be made.
Think of what was known regarding Nature in A.D. 1660,

19
when the Royal Society of London was founded, or even as
late as 1814–5 when the end of the great European War set
men's minds more free to prosecute investigation, and think
of what is known about Nature now! And although the
advance has been more remarkable in the sciences of
Nature than in any other direction, it has been immense in
other fields also. In the many branches of history, in
archæology, in economics, in philology, to take the most
obvious examples, the volume of facts acquired and
principles ascertained since the beginning of the Eighteenth
Century exceeds the whole of the stock that had been
accumulated up to that date. The number of new sciences
and new practical arts for which new names have had to be
invented is itself the most striking illustration of the
expansion of our intellectual resources, sometimes by
methods which, like those of stellar chemistry, were
undreamt of by earlier generations, sometimes by the
recovery of ancient records which were unknown to, or
undecipherable by, generations that lived much nearer to the
times when those records were written down. We know
more of ancient Egypt, for example, than the Romans knew
when they had conquered it, and far more about primitive
man, his races and his ways of life, than was known to any
earlier age. And to-day we see how in every direction
knowledge goes on increasing at a constantly accelerated
pace.

The power of the human mind to acquire and retain

knowledge has not, however, shown any increase within the
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last few centuries. The average of life is, in most civilized
countries, slightly longer, and the average of health
probably also better, and the aids to the acquisition of
knowledge more abundant. But the capacity of the
individual man for learning and remembering what he has
learnt does not seem to be greater now than it was in the
days of the famous scholars of the Renaissance. As
Mephistopheles says in Goethe's Faust: “The little god of
the world remains always of the same stamp.” There are
now, as there have always been, learned men — men in
whose memory an enormous number of facts and of
thoughts are stored. There must be more of such men now
than ever before, because every civilized nation is larger,
and the facilities for obtaining knowledge far more ample.
But whereas two or three centuries ago a single mind was
able to acquire and retain in some one particular field of
knowledge, such as botany for instance, or astronomy, or
ancient history, nearly all that was worth knowing, and
perhaps a good deal of what was best worth knowing in
several other fields also, nobody now-a-days could,
whatever his industry, cover more than a small part of any
of those fields. Knowledge, as it has grown, has branched
out along an endless variety of divergent paths. Each of the
departments of learning as they stood a century ago has
now been divided into new departments more or less
distinct from one another. To know any one of these well
one must specialize in it. The expenditure of ability and
industry which in the days of Gibbon, or even of Niebuhr,
would have enabled a man to be a master of ancient history,
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would not now suffice to make him a master of more than
one among the three or four chief departments of that study.
And in the sciences of Nature the process of subdivision
and specialization has gone much further than in those
which relate to the doings and thoughts of Man. Thus it is
that to-day no one of us can be a Learned Man in the old
sense of the word, as Bacon said that he had taken all
learning to be his province. Each of us, if he wants to obtain
full command of the facts in some particular line of enquiry,
and to make in that line real additions to the sum of human
knowledge, must be content to cultivate his own plot of
ground and see his neighbours do the same, looking across
the fence, but not knowing what sort of crop the neighbour
is raising.

This may seem to imply a sad narrowing of the intellectual

horizon. Are we to be henceforth debarred from that wide
outlook over the whole landscape of knowledge which the
vigorous and industrious minds of former days enjoyed?
Such an outlook was delightful, and it was also profitable,
for there is nothing in the world that is not somehow related
to very many other things; and many of the most fruitful
ideas, ideas which sometimes led to great discoveries, have
come to the students of some problem from remote and
unexpected quarters. Curiosity moreover, the love of
knowledge apart from any tangible result, is one of the
strongest passions in cultivated minds, giving a pleasure
which never palls, and which, unlike most pleasures, goes
on increasing through life as long as the power of thinking
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remains unaffected by the inevitable decay of physical
strength. Thus, though we must now be content with a
knowledge which can be thorough and exact only in a far
smaller field than that which it was possible to cover in
earlier centuries, still no man with a mind both cultivated
and alert will renounce the enjoyment of learning things
that lie outside his own special field, and of trying to follow,
however imperfectly, the general onward march of human
knowledge.

This brings me to a question raised by the appearance in a

smaller form of that great storehouse of knowledge, the
Encyclopædia Britannica. Its most directly practical use is
as a book of reference to which those engaged in some
profession or business may go for information on a matter
which they wish to understand for some business purpose.
This is an obvious value, and needs no comment. But there
is a further use suggested by what has just been said
regarding that stupendous increase in the total volume of
human knowledge which makes it more difficult than
before to keep abreast of the intellectual progress of the
world. I have referred to the desire, natural to every man
with an active and cultivated mind, to know something
about subjects outside the range of his own special
profession or study, and to know that something, be it more
or less, not indeed minutely, but soundly, with a due
comprehension of its leading principles. What help can such
a man receive from a systematically arranged storehouse of
knowledge upon all subjects such as an Encyclopædia, the
23
chief articles in which are compendious treatises, composed
by persons each of whom is an expert in his own branch of
study?

The sort of man I am contemplating may be himself a

specialist in some department. Whoever has sufficient
means and leisure ought to have a study or pursuit
unconnected with his gainful occupation. Such a pursuit
may be a branch of natural history — nothing gives more
pleasure — or a particular line of reading or reflection, or
an art, like painting or music, or perhaps the collecting of
objects such as etchings, or minerals, or coins. Such a taste
serves to divert the mind from its business preoccupations:
and if it is a pursuit involving independent study and
exactitude, it has the great merit of training him who
follows it how to observe and how to reason from
observation. In making him accurate it teaches him to know
the difference in everything between thoroughness and
superficiality. The old dictum, “I fear the master of one
book,” conveys the truth that thoroughness in any one
subject is a source and a mark of strength. Within the
domain of his own peculiar study the specialist will not
have much need of an Encyclopædia, for he will know what
are the best books, and will be able to refer to them when
necessary. But outside that domain he and the man without
a special branch of knowledge will both stand on the same
footing. They will alike desire to know more about the chief
subjects of current human interest than newspapers and
magazines will tell them, and to exercise upon events or
24
doctrines that occupy the world's attention a judgment
grounded on something better than the rumours or fashions
or catchwords of the hour.

The obvious way of gratifying this desire is to have

recourse to books. Books are more accessible as well as far
more numerous in every branch of knowledge than they
ever were before. No considerable town is without its
public library. But the very profusion of books increases the
difficulty of knowing which to procure, and which, when
one goes to a public library to look for them, it is best to
consult and rely upon. That process of specialization to
which I have already referred has divided up the literature
existing on any given topic into so many branches that the
reader who has little previous acquaintance with the topic is
bewildered. The titles of the books help very little, unless
the author is a man of a reputation which guarantees
excellence, for the most alluring title may cover the least
helpful performance, a book perhaps too sketchy, perhaps
so technical as to be intelligible only to experts.

Now-a-days, moreover, the men most eminent in the

sciences of Nature are generally occupied in original
investigations, and each of their works is likely to embrace
so small a part of the field of their science as to be difficult
of comprehension for any but expert readers. Let me try to
illustrate the difficulty in which the man whom we are
considering finds himself when in biology or geology, for
example, some discovery has been made whose

25
significance he desires to make himself able to appreciate;
or when some new proposal in the field of economic
legislation has been brought forward, or some grave
political issue in one of the less known countries has arisen.
Few men who are not specialists would know to what books
to go for the information they need upon any of these
topics; few would have the time to spend in hunting through
a library for such books. In cases of this kind an
Encyclopædia is invaluable. Presenting in its articles,
prepared by writers of special competence, a mass of short
treatises, each of which supplies a complete, though
necessarily brief, view of its special subject, it supplies in
each of the foregoing instances the facts which ought to be
known in order that the reader, approaching the particular
question with a due comprehension of the doctrines and
principles involved, may be able to form a reasonable
judgment upon it.

Such articles have one advantage not always to be found in

books, even the best books. Those who contribute articles to
an Encyclopædia are expected to state fairly all the views
entertained by good authorities on matters of doubt or
controversy, and they generally endeavour to do so. He who
writes a treatise often writes it to prove his own theory and
disparage the theories of others, but in a work of reference
such exclusiveness or partisanship would be reprehended,
and is therefore usually avoided. In the “advancing
subjects” (those in which the progress of discovery is
constantly bringing new facts to light) this is a point of no
26
small consequence, for new facts give birth to new
hypotheses, each of which is entitled to be stated till one or
other is established.

A like spirit of fairness and latitude of view are also

expected, and generally found in another great service
which the articles in an Encyclopædia render. What is
called the bibliography of the particular subject is in them
an important feature, for one of the difficulties which the
increase of specialization has caused is that of knowing
what books to consult for a general view of any large
subject, and what other books for its special departments.
The reader must be guided by being told not only which are
the most valuable works, but in what point each of them is
strongest. Here the writer has a delicate task. Being himself
a specialist, he probably has decided views of his own; yet
he is bound to recommend, or at least to mention, books
with whose doctrines he does not agree, if they represent
thorough work done by competent men. The selection of
the best becomes harder as the volume of literature upon
every subject grows. There is no more lamentable waste of
time than that spent on reading a second or third rate work
when a first rate one is available, and there is no better test
of the utility of an Encyclopædia article than the amount of
help to the student which a carefully selected list of books
supplies.

One further respect may be mentioned in which the short

treatises finding a place in an Encyclopædia have a peculiar

27
value which continues even when the additions to our
knowledge have gone so far that a new edition of the
Encyclopædia has appeared, and the old edition is relegated
to a less conspicuous place. That value is historical. Each
edition of an Encyclopædia is a sort of landmark in the
history of knowledge. Indicating the point which scientific
investigation or learned research had reached in each
particular subject at a given date, it enables us to measure
the progress which has been made from that date to the
present day. A few instances will illustrate this. Take the
Eighth Edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica (published
1853 to 1860) and, setting beside it the present Eleventh
Edition (1910-1911), compare the articles in these two
editions which bear upon astronomy and note the additions
which have been made to our knowledge of the sun and
other (so-called) Fixed Stars by the use of more powerful
telescopes, but still more by the use of those new methods
which spectrum analysis has furnished and which enable us
to discover the chemical composition of the stars as well as
many novel facts regarding their relative motions. Compare
similarly, in the same two editions, the account given of
what is called the Atomic Theory advanced by Dalton early
in the Nineteenth Century, and see how it has been now
modified. So in prehistoric ethnology and archæology let a
reader compare the accounts of the early peoples round the
Eastern Mediterranean given in the Eighth and the Eleventh
editions and he will see which of the old theories held their
ground, and what new theories have now been established,
and what points still remain unsettled.
28
In the sciences of Nature people have begun to expect a
constant progress which will enable most of the problems
that now perplex us to be ultimately solved; though some,
such for instance as the relation between what we call
mental processes and their material concomitants in the
brain, seem no nearer solution now than they were before
modern methods of investigation began to be applied, and
may remain forever obscure. This progress is mainly due to
the constant acquisition of new facts. In some of the human
subjects, such as those pertaining to history, the new facts to
be expected are comparatively few. But even in physical
science, and far more conspicuously in the human subjects,
progress comes not only by the discovery of new facts, but
also by the steady application of thought to the old facts,
because new ideas are always suggesting themselves to the
most ingenious and penetrating intellects. A distinguished
scientific man once observed that science advances through
calling different things by the same name, i.e., through the
finding of principles which cover sets of phenomena whose
connections had not been previously grasped, a new basis
of classification being thus obtained. In history we observe
that even where the data available have been but slightly
enlarged, the unceasing contributions made by many minds
to the study of some problem is suggesting new aspects in
which the facts may be viewed, constantly bringing about a
more general agreement on points previously in
controversy. Seventy years ago, in the days of Lachmann,
scholars differed more widely than they do to-day as to the
origin of the Homeric poems. Forty years ago the tendency
29
of critics was to place the appearance of the Gospels in their
present form at a date considerably later than that which the
general consensus of learned men would now assign to
them. So there is less discrepancy to-day than in the
generation before last as to the characters of Oliver
Cromwell and Thomas Jefferson, and so the time may come
when even the controversies that have raged round Mary
Queen of Scots will have been set at rest.

I must not, however, further pursue this line of enquiry.

Enough to say that both the additions to knowledge
recorded and the changes of view traceable, in successive
editions of a work of established authority (such as this
Encyclopædia) are among the features which constitute its
permanent interest and value to the student.

The habit of frequently entering a vast storehouse of

knowledge brings many thoughts to the mind. It gives a
high sense of the power of the collective intellect of
mankind, which has accumulated these treasures within the
period, short when compared with the æons during which
Man has occupied his planet, that has elapsed since the
invention of writing. It suggests the reflection that the
efforts of human intellect have done less than was hoped for
a century ago to cure the ills that vex human society, for the
progress of mankind towards liberty, peace and concord has
not kept pace with the accumulation of knowledge upon all
subjects, and with the increase of our power over the forces
of nature. It enjoins modesty upon even the most learned by

30
reminding them of how infinitely little they know of what is
to be known, while it cheers the lonely student by the
thought that every new truth he can establish is a stepping
stone upon which others may mount higher. It opens up an
endless vista of enquiry, for the more is known the more
remains to be explored, as with every addition to the
strength of his telescopes the astronomer descries new stars
where there was darkness before. And to each of us, short
as is his own span of life, it supplies a fresh incentive to
curiosity, encouraging him to go on learning and tasting the
joy of learning as long as life lasts.
1. ↑ Copyright, 1915, by the Encyclopaedia Britannica Corporation.

31
 EDITORIAL
INTRODUCTION

E
LSEWHERE in these volumes, under the heading
of ENCYCLOPÆDIA (vol. ix. p. 369), an account is
given in detail of the particular form of literature to
which that name applies. It is no longer necessary, as
was done in some of the earlier editions of the
Encyclopædia Britannica, to defend in a Preface the main
principle of the system by which subjects are divided for
treatment on a dictionary plan under the headings most
directly suggesting explanation or discussion. The
convenience of an arrangement of General idea
material based on a single of the book.
alphabetization of subject words and proper names has
established itself in the common sense of mankind, and in
recent years has lead to the multiplication of analogous
works of reference. There are, however, certain points in the
execution of the Eleventh Edition to which, in a preliminary
survey, attention may profitably be drawn.

32
The Eleventh Edition and its Predecessors

It is important to deal first with the relationship of the

Eleventh Edition to its predecessors. In addition to
providing a digest of general information, such as is
required in a reference-book pure and simple, the object of
the Encyclopædia Britannica has always been to give
reasoned discussions on all the great Debt to earlier editions.
questions of practical or speculative
interest, presenting the results of accumulated knowledge
and original inquiry in the form of articles which are
themselves authoritative contributions to the literature of
their subjects, adapted for the purpose of systematic reading
and study. In this way its successive editions have been
among the actual sources through which progressive
improvements have been attained in the exposition of many
important branches of learning. The Ninth Edition in
particular, to which the Eleventh is the lineal successor—
for the name of the Tenth was used only to indicate the
incorporation of supplementary volumes which left the
main fabric untouched—was Their special value.
universally recognized as giving the
most scholarly contemporary expression to this constructive
ideal. The reputation thus gained by the Encyclopædia
Britannica as a comprehensive embodiment of accurate
scholarship—the word being used here for authoritative

33
exposition in all departments of knowledge—carries with it
a responsibility which can only be fulfilled by periodical
revision in the light of later research. Yet in any complete
new edition, and certainly in that which is here presented,
due acknowledgment must be made to the impulse given by
those who kept the sacred fire burning in earlier days. In
this respect, if a special dept is owing to the editors of the
Ninth Edition, and particularly to the great services of
Robertson Smith, it must not be forgotten that long before
their time the Encyclopædia Britannica had enlisted among
its contributors many eminent writers, whose articles,
substantially carried forward at each revision, became
closely associated with the name and tradition of the
work[1]. To preserve the continuity of its historic
associations, so far as might be consistent with the public
interest, and with what was due to progress in knowledge,
was one of the first duties of those responsible for a new
edition; and just as the Ninth Edition carried forward, with
notable additions or substitutions, work contributed to the
Eighth and earlier editions, so it provided matter for
utilization in the Eleventh, which in its turn had to
accommodate the new knowledge of a later generation.

In considering the treatment, however, of the mass of

material thus handed down, the editor of the Eleventh
Edition had an entirely new situation to deal with. It is
A new departure. necessary here to explain why it is that
the Eleventh Edition is much more than
a revision—is, indeed, a new edifice as compared with the
34
structure of the Ninth Edition. In the whole architecture of
the latter there was a serious flaw, due to no want of ability
in editors or contributors, but to the conditions imposed
upon them in the system of publication.

The economic and mechanical obstacles to the production

of a great encyclopædia otherwise than in a series of
volumes separately issued at intervals during a number of
The old system of years were formerly considered
production. prohibitive. Thus the Ninth Edition, the
first volume of which was published in
1875 and the twenty-fifth in 1889, was incomplete for some
sixteen years after its real inception. Not only does such a
long interval between the start and the finish involve the
possibility of a change in editorial direction and conception
such as happened in 1881 when Spencer Baynes was
compelled by ill-health to hand over the reins to Robertson
Smith; but even if the same editorial policy remained to
dominate the work, the continual progress of time was
constantly changing the conditions under which it was
exercised. With such a system of publication an
encyclopædia can have no proper unity of conception or
uniformity of treatment. It cannot be planned from the
beginning so as to present at its completion a satisfactory
synoptic view of any department of knowledge. The
historical record is restricted by the accident of the dates at
which the separate volumes are published, in such a way
that the facts induded in one volume may contradict those
in another. Individual volumes, the contents of which are
35
arbitrarily determined by the alphabetical order of headings,
may indeed be abreast of the learning and accomplishments
Defect of division under of their day, but each time a later
different dates. volume appears the circumstances have
altered, and there is every chance that
some integral portion of what had previously been
published may be stultified. Those who were responsible
for the execution of the Ninth Edition of the Encyclopædia
Britannica did their best under an impossible system. They
made it a collection of detached monographs of the highest
authority and value. In their day the demand of a modern
public for “up-to-date-ness” had not come into existence,
and it seemed perfectly reasonable in 1879 to bring the
article on the history of England no further than the
accession of Queen Victoria. But it was not their failure to
appreciate the importance of dealing with the latest events
in history that made so much of the Ninth Edition useless in
preparing its successor. When only this was in question,
later history could be added. It was the fact that, owing to
its system of publication, its arrangement was not
encyclopædic, and that in preparing an edition which for the
first time had the advantage of being systematic in the
distribution of its material, there was no way of adapting to
its needs what had been written originally on a faulty
principle.

Until the year 1902, when, within nine months, nine

supplementary volumes of text were issued by The Times,
no publisher had cared or dared to attempt to produce at one
36
Novelty of the method time the whole of any work of similar
now employed. magnitude. It was the regular practice
to issue volume by volume. On this
system the public has been furnished with the Oxford New
English Dictionary (still incomplete in 1910, though work
had begun in the early ’sixties and the first volume appeared
in 1888) and with the Dictionary of National Biography,
while the French La Grande Encyclopédie, which took even
longer than the Ninth Edition of the Encyclopædia
Britannica to complete, was coming out in its thirty-one
volumes between 1885 and 1902. But the proof obtained in
1902 of the practicability of simultaneous production in the
case of the supplementary volumes which converted the
Ninth into the Tenth Edition of the Encyclopædia
Britannica, made it imperative to extend this limited
experiment to the making of an entirely new edition. By this
means a new value might be given to a work which aimed
not merely at providing a storehouse of facts, but
expounding all knowledge as part of an ordered system. For
the problem here was bound up with the question of the
date of publication to a unique degree. In some other sorts
of book the fact that successive volumes appear at certain
intervals of time only affects the convenience of the
purchaser—as, for instance, in the case of the Cambridge
Modern History; the various volumes do not cover the same
field or touch the same materials. But in an encyclopædia it
is only the alphabetization of the headings which causes
them to fall in distinct volumes, and the accident of position
separates the treatment of the same or closely related
37
subjects in such a way that, if they are discussed from the
point of view of widely different dates, the organic unity of
the work is entirely lost. Thanks to the enterprising
provision of capital, and the co-operation of a far-sighted
business management, it was possible to start the
preparation of the Eleventh Edition of Peculiar importance to
the Encyclopædia Britannica with the such a work.
knowledge that it would be published as a whole at one
date. The separate volumes, whatever their number, would
no longer represent so many lapses of time and so many
distinct units in executive conception, but merely
mechanical divisions for convenience in handling. And
arrangements were made so that the printing of the whole
edition should eventually take hardly more time than had
been required for the printing and correcting of a single
volume under the old system.

The opportunity thus provided was in many ways more

appropriate to the making of an entirely new work than to
the revision of an old one. For the Ninth Edition was
wanting in precisely that character of interdependence in all
its part which could now be given to Mere revision no longer
the various related articles. Moreover, possible.
experience had shown that, as compared with other
encyclopædias of less ambitious scope, not intended for
systematic study or continuous reading, its arrangement as a
work of reference had defects which resulted in some
injustice being done to its merits as a series of individual
contributions to learning. There was no reason why both
38
these purposes should not be served, and attention be paid
to distributing the material under the much larger number of
headings which are required for rapid and easy reference,
when once it was possible to ignore the particular order in
which the subjects were treated. Since none of the work was
printed or published until the whole of it was ready, new
headings could always be introduced with their appropriate
matter, according as the examination of what was written
under another heading revealed omissions which showed
that some related subject required explanation on its own
account, or according as the progress of time up to the year
of publication involved the emergence of new issues, to
which previously no separate reference would have been
expected. The execution of the Eleventh Edition, planned
on uniform lines as a single organism, and thus admitting of
continual improvement in detail, irrespectively of the
distribution of matter under this or that letter of the
alphabet, could proceed in all its parts pari passu, the
various articles being kept open for revision or rewriting, so
as to represent the collective knowledge and the
contemporary standpoint of the date at which the whole was
issued.

This new design involved the maintenance, during all the

years of preparation, of an active collaboration among a
vast body of contributors. The formal structure of the Ninth
Edition necessarily disappeared, leaving only its component
parts as building material for incorporation in the new
edifice to such degree as examination might prove its
39
adaptability. The site—in this case the A new survey of the
whole field of knowledge—was field of knowledge.
mapped out afresh under the advice of specialist
departmental advisers, who, in providing for the occupation
of the different areas, co-operated with a central editorial
staff, comprising many members, each of whom was
responsible to the Editor-in-Chief for a particular section of
the work. In this manner what, it is hoped, is a more
complete articulation of subjects was effected, while co-
operation between the contributors who dealt with each
homogeneous department of knowledge was combined with
the concentration in editorial direction, which alone could
make the Eleventh Edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica
an organic unit. The result of the new survey was a
distribution of material under a far larger number of
headings than had been included in the Ninth Edition—
some 40,000 instead of some 17,000; and the method of
Method and results. simultaneous construction enabled the
co-ordination which is of such peculiar
importance in a work of reference to be applied
systematically by the editorial staff. The authority which
attaches to the names of individual contributors remains, as
before, an important feature of the Eleventh Edition, but by
these means, it is hoped, the authority which attaches to the
Encyclopædia Britannica itself is more firmly established.
When Robertson Smith finally wrote his preface to the
Index volume of the Ninth Edition, he said:—“The use of
initials (as signatures to articles) was not designed to lighten
the responsibility of the editors. No editor can possess the
40
The two sources of knowledge which would enable him to
authority. control the work of his contributors in
all the subjects treated of in the
Encyclopædia, but no effort has been spared on the part of
the editorial staff to secure the accuracy and sufficiency of
every contribution, and to prevent those repetitions and
inconcinnities which necessarily occur where each
contributor is absolutely and solely responsible for the
articles which bear his name.” The principle here
enunciated, which represents the tradition of the
Encyclopædia Britannica in the matter of the correct
relationship between editors and contributors, and the
responsibility attaching to individual signatures, has been
adopted in the Eleventh Edition, but with all the advantages
resulting alike from simultaneous production and from the
fact that the Editor-in-Chief was assisted by a much larger
staff, working under conditions which enabled the editorial
control to be effective to a degree unattainable under the
earlier system. In concert with the numerous eminent
writers whose signatures give individual interest and weight
Increased value for to their contributions, the whole work
reference. —and not only the unsigned articles,
many of which indeed have equally
high authority behind them—passed through the detailed
scrutiny of the editorial staff, whose duty it was to see that
it provided what those who used any part of the book could
reasonably expect to find, to remedy those “inconcinnities”
to which Robertson Smith alluded, and to secure the

41
accuracy in the use of names, the inclusion of dates, and
similar minutiæ, which is essential in a work of reference.

A great deal of the older fabric was obviously incompatible

with the new scheme of treatment; but, where possible,
those earlier contributions have been preserved which are of
Use of older material. the nature of classics in the world of
letters. By a selective process which, it
is believed, gives new value to the old material—by the
revision, at the hands of their own authors or of later
authorities, of such articles or portions of articles as were
found to fit accurately into their several places—or by the
inclusion under other headings of a consideration of
controverted questions on which the writers may have taken
a strong personal view, itself of historical interest—their
retention has been effected so as to conform to the ideal of
making the work as a whole representative of the best
thought of a later day.

Questions of Formal Arrangement.

Both in the addition of new words for new subjects, and in

the employment of different words for old subjects, the
progress of the world demands a reconsideration from time
Natural headings. to time of the headings under which its

42
accumulated experiences can best be presented in a work
which employs the dictionary plan as a key to its contents.
No little trouble was therefore expended, in planning the
Eleventh Edition, on the attempt to suit the word to the
subject in the way most likely to be generally useful for
reference. While the selection has at times been, of
necessity, somewhat arbitrary, it has been guided from first
to last by an endeavour to follow the natural mental
processes of the average educated reader. But it was
Correctness and impossible to interpret what is “natural”
common sense. in this connexion without consideration
for the advances which have been made
in terminological accuracy, alike in the technicalities of
science and in the forms of language adopted by precise
writers, whose usage has become or is rapidly becoming
part of the common stock. The practice of modern schools
and the vocabulary of a modern curriculum, as well as the
predominating example of expert authorities, impose
themselves gradually on the public mind, and constitute
new conventions which are widely assimilated. In
forecasting what would be for the convenience of a new
generation of readers, it has seemed best to aim at adopting
the nearest approach to correct modern terminology, while
avoiding mere pedantry on the one hand, and on the other a
useless abandonment of well-established English custom.

It is easier, however, to lay down principles than to carry

them out consistently in face of the obstinacy of the
materials with which one is dealing in an encyclopædia
43
which attempts to combine accurate scholarship with
general utility and convenience. In the case of biographical
articles, for instance, it was decided Pseudonyms.
that the proper headings were the
names by which the individuals concerned are in fact
commonly known. Thus “George Sand” is now dealt with
under her pen-name (Sand, George) and not under that of
Madame Dudevant; “George Eliot” is no longer hidden
away under her married name of Mrs Cross; and “Mark
Twain” is taken as the permanent name by which the world
will know Mr Clemens. But it is not only in the case of
pseudonyms that there is a difficulty in deciding upon the
heading which is most appropriate. In variance with the
practice of the Dictionary of National Personal names and
Biography, all articles on titled titles.
persons are here arranged under the title headings and not
the family names. In principle it is believed that this is
much the more convenient system, for in most cases the
public (especially outside the British Islands) does not
know what the family name of an English peer may be.
Moreover, the system adopted by the Dictionary of
National Biography sacrifices a very important feature in
connexion with these biographical articles, namely, the
history of the title itself, which has often passed through
several families and can only be conveniently followed
when all the holders are kept together. As a rule, this system
of putting peers under the headings of their titles agrees
with the principle of adopting the names by which people
actually are called; but sometimes it is too glaringly
44
otherwise. Nobody would think of looking for Francis
Bacon under the heading of Viscount St Albans, or for
Horace Walpole under that of Earl of Orford. In such cases
what is believed to be the natural expectation of readers has
been consulted. The exceptional use, however, of the family
name as a heading for persons of title has been reserved
strictly for what may be regarded as settled conventions,
and where reasonably possible the rule has been followed;
thus Harley and St John are dealt with as Earl of Oxford
and Viscount Bolingbroke respectively. On the other hand,
when a celebrity is commonly known, not under his family
name but under a title which eventually was changed for a
different one of higher rank, the more convenient
arrangement has seemed to be—notwithstanding general
usage—to associate the article with the higher title, and so
to bring it into connexion with the historical peerage. Thus
the account of the statesman commonly called by his earlier
title of Earl of Danby is deliberately placed under his later
title of Duke of Leeds, and that of Use of the
Lord Castlereagh under Marquess of Index.
Londonderry. If the result of such exceptions to the rule
might seem to be that in certain cases a reader would not
know where to turn, the answer is that a reference to the
Index, where cross-references are given, will decide. In the
text of the work, although a great deal has been done to
refer a reader from one article to another, mere cross-
references—such as “Danby, Earl of; see Leeds, Duke
of”—are not included as distinct entries; it was found that
the number of such headings would be very large, and they
45
would only have duplicated the proper function of the
Index, which now acts in this respect as the real guide to the
contents and should be regarded as an integral part of the
work.

The reference just made to the Dictionary of National

Biography may here be supplemented by a few words as to
the British biographies in the Eleventh Edition of the
Encyclopædia Britannica. The whole standard of
biographical writing of this kind has undoubtedly been
raised by the labours of Sir Leslie Stephen, Dr Sidney Lee,
and their collaborators, in the compilation of that invaluable
work; and no subsequent publication could fail to profit,
both by the scholarly example there set, and by the results
of the original research embodied in Progress in treatment of
it. But in the corresponding articles in biography.
the Encyclopædia Britannica advantage has been taken of
the opportunity for further research and the incorporation of
later information, and they represent an independent study,
the details of which sometimes differ from what is given in
the Dictionary, but must not for that reason be thought in
haste to be incorrect. Allowance being made for a
somewhat different standard in the selection of individuals
for separate biographies, and for the briefer treatment, the
attempt has been made to carry even a step forward the
ideals of the Dictionary in regard to accuracy of detail and
critical judgment. This has largely been made possible by
the existence of the Dictionary, but the original work done
in the Eleventh Edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica in
46
the same field—drawing as it can upon a number of
biographical articles, already classics, in its earlier editions
Inclusive character. —gives it an independent authority
even in the sphere of British national
biography. Moreover, the inclusion of biographies of
eminent persons who died after the Dictionary was
supplemented in 1901, and of others still living in 1910,
results in a considerable extension of the biographical area,
even as regards individuals of British nationality in the
narrowest sense. The articles in the Encyclopædia
Britannica, however, are of course not limited to
personages of the British Islands. Not only are biographies
here included of the great men and women of French,
German, Italian, Belgian, Dutch, Russian, Scandinavian,
Japanese, and other foreign nationalities, as well as of those
of the ancient world, but the same standard of selection has
been applied to American and British Colonial biography as
to English, Welsh, Scottish and Irish. Indeed the
Encyclopædia Britannica may now claim for the first time
to supply a really adequate Dictionary of American
National Biography, covering all those with whom the
citizens of the United States are nationally concerned. It
thus completes its representation of the English-speaking
peoples, to all of whom English history, even in its
narrower sense, is a common heritage, and in its evolution a
common example.

Another form of the terminological problem, to which

reference was made above, is found in the transliteration of
47
foreign names, and the conversion of the names of foreign
English rendering of places and countries into English
foreign names. equivalents. As regards the latter, there
is no English standard which can be
said to be universal, though in particular cases there is a
convention which it would be absurd to attempt to displace
for any reason of supposed superior accuracy. It would be
pragmatical in the extreme to force upon the English-
speaking world a system of calling all foreign places by
their local names, even though it might be thought that each
nationality had a right to settle the nomenclature of its
country and the towns or districts within it. In general the
English conventions must stand. One of these days the
world may agree that an international nomenclature is
desirable and feasible, but not yet; and the country which its
own citizens call Deutschland and the French l’Allemagne
still remains Germany to those who use the English
Difficulty of the language. Similarly Cologne (Köln),
problem. Florence (Firenze), or Vienna (Wien)
are bound to retain their English names
in an English book. But all cases are not so simple. The
world abounds in less important places, for which the
English names have no standardized spelling; different
English newspapers on a single day, or a single newspaper
at intervals of a few weeks or months, give them several
varieties of form; and in Asia or Africa the latest explorer
always seems to have a preference for a new one which is
unlike that adopted by rival geographers. When the
Eleventh Edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica was
48
started, the suggestion was made that the Royal
Geographical Society of London—the premier geographical
society of the world—might co-operate in an attempt to
Geography in secure the adoption of a standard
particular. English geographical and topographical
nomenclature. The Society, indeed, has
a system of its own which to some extent aims at fulfilling
this requirement, though it has failed to impose it upon
general use; but unfortunately the Society’s system breaks
down by admitting a considerable number of exceptions
and by failing to settle a very large number of cases which
really themselves constitute the difficulty. The co-operation
of the Royal Geographical Society for the purpose of
enabling the Encyclopædia Britannica to give prominent
literary expression to an authoritative spelling for every
place—name included within its articles or maps was found
to be impracticable; and it was therefore necessary for the
Eleventh Edition to adopt a consistent spelling which would
represent its own judgment and authority. It is hoped that by
degrees this spelling may recommend itself in other
quarters. Where reasonably possible, the local spelling
popularized by the usage of post-offices or railways has
been preferred to any purely philological system of
transliteration, but there are numerous cases where even this
test of public convenience breaks down and some form of
Anglicization becomes essential to an English gazetteer
having an organic unity of its own. Apart from the
continuance of English conventions which appeared
sufficiently crystallized, the most authoritative spelling of
49
the foreign name has been given its simplest English
transliteration, preference being given, in cases of doubt, to
the form, for instance in African countries, adopted by the
European nation in possession or control. In the absence of
any central authority or international Method adopted.
agreement, the result is occasionally
different in some slight degree from any common English
variant, but this cannot well be helped when English
variants are so capricious, and none persistent and the
names selected are those which for purposes of reference
combine the most accuracy with the least disturbance of
familiar usage. Thus the German African colony of
Kamerun is here called Cameroon, an English form which
follows the common practice of English transliteration in
regard to its initial letter, but departs, in deference to the
German official nomenclature, from the older English
Cameroons, a plural no longer justifiable, although most
English newspapers and maps still perpetuate it.

In the case of personal names, wherever an English spelling

has become sufficiently established both in literature and in
popular usage it has been retained, irrespectively of any
strict linguistic value. Foreign names in English shape
really become English words, and they are so treated here;
e.g. Alcibiades (not Alkibiades), Proper names
Juggernaut (not Jagganath). But in Oriental
discrimination as to where languages.
convenience rather than philological correctness should rule
has been made all the more difficult, especially with names
50
representing Arabic or other Oriental originals, by the
strong views of individual scholars, who from time to time
attempt in their own writings to impose their own
transliterations upon others, in the face of well-established
convention. In the course of the preparation of the Eleventh
Edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica, various eminent
Arabic scholars have given strong expression to their view
as to the English form of the name of the Prophet of Islam,
preference being given to that of Muhammad. But the old
form Mahomet is a well-established English equivalent; and
it is here retained for convenience in identification where
the Prophet himself is referred to, the form Mahommed
being generally used in distinction for other persons of this
name. Purists may be dissatisfied with this concession to
popular usage; our choice is, we believe, in the interest of
the general public. If only the “correct” forms of many
Oriental names had been employed, they would be
unrecognizable except to scholars. On the other hand, while
the retention of Mahomet is a typical instance of the
preference given to a vernacular spelling when there is one,
and customary forms are adopted for Arabic and other
names in the headings and for ordinary use throughout the
work, in every case the more accurate scientific spelling is
also given in the appropriate article. While deference has
naturally been paid to the opinion of individual scholars, as
far as possible, in connexion with articles contributed by
them, uniformity throughout the work (a necessity for the
purpose of Index-making, if for no other) has been secured
by transliterating on the basis of schemes which have been
51
specially prepared for each language; for this purpose the
best linguistic opinions have been consulted, but due weight
has been given to intelligibility on the part of a public
already more or less accustomed to a stereotyped spelling.
In the case of Babylonian names, a section of the general
article Babylonia is specially devoted to an elucidation of
the divergences between the renderings given by individual
Assyriologists.

While the Encyclopædia Britannica has aimed, in this

matter of local and personal nomenclature, at conciliating
the opinion of scholars with public usage and convenience,
and the present edition makes an attempt to solve the
problem on reasonable lines, it should be understood that
the whole question of the uniform Public and
representation in English of foreign Scholar.
place and personal names is still in a highly unsatisfactory
condition. Scholars will never get the public to adopt the
very peculiar renderings, obscured by complicated accents,
which do service in purely learned circles and have a
scientific justification as part of a quasi-mathematical
device for accurate pronunciation. Any attempt to
transliterate into English on a phonetic basis has, moreover,
a radical weakness which is too often ignored. So long as
pronunciation is not itself standardized, and so long as the
human ear does not uniformly carry to a standardized
human brain the sound that is uniformly pronounced—and
it will be long before these conditions can be fulfilled—
even a phonetic system of spelling must adopt some
52
convention; and in that case it is surely best, if a well-
recognized convention already exists and is in use among
the public at large, to adopt it rather than to invent a new
one. The point is, indeed, of more than formal importance.
So long as scholars and the public are at issue on the very
essentials of the comprehension of scholarly books, which
are made unreadable by the use of diacritical signs and
unpronounceable spellings, culture cannot advance except
within the narrowest of sects. This incompatibility is bad
for the public, but it is also bad for scholarship. While the
Need of com- general reader is repelled, the
mon ground. Orientalist is neglected,—to the loss of
both. This criticism, which
substantially applies to many other formal aspects of
modern learning, may be unwelcome to the professors, but
it is the result of an extended experience in the attempt to
bring accurate knowledge into digestible shape for the wide
public for whom the Encyclopædia Britannica is intended.
It is indeed partly because of the tendency of modern
science and modern scholarship to put the artificial
obstacles of a technical jargon in the path of people even of
fairly high education, that it becomes imperative to bring
both parties upon a common ground, where the world at
large may discover the meaning of the learned research to
which otherwise it is apt to be a stranger.

With regard to the various departments of natural science,

there was a tendency in previous editions of the
Encyclopædia Britannica to make inclusive treatises of the
53
Scientific longer articles, and to incorporate under
articles. the one general heading of the science
itself matter which would more
naturally form a separate, if subordinate, subject. An
attempt has now been made to arrange the material rather
according to the heading under which, in an encyclopædia,
students would expect to find it. In any text-book on Light,
for instance, the technical aspects of aberration, refraction,
reflection, interference, phosphorescence, &c., would be
discussed concurrently as part of the whole science, in so
many chapters of a continuous treatise. But each such
chapter or subdivision in a treatise becomes in an
Value of the encyclopædia arranged on the
encyclopædia dictionary plan, matter to be explained
method.
where the appropriate word occurs in
the alphabetical order of headings. Under the name of the
common subject of the science as a whole, its history and
general aspects are discussed, but the details concerned with
the separate scientific questions which fall within its
subject-matter—on each of which often a single specialist
has unique authority—are relegated to distinct articles, to
the headings of which the general account becomes, if
required, a key or pointer. This arrangement of the scientific
material—a general article acting as pointer to subsidiary
articles, and the latter relieving the general account of
details which would overload it—has been adopted
throughout the Eleventh Edition; and in the result it is
believed that a more complete and at the same time more
authoritative survey has been attained, within the limits
54
possible to such a work, than ever before. The single-
treatise plan, which was characteristic of the Ninth Edition,
is not only cumbrous in a work of reference, but lent itself
to the omission altogether, under the general heading, of
Compared with specific issues which consequently
that of a single received no proper treatment at all
treatise.
anywhere in the book; whereas the
dictionary plan, by automatically providing headings
throughout the work, under which, where appropriate,
articles of more or less length may be put, enables every
subject to be treated, comprehensively or in detail, yet as
part of an organic whole, by means of careful articulation
adapted to the requirements of an intelligent reader.

In preparing the Eleventh Edition a useful check on the

possibility of such accidental omissions as are apt to occur
when the treatise plan is pursued, was provided by the
Dictionary decision, arrived at independently of
headings. any question of subdivision, to revert
more closely to the original form of the
Encyclopædia Britannica, and to make separate headings of
any words which, purely as words, had any substantial
interest either for historical or philological reasons, or as
requiring explanation even for English-speaking readers.[2]
The labours of Sir James Murray and his colleagues on the
Oxford New English Dictionary, which has only become
accessible since the Ninth Edition of the Encyclopædia
Britannica was published, have enabled a precise
examination to be made of all the possible headings of this
55
kind. Such words, or groups of words, together with proper
names, personal, geographical, zoological, etc., obviously
exhaust the headings under which the subject matter of an
encyclopædia can be subdivided; and thus the dictionary
plan, combined with a complete logical analysis of the
contents of the various arts and sciences, forms a
comprehensive basis for ensuring that no question of any
substantial interest can be omitted. As a rule the headings
suggested by a logical subdivision of subject, as approved
by the professional or scientific expert, follow the usage of
words which is natural to any one speaking the English
language; but where, owing to the Importance of
existence of some accepted terminological
terminology in any particular line of accuracy.
inquiry, it departs from this ordinary usage, the dictionary
plan still enables a cross-reference to guide the reader, and
at the same time to impart instruction in the history or
technical niceties of a vocabulary which is daily outgrowing
the range even of the educated classes. It is highly and
increasingly important that mere words should be correctly
evaluated, and connected with the facts for which properly
they stand.

Some Points as to Substance.

56
In considering the substance, rather than the form, of the
Eleventh Edition, it may be remarked first that, as a work of
reference no less than as a work for reading and study, its
preparation has been dominated throughout by the historical
point of view. Any account which The spirit of
purports to describe what actually the historian.
goes on to-day, whether in the realm of mind or in that of
matter, is inevitably subject to change as years or even
months pass by; but what has been, if accurately recorded,
remains permanently true as such. In the larger sense the
historian has here to deal not only with ancient and modern
political history, as ordinarily understood, but with past
doings in every field, and thus with the steps by which
existing conditions have been reached. Geography and
exploration, religion and philosophy, pure and applied
science, art and literature, commerce and industry, law and
economics, war and peace, sport and games,—all subjects
are treated in these volumes not only on their merits, but as
in continual evolution, the successive stages in which are of
intrinsic interest on their own account, but also throw light
on what goes before and after. The whole range of history,
thus considered, has, however, been immensely widened in
the Eleventh Edition as compared with the Ninth. The
record of the past, thrown farther and farther back by the
triumphs of modern archaeology, is limited on its nearer
confines only by the date at which the Encyclopædia
Britannica is published. Any contemporary description is
indeed liable to become inadequate almost as soon as it is in
57
the hands of the reader; but the available resources have
been utilized here to the utmost, so that the salient facts up
to the autumn of the year 1910 might be included
throughout, not merely as isolated events, but as part of a
consistent whole, conceived in the spirit of the historian.
Thus only can the fleeting present be true to its relation with
later developments, which it is no part of the task of an
encyclopædia to prophesy.

In this connexion it is advisable to explain that while the

most recent statistics have been incorporated when they
really represented conditions of historic value, the notion
that economic development can be truly shown merely by
giving statistics for the last year available is entirely false,
and for this reason in many cases The use of
there has been no attempt merely to statistics.
be “up-to-date” by inserting them. Statistics are used here
as an illustration of the substantial existing conditions and
of real progress. For the statistics of one year, and
especially for those of the latest year, the inquirer must
necessarily go to annual publications, not to an
encyclopædia which attempts to show the representative
conditions of abiding importance. In such a work statistics
are only one useful method of expressing historic evolution;
their value varies considerably according to the nature of
the subject dealt with; and the figures of the year which by
accident is the last before publication would often be
entirely misleading, owing to their being subject to some
purely temporary influence. In general, far less tabular
58
matter has been included in the Eleventh Edition than in the
Ninth. Where it is used, it is not as a substitute for
descriptive accounts, which can put the facts in readable
form much better, but more appropriately as showing
concisely and clearly the differences between the conditions
at different periods. As years pass by, and new statistics on
all subjects become accessible, those which have been
given here for their historical value are, as such, unaffected
by the lapse of time; but if they had been slavishly inserted
simply because they were the latest in the series of years
immediately preceding publication, their precarious
connexion with any continuous evolution would soon have
made them futile. So much has been done in the Eleventh
Edition to bring the record of events, whether in political
history or in other articles, down to the latest available date,
and thus to complete the picture of the world as it was in
1910, that it is necessary to deprecate any misconception
which might otherwise arise from the fact that statistics are
inserted not as events in themselves—this they may or may
not be, according to the subject-matter—but as a method of
expressing the substantial results of human activity; for that
purpose they must be given comparatively, selected as
representative, and weighed in the balance of the judicious
historian.

While every individual article in an encyclopædia which

aims at authoritative exposition must be informed by the
spirit of history, it is no less essential that the spirit of
The spirit of science. science should move over the
59
 construction of the work as a whole.
Whatever may be the deficiencies of its execution, the
Eleventh Edition has at any rate this advantage to those who
use it, that the method of simultaneous preparation, already
referred to, has enabled every subject to be treated
systematically. Not only in the case of “science” itself, but
in history, law, or any other kind of knowledge, its
contributors were all assisting to carry out a preconcerted
scheme, each aware of the relation of his or her contribution
to others in the same field; and the interdependence of the
related parts must be remembered by any reader who
desires to do justice to the treatment of any large subject.
Cross-references and other indications in the text are guides
to the system employed, which are supplemented in greater
detail by the elaborate Index. But the scientific spirit not
only affects the scheme of construction as a whole: it has
modified the individual treatment. Attention may perhaps
be drawn to two particular points in this connexion;—the
increased employment of the comparative method, and the
attempt to treat opinion and controversy objectively,
without partisanship or sectarianism.

The title of the Encyclopædia Britannica has never meant

that it is restricted in its accounts of natural science, law,
religion, art, or other subjects, to what goes on in the British
The comparative dominions; but a considerable
method. extension has been given in the
Eleventh Edition to the amount of
information it contains concerning the corresponding
60
activities in other countries. By approaching each subject,
as far as possible, on its merits, the contributors in every
department aim at appraising the achievements of
civilization from whatever source they have arisen, and at
the same time, by inserting special sections on different
countries when this course is appropriate, they show the
variations in practice under different systems of government
or custom. But the subjects are not only arranged
comparatively in this sense: new branches of study have
arisen which are of chief importance mainly for the results
attained by the comparative method. The impetus given to
comparative sociology by Herbert Spencer, the modern
interest in comparative law, religion, folklore, anthropology,
psychology and philology, have resulted in the
accumulation of a mass of detail which it becomes the task
of an encyclopædia produced on the plan of organized co-
operation to reduce to manageable proportions and
intelligible perspective. Comparative bibliography, so much
fostered of late years by the growth of great library
organizations, undergoes in its turn the same process; and
expert selection makes the references to the best books a
guide to the student without overwhelming him. To deal
here with all the lines of new research which have benefited
by the comparative method in recent years would trench
unnecessarily upon the scope of the contents of the work,
where sufficient is already written. One illustration must
suffice of a science in which the new treatment affects both
the substance and the form of the articles in the Eleventh
Edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica. Comparative
61
Anatomy, as a branch of Zoology, can no longer be
scientifically separated from Human Anatomy. The various
parts of the human body are therefore systematically treated
under separate headings, in connexion not only with the arts
of medicine and surgery, which depend on a knowledge of
each particular structure, but with the corresponding
features in the rest of the animal kingdom, the study of
which continually leads to a better understanding of the
human organism. Thus comparative anatomy and human
anatomy take their places, with physiology and pathology,
as interdependent and interconnected branches of the wider
science of Zoology, in which all the lines of experimental
inquiry and progressive knowledge lead up to a more
efficient service of man and society.

In stating "the position taken by the Encyclopædia

Britannica in relation to the active controversies of the
time," Spencer Baynes, in his Preface to the first volume of
the Ninth Edition (1875), referred to the conflict of opinion
then raging in regard to religion and The objective
science. "In this conflict," he said, "a view.
work like the Encyclopædia is not called upon to take any
direct part. It has to do with knowledge, rather than opinion,
and to deal with all subjects from a critical and historical
rather than a dogmatic point of view. It cannot be the organ
of any sect or party in science, religion or philosophy." The
same policy has inspired the Eleventh Edition. The
Encyclopædia Britannica itself has no side or party; it
attempts to give representation to all parties, sects and sides.
62
In a work indeed which deals with opinion and controversy
at all, it is manifestly impossible for criticism to be
colourless; its value as a source of authoritative exposition
would be very different from what it is if individual
contributors were not able to state their views fully and
fearlessly. But every effort has been made to obtain,
impartially, such statements of doctrine and belief in
matters of religion and similar questions as are satisfactory
to those who hold them, and to deal with these questions, so
far as criticism is concerned, in such a way that the
controversial points may be understood and appreciated,
without prejudice to the argument. The easy way to what is
sometimes considered impartiality is to leave controversy
out altogether; that would be to avoid responsibility at the
cost of perpetuating ignorance, for it is only in the light of
the controversies about them that the importance of these
questions of doctrine and opinion can be realized. The
object of the present work is to furnish accounts of all
subjects which shall really explain their meaning to those
who desire accurate information. Amid the variety of
beliefs which are held with sincere conviction by one set of
people or another, impartiality does not consist in
concealing criticism, or in withholding the knowledge of
divergent opinion, but in an attitude of scientific respect
which is precise in stating a belief in the terms, and
according to the interpretation, accepted by those who hold
it. In order to give the fullest expression to this objective
treatment of questions which in their essence are dogmatic,
contributors of all shades of opinion have co-operated in the
63
work of the Eleventh Edition of the Encyclopædia
Britannica. They have been selected as representative after
the most careful consideration and under the highest sense
of editorial responsibility. The proportion of space devoted
to these subjects is necessarily large, because they bulk
largely in the minds of thinking people; and while they are
treated more comprehensively than before, individual
judgments as to their relative claims may naturally vary.
The general estimates which prevail among the countries
which represent Western civilization are, however, in
practical agreement on this point, and this consensus is the
only ultimate criterion. In one respect the Eleventh Edition
is fortunate in the time of its appearance. Since the
completion of the Ninth Edition the controversies which at
that time raged round the application of historical and
scientific criticism to religion have become less acute, and
an objective statement of the problems, for instance,
connected with the literary history of the Bible is now less
encumbered with the doubts as to the effect on personal
religion which formerly prevailed. Science and theology
have learnt to dwell together; and a reverent attitude
towards religion, and indeed towards all the great religions,
may be combined, without arrière-pensée, with a scientific
comparative study of the phenomena of their institutions
and development.

Modern scientific progress has naturally affected other

aspects of the Eleventh Edition no less than the literary text;
and a word may be added here as to the illustrations and
64
maps. Photography and reproductive processes generally
now combine to enable much more to be done than was
possible a generation ago to assist verbal explanations and
descriptions by an appeal to the eye, and to make this
appeal scientifically accurate both in form and colour- The
older pictorial material in the Ninth Edition has undergone
the same critical survey as the text; and a large proportion
of what now appears in the Eleventh The art of
Edition is not only new, but represents illustration.
more adequately the modern principles of the art of
illustration. The microscope on the one hand, and the
museum on the other, have become in an increasing degree
the instruments for attaining a scientific presentment in
pictorial form of the realities of science and art. Whether for
elucidating the technicalities of zoology or engineering
machinery, or for showing concrete examples of ancient or
modern statuary or painting, the draughtsman or the
photographer has co-operated in the Eleventh Edition with
the writers of the various articles, so that as far as possible
their work may be accurately illustrated, in the correct
sense, as distinct from any object of beautifying the book
itself by pictures which might merely be interesting on their
own account. Similarly the maps are not collected in an
atlas, but accompany the topographical articles to which
they are appropriate. Whether plate-maps or text-maps, they
were all laid out with the scope, orthographical system, and
other requirements of the text in view; either the
cartographers have worked with the text before them - often
representing new geographical authority on the part of the
65
contributors - or they have been directed by the
geographical department of the editorial staff as to the
sources on which they should draw; and the maps have
been indexed as an atlas is, so that any topographical article
not accompanied by a map has its appropriate map-
reference in the general index. The more important coloured
maps have been specially prepared by Messrs Justus
Perthes of Gotha, the publishers of Stieler’s Atlas, which in
some instances has served as their basis; and the others
have been made under the direction of Mr Emery Walker of
London, in collaboration with the editorial staff. Mr Emery
Walker’s great knowledge and experience in the work of
illustration has throughout been put ungrudgingly at the
service of the Eleventh Edition.

Conclusion.

In expressing, on behalf of the editorial staff and the

publishers, their indebtedness to the large number of
contributors who have assisted in carrying the work to its
completion, the Editor would be glad to refer to many
individuals among the eminent writers who have given of
their best. But the list is so long that he must content
himself with a word of general thanks. It is more important

66
to give public credit here to those who, without actually
being members of the editorial staff, have taken an intimate
part with them in planning and organizing the Eleventh
Edition. It was necessary for the Editor to be able to rely on
authoritative specialists for advice and guidance in regard to
particular sciences. Foremost among these stand the
subjects of Zoology and Botany, which were under the
charge respectively of Dr P. Chalmers Mitchell, Secretary
of the Zoological Society of London, and Dr A. B. Rendle,
Keeper of the department of Botany, British Museum. Dr
Advisers on Chalmers Mitchell’s assistance in
special regard to Zoology extended also to the
subjects.
connected aspects of Comparative
Anatomy (in association with Mr F. G. Parsons),
Physiology and Palaeontology. The whole field of Biology
was covered by the joint labours of Dr Chalmers Mitchell
and Dr Rendle; and their supervision, in all stages of the
work, gave unity to the co-operation of the numerous
contributors of zoological and botanical articles. The
treatment of Geology was planned by Mr H. B. Woodward;
and with him were associated Dr J. A. Howe, who took
charge of the department of Topographical Geology, Dr J.
S. Flett, who covered that of Petrology, and Mr L. J.
Spencer and Mr F. W. Rudler, who dealt comprehensively
with Mineralogy and Crystallography. The late Dr Simon
Newcomb planned and largely helped to carry out the
articles dealing with Astronomy. Prof. J. A. Fleming acted
in a similar capacity as regards Electricity and Magnetism.
Prof. Hugh Callendar was responsible for the treatment of
67
Heat; Prof. Poynting for that of Sound; and the late Prof. C.
I. Joly, Royal Astronomer in Ireland, planned the articles
dealing with Light and Optics. On literary subjects the
Editor had the sympathetic collaboration of Mr Edmund
Gosse, Librarian to the House of Lords; and Mr Marion H.
Spielmann, on artistic subjects, also gave valuable help.

Among those whose association with the editorial staff was

particularly close were the Rev. E. M. Walker of Oxford, as
regards subjects of ancient Greek history; Mr Stanley Cook
of Cambridge, who was the Editor’s chief adviser on
questions of Old Testament criticism and Semitic learning
generally; Dr T. Ashby, Director of the British School of
Archaeology at Rome, who dealt with Italian topography
and art; and Mr Israel Abrahams, who was consulted on
Jewish subjects. Dr Peter Giles of Cambridge undertook the
survey of Comparative Philology, and Sir Thomas Barclay
that of International Law. Others who gave valuable advice
and assistance in regard to their various subjects were—
Lord Rayleigh and Mr Wetham (Physical Science), Sir
Archibald Geikie (Geology), Sir E. Maunde Thompson
(Palaeography and Bibliology), Mr J. H. Round (History
and Genealogy), Mr Phené Spiers (Architecture), Mr W.
Burton (Ceramics), Mr T. M. Young of Manchester (Textile
Industries), Prof. W. E. Dalby (Engineering), Dr G. A.
Grierson (Indian Languages), the Rev. G. W. Thatcher
(Arabic), Mr H. Stuart Jones (Roman History and Art), Dr
D. G. Hogarth and Prof. Ernest Gardner (Hellenic
Archaeology), the late Dr W. Fream (Agriculture), Mr W. F.
68
Sheppard (Mathematics), Mr Arthur H. Smith (Classical
Art), Dr Postgate (Latin Literature), Mr Fitzmaurice Kelly
(Spanish Literature), Prof. J. G. Robertson (German
Literature), Mr J. S. Cotton (India), Mr Edmund Owen
(Surgery), Mr Donald Tovey (Music), Prof. H. M. Howe of
Columbia University (Mining), Prof. W. M. Davis and Prof.
D. W. Johnson of Harvard (American Physiography).

These names may be some indication of the amount of

expert assistance and advice on which the editorial staff
were able to draw, first when they were engaged in making
preparations for the Eleventh Edition, then in organizing the
whole body of contributors, and finally in combining their
united resources in revising the work Collective
so as to present it in the finished state support.
in which it is given to the public. Constituting as they did a
college of research, a centre which drew to itself constant
suggestions from all who were interested in the
dissemination of accurate information, its members had the
advantage of communication with many other leaders of
opinion, to whose help, whether in Europe or America, it is
impossible to do adequate justice here. The interest shown
in the undertaking may be illustrated by the fact that his late
Majesty King Edward VII. graciously permitted his own
unique collection of British and foreign orders to be used
for the purpose of making the coloured plates which
accompany the article Knighthood. Makers of history like
Lord Cromer and Sir George Goldie added their authority to
the work by assisting its contributors, even while not
69
becoming contributors themselves. Custodians of official
records, presidents and secretaries of institutions, societies
and colleges, relatives or descendants of the subjects of
biographies, governmental or municipal officers, librarians,
divines, editors, manufacturers,—from many such quarters
answers have been freely given to applications for
information which is now embodied in the Encyclopædia
Britannica.

In the principal Assistant-Editor, Mr Walter Alison Phillips,

the Editor had throughout as his chief ally a scholarly
historian of wide interests and great literary capacity. Prof.
J. T. Shotwell, of Columbia University, U.S.A., in the
earlier years of preparation, acted as joint Assistant-Editor;
and Mr Ronald McNeill did important The
work as additional Assistant-Editor Staff.
while the later stages were in progress. To Mr Charles
Crawford Whinery was entrusted the direction of a separate
office in New York for the purpose of dealing with
American contributors and with articles on American
subjects; to his loyal and efficient co-operation, both on the
special subjects assigned to the American office, and in the
final revision of the whole work, too high a tribute cannot
be paid. The other principal members of the editorial staff
in London, responsible for different departments, were Mr
J. Malcolm Mitchell, Dr T. A. Ingram, Mr H. M. Ross, Mr
Charles Everitt, Mr O. J. R. Howarth, Mr F. R. Cana, Mr C.
O. Weatherly, Mr J. H. Freese, Mr K. G. Jayne, Mr Roland
Truslove, Mr C. F. Atkinson, Mr A. W. Holland, the Rev. A.
70
J. Grieve, Mr. W. E. Garrett Fisher and Mr Arthur B.
Atkins, to the last of whom, as private secretary to the
Editor-in-Chief, the present writer owes a special debt of
gratitude for unfailing assistance in dealing with all the
problems of editorial control. On the New York staff Mr
Whinery had the efficient help of Mr R. Webster, Dr N. D.
Mereness, Dr F. S. Philbrick, Dr W. K. Boyd, Dr W. O.
Scroggs, Mr W. T. Arndt, Mr W. L. Corbin and Mr G.
Gladden.

A word must be added concerning a somewhat original

feature in the editorial mechanism, the Indexing
department. This department was organized from the first
so that it might serve a double purpose. By indexing the
articles as they came in, preparation could gradually be
made for compiling the Index which The
would eventually be published; and as Index.
the reference-cards gradually accumulated under systematic
index-headings, the comparison of work done by different
writers might assist the editing of the text itself by
discovering inconsistencies or inaccuracies in points of
detail or suggesting the incorporation of additional material.
The text of the Eleventh Edition owes much in this way to
suggestions originating among the staff of ladies concerned,
among whom particular mention may be made of Miss
Griffiths, Miss Tyler, and Miss Edmonds. The actual Index,
as published, represents a concentration and sifting of the
work of the Indexing department; and in order to put it into
shape a further stage in the organization was necessary,
71
which was carried through under the able direction of Miss
Janet Hogarth. The completion of the Index volume, which
all those who wish to make full use of the Eleventh Edition
of the Encyclopædia Britannica should regard as the real
guide to its contents, brought finally into play all parts of
the editorial machinery which had been engaged in the
making of the work itself,—a vast engine of co-operative
effort, dedicated to the service of the public.

HUGH CHISHOLM.

London
December 10, 1910.

1. ↑ In earlier days the reverence due to deceased

authority was perhaps carried to extreme lengths. The
following footnote, attached in the Eight Edition to Sir
Walter Scott's article DRAMA, may be cited:—“It is
proper to state here . . . that this article is reprinted as it
originally appeared in the supplement to the fourth,
fifth, and sixth editions of this work without any of
those adaptations which the course of time and change
of circumstances render necessary in ordinary cases.
We have deemed this homage due to the genius and
fame of the illustrious author, whose splendid view of
the origin and progress of the dramatic art we have
accordingly presented to the reader exactly as it
proceeded from his own hand, leaving every
contemporaneous allusion and illustration untouched.”

72
 It may be remarked that this footnote, which was
reprinted from the Seventh Edition, was itself carried
forward without being brought up to date, apparently
in the same spirit; and in another footnote, also
reprinted from the Seventh Edition, a reference is
made to allusions “on p. 147,” which were indeed on
p. 147 of the Seventh Edition, but are on p. 137 of the
Eighth!
2. ↑ Though, in pursuance of the ideal of making the
whole book self-explanatory, a great many purely
technical terms have been given their interpretation
only in the course of the article on the science or art in
which they are used, even these are included, with the
correct references, among the headings in the Index.
Similarly, biographical accounts are given of far more
persons than have separate biographies. The Index in
all such cases must be consulted, whether for word or
name.

73
 CLASSIFIED TABLE OF CONTENTS

I
T is not perhaps commonly realized that a general
Encyclopaedia is more than a mere store house of facts.
In reality it is also a systematic survey of all departments
of knowledge But the alphabetical system of arrangement,
with its obvious advantages, necessarily results in the
separation from one another of articles dealing with any
particular subject. Consequently the student who desires to
make a complete study of a given topic must exercise his
imagination if he seeks to exhaust the articles in which that
topic is treated. Though the Index proper (pp. 3-878 of this
volume) will give him assistance in obtaining information
under headings which are not themselves the titles of
articles in the Encyclopaedia, he will still find it of the
greatest service in have a bird’s-eye view of all the articles
upon his subject.

The ensuing pages of this volume contain what we believe

to be the first attempt in any general work of reference at a
systematic subject catalogue or analysis of the material
contained in it. If the student turn, for example, to the
section “Art” (p. 884) he will at once obtain a list of all the
articles on architectural subjects, including the brief
dictionary articles which are a special feature of the
Encyclopaedia Britannica (Eleventh Edition). He will find

74
subjoined a list of the biographies of architects. On pp. 885-
888 are similar classified lists for Music, Painting and
Engraving, Sculpture, the Minor Arts, the Stage and
Dancing. The lists of biographies afford the reader access to
information of a kind which cannot be given in subject
articles and to which no index can be a satisfactory guide.
In each section the main article or articles appear at the
beginning in italics, e.g. (p. 883) Anthropology, Ethnology.

It is hoped that by means of this Classified List of Articles

the student will find that he possesses not only a general
encyclopaedia but also for all practical purposes a complete
set of encyclopaedias on special subjects.

The classification of so great a mass of material must

necessarily be to some extent arbitrary. Too minute a
subdivision might easily confuse the reader and decrease
the practical usefulness of the Table. The principle adopted
has been to classify articles under as few general headings
as possible, and those the most natural and obvious—e.g.
Art, Geography, History, &c.

In order to keep the Table within reasonable compass the

duplicating of articles in several sections has been as far as
possible avoided. Thus the article “Charlemagne” in the
History section might have appeared in any one or all of the
subsections Europe, France, Germany, Roman Empire,
Franks. It was, however, decided to group together under
the heading “Franks” all articles relating to the Frankish

75
Empire up to the period when it lost its unity, and with these
the article “Charlemagne” was naturally included. Similarly
the article “Electricity Supply” might have been placed in
any one or all of the sections Engineering, Industries and
Commerce, Law, Sociology. It was felt, however, that its
proper place was beside the other articles which appear in
the subsection Electricity under the general heading
Physics.

Readers should note in connexion with the question of

duplication that the sections entitled History and Geography
are mutually complementary. The vast majority of articles
under topographical headings contain the historical
information appropriate to the county, district or town
which they describe. Similarly the sections Archaeology
and Anthropology are inter- dependent, referring
respectively to the ancient and the modern divisions of the
same science. As regards Archaeology all the articles on the
sites will be found under Geography, while the articles
under Anthropology must be supplemented by those in the
section Religion § Comparative.

It should further be understood that this classification does

not claim to exhaust the articles in the Encyclopaedia, but
rather to collect under the obvious headings, main and
subsidiary. those articles which are necessary to the
understanding of a given subject.

76
Further guidance as to the arrangement of the sections is
given on pp. 881-882.

THE EDITORS.

London, May 31, 1911.

77
CLASSIFIED TABLE OF CONTENTS

78
 PAGE
I. Anthropology and Ethnology 883
II. Archaeology and Antiquities 884
III. Art 884
1. General 884
2. Architecture 884
3. Music 885
4. Painting and Engraving 886
5. Sculpture 887
6. Minor Arts 887
7. Stage and Dancing 888
IV. Astronomy 888
V. Biology 889
1. General 889
2. Botany 889
(a) General 889
(b) Systematic 889
(c) Natural history 889
Zoology (for Anatomy and Physiology see
2. 890
under Medical Science)
(a) General 890
(b) Systematic 890
(1) Invertebrata 890
(2) Vertebrata 890
(c) Natural history 890

79
 (1) Mammals (for Farm Animals see 890
under Industries § Agriculture)
(2) Birds 891
(3) Fishes 891
(4) Insects 891
(5) Reptiles 891
(6) Batrachians 891
(7) Other invertebrata 891
(d) Palaeontology 891
4. Biographies 891
VI. Chemistry 892
1. General 892
2. Inorganic 892
3. Organic 892
4. Biographies 892
VII. Economics and Social Science 893
1. General 893
2. Finance and Currency 893
3. Biographies 893
Education (see also articles on countries §
VIII. 894
Education)
IX. Engineering 894
1. General 894
2. Building 894
3. Locomotion 894

80
 4. Shipping 894
5. Mining and Metallurgy 894
6. Biographies 894
X. Geography 895
1. General subjects and Cartography 895
2. Physical features and Oceanography 895
3. Meteorology 895
4. Europe (continental) 895
(a) Physical features 895
(b) Countries (with division and towns) 896
(1) General list 896
(2) Austria-Hungary 896
(3) Belgium 896
(4) Bulgaria 896
(5) Denmark 896
(6) France 896
(7) Germany 897
(8) Greece 898
(9) Holland 899
(10) Italy 899
(11) Luxemburg, Grand Duchy of 900
(12) Mediterranean Islands, &c. 900
(13) Montenegro 900
(14) Norway 900
(15) Portugal 900
81
 (16) Rumania 900
(17) Russia in Europe 900
(18) Serbia 901
(19) Spain 901
(20) Sweden 901
(21) Switzerland 901
(22) Turkey in Europe 901
(23) Ancient geography 901
United Kingdom of Great Britain and
5. 902
Ireland
(a) Physical features 902
(b) Division and Towns 902
(1) England and Wales 902
(2) Scotland 903
(3) Ireland 904
(4) Britain and Ireland, ancient 904
6. Asia 904
(a) Physical features 904
(b) Countries (with divisions and towns) 905
(1) General list 905
(2) Afghanistan 905
(3) Baluchistan 905
(4) Burma 905
(5) Ceylon 905
(6) Chinese Empire 905
82
 (7) India (with leaser Frontier States) 905
(8) Indo-Chlna, French 906
(9) Japan 906
(10) Korea 906
(11) Malay Archipelago 906
(12) Persia 906
(13) Russia in Asia 907
(14) Siam 907
(15) Turkey in Asia 907
(16) Ancient geography 907
7. Africa 907
(a) Physical features 907
(b) Countries (with divisions and towns) 908
(1) General list 908
(2) Abyssinia 908
(3) Algeria 908
East Africa (Eritrea to Portuguese
(4) 908
E. Africa)
(5) Egypt 908
(6) Morocco 908
(7) South Africa (British) 908
(8) Sudan 908
(9) Tripoli and Tunisia 908
West Africa (French W. Africa to
(10) 908
German S.W Africa)

83
 (11) Ancient goography 908
8. America 908
(a) Physical features 908
(b) Countries, general list 909
(c) Canada and Newfoundland 909
(d) United States 909
(1) States 909
(2) Towns 909
Central America, Mexico and West
(e) 911
Indies
(1) British Honduras 911
(2) Costa Rica 911
(3) Guatemala 911
(4) Honduras 911
(5) Mexico 911
(6) Nicaragua 911
(7) Panama 911
(8) Salvador 911
(9) West Indies 911
(f) South America 911
(1) Argentina 911
(2) Bolivia 911
(3) Brazil 911
(4) Chile 911
(5) Colombia 912
84
 (6) Ecuador 912
(7) Guiana 912
(8) Paraguay 912
(9) Peru 912
(9) Uruguay 912
(9) Venezuela 912
9. Australasia 912
(a) Physical features 912
(b) Australia 912
(c) New Zealand 912
10. Oceans, Seas and Oceanic Islands 912
(a) General list 912
(b) Atlantic Ocean 912
(c) Indian Ocean 912
(d) Pacific Ocean 912
(e) Polar Regions 912
11. Biographies 912
XI. Geology 913
1. General 913
2. Stratigraphy 913
3. Mineralogy and Crystallography 913
4. Petrology 914
5. Biographies 914
XII. History (for Historians see under Literature) 884
1. General 914
85
2. Heraldry, Titles and Offices 914
3. Europe 914
(a) General 914
(b) Wars 915
(c) Battles 915
(d) Austria-Hungary 915
(e) Balkan Peninsula 915
(f) France 915
(g) Franks 917
(h) Germany 917
(i) Greece 917
(j) Holy Roman Empire 918
(k) Italy 918
Macedonia (see under Greece, Asia
(l) 918
and Turkey)
(m) Netherlands 918
(n) Papacy 918
(o) Poland 919
(p) Portugal 919
(q) Rome (to A.D. 476) 919
(r) Roman Empire, Later 919
(s) Rumania 919
(t) Russia 919
(u) Scandinavia 920
(v) Sicily 920
86
 (w) Spain 920
(x) Switzerland 920
(y) Turkey 920
(z) United Kingdom 920
4. Asia 923
(a) General subjects 923
(b) General Biographies 923
(c) Asia Minor 923
(d) Babylonia and Assyria 923
(e) Caliphate (Eastern) 923
(f) China 923
(g) Crusades 923
(h) India (with Afghanistan) 923
(i) Japan 924
Jews (see further under Literature, §
(j) 924
Hebrew, and Religion, § Bible
(k) Macedonian Empire 924
(l) Persia 924
5. Africa 924
(a) General subjects 924
(b) General Biographies 924
(c) Africa, ancient 924
(d) Egypt 924
(e) South Africa 924
6. America 924
87
 (a) General subjects 924
(b) General Biographies 924
(c) Canada 924
(d) United States 924
(1) General subjects 924
(2) Wars and Battles 924
(3) Biographies 925
7. Australia 925
XIII. Industries, Manufactures and Occupations 925
1. General 925
2. Textiles 926
3. Agriculture (for Crops see Botany) 926
4. Foods and Beverages 926
5. Occupations 926
6. Biographies 926
XIV. Language and Writing 926
XV. Law and Political Science 927
1. Law 927
2. Crime and Punishment 928
3. Biographies 928
XVI. Literature 929
1. General 929
2. Arabia 930
3. Austria-Hungary 930
4. Belgium and Flanders 930
88
 5. British Empire 930
6. Classical: Greek and Latin 932
(a) Subjects 932
(a) Biographies 932
(1) Greek 932
(2) Byzantine 932
(3) Latin 933
(4) Classical scholars 933
7. Denmark 933
8. France 933
9. Germany 935
10. Hebrew, Armenian and Syriac 935
11. Holland 935
12. Iceland 935
13. India 935
14. Italy 936
15. Norway 936
16. Persia 936
17. Poland 936
18. Portugal 936
19. Russia 936
20. Spain 936
21. Sweden 936
22. Switzerland 936

89
 23. United States 936
24. Miscellaneous 937
XVII. Mathematics 937
XVIII. Medical Science 937
1. General 937
2. Anatomy and Physiology 937
3. Pathology, Therapeutics and Surgery 937
4. Pharmacology 938
5. Public Health 938
6. Veterinary Science 938
7. Biographies 938
XIX. Military and Naval 938
XX. Philosophy and Psychology 939
XXI. Physics 940
1. General 940
2. Sound 940
3. Light 940
4. Heat 940
5. Magnetism 940
6. Electricity 940
7. Weights and Measures 940
8. Biographies 940
XXII. Religion and Theology 941
1. (a) General 941
(b) Doctrines and Terms 941
90
2. History of Christianity 941
Church History to the Council of
(a) 941
Trent
(1) General 941
(2) Heresies 941
(3) Saints 941
(4) Christian Documents 941
(5) Religious Orders 941
(6) Biographies 941
(b) Roman Catholic Church 942
(1) Subjects 942
(2) Biographies 942
(c) Eastern Churches 942
(1) Subjects 942
(2) Biographies 942
(d) Reformation 942
(1) Subjects 942
(2) Biographies 942
(e) Church of England 942
(1) Subjects 942
(2) Biographies 942
Modern Continental Churches
(f) 943
(Reformed)
(1) Subjects 943
(2) Biographies 943
91
 (g) Free Churches (British Empire and 943
U.S., including Established Church of
Scotland)
(1) Subjects 943
(2) Biographies 943
(h) Ecclesiastical Offices 944
Ecclesiology (Liturgy, Ritual and
(i) 944
Vestments)
(j) Ecclesiastical Seasons 944
3. Bible and Biblical Criticism 944
Subjects (including Biblical
(a) 944
personages)
(b) Biographies of critics 945
4. Judaism 945
5. Mahommedan Religion 945
6. Comparative Religion and Folklore 945
(a) General 945
(b) Greek and Roman 945
(c) Asia, Asia Minor and Egypt 946
(d) European and American 946
XXIII. Sports and Pastimes 946
XXIV. Miscellaneous 946
1. Chronology 946
2. Costume and Toilet 947
3. Manners and Customs 947

92
4. Names 947

93
WARNING: The lists that follow are highly incomplete. This is work in progress.

Anthropology and Ethnology

(For ancient anthropology see Archaeology; for religious customs see Religion §
Comparative.)

General Subjects and Terms

Indonesian
Anthropology Kraal
Ethnology Levirate
Matriarchate
Anthropometry Mesocephalic
Atavism Mestizo
Avenger of Blood Miscegeneration
Boomerang Monogenists
Brachycephalic Mulatto
Cannibalism Mutilation
Caste Name
Cephalic Index Nomad
Circumcision Octoroon
Clan Polyandry
Couvade Polygamy
Craniometry Polygenists
Creole Prognathism
Dago Purrah
Dolichocephalic Quadroon
Dwarf Quipus
Endogamy Steatopygia
Eurasian Taboo
Exogamy Tattooing
Family Totemism
Fire Tribe
Genna Wampum
Hair
Head-hunting
Hetaerism

Races and Tribes, &c.

Abābda

94
Abipones Barabra
Abnaki Bari
Aborigines Bashkirs
Acholi Basques
Afars (Danahil) Battakhin
Agaiambo or Agaiumbu Battanni
Ahom or Aham Battas
Aht Batwa
Ahtena Bazigars
Aimak or Eimak Bechuana
Ainu Bedouins
Akka Beja or Bija
Alfuros Bellabella
Algonquin Bellacoola or Bilquia
Alur Beni-Amer
Amarar Beni-Israel
Anti or Campa Beothuk
Apache Berbers
Apalachee Bertat
Arabs Bhattiana
Arapaho Buils or Bheels
Araucanians Bimana
Arawak Bisharin
Areoi Blackfoot
Arikara or Aricara Boer
Artega Bogos (Bileus)
Ashraf (Shurefa) Bois Brûlés
Assiniboin Bongo
Athapascan Botocudos
Attacapa Bozdar
Awadia and Fadnia Brahui
Aymara Bugis
Aztecs Bugti
Babu Buriats
Badagas Bushmen
Baggara Caddo
Bakalai Cagots
Bakhtiári Cahita
Ba-Kwiri Cahokia
Ba-Luba Cakchiquel
Bambute Calchaqui
Banate Caribs
Bangash Cashibo or Carapache

95
Catauxi Engis
Catawbas Eskimo
Celt Eẃe
Chamkanni Falashas
Changos Fang
Charrua Fanti
Chechenzes Fellah
Chellian Fiji
Cheremisses Fingo or Fengu
Cherokee Finno-Ugrian
Cheyenne Flatheads
Chickasaws Fox Indians
Chimesyan Fula
Chinook Funj
Chiquitos Furfooz
Choctaws Galchas
Cholones Gallas
Chude Gararish
Chukchi Ghilzai
Chuncho Gilyaks
Chuvashes Gipsies
Circassia Golds
Cocoma or Cucamas Gonaguas
Coeur d'Alene/ Gros Ventres
Comanches Guanches
Conestoga Guaranis
Conibos Guatos
Copts Guatusos
Cree Guaycurus
Creek Indians Gumus
Crow Indians Hababs
Cunas Hadendoa
Curetes Haida
Czech Hakkas
Dawari or Dauri Hamitic Races
Delaware Indians Harratin
Dinka Hassanīa
Dogra Hausa
Dravidian Hawawir
Dualla Hazara
Duk-Duk Herero or Ovaherero
Durani Hindki
Dyaks or Dayaks Hipurnias

96
Hiung-nu Kiowas
Hopi Kirghiz
Hottentots Klamath
Hòva Koch
Huambisas Kolis
Huastecs Kols
Huichol Korkus
Huron Koryaks
Indians, North American Kotas
Iquitos/ Krumen
Iroquois Kubus
Irulas Kumyks
Itza Kunbis
Jā'alin Kurumbas
Jakuns Kusan
Jute Kutenai
Jeveros Kwakiutl
Jibitos Laos/
Jicarilla Lascar
Juangs Latuka
Jur (Diur)/ Legas
Juris Lepcha
Kabbabish Lipan
Kabyles Lolos
Kaffirs Madi
Kakar Mahar
Kalapuya Mahrattas
Kalispel Makalaka
Kalkas Makaraka
Kanaka Malays
Kanuri (Beriberi)/ Mandan
Kara-Kalpaks Mandingo
Karen Maneteneris
Kashubes Mangbettu
Kavirondo Manitou
Kaw (Kansa)/ Manyema
Kayasth Maori
Khamtis Marianas/
Khattak Mariposan
Khazars Maroons
Khevsurs Marri
Khonds Masai
Kickapoo Mashona

97
Matabele Omahas
Maya Oneida
Mayoruna Onondaga
Menangkabos Opata
Mensa and Marea Orakzal
Meshcheryaks Oraons
Meyrifab Ostiaks
Miami/ Ottawa
Miaotsze Papuans
Micmac Pariah (caste)
Mikirs Parsees
Mishmi (tribe) Pathan (people)
Modoc Pawnee
Mohave Penobscot
Mohawk Pequot
Mohican/ Petchenegs
Mohmand Pima
Monassir Polabs
Montagnais Ponca
Moors Pondo
Moplah Potawatami
Mordvinians Povindah
Moxos Prabhu (caste)
Mpongwe (Pongos) Pueblo Indians
Mundas Puelche
Mundrucus Pygmy
Muras Quiche or Kiches
Musa Kel Quichua
Muskhogean Stock Rajput
Mzabites or Beni-Mzab Riffans
Nahualtlan Stock Ruthenians
Namasudra Sahos
Nandi Sakai
Navaho or Navajo Salishan
Nayar or Nair Samoyedes
Negritos Santals
Negro Semang
Nez Perces Seminole
Niam-Niam Seneca
Nuer Serers
Oerlams Shagia
Ojibway Shangalla
Omaguas Shans

98
 Shawnee Tuareg or Tawarek
Sherani or Shirant Tukulor (Tuculers)
Shilluh Tunguses
Shilluk Tupis
Shinwari Turi
Shukria Turki
Sienetjo Turkoman
Sikh Turks
Sioux Tuscarora
Slavs Uighur
Slovaks Unyamwezi
Slovenes Ustarana
Songhoi Ute (Utah)
Sorbs Utman Khel
Spy (commune) Vaalpens
Swahili Veddahs
Syryenians Voodoo or Vaudoux
Tajik Wa
Talaing Wichita
Tamils Wochua
Tarkani Wolof (Woloff, Jolof)
Tutars Wyandot (Huron)
Tehuelche, Chulche or Huilliche Yaos
Tembu Yusafzai
Tibbu or Tebu Zalmukht
Todas Zaparos
Toltecs Zenaga
Troglodytes Zenata
Tshi, Tehwi, Chi or Oti

Biographies

(See also Zoology)

Christy, Henry
Avebury, John Lubbock, 1st baron Dawkins, William Boyd
Bandelier, Adolph F. A. Deniker, Joseph
Bastian, Adolf Fletcher, Alice C.
Brasseur de Bourbourg, Charles Hale, Horatio
Etienne Hodgson, Brian Houghton
Brinton, Daniel Garrison Lartet, Edouard
Broca, Paul M‘Lennan, John Ferguson
Catlin, George Mantegazza, Paolo

99
 Morgan, Lewis Henry Tylor, Edward B.
Mortillet, Louis Laurent Gabriel de Waitz, Theodor
Prichard, James Cowles
Schoolcraft, Henry Rowe

Archaeology and Antiquities

(For sites see the section Geography. See also under Art, Philology, Religion §
Comparative.)

Subjects

Kent's Cavern
Archaeology Konarak
Labyrinth
Aegean Civilization Lake Dwellings
Antiquary Lansing Man
Barrow La Tene
Bronze Age Madelenian
Cairn Marnian Epoch
Calaveras Skull Moulin Quignon
Catacomb Mound Builders
Chariot Mousterian
Celt (tool) Neanderthal
Cippus Neolithic
Cist Palaeography
Clepsydra Palaeolithic
Cliff Dwellings Round Towers
Colossus Sarcophagus
Columbarium Scarab
Crannog Shell Heaps
Cromagnon Race Solutrian Epoch
Dene Holes Sphinx
Epigraphy Stone Age
Flint Implements Stone Monuments
Graffito Terramara
Hallstatt Villanova
Hittites Vitrified Forts
Inscriptions
Iovilae
Iron Age

Biographies

100
 Borghesi, Bartolommeo
Agarde, Arthur Borlase, William
Agostini, Leonardo Böttiger, Karl August
Akerman, John Yonge Brand, John
Ashmole, Elias Brayley, Edward Wedlake
Baker, Thomas Britton, John
Barthélemy, Anatole Jean-Baptiste Bröndsted, Peter Oluf
Antoine de Brugsch, Heinrich Karl
Becker, Wilhelm Adolf Bursian, Conrad
Belzoni, Giovanni Battista Canina, Luigi
Bent, James Theodore Cesnola, Luigi Palma di
Beulé, Charles Ernest Champollion, Jean François
Birch, Samuel ...
Boissard, Jean Jacques
Bond, Sir Edward Augustus

Art
General

Design
Art Fine Arts
Greek Art
Academy, Royal Grotesque
Aesthetics Japan (§ Art)
Arabesque Macabre
Art Galleries Monument
Art Sales Mural Decoration
Arts and Crafts Museums of Art
Art Societies Ornament
Art Teaching Rococo
Baroque Roman Art
Byzantine Art
China (§ Art)

Architecture

Subjects

Abated
Architecture Abbey
Abutment
Abacus Acroterium

101
Aedicula Baluster
Aisle Balustrade
Aiwan Banker-Marks
Alcove Baptistery
Alley Barbican
Almery Bargeboard
Almonry Bartizan
Almshouse Base
Alure Basement
Ambo Basilica
Ambulatory Batement Lights
Amphiprostyle Baths
Amphitheatre Batter
Andron Battlement
Angel-lights Bay
Antae Bed-Mould
Ante-chapel Belfry
Ante-choir Bell-Cot
Ante-fixae Belvedere
Anthemion Bema
Apophyge Bench Table
Apse Bevel
Apteral Bezantée
Aqueduct Bowtell
Araeostyle Bracket
Araeosystyle Brattishing
Arcade Broach
Arch Bungalow
Architrave Cable Moulding
Archivolt Camber
Arcosolium Campanile
Arena Canalis
Arris Cancelli
Ashlar Candelabrum
Astragal Canephorae
Astylar Canopy
Atrium Capital
Attic Cartouche
Attic Base Caryatides
Back-Choir Casement
Bailey Castle
Balcony Cathedral
Ball-flower Cathetus

102
 Cauliculus Cella
Cavaedium Chalcidicum
Cavea Chamfer
Cavetto ...
Ceiling

Biographies

Borromini, Francesco
Adam, Robert Bramante
Alberti, Leone Battista Bray, Sir Reginald
Alessi, Galeazzo Brunelleschi, Filippo
Apollodorus of Damascus Bulfinch, Charles
Baccio d'Agnolo Butterfield, William
Baltard, Louis Pierre Cagnola, Luigi, Marchese
Barocchio, Giacomo (da Vignola) Camus de Mézières, Nicolas le
Barry, Sir Charles Chambers, Sir William
Blomfield, Sir Arthur William ...
Bodley, George Frederick
Bonomi, Giuseppi

Music

Subjects

Barcarole
Music Barytone
Bass
Accompaniment Berceuse
Adagio Bourrée
Allegro Cadence
Alto Canon
Andante Cantata
Anthem Capriccio
Antiphony Cavatina
Appoggiatura Chorale
Aria Chromatic
Arpeggio ...
Aubade
Band

Instruments

103
Biographies

Painting and Engraving

Subjects

Biographies

Sculpture

Subjects

Biographies

Minor Arts

Furniture

Biographies

Stage and Dancing

Subjects

Biographies

Astronomy
General

Anomaly
Astronomy Aphelion
Astrology Apse and Apsides
Armilla
Aberration Astrolabe
Ablatitious Astrophysics
Albedo Azimuth
Alidade Binary System
Almacantar Biquintile
Altitude Black Drop
Amplitude Chromosphere

104
Colure Invariable Plane
Comet Jupiter
Comet-seeker Latitude
Compression Libration
Conjunction Longitude
Corona Lunation
Coronium Mars
Cosmic Mercury
Culmination Meridian
Cycle Meteor
Declination Metonic cycle
Deferent Micrometer
Dial and Dialling Moon
Direct motion Nadir
Diurnal motion Nebula
Earth Nebular theory
Eccentric Neptune
Eclipse Node
Ecliptic Nutation
Egress Observatory
Ellipticity Occultation
Elongation Orbit
Ephemeris Parallax
Epicycle Penumbra
Epoch Perigree
Equation of the centre Perihelion
Equation of time Phoebe
Equator Photography, Celestial
Equinox Photometry, Celestial
Eros Planet
Establishment of a port Planets, Minor
Evection Precession of the equinoxes
Facula Prime vertical
Firmament Quadrature
Gegenschein Retrograde
Geocentric Right Ascension
Heliacal Satellite
Heliocentric Saturn
Heliometer Sextant
Horizon Solar system
Hour angle Solstice
Immersion Spectroheliograph
Ingress Stationary

105
 Sun Trepidation
Synodic Period Umbra
Syzygy Uranus
Telescope Venus
Terminator Vertical
Three bodies, Problem of Zenith
Time, Measurement of Zodiac
Time, Standard Zodiacal Light
Transit circle, or Meridian circle

Constellations and Stars

Delphinus
Constellation Draco
Star Eridanus
Gemini
Algol Hercules
Andromeda Hydra
Ansa Leo
Aquarius Libra
Aquila Lyra
Arcturus Μagellanic Clouds
Aries Orion
Auriga Perseus/
Boötes Pisces
Cancer Pleiades
Canes Venatici Sagitta
Canis Major Sagittarius
Capricornus Serpentarius or Ophiuchus
Cassiopeia Taurus
Centaurus Ursa Major
Cepheus Ursa Minor
Cetus Virgo
Coma Berenices Vulpecula et Anser
Cygnus
Cynosure

Biographies

Amici, Giovanni Battista

Adams, John Couch Andronicus of Cyrrhus
Airy, Sir George Biddell Argelander, Friedrich Wilhelm August
Albategnius Aristarchus of Samos
Albumazar (Abu-Maaschar)

106
Bailly, Jean Sylvain Inghirami, Giovanni
Baily, Francis Janssen, Pierre Jules César
Bainbridge, John Kepler, Johann
Bessel, Friedrich Wilhelm Lacaille, Nicolas Louis de
Bianchini, Francesco Lalande, Joseph Jérôme Lefrançais de
Bode, Johann Elert Lamont, Johann von
Bradley, James Lemonnier, Pierre Charles
Brahe, Tycho Leverrier, Urbain Jean Joseph
Brisbane, Sir Thomas Makdougall Lilly, William
Brünnow, Franz Friedrich Ernst Lockyer, Sir Joseph Norman
Calvisius, Sethus Longomontanus, Christian Severin or
Campani-Alimenis, Matteo Longberg, C. S.
Carrington, Richard Christopher Maskelyne, Nevil
Cassini (family) Mayer, Johann Tobias
Celsius, Anders Mitchel, Ormsby MacKnight
Clerke, Agnes Mary Mitchell, Maria
Conon Möbius, August Ferdinand
Copernicus, Nicolaus Morrison, Richard James (Zadkiel)
Cunitz, Maria Mouchez, Amédée Ernest Barthélémy
Dee, John Newcomb, Simon
Delambre, Jean Baptiste Joseph Nostradamus
De la Rue, Warren Olbers, Heinrich Wilhelm Matthias
Delisle, Joseph Nicolas Piazzi, Giuseppe
Dick, Thomas Pickering, Edward Charles
Donati, Giovanni Battista Pond, John
Dupuis, Charles François Pons, Jean Louis
Encke, Johann Franz Pritchard, Charles
Eratosthenes of Alexandria Proctor, Richard Anthony
Flamsteed, John Ptolemy (Claudius)
Galileo Galilei Quetelet, Lambert Adolphe Jacques
Gould, Benjamin Apthorp Ramsden, Jesse
Grant, Robert Regiomontanus
Halley, Edmund Reichenbach, Georg von
Hansen, Peter Andreas Repsold, Johann Georg
Hansteen, Christopher Rheticus or Rhaeticus
Herschel, Caroline Lucretia Rittenhouse, David
Herschel, Sir Frederick William Robinson, John Thomas Romney
Herschel, Sir John Frederick William Roemer, Ole
Hevelius, Johann Rosse, William Parsons, 3rd earl of
Hipparchus Rümker, Carl Ludwig Christian
Horrocks, Jeremiah Sabine, Sir Edward
Huggins, Sir William Sacro Bosco, Johannes de (John
Ideler, Christian Ludwig Holywood)

107
 Santini, Giovanni Stone, Edward James
Schiaparelli, Giovanni Virginio Struve, Friedrich Georg Wilhelm
Schönfeld, Eduard Tisserand, François Félix
Schröter, Johann Hieronymus Troughton, Edward
Schumacher, Heinrich Christian Ulugh Beg
Schwabe, Samuel Heinrich Walker, Sears Cook
Secchi, Angelo Walther, Bernhard
Smyth, Charles Piazzi Zach, Franz Xaver, Baron von
Somerville, Mary Zöllner, Johann Karl Friedrich
Sosigenes

Biology
General

Enzyme
Biology Evolution
Fermentation
Abiogenesis Habitat
Acclimatization Heredity
Acephalous Hybridism
Acuminate Life
Adaptation Longevity
Aestivation Mendelism
Albino Metabolism
Alveolate Microtomy
Anabolism Monotypic
Anastomosis Morphology
Aporose Oecology or Ecology
Auricle Osteology
Autogeny Parasitism
Bathybius Protoplasm
Biogenesis Reproduction
Bipartite Rhacis or Rachis
Catabolism Specis
Chemotaxis Telegony
Cilia Variation and Selection
Cytology
Embryology

Botany

General

108
Systematic

Natural History

Zoology

(for Anatomy and Physiology see under Medical Science)

General

Systematic

Invertebra

Vertebra

Natural History

Mammals

(for Farm Animals see under Industries § Agriculture)

Birds

Fishes

Insects

Reptiles

Batrachians

Other Invertebra

Palaentology

Biographies

Chemistry
General

Alchemy
Chemistry

109
 Affinity, Chemical Equivalent
Alembic Explosives
Allotropy Flame
Amorphism Formula
Analysis Gas
Assaying Hydrolysis
Atmolysis Iatrochemistry
Atom Indicator
Blowpipe Isomerism
Catalysis Matrass
Chemical Action Molecule
Combustion Photochemistry
Condenser Pigments
Crystallization Pyrophorus
Decolourizing Radioactivity
Desiccation Solution
Dialysis Stereochemistry
Dissociation Stereo-isometrism
Distillation Stoichiometry
Electrochemistry Thermochemistry
Electrolysis Valency
Element
Elixir

Inorganic

Beryllium or Glucinum
Acid Bichromates and Chromates
Algaroth, Powder of Bismuth
Alkali Bittern
Alkali Manufacture Borax
Alkaline Earths Boric Acid or Boracic Acid
Alum Boron
Aluminium Brimstone
Amalgam Bromine
Ammonia Cadmium
Antimony Caesium
Argon Calcium
Arsenic Calomel
Azoimide or Hydrazoic Acid Carbide
Azoth Carbon
Barium Carbonates
Base Carbon Bisulphide

110
 Carbonic Acid Cobalt
Carborundum Colcothar
Caustic Columbium or Niobium
Cerium Copper
Charcoal Copperas
Chlorates Corrosive Sublimate
Chlorine
Chromium

Organic

Biographies

Dumas, Jean Baptiste A.

Abel, Sir Frederick A. Erdmann, Otto Linné
Achard, F. C. Fehling, Hermann von
Andrews, Thomas Fischer, Emil
Baeyer, Adolf von Fittig, Rudolf
Balard, Antoine J. Flamel, Nicolas
Baumé, Antoine Fourcroy, A. F., comte de
Becher, J. J. Frankland, Sir Edward
Bell, Jacob Frémy, Edmond
Bergman, Torbern Olof Fresenius, Karl R.
Berthelot, M. P. E. Friedel, Charles
Berthollet, C. L. Fuchs, Johann N. von
Berzelius, J. J. Gannal, J. N.
Black, Joseph Gay-Lussac, J. L.
Boussingault, J. B. J. D. Geber
Brande, William Thomas Geoffroy, E. F.
Brown, S. M. Gerhardt, Charles F.
Bunsen, R. W. v. Gibbs, Oliver Wolcott
Calvert, F. Crace Gilbert, Sir Joseph H.
Cannizzaro, Stanislao Gladstone, John Hall
Cavendish, Henry Glaser, Christopher
Chevreul, M. E. Glauber, Johann R.
Clark, Thomas Gmelin (family)
Crookes, Sir William Graham, Thomas
Dalton, John Guimet, Jean B.
Daniell, John F. Guyton de Morveau, baron
Davy, Sir Humphry Harcourt, W. Vernon
Dewar, Sir James Helmont, Jean B. van
Döbereiner, J. W. Henry, William
Dulong, Pierre Louis Hofmann, A. W. von

111
 Homberg, Wilhelm Prout, William
Kekulé, F. August Ramsay, Sir William
Klaproth, M. H. Raoult, François M.
Kolbe, A. W. Hermann Regnault, H. V.
Kopp, Hermann F. M. Richter, J. B.
Kunkel or Kunckel von Lowenstjern, J. Roebuck, John
Lavoisier, A. L. Roscoe, Sir H. E.
Le Blanc, Nicolas Rose (family)
Lemery, Nicolas Rouelle, G. F.
Liebig, J. von, baron Sainte-Claire Deville, E. H.
Lunge, Georg Scheele, K. W.
Magnus, H. G. Schönbein, C. F.
Marggraf, Andreas S. Schützenberger, P.
Marignac, Jean C. G. de Silliman, Benjamin
Mayow, John Stahl, G. E.
Mendeléeff, Dmitri I. Stas, J. S.
Meyer, J. Lothar Tennant, Charles
Meyer, Victor Tennant, Smithson
Mitscherlich, E. Thénard, L. J.
Mohr, K. Friedrich Thomsen, Julius
Moissan, Henri Thomson, Thomas
Mond, Ludwig Van 't Hoff, J. H.
Murray, John Vauquelin, L. N.
Muspratt, J. and J. S. Weldon, Walter
Newlands, John A. R. Wenzel, K. F.
Nobel, Alfred B. Williamson, A. W.
Pasteur, Louis Wislicenus, J.
Pelouze, T. Jules Wöhler, Friedrich
Perkin, Sir W. H. Wollaston, W. H.
Pettenkofer, Max J. von Wurtz, C. A.
Plattner, K. F. Young, James
Priestley, Joseph
Proust, Joseph Louis

Economics and Social Science

(See also the articles on countries for statistics of trade, etc.; also Medical Science)

General

Absenteeism
Economics Actuary
Sociology Ad valorem

112
Advertisement Concubinage
Advice Consumption
Agent-General Coolie
Aids Cooperage, or Coperage
Allotments and Small Holdings Co-operation
Almack's Cooper Union
Alnage or Aulnage Corn Laws
Anarchism Corvée
Apprenticeship Crèche
Arbitration and Conciliation Crofter
Artel Demography
Baby-farming Distribution
Bachelor Dock Warrant
Badger Drawback
Balance of Trade Druids, Order of
Bedlam, or Bethlehem Hospital Duel
Beefsteak Club Emigration
Beggar Employers' Liability and Workmen's
B'nal B'rith (or Sons of the Covenant), Compensation
Independent Order of/ Engrossing
Boarding-out System/ Eugenics
Bondager Excambion
Bonus Exhibition
Book-keeping Factory Acts
Bounty Fair
Bourse Famine
Breaking Bulk Farm
Brook Farm Fiars Prices
Brooks's Fief
Building Societies Fire and Fire Extinction
Burial Societies Folkland
Butlerage and Prisage Forestalling
Camorra Foundling Hospitals
Census Franking
Cess Fraternities, College
Charity and Charities Freemasonry
Club Free Ports
Collectivism Free Trade
Combination Friendly Societies
Commerce George Junior Republic
Commercial Treaties Gilds
Commissionaire Grain Trade
Communism Hooligan

113
 Housing Anctuary
Illegitimacy Serfdom
Immigration Slavery
International, The Smuggling
Kit-Cat Club Social Contract
Labour Exchange Socialism
Labour Legislation Social Settlements
Livery Companies Stannaries
Mafia Staple
Mendicancy Statistics
Mercantile Agencies Statute Merchant and Statue Stample
Mercantile System Steelyard, Merchants of the
Mëtayage System Strikes and Lock-Outs
Migration Subsidy
Monopoly Suicide
National Workshops Sumptuary Laws
Oddfellows, Order of Sweating System
Old-Age Pensions Talukdar
Oneida Community Tare and Tret
Owling Tariff
Pauperism Teetotalism
Pwanbroking Title Guarantee Companies
Peonage Trade Organization
Physiocratic School Trade Unions
Poor Law Tramp
Population Trusts
Primage Unemployment
Production Usury
Profit-sharing Vagrancy
Proletariat, or Proletariate Value
Prostitution Vill
Protection Village Communities
Rebate Villenage
Reciprocity Wages
Regrating Wealth
Roundsman System Women
Salvage Corps
Sample

Finance and Currency

Biographies

114
Education
(See also the educational sections in the articles on particular countries; also articles on
towns)

Subjects

Johns Hopkins University

Education Kindergarten
Leland Standford Jr. University
Academies Lowell Institute
Adolescence Lyceum
Bachelor Master
Barring Out Michigan, University of
Battel Mount Holyoke College
Bejan Munshi, or Moonshi
Blindness Museums of Science
Bryn Mawr College Pegagogue
Bursar Pennsylvania, University of
California, University of Polytechnic
Chicago, University of Preceptor
Child Princeton University
Christ's Hospital Proctor
Classics Professor
Co-education Reformatory School
College Research
Columbia University Schools
Cornell University Seminary
Dartmouth College Sizar
Deaf and Dumb Smith College
Doctor Smithsonian Institution
Encaenia Sophomore
Examinations Sorbonne
Fagging Technical Education
Fellow Testamur
Gaudy Tutor
Graduate Universities
Gymnastics and Gymnasium Vassar College, N.Y.
Harvard University Virginia, University of
Horn Book Wisconsin, University of
Hostel Yale University
Industrial School
Infant Schools

115
Biographies

Engineering
(For electrical engineering see under Physics)

General

Conveyors
Engineering Copying Machines
Cranes
Abrasion Crank
Adjutage Destructors
Adze Divers and Diving Apparatus
Air-engine Dock
Anvil Dredge and Dredging
Aqueduct Dynamometer
Archimedes, Screw of Elevators, Lifts or Hoists
Artesian Wells Embankment
Auger Engine
Autoclave Felloe
Awl File
Axe Filter
Axle Friction
Barker's mill Fuel
Bearings Gas Engine
Bellows and Blowing Machines Gauge or Gage
Boiler Gimlet
Bradawl Gouge
Breakwater Hammer
Bridges Harbour
Bush Harpoon
Caisson Hatchet
Caledonian Canal Horse Power
Canal Hose-pipe
Cantilever Hydraulics
Cash Register Injector
Causeway Irrigation
Chain Jetty
Chisel Joints
Chronograph Knife
Clock Ladder
Cofferdam Lamp

116
 Lathe Shuttle
Lock Sieve
Lubricants Signal
Lubrication Siphon or Syphon
Manchester Ship Canal Sleeper
Mill Smoke
Oil-Engine Spade
Panama Canal Steam-Engine
Parallel Motion Strength of Materials
Pedometer Suez Canal
Pier Syringe
Piston Tongs
Pulley Tool
Pump Tube
Reclamation of Land Tunnel
Refrigerating and Ice-making Tweezers
River Engineering Typewriter
Rivet Valve
Roads and Streets Voting Machines
Saw Wainscot
Scissors Watch
Screw Water Motors
Sewerage Water Supply
Sewing Machines Weir
Shadoof Well
Shears Windmill
Shovel

Building

Glazing
Building Heating
Joinery
Adobe Joist
Brick Lath
Brickwork Masonry
Carpentry Mortar
Cement Mortise or Mortice
Concrete Painter-work
Crystal Palace Plaster-work
Dry Rot Rafter
Firebrick Random
Foundations Roofs

117
 Safes, Strong-rooms and Vaults Stove
Scaffold, Scaffolding Stucco
Scantling Timber
Shoring Ventilation
Steel Construction
Stone

Locomotion

Coach
Aeronautics Coupé
Atmospheric Railway Curricle
Balloon Droshky
Barouche Flight and Flying
Bath-chair/ Jaunting Car
Berlin (carriage) Litter
Bicycle Motors, Electric
Bogie Motor Vehicles
Brake Palanquin
Britzska Parachute
Brougham Pneumatic Despatch
Buggy Railways
Cab Sedan-chair
Car Sleigh, Sled or Sledge
Caravan Tire
Caravanserai Traction
Caravel or Carvel Tramway
Carriage Tricycle
Cart Wagon or Waggon
Chaise
Char-à-banc

Shipping

Boat
Shipping Bowline
Bumboat
Anchor Buoy
Ballast Burgee
Barge Cable
Belay Cabotage
Berth Caïque
Bilge Canoe
Binnacle

118
 Capstan Pram
Catamaran Proa
Cleat Punt
Cobic Quarterdeck
Coracle (Corwgl)/ Quay
Dahabeah Random
Dhow Rigging
Dinghy, dingey/ Rowlock
Felucca Rudder
Gimbal Sail
Hawser Sailcloth
Holystone Sampan
Junk Schooner
Kayak or Cayak Seamanship
Keel Semaphore
Lateen Ship
Life-boat and life-saving service Shipbuilding
Lighthouse Sloop
Log Smack
Mast Starboard
Navigation Steamship Lines
Oar Tonnage
Pilot Trinity House, Corporation of
Pinnace Turbine
Pirogue or Piragua Wharf
Polacca Yawl
Poop

Mining and Metallurgy

Brazing and Soldering

Mining Bronze
Metallurgy Bronzing
Coal
Alloys Damascening or Damaskcening
Annealing, Hardening and Tempering Damask Steel or Damascus Steel
Anthracite Electrum
Banket Flume
Biddery Flux
Blasting Forging
Bloom Fossick
Boring Founding
Brass Fuel

119
 Furnace Ore-dressing
Fusible Metal Pewter
Galvanized Iron Quarrying
German Siver or Nickel Silver Rolling Mill
Ingot Safety-lamp
Invar Shaft-sinking
Iron and Steel Solder
Kiln Tin-plate and Terne-plate
Lutten Welding
Metal
Metallography

Biographies

Congreve, Sir William, bart.

Arkwright, Sir Richard Coode, Sir John
Armstrong, 1st Baron/ Corning, Erastus
Baird, James Coxwell, Henry Tracey
Baker, Sir Benjamin Cramp, Charles Henry
Bazalgette, Sir Joseph William Crompton, Samuel
Bell, Henry Cubitt, Thomas
Berthon, Edward Lyon Cubitt, Sir William
Berthoud, Ferdinand Cunard, Sir Samuel
Bessemer, Sir Henry Currie, Sir Donald
Bidder, George Parker Drummond, Thomas
Boulton, Matthew Dupuy de Lomo, S. C. H. L.
Bramah, Joseph Eads, James Buchanan
Brassey, Thomas Edison, Thomas Alva
Bridgewater, 3rd Duke of Ericsson, John
Bright, Sir Charles Evans, Oliver
Brindley, James Fairbairn, Sir William
Brown, Sir John Ferguson, James
Brunel, I. K. Finlay, Sir George
Brunel, Sir Marc Firth, Mark
Burns, Sir George, bart. Fitch, John
Camus, F. J. des Fowler, Sir John
Carnegie, Andrew Fowler, John
Cartwright, Edmund Fulton, Robert
Cautley, Sir Proby Thomas Gatling, Richard Jordan
Chappe, Claude Girard, Philippe Henri de
Chubb, Charles Gooch, Sir Daniel, bart.
Clark, Josiah Latimer Goodyear, Charles
Cockerill W. (and J.) Greathead, James Henry

120
 Grimthorp, 1st Baron Pole, William
Harrison, John Prony, G. C. F. M. R. de
Hartley, Sir Charles Augustus Rankine, W. J. M.
Hawkshaw, Sir John Rawlinson, Sir Robert
Hawksley, Thomas Reid, Sir Robert G.
Heathcoat, John Rennie, John
Hodgkinson, Eaton Roebling, J. A.
Holden, Sir Isaac, bart. Schichau, Ferdinand
Ismay, Thomas Henry Seppings, Sir Robert
Jacquard, Joseph Marie Siemans, Sir William (Karl Wilhelm)
Jenkin, H. C. F. Smeaton, John
Kingsford, W. Starley, James
Krupp, Alfred Stephenson, George
Lindley, William Stephenson, Robert
McAdam, John Loudon Stevenson, Robert
McCormick, Cyrus Hall Strutt, Jedediah
Marquand, Henry G. Tangye, Sir Richard
Masham, Baron Telford, Thomas
Maxim, Sir Hirem Thomas, Sidney Gilchrist
Murdock, William Tregold, Thomas
Myddelton, Sir Hugh Trevithick, Richard
Nasmyth, James Watt, James
Newcomen, Thomas White, Sir William H.
Nixon, John Whitney, Eli
Noble, Sir Andrew Whitworth, Sir Joseph, bart.
Palmer, Sir Charles Mark Wilkinson, John
Perkins, Jacob

Geography
General Subjects and Cartography

Earth, Figure of the

Geography Geodesy
Map Geoid
Great Circle
Antarctic Hachure
Antipodes Hydrography
Arctic Isoclinic Lines
Bench-mark Isodynamic Lines
British Empire Isogonic Lines
Chart Latitude
Contour, Contour-line Longitude

121
 Loxodrome Topography
Meridian World
Surveying Zone
Tacheometry
Theodolite
Gromatici
Antilia Isles of the Blest
Antonini Itinerarium Itinerarium
Aquae Ophir
Atlantis Thule
Brazil (isl.)
El Dorado

Physical Features and Oceanography

Sahel
Aiguille Sargasso Sea
Alp Savanna
Archipelago Sea
... Seiche
TODO Sounding
... Steppe
Plateau Sudd
Plain Swallow-hole
Playa Tarn
Polder Thlweg
Pond Tundra
Prairie Volcano
Quagmi Wadi
Rand Waterfall
Ras Watershed
Reef
River

Meteorology

Europe (Continental)

Physical features

Lakes

Mountains

122
Rivers

Miscellaneous

Countries

Austria-Hungary

Divisions

Towns, etc.

Belgium

Divisions

Towns, etc.

Bulgaria

Denmark

France

Divisions

Towns, etc.

Germany

Divisions

Towns, etc.

Greece

Divisions, etc.

Towns, etc.

Holland

Divisions

Towns, etc.

Italy

123
Divisions

Towns, etc. (modern names)

Towns, etc. (ancient names)

Luxemburg, Grand Duchy of

Mediterranean Islands, etc.

Montenegro

Norway

Portugal

Rumania

Russia in Europe

Divisions

(Including Transcaucasia)

Towns, etc.

Servia

Spain

Divisions

Towns, etc.

Sweden

Switzerland

Divisions

Towns, etc.

Turkey in Europe

Ancient geography

(Excluding towns in Greece and Italy, q.v.)

124
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

Physical features

Lakes

Mountains and Hills

Rivers

Miscellaneous

Divisions and Towns

England and Wales

Divisions

Islands

Towns, etc.

Scotland

Divisions

Islands

Towns, etc.

Ireland

Divisions

Islands

Towns, etc.

Ancient Names

Asia

Physical Features

Lakes

Mountains

125
Rivers

Miscellaneous

Countries

Afghanistan

Baluchistan

Burma

Ceylon

Chinese Empire

Divisions

Towns. etc.

India (with lesser Frontier States)

Territorial Divisions, etc.

(See also Asia: Mountains, above). Where a district and town have the same name the
article will be found under the list of towns.)

Towns, etc.

Indo-China, French

Japan

Korea

Malay Archipelago

Malay Peninsula

Persia

Divisions

Towns, etc.

Russia in Asia

Divisions

126
Towns, etc.

Siam

Turkey in Asia

Divisions

Towns, etc.

(see also Asia: Ancient, below)

Ancient Names

Africa

Physical features

Deserts

Sahara
Kalahari

Lakes

Mweru
Albert Edward Nyanza Ngami
Albert Nyanza Nyasa
Bangweulu Naivasha
Baringo Rudolf
Chad Rukwa
Chilwa Stefanie
Hannington Tanganyika
Kivu Tsana
Leopold II. Victoria Nyanza
Mareotis
Moeris, Lake of

Mountains

Kenya
Atlas Kilimanjaro
Drakensberg Livingstone Mountains
Elgon Majuba
Isandhlwana Mfumbiro

127
 Ruwenzori Table Mountain
Spion Kop

Rivers

Ogowé
Atbara Orange
Bahr-el-Ghazal Rovuma
Benue Rufiji
Chobe Sabaki
Congo Senegal
Cross Shari
Gambia Shiré
Isly Sobat
Juba Tana
Kagera Tugela
Kasai Ubangi
Komati Vaal
Kunene 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Volta
Kwanza Zaire
Limpopo Zambezi
Niger
Nile

Miscellaneous

Saldanha Bay
Algoa Bay Victoria Falls
Delagoa Bay
Karroo

Countries

Abyssinia

Algeria

East Africa

(Eritrea to Portuguese E. Africa)

Egypt

Morocco

128
South Africa (British)

Krugersdorp
Aliwal North Kuruman
Barberton Ladybrand
Barkly East Ladysmith
Barkly West Laing's Nek
Barotse Lovedale
Basutoland Lydenburg
Beaconsfield Mafeking
Beaufort West Maseru
Bechuanaland Middelburg
Blantyre Mossel Bay
Bloemfontein Natal
Boksburg Nylstroom
Bulawayo Orange Free State
Caledon Paarl
Cape Colony Pietermaritzburg
Cape Town Pietersburg
Colenso Port Elizabeth
Constantia Potchefstroom
Cradock Pretoria
Cullinan Queenstown
Durban Rhodesia
East London Robben Island
Ermelo Rustenburg
Ficksburg Shoshong
Germiston Simon's Town
Glen Grey Standerton
Graaff Reinet Stellenbosch
Graham's Town Swaziland
Griqualand East Swellendam
Griqualand West Tati
Harrismith Transkei
Heidelberg Transvaal
Jagersfontein Uitenhage
Johannesburg Ulundi
Kaffraria Utrecht
Kimberley Volksrust
King William's Town Vryheid
Klerksdorp Wakkerstroom
Kokstad Walfish Bay
Kroonstad Wepener

129
 Winburg Zoutpansberg
Worcester Zululand
Zeerust
Zimbabwe

Sudan

Tripoli and Tunisia

West Africa

(French West Africa to German South-West Africa)

Ancient Names

America

Physical features

Lakes

Mountains

Rivers

Miscellaneous

Countries

Canada and Newfoundland

Divisions

Towns, etc.

United States

States, etc.

Towns, etc.

British Honduras

Costa Rica

Guatemala

130
Honduras

Mexico

Divisions

Towns, etc.

Nicaragua

Panama

Salvador

West Indies

Argentina

Divisions

Towns, etc.

Bolivia

Brazil

Divisions

Towns, etc.

Chile

Divisions

Towns, etc.

Colombia

Equador

Guiana

Paraguay

Peru

Divisions

Towns, etc.

131
Uruguay

Venezuela

Divisions

Towns

Australasia

Physical Features

Australia

Divisions

Towns, etc.

New Zealand

Oceans, Seas and Oceanic Islands

Oceans, Seas, etc.

Atlantic Ocean

Islands, etc.

Indian Ocean

Islands, etc.

Pacific Ocean

Islands, etc.

Polar regions

Islands, etc.

Biographies

Geology

132
General

Fold
Geology Fumarole
Geyser
Assise Joints
Basin Mineral deposits
Bed Mofetta
Bomb Neck
Cave Puy
Crater Seismometer
Drift Soffioni
Earth pillar Solfatara
Earthquake Veins
Esker Volcano
Fall-line
Fault

Stratigraphy

Mineralogy and Crystallography

Petrology

Biographies

History
(For historians see the literature of the various countries)

General

British Empire
History Cabinet
Capitulations
Abdication Chronicle
Agrarian Laws City
Alliance Civilization
Annals Colony
Arbitration, International Concordat
Archive Confederation
Aristocracy Conference
Balance of Power Convention

133
 Corsair Peace
Democracy Piracy
Despot Privateer
Diplomacy Record
Diplomatic Republic
Dynasty Serfdom
Empire Slavery
Feudalism Sovereignty
Government State
Governor State Rights
Hellenism Sultan
Homage Suzerainty
Mercantile System Treaties
Monarchy Village Communities
Oligarchy War
Parliament

Heraldry, Titles, and Offices

(See further under the separate countries)

Europe

General

Wars

Battles

Austria-Hungary

Subjects

(See further under Holy Roman Empire)

Biographies

Balkan Peninsula

Subjects and Biographies

Belgium

134
(See Netherlands)

France

(See further under Franks)

Subjects

Biographies

Franks

(See further under France and Germany)

Subjects and Biographies (to A.D. 843)

Germany

Subjects

(See also Franks and Holy Roman Empire)

Biographies

Greece

Subjects

(See also Asia and Turkey)

Biographies (ancient)

Biographies (modern)

Holland

(See Netherlands)

Holy Roman Empire

Subjects

Biographies

135
Italy

Subjects

(See also Papacy, Rome and Roman Empire, Later)

Biographies

Macedonia

(See under Greece, Asia and Turkey)

Netherlands

Subjects

Biographies

Papacy

Subjects and Biographies

Poland

Subjects and Biographies

Portugal

Subjects and Biographies

Rome (to A.D. 476)

Subjects

Biographies

Roman Empire, Later

Subjects and Biographies

Rumania

Subjects and Biographies

136
Russia

Subjects

Biographies

Scandanavia

Subjects

Biographies

Sicily

Subjects and Biographies

Spain

Subjects

Biographies

Switzerland

Subjects

Biographies

Turkey

Subjects

Biographies

United Kingdom

Subjects

Biographies

Asia

Biographies (see also Persia)

137
Asia minor

Subjects and Biographies

Babylonia and Assyria

Biographies

Caliphate (Eastern)

Subjects and Biographies

China

Subjects and Biographies

Crusades

Subjects and Biographies

India (with Afghanistan)

Subjects

Biographies

Japan

Subjects and Biographies

Jews

(See further under Literature, § Hebrew, and Religion, §§ Bible and Judaism)

Subjects and Biographies

Macedonian Empire

Subjects and Biographies

Persia

Subjects and Biographies

138
Africa

Biographies

Africa, Ancient

Subjects and Biographies

Egypt

Subjects and Biographies

South Africa

Subjects

Biographies

America

Biographies

Canada

Subjects

Biographies

United States

General

Wars and Battles

Biographies

Allen, Ethan
Adams, Charles Francis Allison, William Boyd
Adams, John Ames, Fisher
Adams, John Quincy ...
Adams, Samuel Ashby, Turner
Alden, John Austin, Stephen Fuller
Aldrich, Nelson Wilmarth Bainbridge, William
Alger, Russell A. Banks, Nathaniel P.

139
Bayard, Thomas Franc Lyon, Nath
Beauregard, Pierre G. T. McClellan, G. B.
Belknap, William W. Polk, James Knox
Bell, John Polk, Leonidas
Bolmont. August Pontiac
... Pope, John
Chaffee, Adna R. Tracy, Benjamin F.
Couch, Darius Treseot, Williar
Cox, Jacob D. Trumbull, Jona
Guanine, Caleb Meagher
Cushing, William B. Merrltt,
... Miantom
Dahlgren, John A. Middleto
Dale, Sir Thomas Morgan, E. D.
Dallas, Alexander J. Morgan, John E
Dallas, George Mifflin Morrill, Justin S
Davis, Cushman K. Otis, H. G.
... Otis, Jamos
Haviu, Henry W. Paine, Robert Treat
Hampton, Wade Palmer, John McAuley
Hawley, Joseph R. Pendleton, Edmund
Hayes, Rutherford B. Pendleton, George H.
Hendricks, Thou Pepperrell, Sir William
Hood, John Bell Perry, Matthew C.
O'Neiil Jackson, Perry, Oliver H.
Jackson, T. J. (Stonewall) Philip, king
Jay, John Phillips, Wendell
Johnston, Joseph E. Phips, Sir William
Jones, John Paul Pickens, Andrew
Kalb, Johann (" baron de Kalb "; Pickens, F. W.
... Pickering, Timothy
Kearny, Philip Pierce, Franklin
KiilK, Rutus Pinckney, Charles
Knickerbocker, H, J. ...
Knox, Henry Stark, John
Lamar, L. Q. C. Stephens, A. H.
Lane, James Henry ...
Langdon, John Wade, Benjamin F.
Lee, Fitzhugh Walker, Robert James
Lee, Henry (Light Horse Harry) Wallace, Lewis (Lew)
... Warner, Seth
United States : Biographies (cont.) Warren, Gouverneur K.
Lundy, Ben Warren, Joseph

140
 Washburn, C. C. Winslow, Edward
Washington, George Winthrop, John (1588–1649)
Wayne, Anthony Winthrop, John (1606–1676)
Wheeler, Joseph Winthrop, Robert Charles
White, Hugh Lawson Wise, Henry A.
Whitney, William C. Wolcott, Roger
... Woodbury, Levi
Wilson, James (1742–1798) Wright, Silas
Wilson, James (b. 1835) Yancey, William L.
Wilson, James H. Yates, Richard
Wingfield, EdWard M.

Australasia

New South Wales

Australia New Zealand
New Guinea Victoria
New Hebrides

Biographies

Maning, F. E.
Atkinson, Sir H. A. O’Shanassy, Sir J.
Ballance, John Parkes, Sir Henry
Barry, Sir Redmond Ramsay, Robert
Dickson, Sir J. R. Seddon, R. J.
Fox, Sir William Stawell, Sir W. F.
Higinbotham, G. Torrens. Sir R. R.
Kelly, Edward Vogel, Sir Julius
Latrobe, C. J. Wakefield, E. G.
M‘Culloch, Sir James Wentworth, William
McKenzie, Sir John

Industries, Manufactures and Occupations

General

Attar or Otto of Roses

Commerce Baking
Barbed Wire
Air-gun Basket
Ambergris Bead
Asphalt or Asphaltum Bergamot, Oil of

141
Bodkin Horse-shoes
Bottle Ink
Briquette Isinglass
Brush Ivory
Button Japanning
Candle Lanolin
Carmine Lapidary
Catechu or Cutch Laundry
Catgut Leather
Chafing-dish Leather, Artificial
Cigar Linseed
Coke Liquorice
Colza Oil Lithography
Comb Logwood
Cooperage Mastic
Copra Match
Coral Maulstick
Cutlery Mirror
Dyeing Mucilage
Eau de Cologne Musk
Elemi Nail
Extract Natural Gas
1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Fat Needle
Feather Oakum
Fireworks Octavo
Fisheries Oils
Flour and Flour Manufacture Oven
Flowers, Artificial Paper
Foil Papier Mâché
Folio Paraffin
Foolscap Parchment
Fur Pearl
Gas Peat
Gem, Artificial Pen
Glair Pencil
Glass Perfumery
Glue Petroleum
Gluten Pickle
Goldbeating Pigments
Grain Trade Pin
Granaries Pipe
Hodden Pisciculture
Horn Plated Ware

142
 Plumbing Straw and Straw Manufactures
Process Tailor
Putty Tallow
Quaich or Quaigh Thimble
Quarto Thread
Quire Tortoiseshell
Rape Oil Trade
Ream Trawling, Seining and Netting of Fish/
Resin Turpentine
Rice Paper Typography
Rope and Rope-making Umbrella
Saddlery and Harness Vacuum Cleaner/
Seal-fisheries Varnish
Sealing-wax Vaseline
Seine Veneer
Sepia Vinegar
Shagreen Wafer
Sheffield Plate Wax
Shoe Whalebone
Soap Whale Oil/
Spermaceti Whale-fishery or Whaling/
Starch Wire
Stationery
Stirrup

Textiles

Agriculture

(For Cereals, Trees and Fruits see Botany.)

Foods and Beverages

Occupations

Biographies

Language and Writing

General

Philology
Language

143
 A Inscriptions
Abbreviation Italic
Ablative J
Accent Jargon
Accidence K
Accusative L
Adjective Lexicon
Alphabet M
Ampersand N
Ampliative O
Aorist Onomatopoeia
Apostrophe P
Article Palaeography
Augment Parenthesis
B Patois
C Phonetics
Colon Pidgin English
Comma Pronunciation
Cryptography Punctuation
Cuneiform Q
Cyrillic R
D Runes, Runic Language and
Dative Inscriptions
Dialect S
Dictionary Shorthand
E Significs
Etymology Slang
F Stenography
G T
Glagolitic U
Grammar Universal Languages
H V
Hieratic W
Hieroglyphics Writing
Homonym X
I Y
Ideograph Z
Idiom
Infinite

Languages

144
(For information under Ethnographical and Geographical headings see vol. xxi. pp. 437–
438.)

Biographies

(See also under Literature, § Classics.)

Law and Political Science

(See also the legal sections of articles on Countries.)

General

Crime and Punishment

Biographies

Literature
(For Literature not included in the following list, see the articles Bulgaria, Canada,
China, Japan, Sanskrit, Servia, etc.)

(For Breton, Cornish, Gaelic, Irish, Manx and Welsh, see the article Celt)

General Subjects

(See also Classics)

...
Literature Parable
Paradox
Alcaics Paraphrase
... ...
Allegory Poetry
... ...
Epilogue Prose
... Prosody
Fable ...
... Sermon
Irony ...
... Style
Palindrome

145
 ... Text
Verse ...
...

Arabia

Austria-Hungary

Austria

Hungary

Belgium and Flanders

British Empire

146
Author Birth Year Britannica Page
A) à Beckett, Gilbert Abbott 1811 À Beckett, Gilbert Abbott
Aberigh-Mackay, George Robert 1848 Aberigh-Mackay, George Robert
Acton, J. E. E. D., baron 1834 Acton, J. E. E. D., baron
Addison, Joseph 1672 Addison, Joseph
Adolphus, John Leycester 1768 Adolphus, John Leycester
Ae)Ælfric 955 Ælfric
Aguilar, Grace 1816 Aguilar, Grace
Aikin, John 1672 Aiken, John
Ainger, Alfred 1837 Ainger, Alfred
Ainsworth, Robert 1660 Ainsworth, Robert
Ainsworth, William Harrison 1805 Ainsworth, William Harrison
Aird, Thomas 1802 Aird, Thomas
Akenside, Mark 1805 Akenside, Mark
Alabaster, William 1567 Alabaster, William
Albery, James 1838 Albery, James
Aldhelm 639 Aldhelm
Alison, Archibald 1757 Archibald Alison
Alison, Archibald, Sir 1792 Archibald Alison
Allen, Grant 1848 Allen, Grant
Allingham, William 1824 Allingham, William
Almon, John 1737 Almon, John
Alredus, of Beverley 1100 c. Alredus, of Beverley
Ames, Joseph 1689 Ames, Joseph
Amhurst, Nicholas 1697 Amhurst, Nicholas
Amory, Thomas 1691? Amory, Thomas
Anderson, James 1825 Anderson, James
Anderson, Robert 1750 Anderson, Robert
Andrews, James Pettit 1737 Andrews, James Pettit
Aneurin 600 c. Aneurin
Anstey, Christopher 1724 Anstey, Christopher
Arber, Edward 1836 Arber, Edward
Arbuthnot, Alexander 1822 Arbuthnot, Alexander
Arbuthnot, John 1667 Arbuthnot, John
Archer, William 1856 Archer, William
Armstrong, John 1709 Armstrong, John

147
Arnold, Sir Edwin 1832 Arnold, Sir Edwin
Arnold, Matthew 1822 Arnold, Matthew
Asgill, John 1659 Asgill, John
Asser 850 c. Asser
Aubrey, John 1626 Aubrey, John
Aungervyle, Richard 1287 Aungervyle, Richard
Austen, Jane 1775 Austen, Jane
Austin, Alfred 1835 Austin, Alfred
Austin, Sarah 1793 Austin, Sarah
Ayscough, Samuel 1745 Ayscough, Samuel
Aytoun, Sir Robert 1570 Aytoun, Sir Robert
Aytoun, William Edmonstoune 1813 Aytoun, William Edmonstoune
Babington, Churchill 1821 Babington, Churchill
Badham, Charles 1813 Badham, Charles
Bailey, Nathan or Nathaniel 1675 c. Bailey, Nathan
Bailey, Philip James 1816 Bailey, Philip James
Bailey, Lady Grizel 1665 Baillie, Lady Grizel
Baillie, Joanna 1762 Baillie, Joanna
Baines, Edward 1774 Baines, Edward
Baker, Sir Richard 1568 Baker, Sir Richard
Balderic 1000 c. Balderic
Bale, John 1495 Bale, John
Bales, Peter 1547 Bales, Peter
Ballantyne, Robert Michael 1825 Ballantyne, Robert Michael
Banim, John 1798 Banim, John
Banks, George Linnaeus 1821 Banks, George Linnaeus
Bannatyne, George 1545 Bannatyne, George
Barbauld, Anna Letitia 1743 Barbauld, Anna Letitia
Barbour, John 1395 Barbour, John
Barclay, Alexander 1476 c. Barclay, Alexander
Barclay, John 1582 Barclay, John
Barham, Richard Harris 1788 Barham, Richard Harris
Baring-Gould, Sabine 1834 Baring-Gould, Sabine

[Authors beginning with A with no Wikisource Author: page and once originated can be
given an EB1911 link: George Robert Aberigh-Mackay, Robert Ainsworth, William
Alabaster, James Albery, John Almon, Alredus, of Beverly, Joseph Ames, James
Anderson, Robert Anderson, James Pettit Andrews, Asser, Samuel Ayscough.

148
Churchill Babington, Charles Badham (classicist), Philip James Bailey, Lady Grizel
Baillie, Joanna Baillie, Edward Baines, Balderic, John Bale, George Linnaeus Banks,
George Bannatyne, Alexander Barclay, John Barclay]

Classics

Legendary figures

(See further Religion § Comparative.)

Subjects

(See further Language; Literature, General Subjects.)

Biographies

Greek

Byzantine

Latin

Scholars

Denmark

France

Germany

Hebrew, Armenian and Syriac Literature

(See also under Language, Philosophy, Religion.)

Holland

Iceland

India

Italy

149
Norway

Persia

Poland

Portugal

Russia

Spain

Sweden

Switzerland

United States

Miscellaneous

Mathematics
Pure

Circle
Mathematics Cissoid
Combinatorial Analysis
Abscissa Conchoid
Algebra Cone
Algebraic Forms Conic Section
Aliquot Conoid
Amicable Numbers Continued Fractions
Angle Cube
Argument Curve
Arithmetic Cycloid
Axis Cylinder
Bessel Function Determinant
Binomial Diagonal
Biquadratic Diameter
Bisectrix Differences, Calculus of
Cardioid Differential Equation
Catenary Dimension

150
 Dodecahedron Numbers, Partition, of
Ellipse Numeral
Ellipsoid Octahedron
Epicycloid Ordinate
Equation Oval
Figurate Numbers Parabola
Focus Perspective
Folium Polygon
Fourier's Series Polygonal Numbers
Frustum Polyhedral Numbers
Function Polyhedron
Geometrical Continuity Porism
Geometry Prism
Gnomon Probability
Graphical Methods Projection
Groups, Theory of Quadratrix
Harmonic Quaternions
Harmonic Analysis Roulette
Hyperbola Series
Icosahedron Serpentine
Infinite Sphere
Infinitesimal Calculus Spherical Harmonics
Interpolation Spheroid
Inversion Spiral
Involution Surface
Lemniscate Table, Mathematical
Limaçon Tetrahedron
Line Triangle
Locus Trigonometry
Logarithm Trisectrix
Logocyclic Curve, Strophoid or Foliate Variations, Calculus of
Magic Square Vector Analysis
Maxima and Minima Witch of Agnesi
Mensuration Zero
Number

Applied

Ballistics
Mechanics Brachistochrone
Hydromechanics Calculating Machines
Diagram
Acceleration Dynamics

151
 Elasticity Motion, Laws of
Gyroscope and Gyrostat Pantograph
Hodograph Statics
Hydrodynamics Tide
Hydrostatics Units, Dimensions of
Kinematics Wave
Kinetics Zero
Knot
Lever

Biographies

Cocker, Edward
Abel, Niels Henrik Colburn, Zerah
Agnesi, Maria Gaetana Cotes, Roger
Aguillon (Aguilonius), François D' Cremona, Luigi
Allen or Alleyn, Thomas Demoivre, Abraham
Anderson, Alexander De Morgan, Augustus
Anthemius Diophantus of Alexandria
Apollonius of Perga Ditton, Humphry
Archimedes Emerson, William
Autolycus of Pitane Euclid
Babbage, Charles Euler, Leonhard
Baldi, Bernardino Fermat, Pierre de
Barlow, Peter Fourier, Jean Baptiste Joseph
Barrow, Isaac Frisi, Paolo
Bernoulli (family) Galloway, Thomas
Boole, George Galois, Évariste
Borda, Jean Charles Gauss, Karl Friedrich
Boscovich, Roger Joseph Greaves, John
Bouguer, Pierre Gregory (family)
Bowditch, Nathaniel Gregory, Olinthus Gilbert
Briggs, Henry Gunter, Edmund
Buxton, Jedediah Hachette, Jean Nicolas Pierre
Camus, Charles Étienne Louis Hamilton, Sir William Rowan
Cardan, Girolamo Harriot or Harriot, Thomas
Castel, Louis Bertrand Hero of Alexandria
Cauchy, Augustin Louis Hutton, Charles
Cayley, Arthur Huygens, Christiaan
Charles, Jacques Alexandre César Inaudi, Jacques
Chebichev, Pafnutiy Lvovich Ivory, Sir James
Clairault, or Clairaut, Alexis Claude Jacobi, Karl Gustav Jacob
Clifford, William Kingdon Kircher, Athanasius

152
 Kovalevsky, Sophie Recorde, Robert
Lagrange, Joseph Louis Riccati, Jacopo Francesco, Count
Landen, John Riemann, Georg Friedrich Bernhard
Laplace, Pierre Simon, Marquis de Roberval, Gilles Personne de
Lardner, Dionysius Robins, Benjamin
Legendre, Adrien Marie Routh, Edward John
Leonardo of Pisa Russell, John Scott
Leslie, Sir John Salmon, George
Lie, Marius Sophus Saunderson, or Sanderson, Nicholas
Lobachevskiy, Nicolas Ivanovich Serenus of Antissa
MacCullagh, James Simpson, Thomas
Maclaurin, Colin Simson, Robert
Mascheroni, Lorenzo Smith, Henry John Stephen
Maupertuis, Pierre Louis Moreau de Smith, Robert
Mersenne, Marin Snell, Willebrord
Monge, Gaspard Spottiswoode, William
Montucla, Jean Étienne Steiner, Jakob
Murphy, Robert Stevinus, Simon
Napier, John Stirling, James
Newton, Sir Isaac Stokes, Sir George Gabriel
Nichomachus (of Gerass) Sturm, Jacques Charles François
Oughtred, William Sylvester, James Joseph
Pappus of Alexandria Tartaglia, Niccolò
Peacock, George Taylor, Brook
Peirce, Benjamin Theodosius of Tripolis
Pell, John Thompson, Thomas Peronnet
Pfaff, Johann Friedrich Todhunter, Isaac
Playfair, John Vernier, Pierre
Plücker, Julius Vieta (or Viète), François
Poinsot, Louis Wallace, William
Poisson, Siméon Denis Wallis, John
Poncelet, Jean Victor
Price, Bartholomew

Medical Science
General

Medical Jurisprudence
Medicine
Medical Education

Anatomy and Physiology

153
 Gall
Anatomy Hand
Physiology Head
Heart
Abdomen Heel
Adam's Apple Hip
Ala Hunger and Thirst
Alimentary Canal Intestine
Animal Heat Jaw
Ankle Knee
Apnoea Leg
Aponeurosis Ligament
Apophysis Lip
Arm Liver
Arteries Lobe
Articulation Lung
Arytenoid Lymph and Lymph Formation
Bladder Lymphatic System
Blood Mannary Gland
Bone Matrix
Brain Mouth and Salivary Glands
Breast Muscle and Nerve
Cartilage Muscular System
Caul Navel
Climacteric Nerve
Coelom and Serous Membranes Nervous System
Colo Nose
Connective Tissues Olfactory System
Diaphragm Palate
Digestive Organs Pancreas
Ductless Glands Pelvis
Ear Perspiration
Elbow Pharynx
Epithelial, Endothelial and Glandular Phrenology
Tissues Placenta
Equilibrium Puberty
Excretion Pulse
Eye Reproductive System
Face Respiratory System
Fauces Scalp
Fibrin Shoulder
Finger Sinew
Foot Skeleton

154
 Skin and Exoskeleton Throat
Skull Tongue
Sleep Urinary System
Spinal Cord Varicose Veins
Spleen Vascular System
Stomach Veins
Sweetbread Voice
Sympathetic System Windpipe
Teeth Wrist
Thorax

Pathology, Therapeutics and Surgery

Aphemia
Pathology Apoplexy
Therapeutics Appendicitis
Surgery Apyrexia
Arthritis
Abortion Ascites
Abscess Asphyxia
Abscission Asthma
Acne Athetosis
Acromegaly Atrophy
Actinomycosis (Streptotrichosis) Auscultation
Acupressure Autopsy
Acupuncture Bacteriology
Addison's Disease Baldness
Adenoids Balneotherapeutics
Aerotherapeutics Bedsore
Ague Beri-beri
Albuminuria Bilharziosis
Alienist Blackwater Fever
Amaurosis Bladder and Prostate Diseases
Amuck, Running Blindness
Anaemia Blister
Anaesthesia and Anaesthetics Blood-letting/
Aneurysm, or Aneurism Boil
Angina Pectoris Bow-leg
Ankylosis, or Anchylosis Bright's Disease
Ankylostomiasis or Anchylostomiasis Bronchiectasis
Anodyne Bronchitis
Antiseptics Bronchotomy
Aphasia Bunion

155
Burns and Scalds Emphysema
Caesarean Section Empyema
Caisson Disease Enteritis
Cancer or Carcinoma Epilepsy
Carbuncle Epistaxis
Catalepsy Erysipelas
Catarrh Favus
Chicken-pox Fever
Chilblains Filariasis
Chirurgeon Fistula
Cholera Food
Cleft Palate and Hare-Lip/ Frostbite
Clinic Gangrene
Club-foot Gastric Ulcer
Colic Gastritis
Coma Goitre
Constipation Gout
Convulsions Guinea-worm
Corn Gynaecology
Corpulence or Obesity Haematocele
Cramp Haemophilia
Cretinism Haemorrhage
Croup Haemorrhoids
Cupping Hammer-toe
Delirium Hay Fever or Summer Catarrh
Dengue Hernia
Dentistry Herpes
Diabetes Homoeopathy
Diaphoretics Hydrocele
Diarrhoea Hydrocephalus
Dietetics Hydropathy
Dilatation Dydrophobia or Rabies
Diphtheria Hypertrophy
Dipsomania Hypnotism
Diuretics Hypochondriasis
Dropsy Hysteria
Drunkenness Icthyosis or Xeroderma
Dysentery Imbecile
Dyspepsia Infancy
Eczema Influenza
Electrotherapeutics Insanity
Elephantiasis Insomnia
Emetics Intestinal Obstruction

156
Intoxication Paranoia
Jaundice Parasitic Diseases
Joints Pediculosis or Phthiriasis
Kala-Azar Pellagra
Kidney Diseases Pemphigus
Laryngitis Peritonitis
Lead Poisoning Phagocytosis
Leontiasis Ossea Pharyngitis
Leprosy Phlebitis
Lethargy Phthisis
Lichen Pinto
Locomotor Ataxia Pityriasis Versicolor
Lumbago Plague
Lupus Pleurisy or Pleuritis
Malaria Pneumonia
Malta (or Mediterranean) Fever Poison
Massago Polypus
Measles Poultice
Meniere Disease Prognosis
Meningitis Pruritus
Metabolic Diseases Psoriasis
Mineral Waters Psorospemiasis
Mortification Ptomaine Poisoning
Mumps Puerperal Fever
Myelitis Purpura
Myxoedema Quinsy
Naevus Raynaud's Disease
Narcotics Relapsing Fever
Necrosis Rheumatism
Nettlerash or Urticaria Rheumatoid Arthritis
Neuralgia Rickets
Neurasthenia Ringworm
Neuritis St Vitus' Dance or Chorea
Neuropathology Scabies or Itch
Nosology Scarlet Fever or Scarlatina
Nostalgia Sciatica
Nursing Scrofula or Scorbutus
Nutrition Sea-Sickness
Obstetrics Seborrhoea
Ophthalmology Sepsis
Ovariotomy Shock or Collapse
Pain Skin Diseases
Paralysis or Palsy Sleeping-sickness

157
 Smallpox Tumour
Sneezing Typhoid Fever
Somnambulism Typhus Fever
Sprue Ulcer
Stammering or Stutteting Vegetarianism
Starvation Venereal Diseases
Stethoscope Vivisection
Sunstroke Wart
Surgical Instruments and Appliance Whitlow
Sweating-sickness Whooping-Cough
Syncope Wound
Tetanus Wry-neck
Tonsillitis X Ray Treatment
Toxicology Yaws
Tracheotomy Yellow Fever
Trachoma Zymotic Diseases
Trichinosis or Trichiniasis
Tuberculosis

Pharmacology

(See also under Chemistry.)

Public Health

Veterinary Science

Biographies

Military and Naval

(For Campaigns, Battles and Biographies of Commanders see History.)

General

Military Writers and Engineers

Philosophy and Psychology

General

Philosophy

158
 Aesthetics Metaphysics
Ethics Psychology
Evolution Science
Logic

Subjects

Casuistry
Philosophy Category
Psychology Causation
Chaos
Absolute Circulus in Probando
Absolutism Classification
Abstraction Cognition
Academy, Greek Conation
Acatalepsy Concept
Accident Conceptualism
Accidentalism Concrete
Affection Condition
Aetiology Connotation
A Fortiori Conscience
Agglutination Contradiction, Principle of
Agnoiology Conversion
Agnosticism Cosmogony
Alethiology Cynics
Alexandrists Cyrenaics
Altruism Deduction
Amphibology Definition
Analogy Denotation
Analysis Determinism
Antinomy Dialectic
Apodictic Dichotomy
Apperception Dilemma
Apprehension Division
A Priori Dream
Arabian Philosophy Dualism
Association of Ideas Duty
Attention Dysteleology
Automorphism Eclecticism
Axiom Ecstasy
Cambridge Platonists Egoism
Cardinal Virtues Eleatic School
Cartesianism Elis, Philosophical School of

159
Emanation Microcosm
Empiricism Mnemonics
Enthymeme Monad
Epistemology Monism
Eretrian School of Philosophy Motive
Esoteric Mysticism
Eudaemonism Naturalism
Extension Necessity
Fallacy (logic) Neoplatonism
Fancy Neo-Pythagoreanism
Fatalism Noümenon
Form Object and Subject
Golden Rule Objectivism
Gymnosophists Occasionalism
Hearing Ontology
Hedonism Opinion
Heteronomy Organon
Humanism Oversoul
Hylozoism Palingenesis
Hypothesis Panentheism
Hysteron-proteron Panpsychism
Idea Parallelism, Psychophysical
Idealism Parsimony, Law of
Idiosyncrasy Perception
Imagination Peripatetics
Imitation Personality
Immanence Pessimism
Immortality Petitio Principii
Individualism Phenomenon
Induction Physiognomy
Infinite Platonic Love
Intellect Pleasure
Introspection Pluralism
Intuition Positivism
Ionian School of Philosophy Pragmatism
Instinct Predicables
Laughter Predication
Libertarianism Pre-existence, Doctrine of
Logos Presentationism
Materialism Probabilism
Megarian School of Philosophy Psychophysics
Meliorism Punishment
Metempsychosis Quintessence

160
 Rationalism Subjectivism
Realism Sublime
Reason Summum Bonum
Recept Syllogism
Relativity of Knowledge Syncretism
Reminiscence Synderesis
Retro-cognition Synechism
Rigorism Synthesis
Royal Society, The Taoism
Scepticism Taste
Scholasticism Teleology
Secularism Touch
Self Transcendentalism
Sensationalism Trilemma
Smell Trivium
Societies, Learned Utilitarianism
Solipsism Vision
Sophists Weber's Law
Space and Time Will
Spheres, Music of the
Stoics

Biographies

Alcinous
Abauzit, Firmin Alembert, Jean le Rond d'
Abelard, Peter Alexander of Aphrodisias
Abraham Ibn Daud Alexander of Hales
Achillini, Alessandro Algarotti, Francesco, Count
Adamson, Robert Ammonius Hermiae
Adelard (or Æthelard) Ammonius Saccas
Aedesius Anacharsis
Aenesidemus Anatoli, Jacob
Aeschines Anaxagoras
Agricola, Rodolphus Anaxarchus
Agrippa
Albertus Magnus

Psychical Research and Occultism

Subjects

Psychical Research

161
 Apparitions Odylic Force
Automatic Writing Palmistry
Automatism Poltergeist
Bibliomancy Premonition
Chiromancy Rosicrucianism
Clairvoyance Second Sight
Cock Lane Ghost Spiritualism
Crystal-gazing Subliminal Self
Death-warning Suggestion
Fire-walking Table-turning
Hallucination Telepathy
Hauntings Trance
Medium

Biographies

Cagliostro, Alessandro, Count

Alexander the Paphlagonian Home, Daniel Dunglas
Artemidorus
Blavatsky, Helena Petrovna

Physics
General

Gravitation
Science Hydrometer
Manometer
Adhesion Matter
Aether, or Ether Model
Aggregation Molecule
Barometer Perpetual Motion, or Perpetuum
Barometric Light Mobile
Capillary Action Pneumatics
Density Polarity
Diffusion Spherometer
Dimension Units, Physical
Energetics
Energy

Sound

Sound

162
 Acoustics Phonograph
Trumpet, Speaking and Hearing
Gramophone
Hearing

Light

Lantern
Light Lens
Optics Magneto-Optics
Microscope
Aberration Mirror
Absorption of Light Objective or Object Glass
Achromatism Phosphorescence
Actinometer Photography
Aperture Photometry
Binocular Instrument Polarization of Light
Calorescence Reflection of Light
Camera Lucida Refraction
Camera Obscura Shadow
Caustic Sky
Cinematograph Spectacles
Colour Spectroscopy
Diffraction of Light Speculum
Dispersion Stereoscope
Fluorescence Sun Copying or Photo Copying
Heliostat Vision
Illumination
Interference of Light
Kaleidoscope

Heat

Liquid Gases
Heat Pyrometer
Radiation, Theory of
Calorimetry Radiometer
Cold Thermodynamics
Condensation of Gases Thermometry
Conduction of Heat Vaporization
Fusion
Hypsometer

Magnetism

163
 Inclinometer
Magnetism Magnetograph
Magnetism, Terrestrial Magnetometer
Permeability, Magnetic
Agonic Lines Permeameter
Compass
Diamagnetism
Hysteresis

Electricity

Electrotyping
Electricity Fuze or Fuse
Atmospheric Electricity Galvanometer
Induction Coil
Accumulator Leyden Jar, or Condenser
Amperemeter or Ammeter Lighting
Armature Lightning
Battery Lightning Conductors
Conduction, Electric Meter, Electric
Dielectric Motors, Electric
Dynamo Ohmmeter
Earth Currents Oscillograph
Electrical or Electrostatic Machine Potentiometer
Electricity Supply Power Transmission
Electric Waves Röntgen Rays
Electrochemistry Telegraph
Electrokinetics Telephone
Electrolysis Thermoelectricity
Electromagnetism Transformers
Electrometallurgy Vacuum Tube
Electrometer Voltmeter
Electron Wattmeter
Electrophorus Wheatstone's Bridge
Electroplating
Electroscope
Electrostatics

Weights and Measures

As
Weights and Measures Auncel
Avoirdupois, or Averdupois
Acre Balance

164
 Barley-corn Inch
Barrel Metric System
Bushel Morgen
Calibration Ounce
Carat Peck
Carucate Pint
Cyclometer Pood
Demijohn Pound
Fathom Rod
Furlong Standard
Gallon Talent
Graduation Weighing Machine
Hogshead
Hour-glass

Biographies

Claudet, Antoine François Jean

Aepinus, Franz Ulrich Theodor Clausius, Rudolf Julius Emmanuel
Aldini, Giovanni Cornu, Marie Alfred
Alhazen Coulomb, Charles Augustin
Amontons, Guillaume Curie, Pierre
Ampère, André Marie Daguerre, Louis Jacques Mandé
Anderson, John Dallmeyer, John Henry
Angström, Anders Jonas De la Rive, Auguste Arthur
Arago, Dominique François Jean Della Porta, Giovanni Battista
Arnaldus de Villa Nova Dollond, John
Arrhenius, Svante August Duhamel, Jean Baptiste
Atwood, George Erman, Paul
Avogadro, Amedeo, Conte di Quaregna Fahrenheit, Gabriel Daniel
Ayrton, William Edward Fizeau, Armand Hippolyte Louis
Bache, Alexander Dallas Forbes, James David
Baker, Henry Forman, Simon
Beccaria, Giovanni Battista Foucault, Jean Bernard Léon
Becquerel (family) Fraunhofer, Joseph von
Bell, Alexander Graham Fresnel, Augustin Jean
Biot, Jean Baptiste Geissler, Heinrich
Boyle, Robert Gibbs, Josiah Willard
Brewster, Sir David Gilbert, William
Cagniard de la Tour, Charles Glaisher, James
Canton, John Gray, Elisha
Carnot, Sadi Nicolas Léonhard Grove, Sir William Robert
Cavallo, Tiberius Guericke, Otto von

165
 Harris, Sir William Snow Nicol, William
Helmholtz, Hermann Ludwig Niepce, Joseph Nicéphore
Ferdinand von Nobili, Leopoldo
Henry, Joseph Nollet, Jean Antoine
Hertz, Heinrich Rudolf Ohm, Georg Simon
Hooke, Robert Olmsted, Denison
Hughes, David Edward Papin, Denis
Jablochkov, Paul Peltier, Jean Charles Athanase
Joule, James Prescott Plateau, Joseph Antoine Ferdinand
Kater, Henry Poggendorff, Johann Christian
Kelvin, William Thomson, Baron Prévost, Pierre
Kirchhoff, Gustav Robert Rayleigh, John William Strutt, 3rd
König, Karl Rudolph Baron
Kundt, August Adolph Eduard Röntgen, Wilhelm Konrad
Eberhard Rowland, Henry Augustus
Lambert, Johann Heinrich Rumford, Benjamin Thompson, Count
Langley, Samuel Pierpont Saussure, Horace Bénédict de
Lichtenberg, Georg Christoph Siemens, Ernst Werner von
Lodge, Sir Oliver Joseph Stewart, Balfour
Malus, Étienne Louis Swan, Sir Joseph Wilson
Mariotte, Edme Tait, Peter Guthrie
Marum, Martin van Talbot, William Henry Fox
Matteucci, Carlo Thomson, James
Maxwell, James Clerk Torricelli, Evangelista
Mayer, Julius Robert Tyndall, John
Melloni, Macedonio Volta, Alessandro
Michell, John Weber, Wilhelm Eduard
Morse, Samuel Finley Breese Wheatstone, Sir Charles
Musschenbroek, Pieter van Wiedemann, Gustav Heinrich
Neckam, Alexander Young, Thomas
Nicholson, William

Religion and Theology

General

Anthropomorphism
Religion Asceticism
Theology Atheism
Deism
Agnosticism Devil
Apologetics Dogma
Apotheosis

166
 Dogmatic Theology Mysticism
Eschatology Mythology
Inspiration Pantheism
Immortality Theism
Miracle Theosophy
Missions

Doctrines and Terms

General

Eucharist
Absolution Excommunication
Amen Extreme Unction
Anathema Fasting
Antichrist Glory
Antitype Grace
Apostasy Hermeneutics
Atonement Hermit
Attrition Holy
Autocephalous Homiletics
Baptism Homily
Benediction Hospice
Catechism Interim
Catechumen Myrtyr
Catholic Millenium
Celibacy Mortuary
Chapel Necrology
Chiliasm Order, Holy
Church Pastoral Letter
Churching of Women Patron
Commendation Prayers for the Dead
Confession Preaching
Confirmation Predestination
Confirmation of Bishops Procession
Congregation Recusant
Convent Regular
Conversion Relics
Creatianism and Traducianism Reverend
Creeds Sacerdotalism
Diocese Sacrament
Enthusiasm Sect
Establishment Secular

167
 See Theocrary
Sin Tonsure
Sponsor Venerable
Syncellus Worship
Synod

History of Christianity

Church History to the Council of Trent

Subjects

(See also Reformation)

Heresies

Saints

(For Apostles see § Bible)

Christian Documents

Religious Orders

Biographies (see also § Saints)

Roman Catholic Church

Subjects

Biographies

Eastern Churches

Subjects

Biographies

Reformation

Subjects

Biographies

Church of England

168
(Including the Episcopal Church of Scotland)

Subjects

Biographies

Modern Continental Churches (Reformed)

Subjects

Biographies

Free Churches

(British Empire and United States, including the Established Church of Scotland)

Subjects

Biographies

Ecclesiastical Offices

Ecclesiology

(Liturgy, Ritual and Vestments)

(See also Art § Architecture)

Ecclesiastical Seasons

Bible and Biblical Criticism

Subjects

(See also Geography § Palestine)

Critics

Judaism

(See also History, § Jews, Bible and Biblical Criticism, and Literature, § Hebrew)

Biographies

169
Mahommedan Religion

Biographies

Comparative Religion and Folklore

(See also Anthropology and Ethnology, and the sections on religion in the articles China,
Egypt, India, Japan, etc.)

General

Greek and Roman

Cybele
Greek Religion Cyclopes
Roman Religion Danae
Danaus
Abaris Daphnephoria
Abundantia Delia
Acheron Delphinia
Actaeon Demeter
Adytum Demetria
Aeacus Deucalion
Aegis Diana
Artemis Dione
Arval Brothers Dionysia
Atlas Dionysus
Augeas Dirce
Bacchanalia Dryades
Cabeiri Echo
Callisto Egeria
Camillus and Camilla Elysium
Carnea Epimenides
Castor and Pollux Epona
Ceres Erebus
Charon Erechtheus
Chimaera Erigone
Chiron Erinyes
Cocytus Eris
Concordia Eros
Consus Eumenides
Corybantes Eumolpus
Cupid

170
Europa Ixion
Eurydice Janus
Fama Juno
Fate Jupiter
Fauna Juturna
Faunus Juventas
Flora Lamia
Fortuna Lapithae
Furies Lares
Ganymede Latona
Genius Laverna
Geryon Lectisternium
Glaucus Lethe
Gorgon Liber and Libera
Graces, The Libitina
Harmonia Linus
Harpies Lucina
Harpocrates Lupercalia
Haruspices Lycaon
Hebe Maenads
Hecate Maia
Hecatomb Manes
Hephaestus Mars
Hera Marsyas
Hercules Mater Matuta
Hermae Medea
Hermaphroditus Melampus
Hermes Melicertes
Hesperides Memnon
Hesperus Mercury
Hestia Minerva
Hippocrene Minos
Horae Minotaur
Hyacinthus Mopsus
Hydra Morpheus
Hygieia Muses, The
Hylas Mystery
Hymen Narcissus
Hyperion Necessitas
Iapetus Nectar
Idas Nemensis
Io Nemorensis Lacus
Iris Neptune

171
Nikë Salus
Nymphs Saturn
Oceanus Satyrs
Olen Scylla and Charybdis
Onomacritus Secular Games
Orion Selēnē
Orpheus Semele
Oscilla Sēmbō Sancus
Pacan Sibyls
Pales Silenus
Palladium Silvanus
Pan Sirens
Panathenaca Sisyphus
Pandora Somnes
Pegasus Spes
Penates Styx
Phaëthon Summānus
Pherecydes of Leros Tages
Phorcys Tantalus
Picus Tartarus
Pietas Terminus
Pleiades Thargelia
Pluto Themis
Plutus Theseus
Pomona Thesmorphoria
Pontifex Thetis
Portunus Thyrsus
Titans
Poseidon Tithonus
Priapus Triptolemus
Prometheus Triton
Proserpine Typhon
Proteus Uranus
Psyche Venus
Pyanepsia Vertumnus
Python Vesta
Quirinus Virbius
Rhadamanthus Vulcan
Rhea Zephyrus
Sabazius Zeus
Salii
Salmoneus

172
Asia, Asia Minor and Egypt

Buto
Abhidhamma Confucius
Adad Criobolium
Adonis Curetes
Agni Dagon
Ahriman Deva
Ammon Devadatta
Ananda Dhammapāla
Anu Draupadi
Anubis Druses
Apis Durga or Devi
Apsaras Dusserah
Arjuna Ea
Arya Samaj Eabani
Asmodeus Egbo
Assur Ereshkigal
Astarte Fakir
Asvins Fum
Atargatis Gahanbar
Atharva Veda Gandharva
Attis Ganesa
Avadana Genna
Avatar Gilgamesh, Epic of
Baal Granth
Babylonian and Assyrian Religion Great Mother of the Gods
Baetylus Gula
Barlaam and Josaphat Hadad
Bel Hanuman
Bes or Bēsas Harischandra
Bhima Hermes Trismegistus
Bonze Hinduism
Bo-tree Horus
Brahman Indra
Brāhmana Ishtar
Brahmanism Isis
Brahma Samaj Jains
Brihaspati Jātaka
Bubastis Jinn
Buddha Joss
Buddhaghosa Jugernaut
Buddhism Juju

173
 Jumala Osiris
Kabir Parsees
Kali Peepul
Kama or Kamadeva Phoenix
Karma Praying-Wheel
Kartikeya Rawendis
Keshub Chunder Sen Re
Kilin or Ch‘-i-lin Rudra
Krishna Sadhu
Kshattriya Sankara Acharya
Kubera Sarasuarti
Lakshmi Sargon
Lamaism Sariputta
Lao-Tsze Sāsana Vamsa
Lilith Serapis
Lingayat Shamanism
Lumbini Shamash
Lung (dragon) Sikhism
Mahayana Sin (moon-god)
Maitreya Siva
Manetho Soma
Manu Sphinx
Marduk Suttee
Maruts Taurobolium
Medhankara Thoth
Mencius Usas
Mithras Varuna
Nagarjuna Vishnu
Nebo Yama
Nergal Yezidis
Nikāya Yogi
Ninib Zalmoxis
Nirvana Zend-Avesta
Nusku Zoroaster
Oannes
Ormazd

European and American

Barghest
Avalon Befana
Balder Belit
Banshee Beltane

174
 Berchta Herne the Hunter
Berserker Hertha or Herthus
Bifrost Hiawatha
Bragi Huitzilopochtli
Builders' Rites Hulda
Buri Idun or Iduna
Druidism Irmin
Eden Hall, Luck of Kraken
Elf Lorelei
Erlkönig Need-Fire
Fafnir Nixie
Fairy Norns
Fenrir Oberon
Flying Dutchman Odin
Frey Ogre
Freyia Smohalla
Frigg Thor
Gabriel Hounds Tyr
Ghost Dance Valhalla
Gimli Valkyries
Gjallar Warlock
Gladsheim Wayland the Smith
Gnomes Woden
Hallowe’en Yggdrasil
Heimdal
Hel, or Hela

Sports and Pastimes

Athlete
Athletic Sports Auction Pitch
Aunt Sally
Ace Automatism
Acrobat Baccarat
Acrostic Backgammon
All Fours Badminton
All-Round Athletics Bagatelle
Amateur Ball
Ambigu Bank
Anagram Barley-Break
Angling Barnum, Phineas Taylor
Apperley, Charles James Baseball
Archery Basketball

175
Basset or Bassette Consolation
Battledore and Shuttlecock Conundrum
Battue Cottabus
Bear-Baiting and Bull-Baiting Coursing
Beggar-my-Neighbour Crambo
Bet and Betting Cribbage
Bézique Cricket
Billiards Croquet
Birdsnesting Curling
Biribi Cycling
Bisque Decoy
Blind Hookey Deuce
Blindman’s-buff Diabolo
Blondin Dice
Blow-gun Discus
Bolas Doll
Boston Dominoes
Botori Dover, Robert
Bouillotte Draughts
Bowling Driving
Bowls Écarté
Boxing Epée-de-combat
Brag Euchre
Bridge Falconry
Bull-fighting Fantan
Caber Tossing Faro
Caestus Fast and Loose
Calabresella Fencing
Camping Out Fives
Cane-fencing Foil-Fencing
Canoe Football
Cards, Playing Game
Casino Game Laws
Catch the Ten Games, Classical
Charade Gaming and wagering
Checkers Gladiators
Chess Go or Go-bang
Children’s Games Golf
Circus Goose, Game of
Coasting Gordon-Cumming, R. G.
Cock-fighting Grace, William Gilbert
Commerce Guide
Conjuring Gully, John

176
Gymkhana Naumachia
Gymnastics and Gymnasium Nine Men’s Morris
Halma Old Maid
Hammer Throwing Ombre
Handicap Pachisi
Hazard Palaestra
Hearts Pall-Mall
Hockey Pallone
Hop-scotch Patience
Horsemanship Petola
Horse-Racing Petits-Chavaux
Hoyle, Edmund or Edmond Philately
Hunting Philidor, François André Danican
Hurdle Racing Pigeon-Flying
Ice-yachting Pigeon-shooting
Jockey Pig-Sticking or Hog-Hunting
Jones, Henry (“Cavendish”) Ping-Pong or Table Tennis
Jugler Pinochle or Penuchle
Ju-jutsu or Jiu-jitsu Piquet
Jumping Poker
Katterfelto Pole-Vaulting
Keddah Polo
Kite-flying Ponte
Knucklebones Pope-Joan
Lacrosse Popinjay
La Grâce Post and Pair
Lansquenet Potato-Race
Lasso Prestidigitation
Lawn-Tennis Primero
Legerdemain Prisoners’ Base
Long Fives Pugilism
Loo Pushball
Lotto Putting the Shot (or Weight)
Marbles Puzzle
Matador Quarter-staff
Matrimony Quintain
Milo Quoits
Model-Yachting Racquets
Mora or Morra. Raffle
Morphy, Paul Charles Rebus
Mountaineering Riddles
Mummers Riding
Napoleon Ringgoal

177
 Roller-skating Stilts
Rope-Walking Stool-Ball
Roulette Swimming
Rounders Switchback
Rowing Tamburello
Running Tarok
Sabre-Fencing Teetotum
St John, Charles William George Tennis
Salta Tip-cat
Sanger, John Tobogganing
Sayers, Tom Top
Scull Toreador
Shikar Tournament
Shio-ghi Toy
Shooting Trap
Shuffle-board Trap-Ball or Knur and Spell
Single-stick Trapeze or Trapese
Skat Trente et Quarante
Skating Tug-of-War
Ski Tussaud, Marie
Skittles Ventriloquism
Snip Snap Snorum Vingt-et-Un
Solotaire Vint
Solo or Solo whist Walking-races
Speculation Walsh, John Henry
Spelling Bee Wapenshaw
Spillikins Water Polo
Spoil-Five Webb, Matthew
Sport Weight-Throwing
Sports, The Book of Whist
Squails Wrestling
Stadium Yachting
Steeple-Chase
Stické

Miscellaneous
Chronology

Aeon
Chronology Almanac
April
Ab August

178
 Bissext March
Calendar May
Centenary Monday
Century Month
Day Morning
Decade Night
December Noon
Dial and Dialling November
Fasti October
February Olympiad
Friday Saros
Hejira or Hegira Season
Hindu Chronology September
Hour Scothic Period
Intercalary Sunday or the Lord’s Day
January Time, Measurement of
July Week
June Yule
Lady Day
Leap Year

Costume and Toilet

Chatelaine
Costume Cravat
Toilet Crinoline
Cuff
Aigrette Cummerbund
Aiguillette Depilatory
Apron Dolman
Backscratcher D’Orsay, Count
Baldric Doublet
Bandana, or Bandanna Dress
Beard Farthingale
Beaver Frock
Blouse Gaberdine or Gabardine
Bonnet Girdle
Braid Glove
Brummell, G. B. (Beau) Golosh or Gaslosh
Burnous Gown
Buskin Haik
Caftan Hat
Chape Hood

179
 Hose Queue
Jerkin Robes
Kaross Sandal
Kilt Scarf
Kohl Shampoo
Mantle Shirt
Mitten Sleeve
Mocassin Snow-Shoes
Moustache Sombrero
Muff Sporran
Nash, R. (Beau) Stocking
Parasol Tabard
Patten Tarbrush
Pelisse Towel
Peruke Trousers
Petticoat Tunic
Plaid Turban
Pomade Veil
Pomander Whisker
Poncho Wig
Puttee or Puttie

Manners and Customs

Bonfire
Abraham-men Booth
Alme, or Almai Bounds, Beating the
Applause Boy-Bishop
April Fools’ Day or All Fools’ Day Bravo
Arvals, Arvels or Arthels Bride
Ass, Feast of the Cadger
Banners, Feast of Calumet
Bartholomew Fair Cannibalism
Bauble Catafalque
Bazaar Cateran
Beacon Cenotaph
Bean-feast Champion
Bear-leader Chapelle Ardente
Bedesman or Beadsman Chaperon
Betrothal Charivari
Blackball Cheering
Blood-money Chibouque or Chibouk
Bluestocking Chopsticks

180
Cicisbeo Lord Mayor’s Day
Coffin Luncheon
Cogers Hall Mascot
Commemoration Matachines
Commers Misrule, Lord of
Coronach Month’s Mind
Cramp-rings Motley
Cross-Roads, Burial at Morning
Curfew Mummy
Dandy Nargile or Nargilch
Dinner Nautch
Dole Odalisque
Ducking and Cucking Stools Pall
Duenna Picnic
Embalming Posey
First-foot Potlatch
Fools, Feast of Pujah or Pooja
Geisha Purdah
Handfasting Retinue
Handsel Salaam
Hari-Kiri Salutations
Harvest Scalping
Health Slogan
Hearse Snuff
Heart-burial Symposium
Henchman Tarring and Feathering
Hock-tide Tent
Hodening Tomahawk
Hogmanay Vendetta
Honeymoon Visiting Cards
Hookah Waits
Horn Dance Wake
Jester Wampum
Kief, Kef or Keif Wassail
Kiss Wayzgoose
Kowtow or Koton Wedding
Lammas Wigwam
Levee Wreath
Lich-Gate

181
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CONTRIBUTORS TO

THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA

(11TH EDITION)

AND THE PRINCIPAL ARTICLES SIGNED BY THEM

The Initials in brackets indicate the Signature adopted to distinguish the

Contributor.

A
Contents: Top · A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

ABBE, CLEVELAND, A.M., LL.D. (C. A.)

Meteorology.

ABBOTT, LAURENCE. (L. A.*)

Roosevelt, Theodore.

ABBOTT, REV. LYMAN, D.D. (L. A.)

182
 Beecher, Henry Ward.

ABNEY, SIR WILLIAM DE WIVELESLIE, K.C.B.,

D.C.L., D.Sc., F.R.S. (W. de W. A.)

Photography.

ABRAHAMS, ISRAEL, M.A. (I. A.)

Jews, Dispersion to Modern Times; and articles on

Jewish Subjects, Scholars, &c.

ADAMS, BRAMAN BLANCHARD. (B. B. A.)

Railways, Accident Statistics; Signal, Army Signalling

(in part), and Railway Signalling (in part).

ADAMS, PROF. FRANK DAWSON, D.Sc., Ph.D.,

F.R.S. (F. D. A.)

British Columbia (in part); Quebec (in part); Queen

Charlotte Islands; Vancouver Island.

ADAMS, PROF. GEORGE BURTON, A.M., B.D.,

Ph.D., Litt.D. (G. B. A.)

Feudalism.

ADAMSON, ROBERT, M.A., LL.D. (R. Ad.)

183
 Bacon, Francis; Bacon, Roger; Berkeley, Bishop;
Butler, Bishop (in part); Category (in part); Fichte;
Hume, David (in part); Kant (in part); &c.

ADDIS, REV. WILLIAM E., M.A. (W. E. A.)

Order, Holy.

ADDISON, REV. DANIEL DULANY. (D. D. A.)

Protestant Episcopal Church.

AIRY, OSMUND, M.A., LL.D. (O. A.)

Penn, William: Russell Lord William; Shaftesbury. 1st

earl of; Sidney, Algernon; Somers, John, Lord.

AIRY, WILFRED, M.Inst.C.E. (W. AY.)

Tacheometry; Weighing Machines.

AITKEN, JOHN, LL.D., F.R.S. (J. A.*)

Dust.

AKERS, CHARLES EDWARD. (C. E. A.)

Brazil, History (in part); Chile, History (in part); Peru,

History (in part).

184
ALABASTER, CHALONER GRENVILLE. (C. G.
ALA.)

Money-Lending.

ALCOCK, CHARLES WILLIAM. (C. W. A.)

Football, Association (in part).

ALEXANDER, REV. WILLIAM LINDSAY, D.D.,

LL.D. (W. L. A.)

Calvin (in part).

ALLBUTT, SIR THOMAS CLIFFORD, K.C.B., M.A..

M.D.. D.Sc., LL.D., F.R.S. (T. C. A.)

Lister, 1st Baron; Medicine, Modern Progress;

Semmelweiss, Ignatz.

ALLEN, PERCY STAFFORD, M.A. (P. S. A.)

Erasmus (in part).

ALLEN, THOMAS WILLIAM, M.A. (T. W. A.)

Homer (in part).

ALLMAN, PROF. GEORGE JOHNSTON, M.A.,

LL.D.. D. Sc., F.R.S. (J. G. A.)

185
 Ptolemy (in part); Pythagoras, Geometry; Thales (in
part).

ALPHANDERY, PROF. PAUL DANIEL. (P. A.)

Albigenses; Apostolici; Auto-da-Fé; Flagellants;

Fraticelli; Inquisition, John XXII. (pope); &c.

ANCHEL, ROBERT. (R. A.*)

Boissy D'Anglas, F. A. de; Cambon, Pierre Joseph;

Convention. The National; Cordeliers, Club of the;
Hérault de Séchelles; Louis XVI.; &c.

ANDERSON, ADELAIDE MARY, M.A. (A. M. AN.)

Labour Legislation.

ANDERSON, JOHN GEORGE CLARK, M.A. (J. G. C.

A.)

Aneyra; Angora; Galatia; Gordium; Kastamuni;

Pontus; Sinope; &c.

ANDERSON, JOSEPH, LL.D. (J. AN.)

Barrow; Crannog; Lake Dwellings; Tumulus.

ANDERSON, WILLIAM, F.R.G.S. (W. AN.)

Japan, Japanese Art (in part).

186
ANDERSON, LIEUT.-COL. WILLIAM PATRICK,
M.Inst.C.E., F.R.G.S. (W. P. A.)

Erie, Lake; Great Lakes; Michigan, Lake; Ontario,

Lake, St Lawrence, River; Superior, Lake.

ANDREWS, PROF. HERBERT THOMAS. (H. T. A.)

Catechumen; Igntius; Logia; Missions (in part);

Polycarp; Presbyter.

ANTROBUS, SIR REGINALD LAURENCE, K.C.M.G.

(R. L. A.)

St Helena (in part).

ARBER, EDWARD, D.Litt., F.S.A. (E. A.)

Smith, John (1580-1631).

ARCHER, THOMAS ANDREW, M.A. (T. A. A.)

Salvian; Silvester II (pope); Templars (in part); Ursula,

St (in part) ; Vincent of Beauvais.

ARMITAGE, REV. ELKANAH, M.A. (E. AR.*)

Superintendent; Zwingli.

ARMSTRONG, EDWARD, M.A. (E. AR.)

187
 Charles V.

ARMSTRONG, PROF. HENRY EDWARD, Ph.D,

LL.D., F.R.S. (H. E. A.)

Valency.

ARMSTRONG, SIR WALTER. (W. AR.)

Orchardson, Sir W. Q.

ARNDT, WALTER TALLMADGE, A.M. (W. T. AR.)

New York (in part).

ARNOLD, CHANNING, M.A. (C. AR.)

Australia, Aborigines.

ARNOLD, MATTHEW. (M. A.)

Sainte-Beuve.

ASCOLI, PROF. GRAZIADIO I. (G. I. A.)

Italian language (in part).

ASHBY, THOMAS, M.A., D.Litt., F.S.A. (T. As.)

Italy, Geography and Statistics; and articles on Italian

Topography and Archaeology.

188
ASHWORTH, PHILIP A., M.A., D.Juris. (P. A. A.)

Alace-Lorraine : Bavaria, Statistics; Berlin; Germany,

Geography; Gneist; Simson, Martin E. von; &c.

ATHERTON, GERTRUDE FRANKLIN. (G. A.*)

Rézanov.

ATKINSON, CAPTAIN CHARLES FRANCIS. (C. F.

A.)

American Civil War; Arms and Armour, Firearms;

Army; Artillery; France, Army; French, Revolutionary
Wars, Military operations; Great Rebellion; Infantry;
Uniforms; &c.

ATKINSON, JOSEPH BEAVINGTON. (J. B. A.)

Kaulbach; Overbeck, Schadow.

ATWATER, WILBUR OLIN, Ph.D. (W. O. A.)

Dietetics (in part).

ATWOOD, REV. ISAAC MORGAN, M.A.,D.D, LL.D.

(I.M.A.)

Universalist Church.

AUSTEN, ERNEST E. (E. E. A.)

189
 Diptera; Flea; Mosquito; Tetse-fly.

AXON, WILLIAM EDMUND ARMYTAGE LL.D.

(W.E.A.A.)

Manchester; Roscoe, William; Salford.

B
Contents: Top · A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

BABELON, PROF. ERNEST CHARLES FRANCOIS.

(E. B.*)

Africa, Roman; Carthage, Ancient; Hadrumentum;

Leptis

BABER, EDWARD CRESSWELL, M.A. (E. C. B.*)

Ear, Diseases.

BACHER, PROF. WILLIAM, Ph.D. (W. BA.)

Abenera; Elias Levita: Gamaliel; Hillel; Jonah, Rabbi;

Kimhi; Rabbi; Shammai.

BACON, REV. BENJAMIN WISNER, A.M., D.D.,

Litt.D., LI.D. (B. W. B.)

James, Epistle of; Jude, The General Epistle of.

190
BADEN-POWELL, MAJOR BADEN F. S., F.R.A.S.,
F.R.Met.S. (B. F. S. B.-P.)

Kite-flying.

BAGWELL, RICHARD M.A., LL.D. (R. BA.)

Ireland, Modern History.

BAILEY, CYRIL, M.A. (C. BA.)

Roman Religion.

BAILEY, JOHN EGLINTON. (J. E. B.)

Cryptography.

BAILEY, LIBERTY HYDE, LL.D. (L. H. B.)

Horticulture, American (in part).

BAIN, ROBERT NISBET. (R. N. B.)

Hungary, History (in part); Poland, History (in part);

Philippine Islands, Sweden,History (in part); and
Hungarian, Polish, Russian and Swedish biographies.

BAINES, SIR JERVOISE ATHELSTANE, C.S.I. (J. A.

B.)

Census; Population.
191
BAIRD, SPENCER FULLERTON, LL.D. (S. F. B.)

Henry, Joseph.

BAIRD, WILLIAM RAIMOND, LL.D. (W. R. B.*)

Fraternities, College.

BAKER, HENRY FREDERICK, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S. (H.

F. BA.)

Differential Equation; Function, Functions of Complex

Variables.

BAKER, JULIAN LEVETT, F.I.C. (J. L. B.)

Fermentation

BALCARRES, LORD, M.P., F.S.A. (B.)

Art Galleries; Museums of Art.

BALDRY, ALFRED LYS. (A. L. B.)

Fortuny.

BALDWIN, HON. SIMEON EBEN, M.A., LL.D. (S. E.

B.)

American Law; Conveyancing, United States;

Extradition, United States.
192
BALE, EDWIN, R.L.(E. BA.)

Process.

BALFOUR, PROF. ISAAC BAYLEY, M. D., F.R.S. (I.

B. B.)

Angiosperms (in part).

BALL, REV. CHARLES JAMES, M.A. (C. J. B.*)

Lamentations.

BALL, SIR ROBERT STAWELL, LL.D., F.R.S. (R. S.

B.)

Nebular Theory.

BALLANTYNE, ROBERT MICHAEL. (R. M. B.)

Life-boat, British (in part).

BALLIN, JACOB SAMUEL. (J. S. B.)

Apprenticeship.

BALZANI, COUNT UGO, Litt.D. (U. B.)

Villani, Giovanni.

BARCLAY, SIR THOMAS. (T. BA.)

193
 International Law ; Neutrality; Peace: and articles on
other subjects connected with International Law.

BARING, THE HON. MAURICE. (M. BA.)

Taine.

BARKER, PROF. ALDRED FARRER, M.Sc. (A. F. B.)

Alpaca; Felt; Wool, Worsted and Woollen

Manufactures.

BARKER, ERNEST, M.A. (E. BR.)

Crusades; Diet; Emperor: Empire ; Peter the Hermit:

Tancred ; Teutonic Order; &c.

BARLOW, SIR HILARO WILLIAM WELLESLEY,

BART. (H. W. B.)

Sword, Modern Military (in part).

BARNABEI, FELICE, Litt.D. (F. B.)

Herculaneum.

BARNES, REV. WILLIAN EMERY, M.A., D.D. (W. F.

B.)

Ecclesiasticus.

194
BARRATT, J. ARTHUR, LL.B. (J. A. BA.)

Admiralty jurisdiction, United States.

BARRON, OSWALD, F.S.A. (O. BA.)

Arms and Armour, English; Butler, Family; Costume,

Medieval and Modern European; Genealogy, Modern;
Heraldry; Howard, Family; Russell, Family; &c.

BARTLET, PROF. JAMES VERNON, M.A., D.D. (J. V.

B.)

Acts of the Apostles; Apostle; Congregationalism;

Hebrews, Epistle to the; Matthew, St; Luke, St; Paul
the Apostle ; &c.

BARTLETT, JAMES. (J. BT.)

Building; Carpentry; Heating; Masonry; Roofs;

Sewerage: Timber; Ventilation; &c.

BARTLEY, SIR GEORGE CHRISTOPHER TROUT,

K.C.B. (G. C. T. B.)

Savings Banks (in part).

BARTOLI, ADOLFO. (A. BA.)

Italian Literature (in part).

195
BARWICK, GEORGE FREDERICK. (G. F. B.)

Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg; Alice, Grand-Duchess

of Hesse: Dhuleep Singh; Lavigeric; Midhat Pasha.

BASTABLE, PROF. CHARLES FRANCIS, M.A.,LL.D.

(C .F .B.)

Bimetallism; Decimal Coinage; English Finance;

Finance; Monetary Conferences; Money; Seigniorage;
Token Money.

BATESON, MISS MARY. (M. BAT.)

Borough, English.

BATHER, FRANCIS ARTHUR, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S. (F.

A. B.)

Echinederma; Starfish.

BAUERMANN, HILARY, F.G.S. (H. B.)

Anthracite: Coal (in part); Coke; Fuel, Solid; Safety-

lamp.

BAXENDALE, WALTER. (W. B.)

Dog (in part).

BEALBY, JOHN T. (J. T. BE.)

196
 Russia, Geography and Statistics, (in part); Caucasia;
St Petersburg (in part); and other articles on Russian
topography.

BEARE,THOMAS HUDSON, M.Inst.C.E., M.Inst.M.E.

(T. H. B.)

Water Motors.

BEAZLEY, PROF. CHARLES RAYMOND, m.A.,

D.Litt, F.R.G.S., F.R.Hist.S. (C. R. B.)

Columbus, Christopher; Cook, Captain; Hakluyt (in

part); Henry the Navigator; Mercator; Polo, Marco (in
part); Ptolemy (in part) ; Sindbad the Sailor, Voyages
of; &c.

BECK, FREDERICK GEORGE MEESON, M.A. (F. G.

M. B.)

Germany, Ethnography and Early History; Sweden,

Early History; Ætheired; Deira: Goths (in part);
Lombards (in part); Mercia; Northumbria; Saxons;
Wessex; &c.

BECKE, ARCHIBALD FRANK. (A. F. B.*)

Waterloo Campaign.

BEDDARD, FRANK EVERS, M.A., F.R.S. (F. E. B.)

197
 Earth-worm; Leech, Nernatoda (in part).

BELL,, HON. ARCHIBALD GRAEME, M.Inst.C.B.

(A.G.B.*)

Georgetown (British Guiana); Guiana

BELL, CHARLES PREDERIC MOBERLY. (C. F. M.

B.)

Nubar Pasha.

BELL, GERTRUDE MARGARET LOTHIAN. (G. BE.)

Druses. (in part).

BELL, LOUIS, Ph.D. (L. BL.)

Motors, Electric. Power Transmission, Electrical.

BELL, MALCOLM. (M. BE.)

Pewter; Sheffield Plate; Watts, George Frederick.

BEMONT, CHARLES, D. ès L., D.LItt. (C. B.*)

France, Bibliography of History: Annals: Béarn:

Chronicle; Commines; Gascony; Sorel, Albert; Thou.
Jacques do; &c.

BENEDITE, PROF. LEONCE. (L. BE.)

198
 Painting, Modern French; Sculpture, Modern French.

BENNETT, REV. WILLIAM HENRY, M.A., D.D.,

D.Litt. (W. H. BE.)

Angel; Atonement: Balaam: Beelzebub; Gomer; Ham;

Japhet, Lamech; Nimrod; Noah; Seth.

BENSON, ARTHUR CHRISTOPHER, C.V.O., M.A. (A.

C. BE.)

Church, Dean.

BERNARD, VERY REV. JOHN HENRY, M.A., D.D.,

D.C.L. (J. H. BE)

Ireland, Church of.

BERNSTEIN, EDUARD. (E. BN.)

Marx, Heinrich Karl.

BERRY, GEORGE ANDREAS, M.B., F. R. C. S., F. R.

S. (Edin.) (G. A. BE.)

Eye, Diseases.

BESANT, SIR WALTER. (W. BE.)

Froissart; Jefferies.

199
BETHELL, LIEUT.-COL. HENRY ARTHUR. (H. A.
B.)

Ordnance, Field Artillery Equipment.

BEVAN, EDWYN ROBERT, M.A. (E. R. B.)

Alexander the Great; Demetricis of Macedonia;

Hellenism; Macedonian Empire; Lysimachus;
Perdiccas; Philip I, II, and V. of Macedonia; Ptolemics;
Selcucid Dynasty.

BHOWNAGGREE, SIR MANCHERJEE

MERWANJEE, K. C. I. E. (M. M. BH)

Aga Khan; Jeejeebhoy; Patel; Readymoney, Sir C. J.;

Takhtsingji.

BIDWELL,SHELFORD, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S. (S.BI.)

Magnetism.

BIGG, REV. CHARLES, M.A., D.D. (G BI.)

Clement of Alexandria (in part) ; Philo (in part)

BIGGAR, CHARLES ROBERT WEBSTER, M.A.,

K.C. (C. R. W. B.)

Mowat, Sir Oliver.

200
BIGGAR, HENRY PERCIVAL. (H. P. B.)

Cabot, John: Cartier, Jacques.

BILSON, JOHN. (J. BN.)

Architecture, Romanesque and Gothic (in England).

BINGHAM, PROF. HIRAM, A. M., Ph.D. (H. BI.)

Philippine Islands, History.

BINYON, LAURENCE. (L. B.)

Burne-Jones, Sir E.; China, Chinese Art,. Lawson,

Cecil Gordon.

BIRDWOOD, SIR GEORGE CHRISTOPHER

MOLESWORTH, K.C.I.E. (G. B.)

Incense.

BISHOP, ISABELLA L. (I. L. B.)

Korea (in part).

BLACK, C. E. D. (C. E. D. B.)

Kashgar (in part).

BLACK, JOHN A. (J. A. BL.)

201
 Proof-reading (in part).

BLACK, REV. JOHN SUTHERLAND, MA., LL.D. (J.

S. BL.)

Fasting: Feasts and Festivals: Free Church of Scotland

(in part) Huss, John; Kashgar (in part); Mary the
mother of Jesus (in part); Mazzini; Missal; Nestorius
(in part).

BLACKMAN, PROF. VERNON HERBERT, M.A.,

D.Sc. (V. H. B.)

Bacteriology, Botany; Fungi (in part); Lichens (in

part).

BLAIN, WILLIAM, C.B. (W. BL.)

National Debt, Conversions (in part).

BLAIR, ANDREW ALEXANDER. (A. A. B.)

Assaying

BLONDAL, SIGFUS. (S. BL.)

Hallgrimsson; Iceland, Recent Literature; Sigurdsson,

Jón; Thomsen, Grimur; Thoroddsen, Jón.

BLOUNT, BERTRAM, F.C.S., F.I.C. (B. BL.)

202
 Cement

BLOWITZ, HENRI S. A. de. (DE. B.)

Lesseps, Ferdinand de; Paris, History (in part).

BLUNT, CHARLES JASPER, A.O.D. (C. J. B.)

Mohmand Campaign; Tirah Campaign.

BLUNT, HERBERT WILLIAM, M.A. (H. W. B.*)

Logic, History.

BLYTH, JAMES, M.A, LLD. (J. BL.)

Graduation.

BODLEY, JOHN EDWARD COURTENAY, M.A. (J. E.

C. B.)

France, History, 1870-1910.

BOLTZMANN, LUDWIG. (L. BO.)

Model.

BONAR, JAMES, M.A., LL.D. (J. B.)

Socialism

203
BORLEY, JAMES OLIVER, M.A. (J. O. B.)

Dredge and Dredging, Marine; Trawling, Seining and

Netting.

BOSANQUET, ROBERT HOLFORD MACDOWALL,

M.A., F.R.S., F.R.A.S. (R. H. M. B.)

Organ, Modern.

BOTSFORD, PROF. GEORGE WILLIS, A.M., Ph.D.

(G. W. B.)

Amphictyony; Areopagus.

BOUDINHON, PROF. AUGUSTE, D.D., D.C.L. (A.

BO.*)

Canon Law, General; Cardinal; Conclave; Concordat;

Consistory; Curia Roniana; Decretals; Index Librorum
Prohibitorum; Infallibility; Pope; Syllabus.

BOULENGER, GEORGE A., Ph.D., D.Se., F.R.S. (G. A.

B.)

Axolol; Batrachia; Carp; Cat-fish; Cod; Flat-fish;

lchthiology (in part); Salmon and Salenidae; Trout;
&c.

BOULGER, DEMETRIUS CHARLES. (D. C. B.)

204
 Belgium, Geography and Statistics; Antwerp; Bruges;
Brussels; Raffles, Sir Stamford; Tournai.

BOURCHIER, JAMES DAVID, M.A., F.R.G.S. (J. D.

B.)

Athens; Balkan Peninsula: Bulgaria; Crete, Geography

and Statistics and Modern History; Greece, Geography
and Modern History; Greek Literature, (III.) Modern;
Macedonia; Montenego; &c.

BOURNE, PROF. GILBERT CHARLES, M.A., D.Sc.,

F.L.S., F.R.S. (G. C. B.)

Anthotoa; Coral-reefs.

BOUSSET, PROF. WILHELM. (W. BO.)

Antichrist; Basilides; Gnosticism; Valentinus and the

Valentinians.

BOUTELL, REV. CHARLES, M.A. (C. B.)

Effigies (in part).

BOWER, PROF. FREDERICK ORPEN, D.Sc., F.R.S.

(F. O. B.)

Hofmeister; Mohl, Hugo von.

205
BOX, REV. GEORGE HERBERT, M.A. (G. H. BO.)

John the Baptist; Joseph (New Testamen); Jubilee, Year

of (in part) ; Nahum; Phylactery (in part) ; Shekinah;
Teraphim (in part); Urim and Thummim.

BOYLE, VERY REV. GEORGE DAVID, M.A., D.D. (G.

D. B.)

Coleridge, S. T. (in part).

BRABROOK, SIR EDWARD WILLIAM, C.B., F.S.A.

(E. W. B.)

Building Societies, United Kingdom: Friendly

Societies.

BRADFORD, PROF. JOHN ROSE, M.D., D.Sc.,

F.R.C.P., F.R.S. (J. R. B.)

Kidney Diseases (in part).

BRADLEY, VERY REV. GEORGE GRANVILLE,

M.A., D.D. (G. G. B.)

Stanley, Dean.

BRADLEY, HENRY, KA,, Ph.D. (H. BR.)

206
 English Literature (I.); Beowulf; Cædmon; Cynewlf;
Heliand; Orm; Riddles; Slang.

BRAEKSTAD, HANS LIEN. (H. L. B.)

Norway, History, 1814-1907.

BRAMWELL, EDWIN, .F.R.C.P., F.R.S.(Edin.). (E.

BRA.)

Hysteria (in part).

BRANDIN, PROF. LOUIS MAURICE, M.A. (L. M. BR.)

Anglo-Norman Literature.

BRANDIS, SIR DIETRICH,K. C. I. E., F.R.S. (D. BR.)

Teak (in part).

BRANNER, PROF. JOHN CASPER, Ph.D., LL.D. (J. C.

BR.)

South America.

BRAUN, JOSEPH, S.J. (J. BRA.)

Pastoral Staff; Rochet (in part); Stole; Surplice (in

part)

BRAYSHAW, ALFRED NEAVE, LLB. (A. N. B.)

207
 Friends, Society of.

BRECK, EDWARD, N.A., Ph.D. (E. B.)

Base-ball; Foil-fencing; Football, American (in part);

Kite-flying (in part) ; Sabre-fencing.

BRETT, MICHAEL. (M. BT.)

Salvage, Military.

BRICKWOOD, EDWIN DAMPIER. (E. D. B.)

Horse, History; Horse-racing (in part).

BRIDGE, ADMIRAL SIR CYPRIAN ARTHUR

GEORGE, G.C.B. (C. A. G. B.)

Sea, Command of the; Sea-Power; Signal, Marine

Signalling (in part).

BRIGHTMAN, REV. FRANK EDWARD, M.A., Ph.D.,

D. Litt.(F. E. BR.)

Serapion.

BRILIANT, OSCAR. (O. BR.)

Austria, Statistics; Austria-Hungary, Statistics;

Bohemia, Geography and Statistics; Hungary,

208
 Geography and Statistics; Budapest; Carpathian
Mountains (in part).

BRINKLEY, CAPTAIN FRANK, R.N. (F.BY.)

Bonin Islands; Japan.

BROADBENT, SIR JOHN FRANCIS HARPIN, BART.,

M.A, M.D., F.R.C.P., M.R.C.S. (J. F. H. B.)

Heart Heart Disease; Rheumatizm.

BRODIE, PROF. THOMAS GREGOR, M.D., F.R.S. (T.

G. BR.)

Blood, Anatomy and Physiology. Connective Tissues;

Epithelial, Endothelial and Glandular Tissues; Lymph
and Lymph Formation; Phagocytosis.

BRODRIBB, REV. WILLIAM JACKSON, M.A. (W. J.

B.)

Tacitus (in part).

BROOKS, FREDERICK VINCENT. (F. V. B.)

Lithography ; Sun Copying.

BROOME, LADY MARY ANNE. (M. A. B.)

Western Australia, History.

209
BROWN, PROF. GERARD BALDWIN, M.A. (G. B. B.)

Basilica, (in part); Painting.

BROWN, HORATIO ROBERT FORBES, LL.D. (H. F.

B.)

Milan (in part); Padua; Venice.

BROWN, JAMES DUFF. (J. D. B.)

Libraries (in part).

BROWN, JOHN TAYLOR. (J. T. B.*)

Leighton, Robert (in part)

BROWN, THOMAS. (T. B.*)

Hosiery.

BROWN, LIEUT-COL. WILLIAM BAKER, R.E. (W.

B. B.)

Coast Defence; Submarine Mines.

BROWNE, PROF. EDWARD GRANVILLE, M.A.,

M.R.C.S., M.R.A.S. (E. G. B.)

Bábíism.

210
BROWNE, MONTAGU. (M. B.)

Taxidermy.

BROWNLOW, RT. REV. WILLIAM ROBERT, M.A.,

D.D. (W. R. B.)

Catacomb (in part)

BRUCE, LEWIS CAMPBELL, M.D, F.R.C.P. (L. C. B.)

Insanity, Medical (in part),.

BRUNTON, SIR THOMAS LAUDER, BART., M.D.,

D.Sc., LL.D., F.R.C.P., F.R.S. (T. L. B.)

Therapeutics

BRYAN, PROF. GEORGE HARTLEY, M.A., D.Sc.,

F.R.S.(G. H. BR.)

Diffusion

BRYANT, MARGARET. (M. BR.)

Alexander the Great, Legends ; Caesar, Medieval

Legends; Chapman, George (in part) : Charlemagne,
Legends; Dryden (in part); Dumas: Louis VIII. and
XVII. of France; Pope,Alexander (in part); Virgil, The
Virgil Legend; &c.

211
BRYCE, REV. GEORGE, M.A., D.D., LL.D., F.R.S.
(Can.) (G.BR.)

Alberta; Manitoba (in part).

BRYCE, RT. HON. JAMES, D.C L., D.Litt. (J. BR.)

Justinian; Theodora; Tribonian: United States,

Constitution and Government.

BRYDON, JOHN McKEAN. (J. M. BY.)

Nesfield.

BUCKLAND, REV. AUGUSTUS ROBERT, M.A. (A. R.

B.)

Tract, Tract Societies.

BUCKLEY, JAMES MONROE, D.D., LLD. (J. M. BU.)

Methodism, United States.

BULLEN, ARTHUR HENRY. (A. H. B.)

Burton, Robert.

BUNBURY, SIR EDWARD HERBERT, BART.,

F.R.G.S.(E. H. B.)

212
 Geography (in part); Bithynia (in part); Cappadocia
(in part); Ionia (in part); Pompeii (in part); Ptolemy
(in part); Pytheas (in part); Rhodes (in part); &c.

BURDETT, SIR HENRY, K.C.B., K.C.V.O. (H. BT.)

Hospital.

BURGESS, JAMES, C.I.E., LL.D., F.R.S.(Edin.),

F.R.G.S. (J. BS.)

Indian Architecture.

BURKITT, PROF. FRANCIS CRAWFORD.M.A., D.D.

(F.C.B.)

Bible, New Testament, Higher Criticism; Thomas, St

(in part).

BURLINGAME, EDWARD LIVERMORE, A.M., Ph.D.

(E.L.B.)

Brook Farm. Ripley, George.

BURN, REV. ANDREW EWBANK, N.A., D.D. (A.E.B.)

Church; Creeds.

BURNSIDE, PROF. WILLIAM, M.A., D.Se., LL.D.,

F.R.S. (W. BU.)

213
 Groups, Theory of.

BURPEE, LAWRENCE JOHNSTONE. (L. J. B.)

Canada, Literature, English-Canadian: Ottawa.

BURROUGHS, JOHN. (J. BU.)

Whitman, Walt.

BURROWS, VEN. WINFRID OLDFIELD, M.A. (W. O.

B.)

Absolution; Confession, Religion; Confirmation.

Prayers for the Dead.

BURTON, JOSEPH. (J. B.*)

Brick (in part); Firebrick (in part).

BURTON, WILLIAM, M.A., F.C.S. (W. B.*)

Brick (in part); Ceramics (in part); Dells, Robbia (in

part); Firebrick (in part) : Kashi (in part) ; Palissy ;
Terra-cotta (in part); Tile; Wedgwood, Josiah.

BURY, PROF. JOHN BAGNELL, D.Litt., LL.D., D.C.L.

(J. B. B.)

Alexius I, II and III ; Baldwin I. and II; Basil I. and II;

Belisarius; Gibbon, Edward; Roman Empire, Later.
214
BUTLER, ALFRED JOSHUA, M.A., D.Litt. (A. J. B.)

Abyssinian Church; Copts, The Coptic Church.

BUTLER, ARTHUR JOHN, M.A.(A. J. B.*)

Dante.

BUTLER, RIGHT REV. EDWARD CUTHBERT,

O.S.B., M.A., D.Litt. (E. C. B.)

Anthony, Saint; Benedictines; Carthusians; Dominic,

Saint; Domenicans: Francis of Assisi, St.; Franciscans;
Monasticism; Simeon Stylites, St; &c.

BUTLER, EDWARD DUNDAS. (E. D. BU.)

Hungary, Literature (in part).

BUTLER, FRANCIS HENRY, M.A. (F. H. B.)

Compass (in part); Frankincense; Galls; Honey;

Hunter, John; Hunter,William.

BUTLER, NICHOLAS MURRAY. (N. M. B.)

Education, United States.

215
 Contents: Top · A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

CABLE, GEORGE WASHINGTON. (G. W. CA.)

Bryant, William Cullen.

CAILLARD, SIR VINCENT HENRY PENALVER. (V.

C.)

Turkey, Geography and Statistics.

CAIRD, EDWARD, D.C.L.. D.Litt. (E. C.)

Cartesianism.

CALLENDAR, PROP. HUGH LONGBOURNE, LL.D.,

F.R.S. (H. L. C.)

Calibration: Calorimetry; Conduction of Heat; Fusion:

Heat; Thermodynamics; Thermoelectricity;
Thermometry; Vaporization.

CALMAN, WILLIAM THOMAS, D.Sc., F. Z. S. (W. T.

CA.)

Barnacle; Crab; Crayfish; Crustacca: Lobster; Shrimp.

Water-flea; Wood-louse.

CAMP, WALTER, A.M. (W. CA.)

Football, American (in part).

216
CAMPBELL, SIR FRANCIS J, LL.D., F.R.G.S., F.S.A.
(F. J. C.)

Blindness.

CAMPBELL, REV. LEWIS, D.C.L., LL.D. (L. C.)

Jowett; Plato; Sophocles.

CANA, FRANK RICHARDSON. (F. R. C.)

Africa (in part) ; Egypt (in part) ; Niger; Nile (in

part); Senussi; South Africa (in part); Tlemgen;
Victoria Falls; &c.

CANNEY, MAURICE ARTHUR, M.A. (M. A. C.)

Baur; Daub, Karl; Dorner; Schenkel, Daniel.

CANTOR, PROP. MORITZ, Ph.D. (M. CA.)

Lconardo of Pisa; Stevinus, Simon; Victa,

Fra&ced;ois.

CARLYLE, EDWARD IRVING, M.A., F.R.Hist.S. (E. I.

C.)

Dost Mahommed Khan.

CAROE, WILLIAM DOUGLAS, M.A, F.S.A.,

F.R.I.B.A. (W. D. C.)
217
 Pearson, John Loughborough.

CARPENTER, PROF. GEORGE HERBERT (G. H. C.)

Ant; Bee; Coleoptera; Entomology; Hemiptera; Insect;

Orthoptera; &c.

CARPENTER, REV. JOSEPH ESTLIN, M.A., D.Litt,

D.D. D.Th. (J. E. C.)

Religion

CARR, WILLIAM BROUGHTON. (W. B. CA.)

Bee, Bee-keeping.

CARRUTHERS, ROBERT, LI.D. (R. CA.)

Garrick, David (in part).

CARSON, HOWARD ADAMS, A.M. (H. A. C)

Tunnel.

CARTER, ALBERT CHARLES ROBINSON. (A. C. R.

C.)

Art Societies.

CARVER, THOMAS GILBERT, N.A., K.C. (T. G. C.)

218
 Average; Salvage.

CASE, THOMAS, M.A. (T. CA.)

Aristotle; Logic: Metaphysics.

CASPARI, MAXIMILIAN OTTO BISMARCK, N.A.

(M. 0. B. C.)

Greece, History: 146 S.C-1800 A.D.; Achaean League;

Argos, History; Athens (in part); Corinth (in part);
Hannibal; Leo I.-V. (Emperors of the East); Pericles;
Punic Wars; &c.

CASTLE, EGERTON, M.A., F.S.A. (E. CA.)

Book Plates; Fencing.

CATES, WILLIAM LEIST READWIN. (W. L. R. C.)

Boscovich, Chronology (in part).

CATHCART, EDWARD PROVAN, M.D. (E. P. C.)

Nutrition (in part).

CAYLEY, PROF. ARTHUR, LL.D., P.R.S. (A. CA.)

Curve (in part); Determinant: Equation; Gauss, K. F.;

Monge,Gaspard; Numbers, Partition of; Surface (in
part).
219
CHADWICK, HECTOR MUNRO, M.A. (H. M. C.)

Anglo-Saxons: Britain, Anglo-Saxon; Goths, Gothic

Language; Jutes; Odin; Teutonic Languages; Teutonic
Peoples; Thor~ Wodin; &c.

CHALMERS, SIR MACKENZIE DALZELL, K.C.B.,

C.S.I. (M. D. CH.)

Bill of Exchange; Sale of Goods.

CHAMBERLAIN, PROF. ALEXANDER FRANCIS,

A.M., Ph.D. (A. F. C.)

Indians, North American.

CHAMBERLIN, PROF. THOMAS CHROWDER,

A.M., Ph.D.,LL.D., D.Sc. (T. C. C.)

United States, Geology (in part).

CHAMBERS, EDMUND KERCHEVER.(E. K. C.)

Clough, A. H.; Shakespeare; Vaughan, Thomas.

CHANEY, HENRY JAMES, I.S.O. (H. J. C.)

Weights and Measures, Scientific and Commercial.

CHANNING, PROF. EDWARD, Ph.D. (E. CH.)

220
 Adams, John; Adams, John Quincy; Adams, Samuel.

CHAPMAN ALFRED, M.Inst.C.E. (A. CH.)

Sugar, Sugar Manufacture (in part).

CHAPMAN, PROP. SYDNEY JOHN, M.A. (S. J. C.)

Cotton, Marketing and Supply ; Cotton Manufacture.

CHAPMAN, VALENTINE WALBRAN. (V. W. CH.)

Sugar, Sugar Manunfacture (in part).

CHARLES, ` REV. ROBERT HENRY, MA,' D.D.,

D.LITT. (R. H. C)

Apocalyptic Literature; Apocryphal Literature; Enoch,

Book of; Jeremy, Epistle of. Jubilees, Book of; Moses,
Assumption of; Revelation,Book of; Solomon, The
Psalms of; &c.

CHARTERIS, THE HON. EDWARD EVAN. (EV. C.*)

Fair (in part).

CHATWOOD, ARTHUR BRUNEL, M.I.E.E. (A. B. CH)

Lock; Safes, Swing-rooms and Vaults.

221
CHEYNE, REV. THOMAS KELLY, D.D., B.LITT.,
LL.D. (T. K. C.)

Adam; Canaan; Cannanites; Cosmogony; Deluge, The;

Eden; Esther; Isiah; Jeremiah; Paradise; Seraphim; &c.

CHIROL, VALENTINE. (V. CH)

China,History,(in part).

CHISHOLM, GEORGE GOUDIE, M.A. (G. G. C.)

Europe, Geography and Statistics; Sicily, Geography

and Statistics (in part).

CHISHOLM, HUGH, M.A. (H. CM)

Asquith; Balfour; Chamberlain; Rosebery; Iron Mask;

Parliament; Representation; &c.

CHREE, CHARLES, M.A., D.Sc., LI.D. F.R.S. (C. CH.)

Atmospheric Electricity. Aurora Polaris; Earth

Currents; Magnetism, Terrestrial.

CHRISTIE, RICHARD COPLEY. (R. C. C.)

Scaliger (in part).

CHRYSTAL, PROF. GEORGE, M.A., LLD. (G. CH.)

222
 Pascal (in part); Perpetual Motion; Riemann, Georg.

CHUBB, GILBERT CHARLES. (G. C. C.)

Cytology.

CHUBB, LAURENCE WENSLEY. (L. W. CH.)

Smoke (in part.

CHURCH, SIR ARTHUR HERBERT, MA., D.5c.,

F.R.S.(A. H. C.)

Pigments.

CHURCH, COLONEL GEORGE EARL. (G. E. C.)

Amazon; Orinoco; Plata, Rio de la.

CHURCH, THE VERY REV. ROBERT WILLIAM,

M.A., D.D.(R. W. C.)

Lombards, The Kingdom of Italy

CLARK, ALBERT CURTIS, M.A. (A. C. C.)

Cicero; Theocritus.

CLARK, CASPAR STANLEY. (C. S. C.)

Kashi (in part).

223
CLARKE, COL. ALEXANDER ROSS, R.E., C.B.,
F.R.S.(A. R. C.)

Earth, Figure of the (in part) ; Geodesy (in part) ;

Map, Projections (in part).

CLARKE, ERNEST, M.D., F.R.C.S. (E. C.*)

Vision, Errors of Refraction.

CLARKE, SIR GEORGE SYDENHAM, G.C.M.G.,

G.C.I.E., F.R.S.(G. S. C.)

Coaling stations; Egypt, Military Operations, 1882-

1885; Greco-Turkish War, 1897.

CLARKE, JOHN ALGERNON. (J. A. CL.)

Conjuring (in part).

CLAY, AGNES MURIEL (Mrs Edward Wilde). (A. M.

CL.)

Agrarian laws (in part); Centumviri; Curia; Decurio;

Municipium; Patron and Client (in part); Senate; &C.

CLAYDEN, ARTHUR WILLIAM, M.A. (A. W, C.)

Cloud.

CLAYDEN, PETER WILLIAM. (P. W. C.)

224
 Bright, John.

CLERK, DUGALD, M.Inst. C.E., F.R.S. (D. C.)

Gas Engine; Oil Engine.

CLERKE, AGNES MARY. (A. M. C.)

Astronomy, History; Brahe, Tycho; Copernicus;

Flamsteed: Halley; Huygens; Kepler; Zodiac; &c.

CLIFFORD, SIR HUGH CHARLES, K.C.M.G. (H. CL.)

Borneo; Malacca; Malay Peninsula; Malays; Malay

States,Federated; Singapore ; Straits Settlements; &c.

CLODD, EDWARD. (E. CL.)

Baer.

CLOSE, LIEUT.-COL. CHARLES FREDERICK.

K.B.E., C.B., C.M.G., F.R.S. (C. F. CL.)

Map, Projections (in part)

COCKBURN, SIR JOHN ALEXANDER, K.C.M.G.,

M.D. (J. A. CO.)

South Australia, History.

COGHLAN, TIMOTHY AUGUSTINE, I.S.0. (T. A. C.)

225
 Australia: New South Wales, Geography and
Statistics: Queensland, Geography and Statistics;
South Australia,Geography and Statistics; Victoria,
Geography and Statistics; &c.

COKER, PROF. ERNEST GEORGE, M.A., D.Ss.,

F.R.S.(Edin.), M.I.Mech.E. (E. G. C.)

Pulley.

COLE, ALAN SUMMERLY, C.B. (A. S. C.)

Brocade; Carpet; Embroidery (in part); Gold and

Silver Thread; Lace; Tapestry; Textile-Printing, Art
and Archaeology; Weaving, Archaeology and Art.

COLE, PROF. GRENVILLE ARTHUR JAMES. (G. A.

J, C.)

Ireland, Geology.

COLEMAN, PROF. ARTHUR PHILEMON. M.A.,

Ph.D., F.R.S. (A. P. C.)

Canada, Geography; Labrador (in part), Yukon

Territory.

COLERIDGE, ERNEST HARTLEY, M.A. (E. H. C.)

Byron.

226
COLLIER, PROF. THEODORE FREYLINGHUYSEN,
Ph.D., F.R.S. (T. F. C)

Carthage, Synods of; Ephesus, Council of; Clement

VIII.-XIV, (popes); Gregory XIII.-XV. (popes);
Innocent IX.-XIII. (popes) Paul III.-V., (popes); Pius
III.-V., (popes); Urban, VII and VIII (popes), &c

COLLINS, RIGHT REV. WILLIAM EDWARD, M.A,

D.D. (W. E. CO.)

Apostollcal Constitutions; Cyprus, Church of;

Establishment; Eucharist, Reservation; Libellatici;
Tait, Archbishop; Testamentum Domini.

COLOMB, SIR JOHN CHARLES READY, K.C.M.G.

(J. C. R. C.)

Marines.

COLVIN, SIR SIDNEY, M.A., LL.D., D.Litt. (S. C.)

Art; Botticelli; Fine Arts; F1axman; Giotto; Leonardo

da Vinci; Michelangelo; &c.

COLYAR, HENRY ANSELM DE, K.C. (H. A. de C)

Guarantee.

COMYNS-CARR, JOSEPH WILLIAM. (J. C. C.)

227
 Blake, William.

CONANT, CHARLES ARTHUR. (C. A. C.)

Bank and Banking, American; Trust Company.

CONDER, COL. CLAUDE REGNIER, R.E., LLD. (C.

R. C.)

Galilee (in part); Galilee, Sea of (in part).

CONWAY, PROP. ROBERT SEYMOUR, M.A., D.Litt.

(R. S. C.)

Etruria, Language; Italy, History (A): Latin Language

(in part); Liguria, Archaeology and Philology;
Pompeii, Oscan Inscriptions; Rome, Ancient History
(in part); Sabini; Volsci; &c

CONWAY, SIR WILLIAM MARTIN (W. M. C.)

Mountaineering; Messapii.

CONYBEARE, PREDERICK CORNWALLIS, M.A.,

D.Th. (F. C. C.)

Anabaptists; Ancestor-Worship; Anointing; Armenian

Church; Armenian Language and Literature; Baptism;
Chnstmas; Funeral Rites; Sacrament; &c; Moses of
Chorene

228
COOK, STANLEY ARTHUR, M.A. (S. A. C.)

Chronicles, Books of (in part) , Costume, Ancient

Oriental; Exodus, The; Genealogy, Biblical; Jews, Old
Testament History; Kings, Books of; Palestine, Old
Testament History;S amuel, Books of; biographies of
Biblical characters; &c.

COOKE, CHARLES WALLWYN RADCLIFFE. J.P.

(C. W. R. C.)

Cider.

COOKE, PROF. GEORGE ALBERT, M.A., D.R. (G. A.

C.)

Odaenathus: Palmyra; Petra; Phoenicia; Sidon; Tyre

(in part); Zenobia.

COOKE, REV. GEORGE WILLIS. (G. W. C.*)

Unitarianism, United states.

COOLIDGE, REV. WILLIAM AUGUSTUS

BREVOORT, M.A., F.R.G.S., Ph.D. (W. A. B. C.)

Switzerland, Geography, History and Literature; Tell,

William; articles on Swiss History and Topography,
and biographies of Swiss statesmen, scholars, soldiers,
&c.

229
COORE, GEORGE BARNARD MILBANK. (G. B. M.
C.)

Education, National Systems.

COOTE, CHARLES H. (C. H. C.)

Hakluyt (in part).

COPEMAN, SYDNEY MONCKTON, M. A., M.D.,

F.R.C.P., M.R.C.S., F.R.S.. (S. M. C.)

Vaccination.

CORBIN, WILLIAM LEE, A. M. (W. L. C.*)

Mather, Cotton; Sparks, Jared.

COTTER, JOSEPH ROGERSON, M.A. (J. R. C.)

Absorption of Light; Calorescence; Colour;

Dispersion; Fluorescence; Phosphorescence.

COTTON, JAMES SUTHERLAND, M. A. (J. S. CO.)

India, Geography and Statistics (in part) and History

(in part); Hastings, Warren; Indore: Maharattas (in
part); Omichund; Orme.

COULTON, GEORGE CORDON, M.A. (G. G. CO.)

230
 Celibacy; Concubinage; Indulgence; Knighthood and
Chivalry.

COURTAULD, LOUIS,.M.A., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P. (L.

C.*)

Tumour.

COURTNEY, WILLIAM PRIDEAUX. (W. P. C.)

Bath W. Pulteney, Marquess of; Marlhorough, Duke

of; Orford, Earl of (Sir Robert Walpole); Oxford, IST
Earl of; Peterborough and Monmouth, Earl of;
Rosslyn, Earl of; Russell, Earl; Tooke, John Horne;
Walpole, Horatio; Wilkes, John.

COWLEY, ARTHUR ERNEST, M.A., D.Litt. (A. CY)

Hebrew Language; Hebrew literature; Ibn Gabirol;

Inscriptions, Semitic; Samaritans; Seadiah.

COX, PROF. ISAAC JOSLIN, Ph.D. (I. J. C.)

Taylor, Zachary; Wilkinson, James.

CRACKANTHORPE, MONTAGUE HUGHES, M.A.,

K.C., D.C.L.(M. H. C.)

"Alabama Arbitration"; Arbitration, International;

Bering Sea Arbitration; Herschell, Lord; Mediation.

231
CRAIES, WILLIAM FEILDEN, M.A. (W. F. C.)

Capital Punishment; Criminal Law; Game Laws;

Homicide; Jury; Pleading; Trade Marks (in part);
Treason; Trial; &c.

CRAIGIE, P.M.T. MRS. ("John Oliver Hobbes"). (P. M.

T. C.)

Eliot, George.

CRALLAN, FRANKLYN ARDEN. (F. A. C.)

Wood-Carving.

CRANE, WALTER. (W. CR.)

Arts and Crafts; Art Teaching; Mural Decoration (in

part).

CRAWFORD, FRANCIS MARION. (M. CR.)

Rome, The Modern City.

CREAK, CAPT. ETTRICK WILLIAM, R.N., C.B.,

F.R.S. (E. W. C.)

Compass (in part).

CREIGHTON, CHARLES, M.A., M.D.(C. C.)

232
 Monster (in part) ; Morgagni; Surgery, History.

CREIGHTON, RT. REV. MANDELL D.C.L, LL.D. (M.

C.)

Waldenses.

CREWE, THE RT. HON. THE EARL OF. K.G. (C.)

Banville; Cherbuliez; Laprade.

CRITCHELL, JAMES TROUBRIDGE. (J. T. CR.)

Queensland, History.

CROMBIE, REV. JAMES MORRISON. (J. M. C.)

Lichens (in part).

CROOKES, SIR WILLIAM, O.M., F.R.S. (W. C.)

Gem, Artificial.

CROSS, CHARLES FREDERICK, F.C.S., F.I.C. (C. F.

C.)

Cellulose; Fibres.

CROUCH, HERBERT CHALLICE, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P.

(H. C. C.)

233
 Anaesthesia.

CROWE, LIEUT.-COL JOHN HENRY VERRINDER,

R.A. (J. H. V. C.)

Plevna; Russo-Turkish War, 1877-1878; Shipka Pass.

CROWE, SIR JOSEPH ARCHER, K.C.M.G. (J. A. C.)

Cranah; Cuyp; Eyck, Van: Hobbema; Holbein;

Memlinc(in part); Neer, Van der (in part) ; Ostade (in
part).

CRUMP, CHARLES GEORGE, M.A. (C. G. CR.)

Manor (in England); Record.

CUNNINGHAM, JOSEPH THOMAS, M.A., F.Z.S. (J.

T. C.)

.Anchovy; Cephalopoda: Eel; Herring: Octopus; Pearl;

Pilchard; Whitebait; &c.

CUNNINGHAM, THE VEN. WILLIAM, M.A., D.D.

(W. C.)

Free Trade.

CUNYNGHAME, SIR HENRY HARDINGE, K.C.B.

(H. H. C.)

234
 Clock; Watch (in part).

CURTIS, EDMUND, M.A. (E. CU.)

Roger Guiscard; Roger I. and II. of Sicily; William I.

and II. of Sicily.

D
Contents: Top · A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

DALBY, PROF. WILLIAM ERNEST, M.A.,

M.Inst.C.E., M.I.Mech.E. (W. E. D.)

Bearings; Dynamometer; Friction (in part);

Mechanics, Applied (in part); Power Transmission,
Introductory and Mechanical; Railways, Locomotive
Power.

DALE, THOMAS R, M.A. (T. F. D.)

Polo.

DALLAS, J. M. M. (J. M. M. D.)

Draughts (in part).

DALTON, ORMONDE MADDOCK, M.A., F.S.A.. (O.

M. D.)

235
 Catacomb (in part).

DANNREUTHER, EDWARD GEORGE (E. DA.)

Liszt.

DARLOW, REV. THOMAS HERBERT, M.A. (T. H. D.)

Bible Societies.

DARWIN, SIR GEORGE HOWARD, K.C.B, D.Sc.,

LL.D., F.R.S. (G. H. D.)

Tide

DAVENPORT, CYRIL J. H., F.S.A. (C. D.)

Bookbinding.

DAVIDS, PROF. THOMAS WILLIAM RHYS, LL.D..

Ph.D. (T. W. R. D.)

Buddha; Buddhism; Jains; Lamaism: Lumbini; Pali;

Piprawa; Sanchi; &c.

DAVIDSON, REV. ANDREW B., M.A., D.D. (A. B. D.)

Job (in part).

DAVIDSON, REV. SAMUEL, D.D. (S. D.)

236
 Canon, Scriptures.

DAVIDSON, THOMAS, LL.D. (T. DA.)

Longfellow.

DAVIDSON, PROF. WILLIAM LESLIE, M.A.. LL.D.

(W. L. D.)

Bain, Alexander.

DAVIES, ARTHUR LLEWELLYN. (A. LL. D.)

Negligence.

DAVIS, HENRY WILLIAM CARLESS, M.A. (H. W. C.

D.)

Beeket; Grosseteste; Henry I, II. and III.; Henry of

Huntingdon: John (king); Lanfranc; Langton, Stephen;
Matthew of Paris; Montfort, Simon de; Richard I;
Stephen (king); William I. and II.; &c.

DAVIS, REV. JAMES, M.A. (J. DA.)

Hesiod (in part).

DAVIS, ROBERT HENRY. (R. H. D.*)

Divers and Diving Apparatus.

237
DAVIS, PROF. WILLIAM MORRIS, D.Sc., Ph.D. (W.
M. D.)

America, Physical Geography; North America. United

States, Physical Geography and Climate.

DAWKINS, PROF. WILLIAM BOYD, D.Sc., F.R.S. (W.

B. D.)

Cave.

DAWSON, GEORGE MERCER, LL.D., F.R.S. (G. M.

D.)

British Columbia (in part).

DAY, LEWIS FOREMAN, F.S.A. (L. F. D.)

Glass, Stained; Ornament

DEACON, GEORGE FREDERICK, LL.D, M.Inst.M.E.

(G.F.D.)

Water Supply.

DEELEY, RICHARD MOUNTFORD, M.Inst.C.E.,

M.I.Mech.E, F.G.S. (R. M. D.)

Lubricants.

DELEHAYE, REV. HIPPOLYTE, S.J. (H. DE.)

238
 Bollandists; Canonization; Hagiology; januarius, St;
Lawrence, St; Margaret, St; Martyrology; Saint; &c.

DENDY, PROF. ARTHUR. D.Sc.,F.R.S., F.Z.S., F.L.S.

(A. DE.)

Sponges.

DENNING, WILLIAM FREDERICK, F.R.A.S. (W. F.

D,)

Jupiter; Meteor.

DENT, EDWARD JOSEPH, M.A., Mus.Bac. (E. J. D.)

Duninte, Francesco; Galuppi. Leo, Leonardo;

Pergolesi; Scarlatti, Alessandro.

DEWAR, SIR JAMES, LLD., F.R.S. (J. DR.)

Liquid Gases.

DIBDIN, CHARLES, F.R.G.S. (C. DR.)

Life-boat, British.

DIBDIN, SIR LEWIS TONNA, M.A., D.C.L., F.S.A. (L.

T. D.)

Incense, Ritual Use; Lincoln Judgment.

239
DICKSEE, LAWRENCE ROBERT, M.Com., F.C.A. (L.
R. D.)

Book-keeping.

DICKSON, PROF. HENRY NEWTON, M.A., D.Sc.,

F.R.S.(Edin.), F.R.G.S. (H. N. D.)

Atlantic Ocean ; Baltic Sea; Desert; Indian Ocean;

Mediterrancan Sea; Mexico, Gull of, North Sea;
Norwegian Sea; Pacific Ocean (in part); Red Sea.

DICKSON, SIR J. FREDERICK, K.C.M.G. (J. F. D.)

Ceylon (in part).'

DILKE, LADY. (E. F. S. D.)

Greuze : Ingres, Millet, J. F.

DINES, WILLIAM HENRY, F.R.S. (W. H. DI.)

Anemometer; Kite-flying (in part).

DIONNE, NARCISSE EUTROPE, M.D., LL.D, F.R.S.

(Can.). (N. E. D.)

Champlain, Samuel de.

DIXON, PROF. FRANK HAIGH, Ph.D., A. M. (F. H.

D.*)
240
 Railways, American Railway Legislation.

DIXON, CAPTAIN J. WHITLY, R.N. (j. W. D.)

Anchor; Buoy; Cable; Capstan; Log; Pilot (in part).

DOBSON, AUSTIN, LL.D. (A. D.)

Addison (in part); Chesterfield, Earl of; Fielding,

Henry; Hogarth; Kauffmann, Angelica; Locker-
Lampson, F.; Prior,Matthew; Richardson, Samuel;
Steele, Sir Richard (in part) Sterne, Lawence (in part).

DOBSON, GEORGE. (G. D.)

Saltykov, Michael.

DOBSON, SURGEON-MAJOR GEORGE EDWARD,

M.A, M.B., F.Z.S., F.R.S. (G. E. D.)

Mole (in part); Shrew; Vampire.

DODD, COLONEL JOHN RICHARD, R.A.M.C., M.D,

F.R.C.S. (J. R. D.)

Ambulance.

DODS, REV. MARCUS, D.D. (M. D.)

Pelagius.

241
DONALDSON, SIR JAMES. (J. D.)

Clement of Alexandria (in part).

DOUGHTY, ARTHUR GEORGE, M.A., D.Litt.,

F.R.Hist.S., F.R.S.(Can.). (A. G. D.)

Dorion, Sir A. A.; Froutenac et Palluau; Joly de

Lotbiniere. Lafontaine; McGee, T. A.; Mercier,
Honoré; Papineau.

DOUGLAS, SIR ROBERT KENNAWAY, M.Inst.C.E.,

M.I.M.E.(R. K. D.)

Alcock, Sir R.; Canton (China), History, (in part);

Hsuan Tsang (in part); Jenghiz Khan; Julien S.; Li
Hung Chang, Manchuria; Mongols; Parkes, Sir H. S.;
Peking; Tseng Kuo-fan; Wade, Sir Thomas F.

DOUGLASS, WILLIAM TREGARTHEN, M.Inst.C.E.,

MI.M.L. (W. T. D.)

lighthouse (in part).

DREYER, JOHN LOUIS EMIL. (J. L. E. D.)

Observatory; Time, Measurement of; Transit Circle.

DRIESCH, HANS A. E., Ph.D., LL.D. (H. A. E. D.)

Embryology, Physiology of Development.

242
DRIVER, REV. SAMUEL ROLLES, M.A., D.D., D.Litt.
(S. R. D.)

Bible, Old Testament, Canon and Chronology.

DRUMMOND, FRANCIS, M.D. (F. DR.)

Precedence (in part).

DUCHESNE, LOUIS MARIE OLIVIER. (L. D.*)

Papacy, History to 1087; and biographies of the popes

of the period.

DUCKWORTH, WYNFRID LAWRENCE HENRY,

M.A., M.D., D.Se. (W. L. H. D.)

Cramometry.

DUCLAUX, AGNES MARY FRANCES. (A. M. F. D.)

Renan.

DUDDEN, REV. PREDERICK HOMES, M.A., D.D. (F.

H. D.)

Gregory I. (pope).

DUFF, RT. HON. SIR MOUNTSTUART

ELPHINSTONE GRANT, G.C.S.l., F.R.S. (M. G. D.)

243
 Ampthill, Lord: Coleridge, Lord. Derby, 15th Earl
Of.Oliphant, Laurence.

DUFFlELD, WILLIAM BARTLET, M.A. (W. B. Du.)

Chartered Companies.

DUMRATH, OSKAR HENRIK, Ph.D. (0. H. D.)

Sweden, History (in part).

DUNCAN, LOUIS, Ph.D., M.AM.Inst.E.E. (L. Du.)

Traction.

DUNNING, PROF. WILLIAM ARCHMALD, Ph.D,

LLD. (W. A. D.)

Sherman, John.

DUNSTAN, WYNDHAM ROWLAND, M.A., LL.D.,

P.R.S., F.C.S. (W. R. D.)

Gutta-Percha; Rubber.

DUTHIE, GEORGE, N.A., F.R.S.(Edin.) (G. Du.)

Rhodesia, Geography and Statistics.

DUTT, ROMESH CHUNDER, C.I.E. (R. C. D.)

244
 Vidyasagar, Ismar Chandra.

DYKE, PROF. HENRY VAN, AM, D.D., LL.D. (H. VAN

D.)

Emerson.

DYKE, PROF. JOHN CHARLES VAN. (j. C. VAN D.)

Inness, George; Painting, United States.

E
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EARDLEY-WILMOT, SIR SYDNEY MAROW. (S. M.

E.-W.)

Torpedo.

EASTLAKE, LADY ELIZABETH. (E. E.)

Gibson, John.

EATON, FRED. A. (F. A. E.)

Academy, Royal.

EDDINGTON, ARTHUR STAWLEY, M.A., M.Se.,

F.R.A.S. (A. S. E.)

245
 Nebula; Star.

EDGEWORTH, PROF. FRANCIS YSIDRO, M.A.,

D.C.L. (F. Y. E,)

Probability.

EDMUNDSON, REV. GEORGE, M.A., F.R.Hist.S. (G.

E.)

Argentina, History; Belgium, History; Brazil, History

(in part); Colombia, History; Flanders; Holland,
History., Netherlands,, Orange, House of; Williarn the
Silent. &c.

EDWARDS, MAJOR WILLIAM EGERTON. (W. E. E.)

Armour Plates.

EGGELING, PROF. H. JULIUS, Ph.D. (J. E.)

Brahman. Brahmana; Brahmanism; Hinduism;

Sanskrit

ELIOT, SIR CHARLES NORTON EDGECUMBE,

K.C.M.G., LLD., D.C.L. (C. EL.)

Asia, History; Esthonia (in part); Hungary, Language;

Huns; Kashgar (in part); Elazars (in part);
Mordvinians; Tatars (in part); Turks; &c.

246
ELIOT, CHARLES WILLIAM, LL.D. (C. W. E.)

Gray, Asa.

ELLINGTON, EDWARD B. (E. B. E.)

Power Transmission, Hydraulic.

ELLIOTT, PROF. EDWIN BAILEY, M.A., F.R.S. (E. B.

EL.)

Curve (in part) ; Geometry (IV.).

ELLIS, ROBERT GEOFFREY. (G. E.*)

Peerage; Privy Council.

ELTON, PROF. OLIVER, M.A. (0. E*)

English Literature (III., IV.).

EPPENSTEIN, OTTO, Ph.D. (0. E.)

Aberration.

ESMEIN, PROF. JEAN PAUL H. E. ADHEMAR. (J. P.

E.).

France, Law and Institutions: Bailiff, Bailli; Code

Napoleon.. Intendant, Lettres de Cachet: Parlement;
Prefect. States. General, France, Taille, &c.
247
ESMONIN, EDMOND. (E. ES.)

Bombenes, Marquis do; Demarets.

ETHE, PROF. KARL HERMANN, M.A., Ph.D. (H. E.)

Persia Literature, Mirkhond; Nasir Khosau. Nizámi;

Omar Khayyam (its part); Rumi; Sa'di.

EVANS, ARTHUR JOHN, M.A., D.LItt., LLD., F.R.S.,

F.S.A. (A. J. E.)

Crete, Archaeology and Ancient History.

EVERETT, COMMANDER ALLEN F, R.M. (A. F. E.)

Signal, Marine Signalling (in part).

EVERITT, CHARLES, M.Ao F.C.L, F.G.B., F.R.AJ. (C.

E.*)

Algebra History; Chemistry; Constellation; Density;

Distillation; Geometry, History; Light, Introduction
and History; &c.

EWART, PROF. JAMES COSSAR, M.D., F.R.S. (J. C.

E.)

Telegony.

248
EWING, PROF. JAMES ALFRED, C.B., LL.D., F.R.S.,
M.Inst.C.E. (J. A. E.)

Air-Engine; Siemens, Sit William; Steam Engine.

Strength of Materials; WaTt, James.

F
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G
Contents: Top · A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

von GUTSCHMID, ALFRED,

Moses of Chorene.

H
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HUBNER, EMIL. (E. Hu.)

Inscriptions, Latin (in part).

HUBRECHT, PROF. AMBROSIUS ARNOLD

WILLEM, LL.D., D.Sc., Ph.D. (A. A. W. H.)

249
 Nemertina (in part).

HUEFFER, FRANCIS, Ph.D. (F. H.)

Boccaccio

HUGEL, BARON FRIEDRICH VON. (F. v. H.)

John, the Apostle; John, Gospel of St.; Loisy.

HUGGINS, LADY. (M. L. H.)

Armilla; Astrolabe.

HUGHAN, WILLIAM JAMES. (W. J. H.*)

Banker-Marks, Builders' Rites, Freemasonry,

Rosicrucianism.

HULL, CAPTAIN THOMAS A., R.N. (T. A. H.)

Chart.

HUMMEL, J. J., F.I.C. (J. J. H.)

Dyeing (in part).

HUNT, REV. WILLIAM, M.A., D.Litt. (W. Hu.) *

England, Church of; Freeman, Edward A. , Froude, J.

A. , Gardiner, S. R. , Green, J. R. Seeley, Sir. J R. ,

250
 Stubbs, William.

HUNTER, SIR ROBERT, C.B., M.A. (R H *)

Commons.

HUNTER, WALTER. M.I.C.E., M.I.M.E., F.G.S. (W

H.*)

Dredge and Dredging, Hydraulic Engineering

HUNTER, SIR WILLIAM WILSON, K.C.S.I. (W W.

H.)

India, History (in part) and Geography and Statistics

(in part).

HUTCHINSON, HORATIO GORDON. (H. G. H.)

Golf.

HUTCHISON, A. F., M.A. (A. F. H.)

Wallace, Sir William.

HUTTON, REV. ARTHUR WOLLASTON, M.A. (A W.

Hu.)

Leo XIII. (pope) ; Manning, Cardinal; Newman,

Cardinal, Wiseman, Cardinal.

251
HUTTON, REV. JOSEPH EDMUND, M.A. (J. E. H.)

Moravian Brethren.

HUXLEY, THOMAS HENRY, F.R.S. (T. H. H.)

Amphibia (in part) ; Biology (in part).

HYMANS, HENRI SIMON, Ph.D. (H. H.)

Rubens (in part) ; Teniers (in part) , Van Dyck (in

part).

I
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ILBERT, SIR COURTENAY PEREGRINE, K.C.B.,

K.C.S.I. (C. P. I.)

Evidence.

INGRAM, JOHN KELLS, M.A., LL.D. (J. K I.)

Leslie, Thomas E. C. , Say, J. B. , Senior, Nassau ;

Slavery (in part) ; Smith, Adam (in part) ; Sumptuary
Laws[1]

INGRAM, THOMAS ALLAN, M.A., LL.D. (T A. I.)

252
 England, Local Government, X (in part) , Assignats ;
Chiltern Hundreds , Clearing House Holliday ,
Illegitimacy , Insurance (in part) , London, Finance ,
Post and Postal Service , Unemployment , Vagrancy
&c[2]

INNES, ALEXANDER TAYLOR, M.A., LL.D. (A T I.)

Knox, John; Pilate, Pontius.

IRVINE, WILLIAM FERGUSSON, M.A. (W F. I)

Liverpool.

ISAAC, PROF. JULES. (J. I.)

Amboise, G. d'; Anne of France Du Bellay, Guillaume

and Jean, Francis I.; Louis XII

1. ↑ Also: Sir Willliam Petty, according to the

Bibliography of Ingram (Wikisource-ed.).
2. ↑ Bailiff (in part), Convocation (in part), Corn Laws
(in part), Coroner, Cruelty, Day, Desertion,
Explosives, Name, Law, Octroi, Patents (in part),
Payment, Payment of Members.

J
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253
JACKSON, BENJAMIN DAYDON, Ph.D. (B. D J.)

Linnaeus.

JACKSON, PROF. HENRY, O.M., D.Litt., LL.D. (H. Ja)

Parmenides of Elea; Socrates; 1911 Encyclopædia

Britannica/Sophists; Speusippus; Thalos, ; Xenocrates;
Xenophanes of Colophon, Zeno of Elea.

JACKSON, LIEUT.-COLONEL LOUIS CHARLES,

B.E., C.M.G. (L. J.)

Fortification and Siegecraft

JACOBI, CHARLES T. (C. T. J.)

Printing.

JACOBS, PROF. JOSEPH, D.Litt. (J. Ja.)

Jew, The Wandering ; Nethinim ; Passover ; Purim ;

Tabernacles, Feast of.

JAMES, EDMUND JANES, A.M., Ph.D., LL.D. (E. J. J.)

Protection.

JAMES, LIONEL, F.R.G.S. (L. J.*)

Transvaal, History (in part)

254
JAMES, WILLIAM PRICE. (W. P. J.)

Barrie, J. M. ; Henley, W E. ; Kipling, Rudyard ;

Watson, William (.

JAMIESON, GEORGE, C.M.G., M.A. (G. J.)

China (in part) ; Hwang Ho; Yangtsze-Kiang.

JASTROW, PROF. MORRIS, Ph.D. (M. Ja.)

Astrology ; Babylonia and Assyria, Proper Names ;

Babylonian and Assyrian Religion ; Bel ; Gilgamesh,
Epic of ; Gula ; Omen ; Sin ( ; &c.[1]

JAYNE, KINGSLEY GARLAND. (K. G. J.)

Bosnia and Herzegovina ; Croatia-Slavonia , Goa ;

Malay Archipelago, History, Portugal, Geography and
History ; Spain, Geography and Statistics ; &c.[2]

JEANS, JAMES HOPWOOD, M.A., F.R.S. (J. H. Je.)

Molecule.

JEBB, SIR RICHARD CLAVERHOUSE, LL.D., D.C.L.

(R. C. J.)

Aristophanes; Bacchylides , Demosthenes ; Euripides ;

Greek Literature, f. Ancient ; Isaeus ; Isocrates ; Lysias

255
 (in part) ; Olympia (in part) ; Pindar (in part) ;
Rhetoric , Thucydides (in part) , Troy and Troad (in
part).

JEFFERSON, JOSEPH. (J. J.*)

Booth, Edwin

JENKINS, REV. D. E. (D. E. J.)

Calvinistic Methodists Charles, Thomas.

JENKS, JEREMIAH WHIPPLE. (J. W. J.)

Trusts

JERVIS-SMITH, REV. FREDERICK JOHN, M.A.,

F.R.A.S., F.R.S.

Chronograph.

JEVONS, WILLIAM STANLEY, LL.D. (W. S. J.)

Boole, George ; De Morgan, A.

JOCELYN, COL. JULIAN ROBERT JOHN. (J. R. J. J.)

Fireworks, History; Ordnance, Heavy Field and Siege

Equipments; Garrison Mountings.

256
JOHNS, REV. CLAUDE HERMANN WALTER, M.A.,
D.Litt. (C. H. W. J.)

Babylonian Law ; Sabbath, Babylonian and Assyrian.

JOHNSON, CHARLES, M.A. (C. J.)

Exchequer (in part).

JOHNSON, CHARLES PIERPOINT. (C. P. J.)

Pine.

JOHNSTON, ALEXANDER. (A. J.)

United States, History (in part).

JOHNSTON, ALEXANDER KEITH. (K. J.)

Brazil, History (in part).

JOHNSTON, SIR HENRY HAMILTON, G.C.M.G.,

K.C.B. (H. H. J.)

Bantu Languages, British Central Africa ; Liberia ;

Tunisia ; Uganda ; Unyoro.

JOHNSTON, HENRY PHELPS. (H. P. J.*)

American War of Independence, Land Operations.

257
JOLLIFFE, ARTHUR ERNEST, M.A. (A. E. J.)

Continued Fractions ; Maxima and Minima ; Series.

JOLY, CHARLES JASPER, F.R.S., F.R.A.S. (C. J. J.)

Camera Lucida ; Camera Obscura (in part) ;

Kaleidoscope.

JONES, E. ALFRED. (E. A. J.)

Cellini, Benvenuto (in part) ; Golden Rose (in part) ;

Mace ; Plate (in part) ; Quaich.

JONES, HENRY LEWIS, M.A., M.D., M.R.C.S.,

F.R.C.P. (H. L. J.)

X-Ray Treatment.

JONES, HENRY STUART, M.A. (H. S. J.)

Rome, Ancient City (in part), Christian Rome (in part)

and Ancient History (in part); Costume, Aegean,
Greek, Etruscan and Roman; Roman Art; Theatre,
Ancient (in part) ; Caesar, Julius, &c.[3]

JONES, JOHN MORRIS, M.A. (J. M. J.)

Wales, Language.

JORDAN, RICHARD. (R. J.)

258
 Draughts (in part).

1. ↑ Adad, Ea, Eabani, Shamash.

2. ↑ British Honduras.
3. ↑ Amphitheatre; Mosaic, Ancient.

K
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L
Contents: Top · A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

HENRI LABROSSE (H. L.)

Hugh of St Cher

PHILIP LAKE, M.A., F.G.S. (P. La)

about geology

M
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M’LENNAN, JOHN FERGUSSON. (J. F. M’L.)

Werwolf (in part).

259
N
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O
Contents: Top · A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

P
Contents: Top · A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

HUIRHEAD, PROF. JAMES, LL.D. (J. M.*) Patron and

Client (in part). HUIRHEAD, JAMES FULLARTON,
LL.D. (J. F. M.) Rhine (in part). " HUIRHEAD, PROF.
JOHN HENRY, M.A., LL.D. (J. H. Mo.) Hegel,
Hegelianism in England ; Idealism. HOLLER, PROF.
AUGUST, Ph.D. (A. Mu.) SunoitQB (in pari). HULLER,
PROF. DAVID HEINRICH, Ph.D. (D. H. M.) BIDLLER,
PROF. W. MAX, Ph.D. (W. M. M.) Hamitic Races, II.
Languages MULLINGER, JAMES BASS, M.A. (J B M.)
Richard of Cirencester ; Universities. MUNRO, ROBERT,
M.A., M.D., LL.D., F.R.S. (Edin.) (R. Mu.) Stoneheuge ;
Stone Monuments ; Vitrified Forts. MUNROE, PROF.
HENRY SMITH, D.Sc., Ph.D. .(H. S. M.) Mining.
MURPHY, SIR SHIRLEY FORSTER, F.R.C.S. (S. F M.)
Slaughter-house. MURRAY, ALEXANDER STUART,
LL.D. (A S M.) Arfueduct (in part) ; Gem, II. (in part) ;

260
Lamp. MURRAY, HILDA MARY R., M.A. (H, M. R. M.)
English Language (in part) MURRAY, SIR JAMES
AUGUSTUS HENRY, LL.D., D.Litt., D.C.L. (J. A. H. M.)
Eiiglish Language (in part). MURRAY, SIR JOHN, K.C.B.,
F.R.S. (J Mu.) Lake. MUTHER, PROF. RICHARD. (R Mr.)
Painting, Recent Dutch, German, Austrian, Itahan, Spanish,
Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, Russian and Balkan States.
MYRES, PROF. JOHN LINTON, M.A. (J L. M.) Citium
Cyprus [in part) Donans Epims , Iberians Ionians . Paphos
Pelasgians Salamis (Cyprus) &c NAIRNE, PROF.
ALEXANDER, M.A. (A N *) Creatianism and
Traducianism. NANSEN, FRIDTJOF, G.C.V.O. (F N )
Greenland ; Polar Regions (in part) NASH, REV. JAMES
OKEY, M.A (J O N ) Sisterhoods. NERNST, PROF.
WALTER, PhD fW N) Chemical Action. NESBITT,
ALEXANDER, F.S.A (A Ne ) Glass, History of
Manufacture (in part) HEVILLE, FRANCIS HENRY,
M.A., F.R.S. (FHNe) Alloys (in part) : Atom ,
Metallography (m part) NEVILLE-ROLFE, EUSTACE,
C.V 0. (E N -R ) Naples. KEWCOMB, SIMON, LL.D.,
D.Se., D.C.L. (S N ) Astronomy, Descriptive, Comet,
Ecliptic , Latitude Light, Velocity , Moon . Planet , Solar
System Zodiacal Light &c NEWMAN, PROF. ALBERT
HENRY, LL.D., D.D. (A H N.) Baptists, American.
EWTON, PROF. ALFRED, F.R.S. (AN) Bustard ; Canary ;
Dove ; Eagle Goose Grouse Hawk , Heron, Kite;
Nightingale Osprey , Partridge Pelican Raven, Snipe. Swan,
Vulture Wren and articles on other Birds HICHOL, JOHN.
(J N.) Burns, Robert. NICHOLSON, EDWARD
261
WILLIAMS BYRON, M.A (E. W. B. N.) Mandevilk-, Sir
John ■ICHOLSON, PROF. JOSEPH SHIELD, M.A., D.Sc.
(J. S N ) Usury , Value ; -Wages ■ Wealth MCHOLSON,
PROF. REYNOLD ALLEYNE, M.A., D.Litl. (R. A. N.)
Sabians; Sufi ism , Suunites (in part) MICOL, HENRY. (H.
N.) ' French Language (in p art) HCOLAY, JOHN
GEORGE. (J. G N.) Lincoln, Abraham (in part).
NOLDEKE, PROF. THEODOR, Ph.D. (Th. N.) Koran (in
part) ; Mc'allakat ; Pahlavi ; Persepolis (in p Semitic
Languages. NOREEN, PROF. ADOLF GOTTHARD,
Ph.D. (A. No.) Scandinavian Languages. NORTHCLIFFE,
THE RIGHT HON. LORD. (N.) Newspapers, Price of
Newspapers. NORTON, CHARLES ELIOT, LL.D. (C. £.
N.) Curtis, George William. NORTON, PROF. RICHARD.
(R. N.) Etruria (in part) OELSNER, PROF. HERMANN,
M.A., Ph.D. (H. O.) Italian Literature (in part) , Mistral ,
Provencal Literature Modern. OKEY, THOMAS. (T 0.)
Basket, Osier. OLDFIELD, JOSIAH, M.A., M.R.C.S.,
L.R.C.P., D.C.L. (J. 0.) Vegetarianism. OLSON, PROF
JULIUS EMIL. (J. £. 0.) Vinland. OMAN, PROF.
CHARLES WILLIAM CHADWICK, M.A., F.S.A. (C.W
CO.) English History (I , IL, III., IV , V and VI.).
O'MEARA, REV. EUGENE HENRY, M.A. (E. O'M.)
Diatomaceae (in part). O'NEILL, ELIZABETH, M.A. (Mrs
H. 0. O'Neill). (E. O'N.) Peckham, John Prebendary,
Prelate, Prior Procurator, Vicar. ORELLI, PROF. ALOYS
VON. (A. v 0.) Veto. OSBORN, PROF. HENRY
FAIRFIELD, LL.D.,D.Sc 4 F.R^^Edin.) <H. F O.)
Palaeontology OSGOOD, PROF. HERBERT LEVI, A.M.,
262
Ph.D. (H. L 0.) United States, History (in part). OWEN,
DOUGLAS. (D. 0.) Shipping OWEN, EDMUND, M.B.,
F.R.C.S., LL.D., D.Sc. (E *) Appendicitis . Hernia , Lung
Peritonitis Surgery, Modern Practice. Tonsillitis Varicose
Veins; and other articles on medical and surgical subjects.
PAGET, SIR JOHN RAHERE, BART., K.C. (J R P )
Banksand Banking, English Law PACET, STEPHEN,
F.R.C.S. (S P) Paget, Sir James Vivisection PALEY,
FREDERICK APTHORP, LL.D. (F A. P. Luciaa Plutarch
(in part) PALGRAVE, SIR ROBERT HARRY INGLIS.
F.R.S. (R H.I.P.) Banks and Banking, Genera! PALMER,
EDWARD HENRY, M.A. (E. H. P.) Firdousi (in part) Hafiz
- Ibn Khaldun (in part) PAOLI, CESARE. (C Pa ) Siena (in
part) PAPILLON, REV. THOMAS LESLIE, M.A. (T. L. P.)
Bell. PARKER, THE RIGHT HON. CHARLES STUART,
LL.D., D.C.L. - (C. S. P.) Peel, Sir Robert. PARKER,
WALTER SUTHERLAND. (W. S. P.) Fur PARKIN,
GEORGE ROBERT, C.M.G., LL.D. (G. R. P.) Canada,
History from Federation; MacdonaW, Sir John A.; Rhodes,
Cecil, Rhodes Scholarships. PARSONS, FREDERICK
GYMER, F.R.C.S., F.Z.S. (F. G. P.)

Anatomy; Brain, Anatomy; Eye, Anatomy; Heart,

Anatomy, Joints, Anatomy; Nervous System; Skeleton;
Skull; Teeth; and other anatomical articles.

PARSONS, WILLIAM BARCLAY, C.E, LL.D. (W. B.

P.)

263
 Railways, Intra-Urban Railways.

PASTOR, LUDWIG VON, Ph.D. (L. v. P.)

Papacy, History, 1305-1590.

PATERSON, PROF. JAMES ALEXANDER, M.A, D.D.

(J. A. P.*)

Deuteronomy; Numbers, Book of.

PATON, PROF. DIARMID NOEL, M.D., F.R.C.P.

(Edin.) (D. N. P.)

Fever; Metabolic Diseases; Nutrition.

PATON, JAMES, F.L.S. (J. Pa.)

Feather (in part).

PATTISON, REV. MARK, LL.D. (M. P.)

Casauboa, Isaac; Erasmus (in part); Grotiu»J

Macanlayl More, Sir Thomas.

PAUES, ANNA C, Ph.D. (A. C. P.)

Bible, English.

PAUL, ALFRED WALLIS, CLE. (A. W. P.)

264
 Sikkim.

PAULI, REINHOLD. (R. P.)

Lubeck (in part).

PAYNE, REV. ARNOLD HILL, M.A. (A. H. P.)

Deaf and Dumb.

PAYNE, EDWARD JOHN, M.A. (E. J. P.)

Grey, and Earl.

PAYNE, JOSEPH FRANK, M.A., M.D., F.R.C.P. (J. F.

P.)

Medicine, History (in part); Plague (in part).

PEELE, PROF. ROBERT. (R. P.*)

Blasting; Boring; Shaft-sinking.

PELHAM, PROF. HENRY FRANCIS, M.A., LL.D. (H.

F. P.)

Rome, Ancient History (in part); Augustus; Livy (in

part); Nero; Nerva; Otho, Marcus S.; Polybius (in
part).

PENDEREL-BRODHURST, JAMES G. J. (J. P.-B.)

265
 Adam, Robert; Chippendale; Hepplewhite; Sheraton;
&c. Furniture; Bookcase; Chair; Desk; &c.
Pawnbroking.

PERCIVAL, PROFESSOR JOHN, M.A. (J. Pe.)

Soil.

PETERS, JOHN PUNNETT, Ph.D., D.D. (J. P. Pe.)

Bagdad; Euphrates (in part); Hillah; Khorsabad; Larsa;

Nippur; Tigris; &c.

PETERSON, PROF. FREDERICK, M.D., Ph.D. (F. P.*)

Insanity, Hospital Treatment.

PETRIE, WILLIAM MATTHEW FLINDERS, D.LItt.,

Ph.D., D.C.L., F.R.S. (W. M. F. P.)

Abydos; Egypt, Art and Archaeology; Pyramid; Sinai,

The Peninsula; Weights and Measures, Ancient
Historical.

PETTIGREW.PROF. JAMES BELL,

LL.D.,M.D.,F.R.C.P^Kdin.), F.R.S.(Edin.) (J.B. P.)

Flight and Flying {in part).

PFISTER, PROF. CHRISTIAN, D. fes L. (C. Pf.)

266
 Germanic Laws, Early ; Salic I .aw ; Franks ;
Capitulary ; Austrasia ; &c. Alcuin ; Charles Martel ;
Clovis ; Gregory of

Tour^, and other Fran lush biographies.

PHILBRICK, FRANCIS SAMUEL, A.M., Ph.D. (F. S.

P.)

Cuba; Hamilton, Alexander (in part); Independence,

Declaration, of; Jefferson, Thomas; United States,
Population and Social Conditions , Industries and
Commerce, Finance and Army.

PHILIP, ALEXANDER J. (A. J. P.)

Dene-holes.

PHILLIMORE, GEORGE GRENVILLE, M.A., B.C.L.

(G. G. P.*)

Burial and Burial Acts; Fishery, Law of; Tithes,

English; Wreck (in part).

PHILLIMORE, SIR WALTER GEORGE FRANK,

BART., LL.D., D.C.L. (W. G. F. P.)

Admiralty, High Court of; Admiralty Jurisdiction;

Canon Law, Anglican; Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction.

267
PHILLIPS, CATHERINE BEATRICE (Mrs W. Alison
Phillips). (C. B. P.)

Louis XVIII.; Marie Antoinette; Robes; Unicorn.

PHILLIPS. PROF. REGINALD WILLIAM, M.A.,

D.Sc., F.L.S. (R. W. P.)

Algae.

PHILLIPS, WALTER ALISON, M.A. (W. A. P.)

Diplomacy; Titles of Honour; Gentleman; &c.

Mehomet Ali; Metternich; &c. Europe, History, 1815-
1870; Templars (in part); Jacobins; Vestments;
Niebelungenlied; Faust; &c.

PITMAN, CHARLES MURRAY. (C. M. P.)

Rowing.

PITT, WALTER, M.Inst.C.E., M.I.M.E. (W. P.*)

Cranes.

PLATT, PROF. JOHN ARTHUR, M.A. (J. A. Pl.)

Sappho.

PLUMMER, REV. CHARLES, M.A. (C. Pl.)

268
 Alfred the Great; Anglo-Saxon Chronicle; Bede.

POCOCK, REGINALD INNES, F.Z.S., F.L.S. (R. I. P.)

Centipede; Earwig; Hibernation; Mimicry; Mite;

Scorpion; Spiders; Trilobites; &c.

PODMORE, FRANK, M.A. (F. P.)

Automatic Writing; Premonition; Retro-cognition;

Table turning.

POLLARD, PROF. ALBERT FREDERICK, M.A.,

F.R.Hist.S. (A. F. P.)

English History, VII. and XIII. (Bibliography);

Elizabeth, Queen; Henry VIII.; Edward VI.; Burghley,
Lord; Cranmer; Cromwell, Thomas; Parker, Matthew;
Somerset, Duke of; Wolsey, Cardinal, and other
biographies of the period.

POLLARD, ALFRED WILLIAM, M.A. (A. W. Po.)

Bibliography and Bibliology; Book; Book-Collecting;

Chaucer; Colophon; Incunabula; Polyglott

POLLEN, PROF. JOHN HUNGERFORD, M.A. (J. H.

P.*)

Fan.

269
POLLOCK, SIR FREDERICK, BART., LL.D., D.C.L.
(F. Po.)

Contract; Maine, Sir Henry; Stephen, Sir J. F., Bart.;

Sword; Tort.

POLLOCK, WALTER HERRIES, M.A. (W. H. P.)

Musset, Alfred de ; Thackeray.

POOLE, EDWARD STANLEY. (E. S. P.)

Egypt, History, II. {in part).

POOLE, REGINALD LANE, M.A., Ph.D., LL.D. (R. L.

P.)

Wycliffe (in part).

POOLE, REGINALD STUART. (R. S. P.)

Egypt, History, I. (in part) ; Numismatics (in part).

POPE, FRANK GEORGE. (F. G. P.*)

Diazo Compounds; Purin; Terpenes.

POPPLEWELL, WILLIAM CHARLES, M.Sc,

A.M.I.C.E., (W. C. P.)

Bellows and Blowing Machines.

270
PORTER, W. HALDANE. (W. H. Po.) Ireland, Economics
and Administration.

POSTGATE, PROF. JOHN PERCIVAL, M.A., D.LItt.

(J. P. P.)

Juvenal (in part); Latin Literature (in part); Lucan (in

part); Phaedrus; Propertius, Sextus; Textual Criticism;
Tibullus, Albius.

POULTON, PROF. EDWARD BAGNALL, M.A., D.Sc,

LL.D., F.R.S. (E. B. P.)

Colours of Animals, Bionomics; Darwin.

POUPARDIN, RENE, D. ès L. (R. Po.)

Aries, Kingdom of; Burgundy; Charles the Bold;

Franche-Comte; Lorraine; Philip the Bold; Philip the
Good; Provence; &c.

POWELL, FREDERICK YORK, LL.D., D.C.L. (F. Y.

P.)

Iceland, History and Ancient Literature; Vigfusson,

Gudbrandr.

POYNTING, PROF. JOHN HENRY, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S.

(J.H.P.)

271
 Acoustics; Gravitation (in part); Sound.

PRESTAGE, EDGAR. (E. Ph.)

Portugal, Literature; Bocage; Camoens; Garett;

Gonzaga; Lopes, Femao; Manuel de Mello; Ribeiro,
Bernwiini; SA de Miranda, Francisco de; Vicente, Gil;
and other Portuguese literary biographies.

PRIEBSCH, PROF. ROBERT, Ph.D. (R. Pk.)

German Language.

PRINCE, PROF. JOHN DYNELEY, Ph.D. (J. D. Pr.)

Akkad; Assur (Biblical); Chaldaea; Daniel (in part);

Sumer and Sumerian.

PRINET, LEON JACQUES MAXIME. (M. P.*)

Albret; Harcourt; Joinville; Orleans, Ferdinand, Duke

of; Orleans, Gaston, Duke of; Orleans, Philip I. and II.,
Dukes of; Retz, Seigneurs and Dukes of; &c.

PRINGLE-PATTISON, PROF. ANDREW SETH, M.A.,

LL.D, D.C.L. (A. S. P.-P.)

Mysticism; Philosophy; Pythagoras (in part); Reid,

Thomas (in part); Scepticism; Scholasticism; Spinoza;

272
 Theosophy (in part); Weber's Law; Wolff, Christian (in
part).

PRITCHARD, REV. CHARLES, M.A. (C. P.)

Herschel, Sir F. W. (in part) ; Herschel, Sir J. F. W. (in

part).

PROTHERO, PROF. GEORGE WALTER, M.A.,

D.Litt., LL.D. (G. W. P.)

Temple, Sir William; William IV. of England.

PUAUX, FRANK. (F. Px.)

Camisards; Cavalier, Jean; Huguenots.

PULFRICH, CARL, Ph.D. (C. P.*)

Stereoscope.

PUNNETT, PROF. REGINALD CRUNDALL, M.A. (R.

C. P.)

Mendelism.

PURSER, FREDERICK, M.A. (F. Pu.)

Surface (in part).

PURSER, PROF. JOHN, MX, LL.D. (J. Pu.)

273
 Surface (in part).

PUT, A. VAN DE. (A. V. de P.)

Ceramics, Hispano-Moresque.

FYCRAFT, WILLIAM PLANE, F.Z.S. (W. P. P.)

Egg ; Feather (in part).

PYE-SMITH, PHILIP HENRY, M.D., F.R.S. (P. H. P.-S.)

Harvey, William.

QUICK, REV. ROBERT HERBERT, M.A. (R. H. Q.)

Froebel.

QUIGGIN, EDMUND CROSBY, M.A. (E. C. Q.)

Celt, Languages and Literature ; Cohimba, Saint ;

Cuchulinn; Druidism; Finn MacCool ; Ireland, Early
History; Patrick, St.

RADCLIFFE, LIEUT.- COLON EL EMILIUS C. DELME.

(E. D. R.)

Falconry.

RA1KES, FRANCIS WILLIAM, K.C., LL.D. (F. W. Ra.)

274
RAMBAUT, PROF. ARTHUR ALCOCK, M.A., D.Sc.,
F.RXS, F.R.S. (A.A.R.*)

Airy; Grant, Robert ; Schonfcld, Eduard.

RAMSAY, SIR WILLIAM MITCHELL, D.Litt., D.C.L.

(W.M.Ra.)

Iconium ; Jupiter (in part); Lycaonia ; Fhrygia ;

Pisidia; Smyrna (in part) ; Tarsus.

RANDALL, JOHN. (J. R .*)

Proof-reading (in part).

RANDALL-MACIVER, DAVID, M.A., D.Sc. (D. R.-M.)

Monomotapa ; Rhodesia, Archaeology ', Sudan,

Archaeology (in part) ; Zimbabwe.

RANK1NE, WILLIAM JOHN MACQUORN, LL.D. (W. J.

M. R.)

Mechanics, Applied (in part).

RAVENSTE1N, PROF. ERNEST GEORGE, M.A., Ph.D.

(E.G.R.)

Map (m part).

RAWLINSON, REV. GEORGE, M.A. (G. R.)

275
 Herodotus (in part).

RAWLINSON, SIR HENRY CRESWICKE, BART.,

G.C.B. (H. C. R.)

" ' " Euphrates (in part) ; Isfahan, History ; Kurdistan

(in part).

RAYLEIGH, THE RIGHT HON. LORD. (R.)

Argon; Capillary Action (»» part); Diffraction, of

Light; Interference of light ; Sky.

READ, CHARLES HERCULES, LL.D, (C. H. Rj*) ;,^.;

Archaeology; Drinking Vessels.

RECLUS, ELISEE. (E. Re.)

REDDA WAY, WILLIAM FID DI AN, MX (W. F R.)

Norway, History, 1397-1S14.

REDWAY, GEORGE WILLIAM. (G. W. R.)

Petersburg Campaign (1564-1X6$; Seven Days' Battle:

Shenandoah Valley Campaigns; Wilderness '{in pari). '
-:

REDWOOD, SIR BOVERTON. D.Sc, M. Inst. M. E.i F.R.S

.(Edin.) (B.R.)
276
 Asphalt; Bitumen; Naphtha; Ozokerite; Paraffin;
Petroleum; Vaseline.

REEVE, HENRY, D.C.L. (H. R.)

Guizot (in part).

REEVES, HON. WILLIAM PEMBER, D.C.L. (W. P. R.)

Atkinson, Sir Henry A.; Ballance, John;. Fox, Sir

William i Greyj Sir George ; New Zealand ; Vogel, Sir
Julius.

REICH, EMIL, DocJuris. (E. Re.*)

Hungary, Literature (in part)

REID, CLEMENT, F.L.S., F.G.S., F.R.S. (C.R.).

Paleobotany, Tertiary.

REID, SIR GEORGE, LL.D., {G. Re.)

Portraiture; Turner.

REID, PROF. JAMES SMITH, M.A., LL.D., D.Litt. (T.

S.R.)

Quintilian; Rulmke'n, David; r Silius Italicus; Tiberius;

Trajan ; Tribune ; Wyttenbach, Daniel Albert ; &c.

277
REID, HON. WHITELAW, LL.D. (W. R.)

Greeley, Horace.

REILLY, A. ADAMS. (A.A.R.)

Tisserand, Francois.

RENDLE, ALFRED BARTON, M.A, D.Sc, P.L.S., tf.tllSL

(A. B. R.)

Anglosperms (in part); Apple; Botany; Cocoa, Botany;

Coffee, Botany; Flower; Fruit; Leaf; Plants,
Classification.

RENTON, ALEXANDER WOOD, MX,LL.B., (A. W. RA,

,...

Arbitration ; Compensation ; Corporal Punishment ;

Ground Rent; Landlordand Tenant; Maxims, Legal ;
Kent; Thurlow. Lord ; &c.

REYNOLDS, PROF. OSBORNE, MX, LL.D-, M.Inst;

C.E., F.R3. (O.R.)

Lubrication.

RHODES, HON. BRADFORD. (B.R*)

Savings Banks, United States.

278
RHODES, JAMES FORD, LL.D. (T. F. R.) lJ : " '*

Adams, C. F.

RICHARDSON, PROF. CHARLES FRANCIS, A.M.,

Ph.D. (C.F.R.)

AIcott,A.B.; Alcott, L. M. ; Fiske, John. :

RICHARDSON, RUFUS BYAM, Ph.D. (R. B. R.)

Corinth (in part).

RICHMOND, SIR WILLIAM BLAKE, K.C.B. (W. B. Ri.)

Mosaic, Modern.

RIDGEWAY, PROF. WILLIAM, M.A., LL.D., D.Litt.,

D.Sc. (W. Ri.)

Achaeans; Celt, Introduction; Hallstatt; Thrace,

Ancient Peoples; Villanova.

RILEY, JOHN ATHELSTAN LAURIE, M.A. (J. A. L.

R.)

Nestorians (in part).

RISTORI, EMANUEL JOSEPH, Ph.D.,

Assoc.M.Inst.C.H. (E. J. R.)

279
 Aluminium.

ROBERTS-AUSTEN, SIR WILLIAM CHANDLER

K.C.B., D.C.L., F.R.S. (W. C. R.-A.)

Alloys (in part) ; Metallography (in part).

ROBERTSON, GEORGE CROOM (G. C. R.)

Abelard (in part) ; Hobbes, Thomas (in part).

ROBERTSON, SIR GEORGE SCOTT, M.P., K.C.S.I.,

D.C.I. (G. S. R.)

Kafiristan.

ROBERTSON, PROF; JOHN GEORGE, M.A., Ph.D.

(J. G. R.)

German Literature; Goethe; Griliparzer; Heine (in

part); Lessing (in part) ; Meistersinger ; Schiller;
Wieland; &c.

Q
Contents: Top · A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

280
 Contents: Top · A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

RUSSELL, HON. BERTRAND ARTHUR WILLIAM,

M.A., F.R.S. (B.A.W.R.)

Geometry, VI. (in part).

S
Contents: Top · A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

SAINTSBURY, GEORGE EDWARD BATEMAN,

LL.D., D.Litt., D.C.L. (G. SA.)

French Literature; Romance; Balzac; Corneille;

Joinville; Lamartine; Michelet; Montaigne; Rabelais;
Racine; Rousseau; Villon; Voltaire; &c.

T
Contents: Top · A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

TAIT, PETER GUTHRIE, LL.D. (P. G. T.)

Hamilton, Sir William Rowan; Knot; Maxwell, James

Clerk; Quaternions (in part)

THOMAS, NORTHCOTE WHITRIDGE, M.A. (N. W.

T.)

281
 Animal Worship, Cannibalism; Clairvoyance.
Divination, Dreams, Fetishism; Folklore; Magic;
Telepathy; Witchcraft; &c.

U
Contents: Top · A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

V
Contents: Top · A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

W
Contents: Top · A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

WRONG, PROF. GEORGE McKINNON, M.A., F.R.S.

(Canada). (G. M. W.)

Canada, History to Federation.

WYATT, J. W., A.M.Inst.C.E. (J. W. W.)

Paper, Manufacture.

WYLIE, MAJOR-GENERAL HENRY, C.S.I. (H. Wy.)

Nepal (in part).

282
Y
Contents: Top · A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

YORKE, LIEUT.-COL. HORATIO ARTHUR, C.B. (H.

A. Y.)

Railways, British Railway Legislation.

YORKE, PHILIP CHESNEY, M.A. (P. C. Y.)

Gunpowder Plot; Anne, Queen; Argyll, Earls and

Dukes of; Boleyn, Anne; Bolingbroke; Catherine of
Aragon; Charles I. and II.; Clarendon, 1st Earl of;
Cromwell, Oliver (in part); Falkland, Lord; Laud,
Archbishop; Strafford; Vane, Sir H., and other
English biographies of the 17th and 18th centuries.

YOUNG, ALEXANDER BELL FILSON. (A. B. F. Y.)

Dance (in part).

YOUNG, REV. WILLIAM. (W. Y.)

Presbyterianism.

YULE, SIR HENRY, C.B. (H. Y.)

Afghanistan, History; China, History (in part); Kublai

Khan; Lhasa (in part); Polo, Marco (in part); Prester

283
 John; Ramusio; Ricci, Matteo; &c.

Z
Contents: Top · A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

ZIMMER, G. F., A.M.Inst.C.E., F.Z.S. (G. F. Z.)

Biscuit; Bread; Conveyors; Flour and Flour

Manufacture; Granaries.

ZIMMERN, ALICE. (A. Z.)

Carpenter, Mary.

The Initials in brackets indicate the Signature adopted to distinguish the

Contributor.

Notes

284
Encyclopædia Navigation

Volume 1
Prefatory
A — Afr Afr — All All — And
Material

Title page A — Afranius — Alliaria

Copyright Abencerrages Agrigentum Officinalis
notice Abendana — Agrimony — Alsace-
Dedications Abu Hamed — Aix Lorraine
Prefatory Abu Ḥanīfa Aix-la- Alsatia —
Note — Acheron Chapelle — Amber
Prefatory Achiacharus Albert I. Amber —
Note to the — Adams Albert — Amontons
"Handy Adams — Ad Aldine 'Amora —
Volume" valorem Press Anastasius
edition Advancement Aldini — I
(1915) — Afranius Algaroth Anastasius
Editorial Algarotti II —
Introduction — Alliance Andronicus
Table of of Cyrrhus
contributors Andronicus
—
Androphagi

285
Encyclopædia Navigation
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And — Apo Apo — Arm Arm — Ast Ast — Aus

Table of Apolda — Army — Astraea —

contributors Appia Art Attempt
Andros — Apuré — Galleries Attention —
Anne of Arch Arthritis Augustusbad
Brittany Archaeology — Asia Auk —
Anne of — Argostoli Asia — Austria
Cleves — Argosy — Astoria
Anti- Armstrong
Masonic
Party
Antimony
—
Apodictic

286
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Aus — Bal Bal — Bas Bas — Ben Ben — Bis

Table of Balearic Bastide — Benzaldehyde

contributors Islands — Bavai — Bernburg
Austria — Band Bavaria — Berners —
Axminster Banda — Beauvais Beugnot
Axolotl — Barbary Ape Beauvillier Beulé —
Backscratcher Barbary — Beit Bigot
Back's River Pirates — Beja — Big Rapids
— Bailey Barnes Belper — Biscay
Bailiff — Barnes — Belsham Biscay —
Bale Bartholomew — Ben Bisectrix
Bartholomew Venue
— Bastide

287
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Bis — Bon Bon — Bri Bri — Bur Bur — Cal

Table of Bonney — Bridewell Burgos —

contributors Bosa — Brizo Bute
Bishārīn – Bosboom- Broach — Bute —
Blake Toussaint Brown, Cadalso
Blakelock — Jacob Vazquez
— Blue- Bourgeois Brown, Cadamosto
Book Bourges — John — — Calais
Bluestocking Braddock Brydges Calais —
— Braddon Bryennius Calgary
Boisguilbert — —
Boisrobert Braunsberg Bukhārī
— Bravo — Bukovina
Bonneville Bride — Burgos

288
Encyclopædia Navigation

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Cal — Can Can — Cas Cas — Cen Cen — Cha

Table of Candlemas Casemate — Cenomani

contributors — Cap Castro —
Calhoun — Haitien Castrogiovanni Chafing-
Camden Capillary — Caussin de dish
Camden — Action — Perceval Chagos —
Candle Cardinal Caustic — Changeling
Virtues Cenobites Changos
Carding — Charles
— Carp IX.
Carpaccio Charles X.
— Case —
Chatelaine

289
Encyclopædia Navigation

Volume 6
Cha — Cho Cho — Clo Clo — Col Col — Con

Table of Chorley Cloister — Columbani

contributors — Churn Cockatrice —
Châtelet — Chusan Cockburn Comparetti
Cherusci — — Cole Compass
Cheselden Ciudad Colebrooke —
— Chiloé Porfirio — Congress
Chilon — Diaz Columban Congreve
Chorley Ciudad —
Real — Constantine
Clay
Cross
Claymore
—
Clogher

290
Encyclopædia Navigation

Volume 7
Con — Cos Cos — Cro Cro — Dan Dap — Dem

Table of Cosmati — Crow Daphla

contributors Courtois Indians Hills —
Constantine Courtrai — — Davison
Pavlovich — Craniometry Cunard Davis
Coote Crank — Cunas Strait —
Copaiba — Creutz — Degas
Cormontaingne Creuzer — Cuyp De Geer
Cormorant — Crowe Cuza —
Cosmas — Demidov
Dalberg
Dale —
Danzig

291
Encyclopædia Navigation

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Dem — Die Die — Dov Dov — Dup Dup — Edw

Table of Dielectric — Dover — Duperron,

contributors Dionysius Dropsy Jacques
Demijohn Halicarnassensis Dropwort Davy —
— Dionysius — Dynamite
Desborough, Periegetes — Duhamel, Dynamo
John Döbrentei, Jean — Écarté
Descartes, Gabor Baptiste Ecbatana
René — De Dobritch — Duhamel —
Witt, John Donatists du Edward
Dewlap — Donatus, Aelius Monceau, (Prince of
Diekirch — Dover, Henri Wales)
Robert Louis —
Dupanloup,
Félix
Antoine
Philibert

292
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Edw — Ell Ell — Epa Epa — Ess Eug — Eva

Table of Elliston — Eparch Essenes —

contributors Emporium — Eugenius
Edwardes Empson — Ericht Eugenol —
— Eleatic Epaminondas Ericsson Evangelical
School —
Elecampane Essen
— Ellis

293
Encyclopædia Navigation

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Eva — Fat Fau — Fin Fin — Fon Fon — Fra

Table of Faubourg Finch — Fonesca

contributors — Fitzwalter —
Evangelical Fenians Fitzwilliam Forster
Church Fennel — — Flood Forster
Conference Fessenden Flood Plain —
— Ezra Fessler — — Fonseca Foxglove
Ezra — Finance Fox
Falkland Indians
Falkland —
Islands — Francis
Fatimites Joseph I.

294
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Fra — Fri Fri — Gal Gal — Geo Gep — Gib

Table of Friedrichroda Galvanometer Gephyrea

contributors — Fuller — Gartok — Ghent
Franciscans Fuller — Gary — Ghetto
— Gaetulia Gelati —
Frederick Gage — Gelatin — Gibson
William III. Galvanized Georgswalde
Frederick Iron
William IV.
—
Friedrich

295
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Gic - Goo Goo - Gre Gre - Had Had - Har

Table of Good Grenville Haddington

contributors Friday — — Ground —
Gichtel — Gottschall Rent Halfpenny
Girard Gottsched Groundsel Half-timber
Girard — — — Guérin Work —
Glinka Grampians Guérin du Hamilton
Glinka — Grampound Cayla — Hamilton
Goes — Grays Guntram — Harcourt
Goes — Thurrock Guntur — Hardanger
Good Graz — Haddington Fjord —
Grenville Harmonium

296
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Ha He - Hi Ho – Hr Hu

Table of Hedon — Hicks — Horn —

contributors Helvetii Hingham Hounslow
Harmony Helvétius Hinrichs Hour — Hugh
— — — Hoe de Puiset
Haslemere Henwood Hoefnagel Hugh of St
Haslingden Henzada — Home Cher —
— — Heroic Home — Hunyadi
Hawkshaw Romances Hormuz Hunza and
Hawksley Heroic Nagar —
— Hedges Verse — Hurstmonceaux
and Fences Hickory

297
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Hus — Hyp Hyp — Inc Inc — Ion Ion — Ita

Table of Hypertrophy Incorporation Ionian

contributors — — Injector School
Husband — Idomeneus Injunction — —
Hypersthene Idria — Ionians Island
Income Tax Islay
—
Italic

298
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Ita — Joh Joh — Kar Kar — Kin Kin — Kys

Table of John II. Karateghin Kingston-

contributors of — Keble upon-
Italy — Castile Kecskemét Hull —
Jahn — — Kerch Knave
Jahrum — Jonson Kerckhoven Knebel
Jātaka Joplin — Kidd — Kopp
Jath — — Kidd — Koprülü
Jesup Jumna Kingston- —
Jesus Christ Jumping on-Thames Kuenen
— John I. — Kuen-lun
of Castile Kaithal —
Kakapo Kyshtym
—
Karasu-
Bazar

299
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L — Lan Lan — Lei Lei — Lin Lin — Lor

Table of Langlois Leiria — Linseed —

contributors — Larra Leopold II. Lizard
L — Larsa — Leotychides Point
Laestrygones Lavagna — Levy Ljunggren
Laetus — Laval — Levy — — Logan
Lambert of Le Lightning Logansport
Hersfeld Chapelier Conductor — Lord
Lambessa — Lechler Lights — Advocate
Langley — Linsang
Leipzig

300
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Lyc — Mal
Lor — Lyc Mal — Mar Mar — Mec
(includes Mc)

Table of Lyceum — Malcolm — Marlitt —

contributors M'Crie Manchester Martin
Lord MacCullagh Ship Canal Martin —
Chamberlain — Macquarie Manchuria Master and
— Louisiade Macrauchenia — Mantegna Servant
Archipelago — Mantell — Master of the
Louisiana — Maheshwar Maremma Horse —
Lucullus Mahi — Marengo — Maxentius
Lucus Malchin Marlborough Maxim —
Feroniae — Mecklenburg
Lycaonia

301
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Med — Met Met — Mof Mog — Mor Mor — Mum

Table of Metaphysics Mogador Morphology

contributors — Michelet — Money- — Mouflon
Medal — Michelet — Lending Mould —
Melloni Miller Monforte Mülheim-
Melodrama Miller — — am-Rhein
— Mirande Montefiore Mülheim-
Mercator Mirandola Montefrio an-der-Ruhr
Mercenary — Moffat — Moors — Mumps
— Moose —
Metaphor Morphine

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Mun — Nar Nar — Nic Nic — Nos Nos — Odd

Table of Narva — Nicephorus Nostrum —

contributors Nearchus Patriarcha Nye
Mun — Neath — — Nilgai Nyezhin —
Musgrave Nerve Nilgiris — Odaenathus
Mush — Nervi — Nora Odalisque
Naga Hills Newcastle Norba — —
Nagar — Newcastle- Nostradamus Oddfellows
Narthex under-
Lyme —
Nicephorus

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Ode — Ore Ore — Pac Pac — Par Par — Pay

Table of Orense — Pachisi — Parclose —

contributors Ortnit Pale Partonopeus
Ode — Olaus Ortolan Paleario de Blois
Magnus — Otto — Partridge —
Olbers — of Pandora Paul
Onomatopoeia Freising Pandua — Paul I. —
Onondaga — Otto of Parchment Payment of
Orendel Nordheim Members
—
Pacheco

304
Encyclopædia Navigation
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Pay — Peo Peo — Phi Phi — Pis Pis — Pol

Table of People Philip Pisciculture

contributors — IV. — — Platon
Payn — Perry Phrantza Platonic
Pelham Perry Phraortes Love —
Pelham — — — Podophyllin
Peonage Petrie Pilaster Poe —
Petrie Pilate — Polka
— Pisces
Philip
III.

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Pol — Pot Pot — Pub Pub — Ram Ram — Ree

Table of Potlatch — Publilius Rameau —

contributors Precession Syrus — Ratibor
Poll — of the Puttkammer Rationalism
Pontecorvo Equinoxes Putty — — Recorde
Pontécoulant Precinct — Quatrefoil Recorder
— Porter Prince Quatremère — Reeves
Porter — Edward — Rabelais
Poti Island Rabener —
Princes' Rambouillet
Islands —
Propyl
Alcohols
Prorogation
— Public
House

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Ref — Ric Ric — Rog Rog — Ruh Rui — Sai

Table of Ricciarelli Rogers — Ruiz —

contributors — Riley Rosamond Ryot
Refectory Rimbaud Rosario Ryswick
— — — —
Renaissance Robert- Roulette Saginaw
Renaix — Fleury Roulette Sagitta
Reuss Roberts — —
Reuter — — Rogers Ruhrort Sainte-
Ricci Beuve

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Sai — San San — Sch Sch — Ser Ser — Shu

Table of Sancti Schleswig- Serampur

contributors Spiritus Holstein — —
Sainte- — Santals Schwetzingen Sewerage
Claire Santa Schwiebus — Sewing
Deville — Maria do Seal- Machines
St Monte — Fisheries — Shed
Petersburg Sarzana Sealing Wax Shedd —
Saint-Pierre Sāsana — Selborne Shirley
— Vaṃsa — Selby — Shirley
Salmasius Scafell Serajevo —
Salmeron y Scaffold Shuttle
Alfonso — —
Sanctis Schleswig

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Shu — Sli Slo — Sph Sph — Ste Ste — Sub

Table of Sloane — Sphere Stevedore —

contributors Snell — Stone
Shuválov Snell — Squinch Stone —
— Silius Somerset Squint Strontium
Italicus Somersetshire — Strophanthus
Silk — — Southerne Stations —
Siricius Southey — of the Subliminal
Sirkar — Sphenodon Cross Self
Sliven Statistics
—
Steuco

309
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Sub — Sys Syz — Ten Ten — Thr Thr — Tom

Table of Syzrañ Tennis Threnody

contributors — — —
Submarine Talukdar Thales of Tillodontia
Mines — Talus — Miletus Tillotson
Sunbury Tarpeia Thallium —
Sunbury- Tarquinii — Tlaxcala
on-Thames — Teak Thévenot Tlaxcala
— Teal — Thiazines — Tom-
Swanwick Tenniel — Three Tom
Swartz — Rivers
Systyle

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Ton — Tra Tra — Tur Tur — Val Val — Ves

Table of Traveller's Turkestan Valencia

contributors Tree — — —
Tonalite — Trim Tyumeñ Varchi
Toulouse Trimmer Tzetzes Vardanes
Toulouse — Truss — Ur —
— Trave Trust Ural- Venice
Company Altaic — Venison
— Turin Valence —
Vesuvius

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Vet — Wal Wal — Whi Whi — Wou Wra — Zym

Table of Walker — White — Wraith —

contributors Ward Wilkinson Yamagata
Vetch — Ward — Wilkinson Yamboli
Villaret de Waterloo — Wind —
Joyeuse Campaign Windau — Yucatan
Villari — Waterloo- Woking Yucca —
Vitriol with- Wokingham Zieten
Vitruvius Seaforth — Zimbabwe
— Vouet — Weeks Wouwerman —
Voussoir — Weenix Zymotic
Walker — Diseases
Westbury
Westbury
— White

312
Please add orphan pages here, pending proper listing

Copyright notice (expired) p. ii

Title Page p. iii
Preface pp. v–viii
Rules and Abbreviations pp. 1–2
Index to the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition
pp. 3–878
Classified Table of Contents — Introduction pp. 879–
880
Classified Table of Contents pp. 881–882
Classified List of Articles pp. 883–947
Contributors Not paginated in printed version

313
314
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