Life On A Garbage

METROPOLITAN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES
4408, Capricorn St., Brgy. 177, Maria Luisa Subd. Camarin, Caloocan City
LIFE ON A GARBAGE; INVESTIGATING THE GROUNDING

PRINCIPLES BEHIND PEOPLE SETTLING
ON A DUMPSITE
A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of

Senior High School Department of
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Grade Twelve

Senior High School Curriculum in
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING, AND MATHEMATICS
by:
Zavier Nathaniel A. Aguilar

Mark Ranier G. Balaston
Jyanessa Mae T. Bejo
Ryza Caplis
Alexandra T. Comia
Adam Marco P. Dalag
Guilmer John M. Gamiao
Dianne Ruthlyn G. Magcaiyo
Kyla Marie P. Mangahas
James Emerson T. Pedralba
March, 2024
MET
TROPOLIITAN INS
STITUTE
E OF ART
TS AND SCIENCES
4408, Capricorn St., Brgy. 177, Maria Lu
uisa Subd. Camarin,
C Ca
aloocan City
y
APP
PROVAL SHEET
Th
his Senior High Schoool thesis entitled, LIFE L ON A GARBA AGE;
INVESTIIGATING THE GR ROUNDING G PRINCIP PLES BEH HIND PEO OPLE
SETTLIN NG ON A DUMPSITEi
D is hereby preepared and submitted
s byy Zavier Natthaniel
A. Aguilarr, Mark Rannier G. Balasston,Jyanessaa Mae T. Bejejo, Ryza Capplis, Alexanndra T.
Comia, Adam
A Marcco P. Dalagg,Guilmer John J M. Gamiao,
G Diaanne Ruthlyyn G.
Magcaiyo, Kyla Marrie P. Manngahas, and James Em merson T. Pedralbain
P p
partial
fulfillmentt of the requuirements foor Grade Tw welve Senior High Schoool Curricullum in
Science, Technologyy, Engineering, and Mathematticshas beenn examinedd and
approved by
b the boardd of panelist..
MR. JH
HOMAR M. M BELTRAAN
Adviser
_______
__________________________________________________________
PANEL OF EXAMIINERS
Approvedd by the Com

mmittee on Fiinal Defensee with a gradde of: ___
MR. JHOM
MAR M. BEELTRAN, LPT.
L
Chairmaan
MR. DA
ANIEL SALU
UMBIDES,, LPT. MS. QUEE
ENSEN MERA S. CAN
NTONJOS
Member Member
M
Acccepted as paartial fulfillm

ment of the requirement
r for the acadeemic track
Science, technology,
t Engineering and Math hematics forr the school year
y 2023-20024.
PET
TER G. YOOUNG, JR, PHD.
P
Prrincipal
ii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The completion of this study could not have been possible without the
help, participation and assistance of so many people whose names may not be
enumerated, but their contributions are sincerely appreciated. However, the group
would like to express their warm appreciation and gratitude to the following:
Foremost, to Almighty God for His blessings throughout the research, and
granting the researchers strength, knowledge and good health to complete the
work successfully;
Architect Maribel M. Collado, President of Metropolitan Institute of
Arts and Sciences, for allowing them to use the school facilities;
Dr. Peter G. Young Jr., Principal of Metropolitan Institute of Arts and
Sciences, for the constant concern for the students to fulfill their tasks and
activities
Ms. Sharmine A. Alquiza, Chairman of Grade 11, for her joyful presence
and support for her beloved students.
Mr. Benjamin R. Rosales Jr., Chairman of Grade 12, for the good
teaching, guidance, and advice he gives.
Mr. Jhomar M. Beltran LPT., chairman of research committee, for the
untiring effort and unending support to encourage the researchers to pursue this
study and for his assistance and creative comments to improve their work;
iii
Mr. Daniel C. Salumbides LPT., Member of the panel, for this guidance,
patience, and for her insightful comments and suggestions;
Ms. Queensen Mera S. Cantonjos ECT., for their constant support,
encouragement, kindness, and knowledge during their research process; she
guided them from the start to the end;
Their respective families, which the researchers got support from during
their entire journey.
iv
DEDICATION
The researcher dedicates this work with love to the following people: my
family, dear friends, and professors who encouraged me and inspired me to
pursue my goals in life; and especially to the Almighty God, the creator of all, for
all the blessings He provided upon me.
ZNAA
MRGB
JMTB
RC
ATC
AMPD
GJMG
DRGM
KMPM
JETP
2024
v
ABSTRACT
This study examines living in landfills, a phenomenon that affects more than
15 million people worldwide (About Garbage Dump Communities : International
Samaritan, 2023), to understand the motivations and challenges faced by resilient
people. Due to factors such as extreme poverty, limited educational opportunities,
and serious illness and disability, this study demonstrates the adaptability of
people living in landfills.
This research uses interview questionnaires and audio and video
recordings to portray life in the trash, and uses thorough techniques such as
transcription, translation, and coding for comprehensive analysis.
The study highlights the challenges faced by landfill residents, including
serious health and environmental risks, limited amenities, and social shame.
Despite these challenges, people living in landfills have shown an amazing ability
to improve their standard of living and find opportunity even among the trash. It
also focuses on comprehensive interventions that address environmental and
socioeconomic aspects and aims to improve understanding and develop support
systems for people in landfill communities.
In conclusion, this study contributes to the deep understanding of life in
landfills, with the vision of promoting interventions that improve the well-being of
people facing the challenges of living in waste.
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page i
Approval Sheet ii
Acknowledgement iii
Dedication vvi
Abstract vi
Table of Contents vii
Chapter
1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction 1
Background of the Study 4
Statement of the Problem 6
Significance of the Study 7
Scope and Delimitations 9
Definition of Terms 10
vii
2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
Garbage 14
Dumpsites 16
The Reasons for Having Dumpsites
Choosing to Live in Dumps 22
Residents Relying on Dumps 23
Effects of Living in Dumpsites
Food Waste in Dumpsites 28
Money in Dumpsites 30
Experience of Residents Living Nearby
Municipal Solid Waste Open Dumpsite
Impact of Public Solid Waste Disposal Dump Sites 33
Environmental Pollution and Health Effects
Associated with Waste Landfilling and Open Dumping 36
Waste Management in Developing Countries 42
Assessment of the Impact of Open Waste Dumpsite on
Groundwater Quality 43
Community Health Survey of Residents
viii
Living near a Solid Waste Open Dumpsite 44
Hazards from the Municipal Solid Waste Dumpsites 47
Health and Environmental Risk of Residents Living Close
to a Landfill 49
Quality of Life and Factors Affecting It: A Study among People
Living Near a Solid Waste Management Facility 50
Microbial Air Quality in Neighborhoods near Landfill Site:
Implications for Public Health 53
Health Exposure and Environmental Challenges
of Households Living Nearby an Open Landfill 56
The Socio-Economic and Environmental Implications of
Residential Building in Proximate distance to Landfill Site 58
Stigmatization of People Living near Dumpsites 63
Lack of Basic Amenities in Living near Dumpsites
Livelihoods in Dumpsites 64
3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES
Research Methodologies 66
Research Design
ix
Selection of Co-Researchers 67
Sampling Technique
Research Instrument 68
Questionnaire Construction 70
Treatment of Data 71
Conceptual Framework 73
Theoretical Framework 77
Research Flowchart 80
4 PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation of Data 82
Presentation of Co-Researchers
Insights 120
Researchers Experience 130
5 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary of Findings 134
Implications 135
Symbolic Representation 137
Recommendations 139
x
Protocol Letters 142
Informed Consents 143
Interview Questions 144
Bibliography 154
Interview Documentation 156
Appendices 158
Curriculum Vitae 160
xi
Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction
Living on a dumpsite is a complex and interesting phenomenon that needs
our attention. People choosing to settle amidst garbage, typically called "life on
garbage," present a unique subject of study (About garbage dump communities:
international Samaritan, 2023). This study aims to investigate the grounding
principles behind people's decision to live on dumpsites, exploring the underlying
factors, motivations, and challenges associated with this unconventional way of
life.
According to "About garbage dump communities: international Samaritan,
2023," over 15 million human beings are confirmed to live and work in garbage
dump communities around the world. The wide variety of humans settling on
dumpsites is a great concern due to the risky waste produced through hospitals
and clinical centers, which can place humans in grave danger of sickness that
could be deadly. Human beings living near landfills are at risk of health problems
due to the toxic chemicals and pollutants that are released into the air and water
(Gunther, 2022). Living on a dumpsite poses numerous challenges and crisis
situations. The citizens face constant exposure to toxins, lack access to basic
amenities, and endure social stigmatization. These crises underscore the criticality
of investigating the grounding principles behind this unconventional settlement
choice.
The initiative of researchers to pursue this study stems from a desire to
address the plight of people living on dumpsites. The researchers understand the
importance of understanding the underlying factors that lead people to make such
a challenging selection. By gaining grounded into their motivations, aspirations,
and daily struggles, it becomes possible to develop targeted interventions and
support systems to improve their living conditions and provide pathways to a
more sustainable and dignified livelihood.
In summary, this research seeks to investigate the grounding principles
behind people settling on dumpsites. It seeks to address the crisis of people living
amidst garbage and the challenges they face. With the goal of understanding the
underlying factors and motivations, this study aspires to contribute to the existing
body of knowledge and provide precious insights for the development of effective
2
interventions and support systems. By comprehensively examining this complex
phenomenon, we attempt to pave the way for positive change and improved living
conditions for those residing in such circumstances.
3
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Living in dumpsites can arise due to numerous reasons, including extreme
poverty, a lack of educational opportunities, and severe illness or disability
(About garbage dump communities: International Samaritan, 2023). Garbage
dump communities are the communities that rely on the world's garbage dumps to
survive by either working or living within them.
Garbage dumps are the only place in these areas where people can live for
free and find items that they can keep for their families or sell for profit, which
incentives vulnerable populations to stay there (About Garbage Dump
Communities - International Samaritan, 2023). Living in dumpsites may pose
serious health and environmental risks. Emissions from landfills pose a threat to
the health of those who stay and work around landfills (Vasarhelyi, 2021). Studies
have reported an increased risk of adverse health effects such as low birth weight,
birth defects, and certain sorts of cancer among residents living near individual
landfill sites. People living closer to landfill sites have also reported medical
conditions such as bronchial asthma, cuts, diarrhea, stomach pain, recurring flu,
cholera, malaria, cough, skin irritation, and tuberculosis (Njoku et al., 2019). Most
4
studies on the health effects of waste and landfill workers have focused on
biological chance institutions due to their close proximity to the biological agents
over time. This can be an indication of the possible health risk for humans living
closer to landfills (Njoku et al., 2019)
Living near dumpsites can expose people to various toxins that can be
harmful to their health and the surroundings. Many materials that end up as waste
contain Further, garbage dumps are the only source of earnings for many families
dwelling in dumpsites, and this way of life does not pay properly (About garbage
dump communities, international Samaritan, 2023).
5
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
This study aims to understand the Grounding Principles behind People
Settling on A Dumpsite.
Specifically, the research aims to find answers to the following questions:
1. How may the life on garbage investigating the grounding principles behind
people settling on a dumpsite can be described?
2. What are the grounded theories that can be drawn from their experiences?
3. What are the implications of the findings?
6
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study is beneficial to the following:
Students, individuals who are currently pursuing education and can
benefit from the study's findings to expand their knowledge and understanding of
social, environmental, and developmental issues.
Teachers, educators who can use the study's insights to enhance their
teaching curriculum, foster critical thinking, and raise awareness among students
about dumpsite settlements and associated social, environmental, and policy
issues.
Government, the government can make use of research to provide health
facilities and livelihood support to people who choose to settle in dumpsites.
NGO’S, are groups that function independently of any government and
are usually non-profit. The findings can help NGO's develop targeted
interventions and programs that will improve the lives of people living in
dumpsites.
7
Communities, can benefit from our research because they can use it to
educate the public about waste challenges and the significance of waste reduction,
reuse, and recycling (3R).
Future Researchers, individuals who will conduct research in the future,
building upon the existing knowledge and findings of studies like “life on a
garbage Investigating the Grounding principles behind people' s settling on a
Dumpsite.”
8
SCOPE AND DELIMITATIONS
This study aims to examine the grounding principles behind people
settling on a dumpsite, specifically focusing on the dumpsite community in Sitio
Pintor, Barangay San Isidro, Rodriguez, Montalban, Rizal, Philippines. The
research will focus on seeking the motivations, challenges, and aspirations of five
residents who have children living in this particular dumpsite community, as well
as the residents who have lived in the dumpsite for more than 5 years, to gain a
comprehensive understanding of the factors influencing their decision to settle on
a dumpsite and the implications for their livelihoods. The study aims to contribute
to the existing knowledge on this topic and provide valuable insights into the
unique dynamics of this community.
It is important to make the delimitation of this study well known. The
researchers delimit the residents who don't have children as living in dumpsite
areas. People who have a child are ready to take on all the consequences and
responsibilities (MSed, 2023). The researchers also delimit the area we’re
focusing on because they are only focusing on Sitio Pintor, Barangay San Isidro,
Rodriguez, Montalban, and Rizal, Philippines.
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
Amenities- Amenities refer to basic facilities, services, or infrastructure necessary
for a comfortable and sustainable living environment.
Dumpsite- A dumpsite refers to a location designated for the disposal of waste
materials, often consisting of garbage, refuse, and other discarded items.
Garbage Dump Communities- Garbage dump communities are settlements
where individuals live and work in close proximity to dumpsites, relying on the
waste found there for their livelihood or survival.
Grounding Principles- Grounding principles, in a general sense, refer to the
fundamental factors, motivations, and decision-making processes that underlie
individuals' choices and actions in a particular context.
Hazardous Waste- Hazardous waste encompasses materials that pose a
significant risk to human health or the environment due to their chemical,
biological, or physical properties.
Health Problems- Health problems refer to medical conditions, diseases, or
ailments that individuals living on dumpsites may experience as a result of their
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exposure to toxins and hazardous waste. These health problems can include
respiratory issues, rointestinal disorders, skin irritations, infections, and other
adverse health effects.
Landfill- A landfill is a designated area where solid waste is disposed of and
buried in layers of soil.
Leachate- Leachate refers to the liquid that is formed when water filters through
waste materials in a landfill.
Livelihoods- Livelihoods encompass the means by which individuals and
communities earn a living and support their basic needs.
Poverty- Poverty refers to the state of lacking the resources, capabilities, and
opportunities necessary for a basic standard of living.
Recycling- Recycling is the process of converting waste materials into reusable
materials or new products.
Social Stigmatization- Social stigmatization refers to the negative attitudes,
stereotypes, or discriminatory behaviors faced by individuals or groups based on
their association with dumpsite living or waste-picking activities.
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Sustainable and Dignified Livelihoods- Sustainable and dignified livelihoods
involve supporting individuals and communities in achieving economic well-
being, social inclusion, and a sense of dignity while minimizing negative
environmental impacts.
Toxins- Toxins are substances that can cause harm or illness when they are
ingested, inhaled, or come into contact with the body.
Waste Management- Waste management refers to the collection, transportation,
processing, and disposal of waste materials in a manner that minimizes
environmental impacts and promotes public health and safety.
Waste Pickers- Waste pickers are individuals who scavenge through waste
materials in dumpsites to collect recyclable or valuable items that can be sold or
repurposed.
Water Pollution- Water pollution refers to the contamination of water bodies,
such as rivers, lakes, and groundwater, by harmful substances.
Vulnerabilities- Vulnerabilities refer to the weaknesses or susceptibilities of
individuals or communities that make them more prone to negative impacts or
harm.
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Chapter 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
According to ArSaravanakunar (2019), a review of related literature is a
summary of the writings of identified authorities, and previous research presents
evidence that the researcher is familiar with what is already known and what is
still unknown and uninterested. The primary purpose of a review of literature is to
record original research or experimentation that allows you to make such
information available to the rest of the scholarly world.
This chapter presents the review of related literature and studies after the
in-depth search done by the researchers. This study cited journal articles, reports,
documentaries, books, and the previous study. Those studies specified in this
chapter were included to help reinforce the framework of the study and to
understand the information that can be relevant to the present study.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Garbage
In the 1950s, engineers and municipal officials thought the garbage
problem was under control. The task was seen basically as one of disposing the
garbage, and landfilling had become the primary disposal method. It seemed all
that was needed was to expand the size and or number of landfills. Sanitary
landfills were seen as the state-of-the-art approach to landfilling. The first
sanitary landfills in the United States were built in the 1930s. By the mid-1940s
approximately 100 municipalities were using the approach. But the definition of
"sanitary landfill" was not very precise, and some of them "were similar to the
open dumping that remained by far the most prevalent method of land disposal
well into the 1970s." (In 1972 14,000 communities were still using traditional
land dumps.)" Still, as an approach to disposal, sanitary landfilling was simply a
better supervised and maintained modification of primitive landfill approaches. In
the 1960s it began to be apparent that the garbage problem had not been solved.
The volume of municipal waste generated was overtaking disposal capacity. In
1920 per capita production of waste was about 2.75 pounds per day; in 1970,
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about 5 pounds per day; and in 1980, about 8 pounds per day." The federal
Bureau of Solid Waste Management said that the volume of waste generated was
causing a "refuse disposal problem that far outstrips the waste handling resources
and facilities of virtually every community in the nation.
In 1968 the Wall Street Journal ran an article on how desperate cities were
seeking new methods of dealing with the growing solid waste problem," The
problem was not only the volume of the waste, but its composition. In the early
twentieth century horse manure and ashes from wood and coal were significant
portions of municipal waste, but by the 1970s paper and plastic were the fastest
growing components. According to the EPA, in 1970 paper was 33.1 percent of
all municipal solid waste and plastics were 2.7 percent; by 2000 those figures
were expected to be 41.0 percent and 9.8 percent, respectively.
Problems with sanitary landfills also became apparent. First, landfill sites were no
longer easily obtained. Second, the potential future use of areas that had been
sanitary landfills did not appear as promising as had once been thought. As the
materials in them settled and decomposed, the landfills were not sufficiently
stable to be used as residential or commercial construction sites. Third, as surface
15
water worked its way through the buried waste it leached compounds that polluted
groundwater, and sometimes emissions of methane and other gases caused health
and safety problems.
Dumpsites
Dump sites are areas where waste is illegally and unsafely disposed of,
often in developing countries where waste management systems are inadequate.
Dumpsites are usually open-air sites where waste is dumped and left to
decompose. An overview of the environmental pollution and health effects
associated with waste landfilling and open dumping highlights the prevalence of
illegal and uncontrolled "landfills" (mostly known as open dumpsites) in many
developing countries.
The reasons for having dumpsites
Overproduction of waste: Henry Ford once said, “If it doesn’t add value,
it’s waste.” In order to assess waste, it is useful to examine the process from the
perspective of the customer. Within the production process, does each action
constitute a value for the customer? If not, this action holds no value and could be
considered a waste. With this in mind, manufacturers can identify wastes in their
16
operations given the time to observe the process from customer order to delivery.
These wastes generally fall into seven categories that are explored in this series,
and the two profiled in this article are overproduction. Overproduction can impact
most of the other wastes (transportation, inventory, motion, waiting,
overprocessing and defects), many say it is the most impactful waste of all. An
increasing amount of product manufactured in excess of what the company needs
produces more product the company must inventory and periodically handle.
Additional handling increases the chance of damage that may require repair or
replacement, as well as the potential for quality issues. Overproduction can
manifest in multiple ways, including manufacturing more final products than
current demand (septic tanks, manholes in the yard) or overstocking more
components than needed during manufacturing (cages, blackouts).
Improper waste management: Improper disposal can lead to adverse health
outcomes, for example through water, soil and air contamination.
Hazardous waste or unsafe waste treatment such as open burning can
directly harm waste workers or other people involved in waste burning and
neighboring communities. Vulnerable groups such as children are at increased
17
risk of adverse health outcomes. Poor waste collection leads to environmental and
marine pollution and can block water drains. Resulting flooding and other
standing waters in waste items favour cholera and vector-borne diseases such as
malaria and dengue.
Lack of awareness: Lack of awareness about waste management
practices is another reason for having dumpsites. People are not aware of the
proper methods of waste disposal, which leads to the accumulation of waste in
dumpsites. (Sonal, 2023).
Industrial waste: Industrial waste makes up at least 50% of waste
generated globally. Manufacturing is one stream of industrial waste, and it is the
biggest and fastest-growing. As the global population grows to an anticipated 9.7
billion people in less than 30 years, it is clear that we simply cannot scale our
factories to keep up without tanking our planet.
What’s also clear is that poor quality is one of the most preventable
sources of manufacturing waste. Solving poor quality in manufacturing is, in large
part, a mathematical problem that is now more fixable given advances in machine
intelligence and artificial intelligence, along with human ingenuity.
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Urbanization: Human populations have tended to increase over time. As
more people were born, small groups of individuals found reasons to come
together to form groups and, with the advent of agriculture, small sedentary
communities. A small number of these settlements grew into what we now call
cities. This kind of growth often corresponds with a shift from one way of
organizing labor to another.
The world population has grown significantly and our economies have
become more industrialized over the past few hundred years. As a result, many
more people have moved into cities. This process is known as urbanization. Even
after cities emerged, however, a large majority of people lived and worked in
rural areas. It was not until large-scale industrialization began in the eighteenth
century that cities really began to boom. Nearly half of all people now live-in
urban areas. They are attracted by jobs in manufacturing and the professions, as
well as by increased opportunities for education and entertainment. Urbanization
is often discussed in reference to countries that are currently in the process of
industrializing and urbanizing, but all industrialized nations have experienced
urbanization at some point in their history. Moreover, urbanization is on the rise
all over the globe. One effect of this huge increase in people living in urban areas
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is the rise of the megacity, which is a city that has more than 10 million
inhabitants. There are now cities with even more than that. Tokyo, Japan, for
example, has nearly 40 million residents. Another effect of urbanization is urban
sprawl. Urban sprawl is when the population of a city becomes dispersed over an
increasingly large geographical ara. This movement from higher density urban
cores to lower density suburbs means that as cities expand, they often begin to
take up significant tracts of land formerly used for agriculture. Sprawl also
increases the need for travel infrastructure, such as roads, because people’s homes
are likely to be farther away from where they work and the amenities they enjoy.
As we move forward in the 21st century, the global population is likely to
continue growing. Urban areas will continue to grow with the population. This
continual growth presents complex challenges as we prepare for the cities of the
future. How we choose to manage urbanization will have consequences for our
world for many years to come.
Waste management
A waste management system or waste disposal is a streamlined process
that organizations use to dispose of, reduce, reuse, and prevent waste. It is also an
20
approach where companies implement comprehensive strategies to efficiently
manage wastes from their origin until their final disposal. Possible waste disposal
methods are recycling, composting, incineration, landfills, bio-remediation, waste
to energy, and waste minimization. Waste Management System Life Cycle. As for
waste management, it is the measures utilized to manage waste in its entire life
cycle, from waste generation to disposal or recovery.
Waste pickers
Waste pickers are informal workers who collect, sort and sell materials for
recycling or reuse. It is estimated that more than 20 million people around the
world earn an income in this way. Through collecting materials such as plastic,
glass, paper and electronic waste from households, streets and dumpsites, waste
pickers’ contribution to material recovery is immense. In fact, about 60 per cent
of all plastic recycled globally is collected by waste pickers. They are the
backbone of the world’s recycling systems. The work that waste pickers do also
has a huge impact on protecting the environment, and improving public health
and local economies. Because of their work, less rubbish is left dumped or burnt
on roadsides or landfills, and less plastic waste makes its way into waterways or
21
oceans. Less pollution is better for public health – as unmanaged waste increases
the risk of heart disease, cancer and respiratory infection – resulting in the deaths
of up to 1 million people each year. Plus, more rubbish being collected means
more recycling, boosting green jobs. Despite the crucial role waste pickers play in
tackling the plastic pollution crisis, and their extensive experience and knowledge
of waste collection and recycling, waste pickers’ work often goes unrecognized.
Their human rights and livelihoods are not sufficiently protected by governments,
or respected by businesses. Waste pickers often do not receive a living income
and often endure poor working conditions. Many waste pickers face other human
rights impacts, such as discrimination, harassment and exclusion from decision-
making processes which affect their lives and livelihoods
Choosing to live in dumps
Under the burning sun the smell of these dumps is sickening, exacerbated
by dark plumes of thick smoke billowing from piles of trash that have
spontaneously combusted because of unstoppable rising methane gases. It is hell
on earth, but trapped in an inescapable cycle of poverty, these people have no
choice but to call it home.
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Residents Relying on Dumpsites
Garbage Dump Communities are, most simply put, the communities that
rely on the world’s garbage dumps to survive by either working or living within
them. The families that we work with specifically make their living as “recyclers”
or “pickers”, combing through the garbage by hand and finding items to sell or
keep. Those who live here have to be incredibly resilient because this way of life
does not pay well: nearly all garbage dump community members live on less than
$2 a day, putting them below the United Nation’s line for extreme poverty. Living
in garbage dump communities also has extreme adverse effects on both physical
and mental health, combined with extremely high barriers to access to healthcare,
education, proper food and shelter, and employment opportunities outside the
garbage dump.
Effects of living in dumpsites
Social stigma: Informal waste pickers may also be subjected to social
stigma and bullying or conflict while competing for waste resources. Waste
pickers often live-in isolation as a result of stigma and may experience low self-
esteem, which may negatively affect their psychological wellbeing. Common
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mental disorders (CMD) are anxiety and depressive disorders. These disorders are
categorized as neurotic, stress-related, mood, and somatoform disorders.
Depressive disorders can be recurrent or long-lasting and can impair one’s ability
to function and cope with daily activities, such as work or school. Depressive
disorders are characterized by sadness, loss of interest in pleasurable activities,
feelings of guilt, low self-esteem, disturbed sleep or appetite, feelings of tiredness,
and poor concentration. At its most severe, depression can lead to suicide.
Depressive disorders include two main sub-categories: major depressive disorder
and dysthymia. Major depressive disorder is characterized by symptoms such as
depressed mood, loss of interest and enjoyment, and decreased energy. Depending
on the severity of the symptoms, a depressive episode can be categorized as mild,
moderate, or severe. Dysthymia is a chronic form of mild depression. The
symptoms of dysthymia are similar to a depressive episode but tend to be less
extreme and last longer. Anxiety disorders refer to a cluster of mental disorders
characterized by feelings of anxiety and fear. These disorders include generalized
anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorder, phobias, social anxiety disorder,
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
As with depression, symptoms can range from mild to severe. The duration of
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symptoms typically experienced by people with anxiety disorders makes it a more
chronic than episodic disorder. The prevalence of CMD is increasing globally,
particularly in lower-income countries. At a global level, over 300 million people
are estimated to suffer from depression, which is equivalent to 4.4% of the
world’s population. In South Africa, it is estimated that about 30% of the
population has life-long psychiatric disorders, and around 16% suffers from
depression, anxiety, or substance use disorders. Thus, one in three South Africans
will be affected by mental illness in their lifetime. Informal employment is
presumed to be a significant but rarely studied social determinant of health several
studies show compelling evidence that occupation may influence physical and
mental wellbeing. The workplace environment can have a significant impact,
either positively or negatively, on an individual’s physical and mental wellbeing.
A study conducted in England on the contribution of work and non-work stress to
CMD revealed that having a “poor quality”, or hated, job may have an impact on
mental health. Waste picking counts amongst those jobs that people engage in out
of desperation and is usually of “poor-quality”. A study conducted in South
Africa has reported that unemployment and poverty, which are the main drivers of
engagement in waste picking, have been linked to mental illness. Shame, stigma,
25
and humiliation are amongst the psychological impacts of living in poverty, which
may negatively impact one’s psychological wellbeing. A study on the
psychological wellbeing of waste pickers in Mumbai reported that waste pickers
had an unhealthy psychological state. In addition, another study conducted in
Brazil indicated that levels of CMD were higher in informal workers, relative to
those who were formally employed. The authors suggested that informal work
may have adverse consequences on psychological health. The lack of organization
of the informal sector, as well as the vulnerability associated with having limited
control over earnings, working conditions, and low earnings may have contributed
to such adverse consequences, including an increase in the risk of anxiety and
stress. Information on the health issues and other challenges that waste pickers
encounter is of high importance as the basis for interventions to address the
determinants of CMD in this group.
Exposure: The close connectivity between human and their environment
influence the quality of life, wellness, and longevity, and if the environment is
unhealthy, all components of the environment are potentially at risk. Nigeria's
environment is continuously witnessing various challenges due to unsustainable
development in urban areas and lack of development in rural areas leading to a
26
high migration rate into urban areas; hence, increasing the never-ending
environmental challenges. Such environmental challenges include air pollution,
water pollution, municipal solid waste management (MSWM), urban poverty,
deforestation, desertification, wind erosion, and flooding. MSWM specifically,
can be linked to many of the urban environmental challenges, and it is due to
increase population, poor town planning, urbanization, and inadequate resources.
Furthermore, a lack of proper waste management has led to an impact on the
surrounding soil, water, air, and health; hence, concerns for public health. This
situation, in many cases, is linked to urbanization pressure, while some are sited
for easy drop-off. Irrespective of the causes, there are human health-related
concerns in this regard, and several studies have indicated concerns for the well-
being of those living near dumpsites.
Lack of basic amenities: Living near dumpsites often means that
residents lack access to basic amenities such as clean water, sanitation, and
healthcare. The lack of basic amenities in dumpsites is a significant concern that
affects the health and well-being of residents.
27
Air pollution in Dumpsites: Air pollution is a major issue worldwide, and
understanding how improper waste disposal affects the environment through air
pollution is necessary. A basic understanding of air pollution states that
greenhouse gases build up in the atmosphere and cause massive global climate
change. Improper waste disposal is a contributor to excess gases entering the
atmosphere and causing these problems. The breakdown of the waste releases
gases like methane, which is a major factor in global climate change.
Food waste in dumpsites: Food waste is one of the biggest environmental
problems of our lifetime. It’s an issue not just prevalent in the rich, developed
nations, but occurring in all parts of the world. Yet according to the Food and
Agriculture Organisation (FAO) of the UN, there are currently more than 800
million people facing hunger and suffering from malnutrition around the globe,
equivalent to 11% of the global population. That number has notably climbed in
the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. Food waste is food that is intended for
human consumption that is wasted and lost, and refers not only to food that
consumers don’t finish at restaurants and are thrown out at home, but also raw
materials and produce that are lost in the farming stage, harvesting processes,
during transportation, and storage. Food waste can occur anywhere throughout the
28
entire supply chain. One third of global food supplies are wasted or lost,
potentially as much as 40% of food or 2.5 billion tons around the world is wasted
every year. If food loss were a country, it would be the third largest greenhouse
gas emitter, behind China and the US. The amount of food loss across the world
would make up the size of a country as big as India and Canada combined the
volume of food waste globally is enough to feed three billion people, while food
waste in Europe could feed 200 million people, in Latin America 300 million
people and in Africa 300 million people. Food waste has significant effects on the
environment, global and national economies, food security and nutrition. The
increasing and persistent global demand for food is also driving fertile land
useless while contributing to more land degradation and deforestation, which as a
result, destroys our precious natural habitats and biodiversity, limiting the services
that they provide and disrupting entire ecosystems. By mid-century, the world
population will likely hit 9 billion people, which means global food production
must increase by 70% to meet this demand. The failure to keep up with food
demand will create a food shortage and a humanitarian crisis not seen before on
this scale. It is urgent for us to address the global food waste problem and ensure
the world adopts a global sustainable food supply.
29
Money in dumpsites: The earning of a scavenger depends on the
availability of waste and how rich is the waste for recyclable item (Asim et al.,
2017). The incomes of the scavengers were higher than the minimum wage in
cities of Nigeria (Afon, 2014), while contradictory results were also reported in
cities of India (Asim et al., 2018). Hayami (2015) also reported that
scavenger/waste picker income was very low, although they were not necessarily
the very poorest in society.
Experiences of Residents Living Nearby Municipal Solid Waste Open
Dumpsite
Being Victim of Health Problems In both in-depth interviews and FGD,
the participants highlighted that they were experiencing health problems, the
prevailing being respiratory system related. According to the participants,
majority of the health problems listed under Perceived causation of health
problems were experienced by residents of Aba-Semer neighborhood. Coughing,
sneezing, sinus, chest pain and cold were listed as the main health problems. One
of the participants explained her son’s and her experiences from being exposed to
burning waste smoke as follows: I start to cough immediately, my eyes start to
30
itch, burn, irritate and cry the moment I smell the bad odor which is emitted from
the waste. My little boy and I are mostly affected from my family. My son has
developed sinus. The moment the bad odor smells to him, his voice gets blocked;
his throat gets blocked. His nose, mouth and throat parts get irritated very much.
He could not breath properly. He faces air shortage. His voice and throat open
after I make him get an injection. (FGD participant-1) The smoke and offensive
smell were highly blamed. As it was explained: The smoke is entering into our
lungs. It is causing coughing, sinus, allergy. … If you take my family, we are not
sleeping well because of the smoke. I have a coughing problem; my wife has
sinus. We don’t open doors and windows when it gets dark, but the smoke enters
through other openings. (FGD participant-5) The night time was noted as very
disturbing because the frequency of waste dumping increases during night so the
intensity of the smoke as well. I get common cold, but that I can resist it. During
summer, the smoke from burning waste I cannot resist it. It is making my life very
miserable. My respiratory system has been very much damaged by the smoke. I
have sought treatment repeatedly from different health institutions, but I am told
the only preferable solution to my problem is to stay away from the smoky area.
Where can I go from the place I live and my home? (In-depth interview no.2) One
31
of the participants explained the difficulties she was experiencing due to the
respiratory problem she got by living many years of her life near an open
dumpsite as: Once you get breathing problem, the whole body gets difficulty to
function. I do not sleep the whole night. I ventilate the smoke the whole night. I
cannot breathe properly. If I cannot breathe, I cannot sleep. My nostrils get
blocked and I breathe only through my mouth. I face shortness of air to breath.
Since I breathe through my mouth, the inside of my mouth and my tongue are
cracked.
32
REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES
Impact of Public Solid Waste Disposal Dump Sites
The nature of waste disposal presented an environmental health hazard to
communities. placing the landfill closer to residential areas causes health
problems such as malaria, diarrhea and respiratory diseases, skin, nose and eye
irritation, digestive problems, fatigue, headaches and psychological problems and
allergies. Geospatial methods were used to determine the proximity of the landfill
to residential areas and the spatial distribution of landfill. the study used a field
survey and questionnaire to collect on-site and other data. Location information
was obtained by remote sensing and terrestrial methods. Non-spatial data were
obtained through questionnaires, which were analyzed accordingly, and the
findings show the impact of waste disposal on housing; 86% of landfills cause
health risks such as pollution and disease. In addition, chemical and the biological
content of waste mav sink and pollute the water body. The analysis of the route
carried out shows that 44% of landfills are located in peripheral areas that cannot
be accessed by trucks for evacuation, and also 73% of landfills are located
without complying with the prescriptions of the environmental protection
33
directives. People living around it may experience health problems. With this in
mind, BASEPA was advised to establish a database management system to
monitor and assess landfills and recommend a site for a landfill to help combat the
health risks posed by waste disposal and disposal. incorporating geospatial
technology into its operations to help mitigate vulnerable communities. For
centuries, waste disposal has been a major problem in developing countries, and
the growing concern about waste production and disposal is the main target of the
unbridled rapid growth of cities due to the increase in overpopulation. The
indiscriminate disposal of waste, which is usually done in a residential
environment, presents health risks. Lifestyles in the urban area are mainly
changing, and the growing population is mainly responsible for the increase in the
amount of waste generated in the environment (Angaye and Abowei 2017;
Hossein et al. 2018). Waste is any unavoidable material generated in domestic and
other activities or industrial activities an activity that is not economically
necessary and must be disposed of: such waste is classified as toxic and non-toxic.
Toxic substances are usually gas emissions from open burning dumps, which can
result from uncontrolled and poorly managed landfills, which then decompose
into organic waste in landfills, releasing greenhouse gases and polluting the
34
surrounding environments, soils and water bodies (Lim et al. 2016; Srivastava et
al. 2015). Environmental protection agencies in most developing countries do not
have the resources to support rapidly growing communities with the necessary
tools to control indiscriminate dumping of waste to improve healthy living
conditions for the population (United States Environmental Protection Agency.
USEPA). 2019). In a country of over 200 million people, Nigeria generated about
32 million tons of waste every year and 60% of the waste collected in Nigeria is
organic waste and only 40% is used as waste for business opportunities in
Nigeria.
Circular Economy Sector Report (2020). The waste generated includes
waste or waste that was removed from the residential area, the market.
institutional and industrial activity. The amount of waste generated depends on
several factors such as eating habits, standard of living, economic status and rate
of business activity. Outbreaks of various diseases have been linked to illegal
solid waste management. People living in waste-rich areas are more likely to
suffer from malaria, diarrhea and respiratory diseases, skin, nose and eye
irritation, digestive problems, pain and psychological problems such as allergies
(Zohoori and Ghani 2017). ). People can also be exposed to various diseases,
35
especially if the toxic substances of SM sink and contaminated water is used for
drinking. for bathing and watering (Vineet, et al., 2022). Improper waste
management also includes sharp objects (such as syringes, razors and blades) that
directly pose a serious risk to waste collectors and disposers. Research data has
shown that more than 250 million people worldwide are infected with hepatitis B,
70 million with hepatitis C and 38 million with immunodeficiency infections.
mainly through contact with infected wings and blades (Karshima. 2016 and
Satterthwaite et al. 2018) According to a World Bank report, 90% of waste is
often disposed of in unregulated landfills or open dumps. Impact Of Public Solid
Waste Disposal Dump Sites: A Threat to Residence Of Yelwa Tsakani, Bauchi.
Environmental Pollution and Health Effects Associated with Waste
Landfilling and Open Dumping
Environmental pollution has inherently been associated with health issues
including the spread of diseases, i.e., typhoid and cholera, some of which are
largely seen as waterborne diseases (Zhao et al. 2015). There are also non-
communicable diseases (NCDs) that are brought about due to environmental
pollution, such as cancer and asthma, or several defects evident at birth among
36
infants (Reinhart and Townsend 2018). The significant adverse effects of environ-
mental pollution on health-related outcomes have largely been evidenced in low-
income countries, where an estimated 90% of the deaths are, in fact, caused by
that type of pollution. The two most established forms of pollution in low- income
countries are those of air and water. This is contrary to the economies that are
rapidly developing, where the toxicity of chemicals and pesticides constitutes the
main forms of environmental pollution (Xu et al. 2018). Several human activities
that include, among others, technological applications to change the ecosystems
may, also, result in environmental pollution (Nadal et al. 2016). Other forms of
pollution may be energy oriented, e.g., light, heat, sound, or several other
chemical substances of concern (SoC). The pollutants can either be foreign
energies/ substances or contaminants that occur naturally (Gworek et al. 2016).
The urbanization and industrialization growth around the world has resulted into
introduction of several SoC into the air, hence bringing about the respective type
of pollution. It is through the earth’s atmosphere that life on our planet is fully
supported (Duan et al. 2015). Yang et al. (2018) identified five classes of
pollutants: particulates, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides (NOx), hydro- carbons, and
carbon monoxide (CO). In their study, they reported that in cities and centers, like
37
Karachi and Islamabad, the leading air pollutants included carbon emissions and
lead (Pb) (Yang et al. 2018). On the other hand, several types of water pollution
exist, resulting in waterborne diseases (Joshi et al. 2016). Some of these
waterborne diseases include typhoid, amoebiasis, and ascariasis. Various
elements, depending on the concentration they occur, are considered toxic to
humans. Therefore, if such an element is released in the air, water, or land, it can
result into health complications/issues. The different types of pollutants can be
classified into inorganic, organic, or biological. Organic pollutants include the
domestic, agricultural, and industrial waste that adversely harm the life and health
of animals and human beings living on the earth. Inorganic pollutants mostly
include the potentially toxic elements (PTEs), like mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), and
cadmium (Cd). Most of these SoC get accumulated within supply chains, thereby
largely harming the earth living organisms (Majolagbe et al. 2017). There are,
also, biological pollutants that are anthropogenic derived. The key types of
biological pollutants within the environment include viruses, bacteria, and/or
several forms of pathogens (Marfe and Di Stefano 2016). PTEs are regarded as
one of the most important environmental pollutants, mainly due to their non-
degradability, high persistence, and toxicity (Hahladakis et al. 2013, 2016). In
38
their simplest form, PTEs occur naturally, and they have high atomic weight and
density as compared to the one that water has. Of all the pollutants, greater
attention has been given to PTEs (Mazza et al. 2015). Usually, these PTEs are
present in trace levels in the naturally produced water, but the key challenge is
that some of these PTEs are equally toxic even at low concentration levels. Some
of these metals like zinc (Zn), cobalt (Co), Hg, Cd, and Pb and the metalloid
arsenic (As) have high toxicity even when present in traces. When the body
metabolizes these PTEs, they become toxic, being accumulated on soft tissues.
There are various avenues through which these PTEs can gain access to human
bodies, for instance, through absorption via the skin, food, and air, as well as
water (Damigos et al. 2016). There are various adverse environmental effects
related with the PTEs. The majority of the PTEs are non-biodegradable and thus
cannot go through degradation either chemically or microbially. Hence, their
long-term influence is released via the ground and through the soil. At 58516
Environmental Science and Pollution Research (2022) 29:58514–58536 the same
time, the PTEs can slowly find their way through drinking water which enters the
human body. Reportedly, the contamination of water by PTEs has significant
influence on all forms of animals (Annamalai 2015). Toxic chemicals have
39
emerged as a critical source of pollution all over the world. Their situation as
environmental pollutants have largely been demonstrated and underpinned among
low-income countries, where poor or inappropriate environmental controls take
place. Common examples of toxic chemicals being major pollutants include any
exposure to PTEs, e.g., Pb and Hg. Of the entire population across the planet,
children are the most affected people when it comes to environmental pollution
since any particle getting through their system may potentially results in long-
term disabilities, as well as premature deaths (Kumar et al. 2017). In an effort to
prevent the aforementioned forms of environmental pollution, most countries
have devised ways of preventing or minimizing any occurring impacts through
proper disposal and/or burying of waste. Two ways are the most commonly
applied: open dumping and/or landfilling. A dump is considered as an opening on
the ground that is used for burying trash (Gavrilescu et al. 2015). On the other
hand, a landfill is seen as a structure properly designed and built into or on the top
of the ground. It is through a landfill that the necessary isolation of waste from the
surrounding occurs. A controlled landfill ensures that waste is buried in an
engineered manner, isolated from the ground water, while mostly maintaining the
waste in a dry form (Indelicato et al. 2017). The rationale for the increased use of
40
landfills is the environmental protection and prevention of pollutants entering the
soil and, in turn, the underground water. This is obtained via a two-way
procedure: (a) application of a clay liner to ensure waste does not leave the
landfill (sanitary landfills) and (b) application of synthetic liners, including
plastic, to ensure that the landfilled waste is separated from the land (municipal
landfill) (Mmereki et al. 2016). Although landfilling is structured with the aim of
reducing waste, it may affect the three types of media previously identified and
usually polluted (land, air, and water). After the waste is disposed in landfills,
they are compacted to fill the entire area before being buried (Joshi et al. 2017).
The rationale for this is to ensure that it will not come into contact with the
environment. It, also, ensures that the waste is kept as dry as possible, limiting its
contact with air so that it does not easily rot. It has been estimated that about 55%
of the waste generated in the USA in 2008 was landfilled. Due to its widespread
use, it is important to examine environmental pollution and health issues related
with the landfills that have emerged across the world presently (Domingo et al.
2015). An Overview Of the environmental pollution and health effects associated
with waste landfilling andf open dumpinmg.
41
Waste Mismanagement in Developing Countries
The management of solid waste (SWM) has grown to be a global
challenge as urban populations continue to grow and consumption habits alter.
Particularly in the context of emerging nations, the health and environmental
effects connected with SWM are becoming more urgent. Since the 1960s, systems
analyses have been utilized to support SWM agencies in wealthy countries;
however, collection and removal predominate in the SWM sector in developing
nations. The history and present paradigms of SWM practices and policies in
industrialized countries are contrasted in this review with the difficulties and
complexities encountered in SWM in developing countries today. The
contemporary paradigm of integrated SWM has been driven in industrialized
nations by public health, the environment, resource scarcity, climate change, and
public knowledge and engagement. SWM in developing countries has become
more challenging due to factors like urbanization, economic growth, inequality,
and socio-cultural factors, as well as problems with institutional structure, policy,
and governance. This has restricted the application of strategies that were
effective along the SWM development paths of industrialized nations. This
review emphasizes the significance of post-normal science and the concept of
42
complex, adaptive systems in the foundation of new SWM techniques for the
contexts of new SWM techniques for the contexts of developing countries.
Systems approaches to integrated solid waste management in developing
countries.
Assessment of the impact of open waste dumpsite on groundwater quality
Open dumpsites could pose environmental and health risk. Physico-
chemical analyses were performed and results were compared to National
Standards for Drinking Water and to Environmental Water Quality Guidelines.
The levels of heavy metals with the exception of lead (Pb) from residential wells
were found to be generally below the Philippines' Department of Environment
and Natural Resources (DENR) Department Administrative Order (DAO) No.
2016-08 threshold guideline levels and below tolerable values for drinking water
standard set by the Philippines' Department of Health (DOH). The low heavy
metalcontents on adjacent residential wells maybe attributed to probable
nondispersionl in a halo-like pattern of the leachate from its source.
Characterization of leachate samples indicated unusually high metals content and
transport of the leachate through groundwater flow have been detected on nearby
43
springs and well. Further, an unusually high Pb background (> 0.01 mg/L)
relative to groundwater quality standard was inferred from the series of samples
collected from residential wells around Payatas dumpsite. The very linear
correlation between Zn and Pb contents in these water samples imply its inherent
presence in groundwater. Experimentally calculated groundwater quality indices
showed the groundwater samples collected from residential wells around
dumpsite were unsuitable for human consumption. Based on the assessment
findings, implications for policy and decision-making suggestions for sustainable
management of Philippines' groundwater resources are put forward. Assesment
Of The impact of open waste dumpsite on groundwater quality: A case study of
the payatas dumpsite in Quezon City, Philippines.
Community health survey of residents living near a solid waste open
dumpsite
The management of waste materials is a serious problem worldwide,
especially in urbanizing countries. This study was conducted to compare the
prevalence of health symptoms and diseases diagnosed among residents exposed
to the solid waste open dumpsite with the non-exposed community. Research
44
related to exposure to solid waste dumping with complete health problems has
never been combined in one study. A comparative cross-sectional study was
conducted. The exposed group included residents within a 1 km radius and the
non-exposed group included residents between a 2.5 and 4.0 km radius from the
dumpsite. The selected residents were interviewed using validated, structured
questionnaires. A total of 170 residents from the exposed group and 119 residents
from the non-exposed group were selected. The mean (SD) duration time of
residence was 22.6 (18.9) years for the exposed group and 15.0 (12.0) years for
the non-exposed group. Dumpsite exposure was significantly associated with sore
throat (adjusted odd ratio (AOR) 1.88; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.05, 3.38; p
= 0.031), diabetes mellitus (AOR 2.84; 95% CI: 1.10, 7.30; p = 0.021) and
hypertension (AOR 2.56; 95% CI: 1.27, 5.13; p = 0.006). This study provides
evidence that the unsanitary solid waste disposal is hazardous to the health of
residents in the surrounding 1 km, and efforts are needed to minimize the hazards.
Worldwide, the management of waste materials is a serious problem, especially in
developing countries, as it is expensive to design, maintain, and implement. This
development leads to substantial social, economic, and environmental problems,
especially in the crises of land usage. Landfills cause pollution of natural
45
resources and many environmental problems such as health hazards and
contamination of surface water and groundwater. Leachate is produced when
water filters downward through a landfill and picks up dissolved materials from
the decomposing wastes which can contaminate the groundwater and surface
water, which are the sources of drinking water. Many chemicals known to have
harmful effects on human health are potentially present in landfill sites. Exposure
to a landfill is associated with health problems such as respiratory symptoms;
irritation of the skin, nose and eyes; gastrointestinal problems; fatigue; headache;
psychological disorders; and allergies. The wastes may contain chemicals that can
cause health risks like cancer, birth defects, preterm babies, and congenital
disorders. The excess risk of congenital anomalies and low birth weight for the
population living within 2 km of landfills was 2% and 6%, respectively. Odor-
producing chemicals such as hydrogen sulphide and ammonia can cause acute
effects such as nausea, fatigue, headache, and irritation of the eyes, nose, and
throat. Pathogenic organisms from solid waste such as bacteria, yeasts, protozoa,
worms, and viruses in the landfill may cause diseases to the exposed individuals.
Biological vectors like insects and rodents may directly or indirectly transmit
disease agents from solid waste to humans. Gases may be absorbed through
46
underground soil and contaminate nearby plants, animals, and humans. A study
conducted- reported that the soils of a century-old landfill site was heavily
contaminated with heavy metals and their water-soluble forms that are potentially
toxic. This is detrimental to microbial biomass and soils activities. This was
supported by a study that reported fewer plant species at the disposal sites
compared to a control area, which was attributed to changes in soil characteristics
of the waste disposal sites. Community health survey of residents living near a
solid waste open dumpsite in Sabak, Kelantan, Malaysia.
Hazards from the Municipal Solid Waste Dumpsites
Waste production increased as a result of rapid population growth and
urbanization. The dump sites, which were previously outside the city, now fall
under the jurisdiction of the city as a result of the rapid growth of cities. The risks
posed by open dumping of municipal solid waste are the primary focus of this
paper. Different risks are related with the waste dump destinations, for example
surface water defilement, ground water tainting, awful stench or smell, arrival of
ozone harming substances, coincidental danger brought about by fire, slant
shakiness, loss of vegetation, Soil pollution and bird-hit and so on. Lack of
47
leachate collection and treatment, a lack of cover, and poor or no site design are to
blame for these issues. The necessity of engineering barriers, site rehabilitation,
and waste dump site closure is discussed. Hazards from the Municipal Solid waste
Dumpsites: A Review Health and environmental Risks of Residents Living Close
to a Landfill.
Health and Environmental Risks of Residents Living Close to a Landfill
By products of solid waste dumped in landfills have negative effects on
the environment and people living near the landfill. The purpose of this study was
to test the hypothesis that waste disposal in landfills affects the surrounding
environment and residents living in its vicinity. This was achieved by assessing
the perceptions of respondents, consisting of people living near (100-500 meters)
and far (1-2 kilometers) from the landfill, regarding environmental issues, health
issues, and life satisfaction. Ta. The study results showed that 78% of participants
living near landfills reported severe air pollution due to odors associated with
landfills. Illnesses such as influenza, eye irritation, and physical weakness were
more commonly reported in participants living closer to the landfill than in those
living further away. More than half (56%) of participants living near a landfill
48
said they were worried about their future health. For example, participants who
lived close to a landfill were less satisfied with community conditions regarding
the landfill than participants who lived further from the landfill. Therefore,
landfill gas utilization systems (LFGs), proper daily waste disposal, and odor
diluents are required to alleviate the problems of residents living near landfills.
Health and Environmental Risks of Residents Living close to a Landfill: A Case
Study Of Thohoyandoyu Landfill, Limpopo Province, South Africa.
Quality of Life and Factors Affecting It: A Study Among People Living Near
a Solid Waste Management Facility
Rapid advances in industry and technology have improved the quality of
life (QoL) of people worldwide. However, due to these developments, waste
management and treatment has become a challenge for human life in the 21st
century. The rate of waste accumulation is estimated to be faster than the rate of
urbanization. . For example, one study found that humans have generated 8.3
billion tons of plastic waste since the industry began in the 1950s, but only 9% of
it was recycled, 12% was incinerated. burned and the rest was thrown away and
buried everywhere. world. . These wastes come directly from daily activities and
49
sometimes cause serious problems for the natural environment such as air
pollution, soil pollution and lead to poor human health such as diarrhea. ,
respiratory diseases or cancer... Furthermore, as the study demonstrated, the
environment surrounding a solid waste management facility (SWMF) and the
groundwater resource system are also severely damaged by the long-term
operation of such a plant. Furthermore, along with unsustainable use of natural
resources and inadequate environmental management, the quality of life of people
living near these SWMFs is also negatively affected by the activities. Even in
developed countries, although policies and strategies on recycling and waste
treatment have been issued, the effectiveness of these policies is still very limited.
For example, in the United States, only 25.8% of waste was recycled in 2017, and
European Union countries are in a similar situation, with only 30% of waste
recycled each year. People's quality of life can be affected by environmental
factors. For example, in one study, people's quality of life, especially physical and
psychological, was negatively affected by air pollutants, toxins, noise, and dust.
The amount of household waste in urban areas nationwide was 38,000 tons/day in
2015, of which 85% was collected and processed. However, in the same year, the
amount of household waste in rural areas was 32,000 tons/day and only about
50
55% was collected. Household waste is mainly disposed of by landfilling (70%),
which has caused growing resentment among people living near unsanitary
landfills. In addition, its adverse effects on water and soil environments have not
been well studied. In addition, open burning with closed treatment technology that
can degrade the air environment is also another popular waste treatment method
(up to 28%) in Vietnam. These methods of handling household waste may have
contributed to the country's ranking among 77 out of 132 countries in the global
environmental assessment of the 2015 Environmental Performance Index.
Specifically, the Air pollution has the most adverse effects. According to one
study, in 2016, a 10 μg/m3 increase in air pollutants increased the risk of
respiratory diseases by 0.7 to 8.0% and the risk of cardiovascular diseases from
0.5 to 4.0%. The pressure on waste treatment in some provinces has always been
great and SWMF began operating in 1999. The processing capacity is about 480
tons/day and solves the problem of household waste treatment. At the treatment
plant, waste is sprayed with disinfectant chemicals, followed by classification,
composting and incineration. Inert waste is dumped in a nearby landfill. However,
the increasing amount of waste has overloaded SWMF's capacity, potentially
causing environmental pollution and negatively impacting the quality of life of
51
people living in this area. Even in this situation, they seem to ignore the long-term
impacts on quality of life due to lack of understanding of these issues or due to the
belief that it is the government's responsibility to provide a waste recycling
system. better. While previous studies mainly evaluated the impact of SWMF on
health problems experienced by neighboring residents, other aspects such as
mental health, social skills and environment were mostly is not mentioned.
Considering these aspects, this study aims to evaluate residents' quality of life as a
comprehensive indicator of the impact of SWMF on people living nearby. This
study used the WHO Quality of Life Assessment Scale (WHOQOL-BREF),
which is used to measure quality of life, both for the general population and for
people with various diseases. This study also aims to identify factors that affect
people's quality of life. To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the
quality of life of people living near SWMF in the Southeast Asia region. Quality
of Life and Factors Affecting It: A Study Among People Living Near a Solid
Waste Management Facility
52
Microbial Air Quality in Neighborhoods near Landfill Sites: Implications for
Public Health
Air pollution has become an issue of great concern because of its impact
on the health of the people. Air pollution could cause serious respiratory
complications. The World Health Organization (WHO) reported in 2018 that an
estimated number of 3.8 million people die every year because of household air
pollution and 9 out of 10 people breathe in poor-quality air daily. Control of air
pollution has been a challenge over the last years because of how challenging it is,
to observe and determine the pollutants. Most often air pollutants that are usually
perceived to be associated with air pollution are particulate matter and
greenhouses gases. The atmosphere contains a mixture of gases that make it an
uncomfortable habitat for microbes because it cannot provide the nutrients and
physical conditions necessary for their growth, such as favorable oxygen levels.
However, an earlier study by Smets et al. projected air may contain bacterial and
fungal communities. Microbial particles such as individual spores, aggregated
spores, pollen, bacterial cells, virus particles, mycelia, fungal spores and other
biological materials can become airborne. These microbial particles are known as
bioaerosols and their presence in the air significantly affects its quality. Poor air
53
quality is linked to an increased risk of heart disease. The concentration or
quantity of microbes and their biological particles in the atmosphere is greatly
influenced by the emission source. Odeyemi et al. [9] Studies of bacteriological,
mineral and radioactive concentrations of leachate samples taken from a landfill
in Ekiti State, Nigeria indicate that landfills can have high concentrations of
pathogenic microbes. Landfills refer to places or areas that contain solid waste
from various sources, including municipal and industrial sources. In most
developing countries, cities in the urban environment are messy, and garbage,
food scraps, polythene bags, cans and, rather unpleasantly, human and animal
excreta accumulate in landfills that are as much as 100 meters away from nearby
landfills. These types of landfills are usually decoratively unsightly and produce
an irritating odor, especially due to bacterial decomposition of organic matter.
Landfills release bio aerosols into the air, which are associated with pathogens
known to cause deadly diseases such as cholera and diarrhea. The presence of
such bio aerosols in the outdoor environment is of concern, because they can
spread over a wide area, including indoors, through various mechanisms.
Anaerobic microbes can convert the organic matter of the waste into gases that
can react with other compounds in the air, causing explosions harmful to human
54
health. Małecka-Adamowicz et al. report that high concentration of microbes as
well as low concentrations of specific microbes in the atmosphere can produce
allergen. Allergens produced by fungi are associated with respiratory
complications. Furthermore, the habit of burning waste at landfills as a means of
waste management is a common practice. Burning activities can significantly
contribute to air pollution. In addition to the emission of greenhouse gases and
other particles, the burning of waste in landfills can also release aerosols of
primary biological origin, which cause microbiological air pollution. To minimize
air pollution, most developed countries have implemented sanitary landfills for
some time. Although the use of technical landfills is becoming an increasingly
common practice in developing countries, its implementation is ineffective. There
is insufficient information about the characteristics of these landfills, which is
very important for the proper waste management of these landfills. As a result,
most landfills fall well below recommended hygiene standards. According to
Thompson, some landfills are not big enough because of the people who live
around them. Therefore, such individuals are at risk of breathing poor quality air
possibly contaminated with bioaerosols of pathogenic microbes. Therefore, it is
very important to assess air quality near or near landfills, to continuously identify
55
biological and physical health risks, to inform stakeholders, decision makers and
the population. Microbial Air Quality in Neighborhoods near Landfill Sites:
Implications for Public Health
Health Exposure and Environmental Challenges of Households Living
Nearby an Open Landfill
According to the World Health Report, 23 percent of the approximately 4
million child deaths and 26 percent of child mortality in the past five years are
related to environmental factors. Thus, 85 of the 102 diseases and disease groups
are associated with interrelated environmental factors. The close relationship
between people and the environment affects quality of life, well-being and
longevity, and when the environment is unhealthy, all parts of the environment
are potentially at risk. The environment constantly faces various challenges due to
the unsustainable development of urban areas and the underdevelopment of rural
areas, leading to large migration to urban areas. This adds endless environmental
challenges. Such environmental problems include air pollution, water pollution,
municipal solid waste management (MSWM), urban poverty, deforestation,
desertification, wind erosion and flooding. In particular, MSWM can be attributed
56
to many urban environmental problems and is caused by population growth, poor
urban planning, urbanization and inadequate resources. In addition, the lack of
proper waste management has affected the surrounding soils, water, air and
health. hence the public health concern. Another problem is that many waste
collection systems are open dumps, commonly known as landfills, located around
the habitat. In many cases, this situation is related to the pressure of urbanization,
while some of them are put under the light. Regardless of the reasons, there are
human health concerns associated with this, and several studies have shown
concern for the well-being of people living near landfills. Waste management
must be considered important for global sustainability, and the Sustainable
Development Goals (SDG) cannot be achieved if waste management is not
properly addressed. In addition, Elsheekh et al. noted that an integrated approach
to solid waste management can support the achievement of the Sustainable
Development Goals and promote many specific goals, while "ecologically sound
waste management affects many important aspects of development. All this
implies the need for The purpose of the study. was to assess health exposures and
environmental problems, focusing on household health history and related
symptoms, perceived environmental problems, and the impact of the landfill on
57
their life satisfaction and support mechanisms. Health Exposure and
Environmental Challenges Oh Households Living Nearby an Open Landfill
System in Nigerian Urban Cetre.
The Socio-economic and Environmental Implications of Residential
Buildings in Proximate Distance to Landfill Site.
One of the many challenges in developing countries today is to choose the
most suitable area for urban solid disposal (Kharlamova et al. 2016). Solid wastes,
mainly from residential areas and industrial areas, cause serious environmental
problems. Various techniques are used to treat solid waste, such as landfills, heat
treatment, biological treatment and recycling. The methods used must be such that
they do not harm the biophysical environment or the ecosystems of the
surrounding space. Economic factors and geomorphological characteristics must
also be considered when choosing a solid waste disposal site. Most local
governments in developing countries are unable to provide services effectively
and dumping municipal solid waste (MSW) in unspecified places such as landfills
is a common practice that causes environmental stress (Practical Action, 2006). It
is clear that in most urban areas, especially in developing countries, landfill is the
58
most cost-effective system for solid waste disposal. Uncontrolled waste disposal
is harmful to human health because it creates an unsanitary environment that has
adverse effects on city dwellers. In Nigeria, the urban environment is
characterized by an increase in squatter settlements, waste disposal, air pollution,
water pollution, insufficient water and electricity supply, and poor environmental
sanitation (Kharlamova et al. 2016). Increased urbanization and the increase in the
use of single-use products in recent decades have increased the demand for
landfills (Arimah 1996). It is important to know whether and to what extent the
proximity of landfills or treatment plants has negative effects on residential areas
for several reasons. To measure the impact of objects on the health and general
well-being of residents, or to determine the degree of financial recession suffered
by real estate investors, or even for future physical planning, it is necessary to
know how these objects influence. to the life of the inhabitants. Waste is related to
almost all human activities and is inseparable from life, because as long as man
lives, he stores, uses and disposes of materials. In addition, the complexity of
waste generated by modern civilization is directly related to the standard of living,
socio-economic and cultural characteristics of this environment (Hoornweg,
1999). Solid waste streams can be characterized based on their sources, the type
59
of waste generated (solid, liquid or gaseous) and the rate and composition of
generation. According to Huang (2008), waste is classified into eight, namely:
residential, industrial, commercial, institutional, construction and demolition,
utilities, process and agriculture. However, Huang (2008) sees solid waste as solid
or semi-solid materials resulting from human and animal activities that are
useless, unwanted or hazardous. According to Oyekanmi (2018), Lagos State is
the most populous state, also the largest commercial center in Nigeria and the
seventh in the world for solid waste generation. Lagos is home to about 22 million
of the country's estimated population of 140 million and is projected to grow to
about 40 million by 2020. Lagos struggles with overburdened infrastructure and
other facilities. Apparently, the population of Lagos is growing; At the same time,
the generation of waste also increases. Lagos State generates over 13,000 tonnes
of waste daily; 1.2 kg per capital is produced per person and is expected to
increase to 1.42 kg in the next 15 years. Waste management infrastructure
remains a key element of the country's economic development, and the lack of an
efficient collection and disposal process has greatly contributed to environmental
epidemics such as Lassa fever and perennial floods that have worsened over the
past decade. The rate of solid waste generation in Lagos State continues to grow
60
faster than the infrastructure available to deal with it (Proshare, 2018). The
problems caused by the phenomenon include great pressure on existing physical
infrastructure and the provision of public services, including improper
management of solid waste, and the need to protect human and environmental
health and living standards. Considering the prevailing poverty, poor urban
governance and the general lack of systematic application of an interdisciplinary
approach to the implementation of urban environmental management, the local
threat to the domestic environment often becomes serious. Megacities around the
world produce a total of 1.3 billion tons of solid waste each year, and by 2025 the
amount is expected to increase to 2.2 billion. Delhi, India produces 11,500 tons
per day at 0.5 kg per person per capital; and Seoul, London and Tokyo generate
1.08, 1.45 and 1.03 kg of waste respectively (Proshare, 2018). While many cities
around the world struggle with waste management due to growing population and
changing lifestyles, Tokyo remains one of the cleanest cities using advanced
incineration technology that is efficient and environmentally friendly. About nine
million people in Tokyo generate about 8,000 tons of municipal waste every day,
and the waste collection rate is 100%, with waste collected daily and transported
to its 19 incinerators. However, compared to other developed countries, Lagos
61
State has had effective collection and disposal of all types of waste (residential,
industrial, commercial, medical, etc.). Less than half of the 13,000 tons of waste
generated each day was collected and disposed of. Between 2007 and 2013, a
total of about 78 million tons of waste was generated with a collection rate of
27.7%, leading to extreme cases of dumping, clogging of sewers and waterways,
causing environmental epidemics such as floods. 2011. The death toll from this
event was significant, claiming more than 25 lives and displacing approximately
5,393 households, destroying nearly 100 billion worth of property (Proshare,
2018). Faced with rapidly growing waste management problems. it is necessary to
initiate practical programs to solve the situation. The use of landfills is one of the
oldest human practices with the aim of achieving a sustainable whole in waste
management. In the context of integrated sustainable waste management, proper
planning, operation and management of landfills are quite important. The Socio -
economic and Environmental Implicators of Residential Buildings in Proximate
Distance to landfill Site: A case of Olusosun landfill, Ojota Lagos.
62
Stigmatization of People Living Near Dumpsites
Living near dumpsites can also lead to stigmatization of the residents. A
study conducted in the Philippines found that residents living near a dumpsite
were stigmatized and discriminated against by other members of the community.
The study found that the residents were perceived as dirty and uneducated, and
were often excluded from community activities. The stigmatization of residents
living near dumpsites can have negative impacts on their mental health and well-
being. The Stigmatization of Residential Properties Due to Proximity to Waste
Dump.
Lack of Basic Amenities in Living Near Dumpsites
Lack of basic amenities like proper sanitation and waste management
facilities in developing countries is a major challenge for residents living near
dumpsites. A study conducted in Nigeria (C et al., 2022) found that households
living nearby landfill areas face external challenges like fear of the household's
future health and well-being, little opportunity for income generation due to the
landfill, difficulty in selling property because of the location, and desirable
business enterprise staying away among the categories. The lack of basic
63
amenities can lead to poor living conditions and negative impacts on the health
and well-being of residents living near dumpsites. Health Exposure and
Environmental Challenges Nearby an Open Landfill System in Nigeria Urban
Centre.
Livelihoods in Dumpsites
Living near dumpsites can have a significant impact on the livelihoods of
nearby residents, particularly those who rely on waste picking as a source of
income. Prior to its closure, the Payatas dumpsite in the Philippines provided both
a home and a livelihood to about 4000 waste-picking families (Njoku et al.,
2019). A Bad or worse? Applying Critical theory to explore the impacts of
Payatas dumpsite closure on the former waste pinkers.
The closure of dumpsites can also have negative impacts on the
livelihoods of nearby residents. A study conducted in South Africa found that the
closure of a landfill site had negative impacts on the livelihoods of waste pickers,
who were no longer able to access waste materials for recycling. The study
highlighted the need for policies that support the livelihoods of waste pickers and
64
promote sustainable waste management practices. Occupational Health Risk of
Waste Pinkers: A Case Study of Northern Region of South Africa.
65
Chapter 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES
This chapter defines and examines how the researchers will collect the
essential information and data for the entire study. It describes who can be the
respondents and the topic of the research. This additionally represents the
approach to gathering information and the instrument applied; these chapters
explain the types of studies and research methods.
RESEARCH DESIGN
Qualitative research is also appropriate when the research aims to explore
a phenomenon in its natural setting and recognize the meaning that people
connect to it. Qualitative research is to gain insight into people’s experiences and
perspective on a particular topic (Juma, 2023)
A kind of qualitative study called grounded theory layout makes a
specialty of a specific area of research to generate new theories. Because of the
essential information obtained from the key informants, researchers can use this to
propose new theories in specific areas.

SELECTION OF CO-RESEARCHERS
Five residents at least 5 years of living in the dumpsite area had been
selected as study participants by the researchers. Any gender is acceptable. Since
those people are part of the researcher's family, they are able to provide the data
needed to conduct the studies.
SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
A useful sampling approach was used to achieve this. Convenience
sampling is a non-probability sampling method in which units are selected for
inclusion in the sample because they are most easily accessible to the researcher.
This may be due to geographic proximity, availability at a given time, or
willingness to participate in research (Nikolopoulou, 2022).
Purposive sampling is a non-probability sampling technique used in
research to select individuals or groups of individuals who meet specific criteria
related to a research question or objective. This sampling technique is also known
as judgement sampling or selective sampling, and it is often used when the
population being studied is too small, too difficult to research, or too
heterogeneous to use sampling methods (Hassan, 2023).
A non-probability technique called snowball sampling is used to obtain a
sample by using existing participants to find new ones. Because the number of
67
participants can increase exponentially, like a rolling snowball, if the first
person recruits two more, and those two recruits bring in two more, and so on, the
technique is known as snowball sampling (Frost, 2022).
RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
The researchers will use an interview questionnaire, photographing,
audio and video recordings as instruments for the study. An amazing interview
protocol is essential to getting exceptional information from the participants in the
interview.
Inside the researchers' stories, they discovered that there are several things
you could do to make sure the interview runs smoothly. Researchers use
instruments, including a series of questions, for the purpose of collecting data
from the participants.
The Questionnaires can be thought of as a kind of written interview;
they're answered by the respondents. It will be used to collect some information
that may be used in our research to create new theories in the particular areas
needed. Interviews help us explain, better understand, and explore study topics,
opinions, experiences, phenomena, etc. Interview questions are typically open-
ended so that in-depth records may be gathered.
Interview Questionnaire is a research tool that consists of a series of
questions designed to elicit relevant information from respondents. These
instruments consist of written or oral questions in an interview format.
68
Photographing is can be evaluated for both the visual information they
give and the meanings that are associated with them. The visual content of images
can convey information that cannot be obtained through verbal interviews or
observation.
Audio Recording is use for individual interviews as a way to capture
what is said during the interview. In most cases, these types of interviews do not
qualify for exemption and it is necessary for you to obtain constant to use an
audio recording device.
Video recording provides precise documentation of events and allows
researchers to prove what they found.
69
QUESTIONNAIRE CONSTRUCTION
No question can achieve success without a properly designed
questionnaire. Unfortunately, questionnaire design has no theoretical foundation
to guide the researcher in developing a perfect questionnaire. Within the
questionnaire, construction researchers collaborate and brainstorm to create a
questionnaire. Researchers made a questionnaire. The researchers identify the
goals and aims of our studies. The researchers also considered the words and
sentences that must be used to better understand and have a good flow in the
interview.
The researchers provide open-ended questions for our respondents. The
researchers additionally deliver some selections to identify what is most important
to answering the statement of the problem. In qualitative and exploratory studies,
open-ended questions are typically applied. The researchers carefully constructed
the questionnaire for the respondents.
70
TREATMENT OF DATA
In this study, the remedy for data entails three crucial steps: transcription
process, translation process, and encoding process. First of all, the recorded
interviews will undergo transcription process, wherein the audio recordings will
be transformed into written form. This method ensures that the information is
captured as it should be and enables similar analysis. If the interviews were
conducted in a language different from the one used for analysis, expert
translators proficient in each language would be employed to provide accurate
translations. This step is important to ensuring that the meaning and nuances of
participants' responses are accurately conveyed within the analysis language.
Once the information is transcribed and translated, the next step is coding. A
coding device may be developed to categorize and label different subject matters,
ideas, or standards in the records. This systematic procedure of coding allows the
researcher to perceive patterns, extract meaningful insights, and organize the
information for the next analysis.
The transcription process is the process of turning audio or video
recordings into written or typed forms. Analyzing interviews, focus groups, and
other types of data collection using it is a crucial component of qualitative
research (McMullin, 2021).
71
Translation Processes is the text reading; segmentation and production
are the main topics of translation process study, and developments in
computational linguistics have improved descriptions and identification of
translation units, attention, production, and alignment (Alves & Jakobsen, 2022)
Coding Process is a qualitative data analysis strategy in which some
aspect of the data is assigned a descriptive label that allows the researcher to
identify related content across the data. Deterding, N. M., & Waters, M. C.
(2021).
In this study, transcription, translation, and coding played essential roles in
effectively treating the gathered data. The transcription procedure includes
converting the recorded interviews into written text to ensure the accuracy and
completeness of the records. Moreover, if the interviews had been conducted in a
language other than the analysis language, expert translators well-versed in both
languages might be engaged to offer particular translations. This step ensures that
the richness of individuals' responses is retained at some stage in evaluation.
72
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Experiences
People settle in
Lived Experiences
the dumpsites
Principles
Insights
Financial
Interview
Health
Inflation
Figure 1: Conceptual framework
This study revolves around with two variables, Experiences and Principles
to know it, we choose qualitative research to know their Lived Experiences with
these two variables it has four aspects: Insights, Financial, Inflation, and Other
Problems. The aim of such research is not grasping people’s lived experiences as
facts, but to ascertain the comprehensible meaning of such experiences. (Manen,
Max van et al 2016).
Dumpsite settlement is a growing problem in developing countries, with
millions of people living and working in these dangerous environments. This
review examines the environmental and health hazards associated with dumpsite
settlement. Dumpsite settlements are often located near sources of toxic
73
substances, such as methane gas and leachate. Exposure to these substances can
lead to a number of health problems, including respiratory infections, skin
diseases, and cancer. Dumpsite settlements are also dangerous places to live, with
a risk of injury from falling debris, fires, and exposure to sharp objects.
Additionally, dumpsite settlements often lack access to basic services, such as
clean water, sanitation, and healthcare. This can lead to a number of health
problems, including diarrhea, cholera, and typhoid. (Oti, E. E., & Agodzo, S. K.
2016) and according to (Agodzo, 2016) Dumpsite settlement is a serious problem
that has a number of negative impacts on the health and well-being of those who
live and work in these areas. It is important to address the root causes of dumpsite
settlement, such as poverty and lack of access to affordable housing. It is also
important to provide support to people who live and work in dumpsite
settlements, such as access to basic services and healthcare.
Financial problems are a major driver of dumpsite settlement. People who
live in dumpsite settlements are often very poor and lack the resources to afford to
live in more formal housing. They may also lack access to affordable housing, or
they may have been displaced from their homes due to natural disasters or
conflict. (Agodzo, S. K., & Oti, E. E. 2018) Said This review examines the
relationship between financial problems and dumpsite settlement. It draws on
evidence from a variety of sources, including academic research, government
reports, and media articles. The review finds that financial problems are a major
factor in dumpsite settlement, and that they can trap people in these dangerous
and unhealthy environments for years or even decades.
74
Health also one of the focuses of the research one of the vital roles that
help to know the principle and the reason they still settle in the dumpsite. The
water we drink is vital to our well-being and a healthy life, but unfortunately
polluted water and air are prevalent worldwide. Landfill is tangled with
unsustainable anthropogenic activity, leading to signifcant public health issues.
Some of the illnesses connected with landfll pollution are infectious diseases such
as cancer, birth defects, and asthma. Environmental health issues are not just a
conglomerate of worries about radiological health, treatment of water and
wastewater, control of air pollution, disposal of solid waste, and occupational
health, but also a danger to future generation (Kret et al. 2018).
Inflation, as a persistent economic challenge, has profound consequences
on the socio-economic landscape. This paper has illuminated how rising inflation
rates can drive individuals and communities to settle in hazardous dumpsite
environments due to economic vulnerability. By addressing the root causes of this
issue, including inflation-induced poverty, and implementing comprehensive
socio-economic interventions, we can work towards eradicating the distressing
phenomenon of dumpsite settlements and creating a more equitable society.
Inflation can also make it difficult for people to save for a home. As prices for
goods and services increase, people have less money left over to save. This can
make it difficult to reach the down payment required to purchase a home
(Edelstein, 2012)
75
Researchers will gather information to the selected respondents using the
prepared interview questionnaire to gain insights from their answers. Aiming to
better understand their life in dumpsites that they are experiencing and have an
idea how they deal with it, since the researchers found out more about the
settlements at the dumpsites. Having the insights that the researches can gain from
the information researchers gathered from the respondent will help give an output
in this research stud. Hoping that the output or answers that comes from the
conclusion of the researchers by evaluating the information from the respondents,
might be helpful and will aid those people settle their life living at the dumpsites.
76
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Theory of Reasoning Theory of People

Settling in Dumpsites
Figure 2: Theoretical framework
People settling in dumpsites are a complex issue, but researchers have
made progress by drawing on multiple theories. These theories help us to
understand why people choose to live in dumpsites and the impact of living in a
dumpsite on people's lives. By using multiple theories, researchers can gain a
more comprehensive understanding of the problem and develop more effective
solutions.
The theory of Reasoning has been instrumental in exploring the rationality
behind the choices made by individuals and communities settling in dumpsite
areas. Recent studies, such as those by O'Connor et al. (2018) and Smith and
Johnson (2019), have delved into the cognitive processes and heuristics that may
lead marginalized populations to settle in such hazardous environments. This
theory helps us comprehend the factors influencing decision-making, such as
limited options, economic constraints, and the perception of risk.
77
Theory of People Settling in Dumpsites: This emerging theory, informed
by recent research by Jones et al. (2020) and Martinez and Williams (2018),
focuses on the socio-economic and environmental dynamics specific to dumpsite
settlements. It encompasses factors such as poverty, social exclusion, and the
absence of suitable housing options that drive individuals and families to live in
close proximity to waste disposal sites. The theory also examines the day-to-day
challenges, health implications, and coping mechanisms of dumpsite residents.
By integrating these three theories, we gain a holistic understanding of the
phenomenon. Individuals and communities settling in dumpsites engage in
reasoning processes influenced by cognitive biases and constrained choices due to
economic hardships, as outlined in the Theory of Reasoning. Simultaneously, they
contend with the environmental and health implications of inadequate waste
management practices, a central concern of the Theory of Waste Management.
Finally, the Theory of People Settling in Dumpsites contextualizes these
experiences within the broader framework of socio-economic vulnerabilities,
highlighting the urgent need for targeted interventions to break the cycle of
poverty and environmental injustice.
In conclusion, the synthesis of the Theory of Reasoning and Theory of
People Settling in Dumpsites provides a robust theoretical framework for
comprehending the multifaceted challenges faced by dumpsite residents. This
framework not only sheds light on the complex decision-making processes but
also underscores the imperative of sustainable waste management practices and
78
the urgency of addressing the socio-economic factors driving individuals and
communities to settle in dumpsite areas.
79
RESEARCH FLOWCHART
Input Process Output
 Interview  Experiences in
 Challenges and  Voice Recording Dumpsites
risks?  Transcription of text  Principles in
 Translation of text dumpsite
 Primary  Coding Process  Suggestions and
difficulties faced by Recommendation
dumpsite residents?
 What are the
implications of the
findings?
Figure 3: Research flowchart
Input, Process, Output
Input - The input served as the data needed in the study. The input is the
questions needed to be answer by the respondents to know their insights in
settling in community dumpsite.
Process - The process shows the data gathering procedure through a
Interview, which is a research instrument consisting of a series of questions to
80
gather information from respondent questionnaires designed for lived experiences
of the respondent.
Output - The output shows the product of this research which utilize the
finding to formulate the grounding principles behind people's settle on a dumpsite
It is a basis that will lead and help those incoming senior high school students to
choose the right strand.
81
Chapter 4
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
This chapter contains information about our co-researchers and their
experiences. The researchers need to investigate their following life experiences,
which were considered, grounded and led us to help to know the people who live
in the dumpsite. In addition, researchers share our experience in this chapter;
teamwork is needed in collecting the data to finish this study.
PRESENTATION OF CO-RESEARCHERS
Gaddi is thirty-one (31) years old and has been living in Sitio Pintor
Barangay San Isidro Rodriguez Montalban Rizal, Philippines. She has five
children; three went to school and two are at home.
Ah ganito po medyo, ang tinitirhan po namin lalo na po yung tinitirikan
ng bahay namin medyo alanganin lalo na po sa likod po puro basura madalas po
naeexpose po kami pag may sunog madalas pwede siyang magkaron ng sunog
kase nga puro basura yung ilalim tapos bangin pa kaya Yung tinitirahn po namin
hindi po namin ano pero payak lang siya tiyaka ano kadalasan maraming kalat
dumi dahil ang trabaho po namin namamasura lang, kadalasan puro basura yung
paligid namin. Ano po mga 14 years dahil po sa ano dito lang po kase ang hanap
buhay ng asawa ko yun na yung pinagkukunan namin ng pang kinabubuhay
namin jan sa tambakan dahil malapit yan kaya nagtiyaga kami dito sa lugar na to
tsaka andito din po kasi nakatira mga kamag anak naming tsaka ayaw ko umalis
Sa lugar na ito kase po pag kailangan ng tulong may malalapitan agad ako hindi
tulad pag malayo ako sa kanila. Naniniwala kami na sa sobrang tagal na namin
dito ay sa amin na itong bahay at lupa na ito. Kami nalang nag hihiwalay ng mga
plastic na bote sa basura kasi yung iba hindi naman napapansin Sa ngayon po
ganun po talaga isang kayod isang tuka dahil kung hindi po mangangalahid yung
asawa namin kung hindi kami kikilos wala pong kakainin yung mga anak namin
walang pang pasok sa school walang pamasahe walang pambaon. Ngayon po
talaga sobrang napakahalaga lalo na nga katulad nung sinabe ko po kanina
nandito po yung hanap buhay namin kaya hanggat maari sana sa ngayon dito
lang muna kami para kahit yung mga papaano yung mga ano yung hanap buhay
ng asawa ko hindi malayo kase nandyan talaga yung hanap buhay niya sa
tambakan. Yun pong ano, yung kahit papano yung pera halos hindi na namin
ganong inaano sa malayo katulad niyan dyan nangangalahid pagdating dyan
pipiliin na lang ng asawa ko idedeliver may kita na kahit papano kase kung dika
Katulad ng mga isang lingguhan o buwanan yung sahod eh arawan kailangan ng
pera lalo na at arawan din ang namamasahe ang mga bata at kumakain. Yung
klima staka yung ano po kapaligiran madalas po kase kapag lalo na kapag
nakakaranas po ng tibag yung basura dyan yung amoy nalalanghap ng mga
kabataan na kung tutuusin bawal sa kanila lalo na sa dalawa kong anak na may
hika at sakin bawal po yung amoy na ganun pero pinagtitiisan namin kase
ngayung nga dito nga yung trabaho namin kaya nagtitiis kaya kahit na delikado
sa kalusugan namin pinagtitiisan na lang namin dahil wala rin naman kaming
ibang matitirahan. Umiigib lang po kami dyan sa labas sa yung mga deliver
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nagiigib kami ng tubig minsan pag may nag iigib ng mga tubig sa nawasa
bumibili kami 20 pesos na container kaya tinitipid namin isa hanggang dalawa
lang pinagkakasya na lang namin yon pang inom, minsan ligo pinaghahati hati
lang ganun dahil nga sa mahal ng tubig, mahal ang tubig dito. Yung ano nabibili
namin sa labasan lang din na galing sa kinikita ng asawa ko na galing sa
tambakan kapag nakakapag bili na makakabili na kami ng ulam bigas may mga
naglalako naman dyan tapos minsan lutong ulam na nabibili namin sa mga
tindahan dyan sa labas. Ah sa umaga nagkakape lang kami tas tanghali kanin
gabi kanin kumbaga dalawang beses sa isang araw sa umaga kape lang naman
staka tinapay, oo nagtatrabaho na tapos tanghali mag tatanghalian tapos mag
hahapunan kanin ulam. Ah ano lang ano halos nakakapag paano lang kami
kapag ano may nararamdaman na dyan sa center nagpapacheck up ganun lang
kasi halos hindi namin pinapaano yung mga ano kapag malakas lakas pa e pero
kapag yung nagkakasakit na syaka lang nakakapagpacheck up kase lalo na
katulad niyan kapag bababa pa kami sa baba malayo mahal ang pamasahe kaya
hindi namin namomonitor yung sinasabe na monitor check up pagka
nagkakasakit na syaka na lang nakakapagcheck up. Dito naman sa center, dito sa
center pag samin libre pag dun ka sa bumaba ka may bayad talaga minsan kay
abdul 300 sa ano niyo po wala pa yung ano dun mga laboratory pero pag sa
infermary naman libre naman. Sa ngayon po kase wala pa naman kami
naeencounter na ganyan yung sinasabe na katulad sa ibang lugar na may
nangyayari pong ayang katulad po ng ganyan pero sa ngayon po nagpapatuloy
parin yung buhay namin na araw araw ganun parin po mangangalahid ako
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papasok naman sa trabaho tapos yung mga anak namin mag aaral ganun parin
po yung buhay namin sa ngayon. Ah ano katulad niyan kapag nagkakasakit
nagpapacheck up na lang tapos nag aano ng gamot kase hindi naman namin
talaga maiiwasan e dahil nga kahit ba sabihin namin na pigilan namin yan
syempre nandyan na yan e naexpose na kami sa lugar na to e kaya yung mga
ganyan polusyon nakakasanayan na lang. Parang ganun din kahit halos mga bata
nakakasanayan na lang din nila e pero pag hindi na kinakaya ng katawan
talagang tinatalaban na yun nandun na yung susumpongin na ng hika inuubo
sinisipon nagkakalagnat lalo na pag nauuso yung mga diba hindi naman natin
maiiwasan pag dumating yung sa isang lugar yung sakit natigdas nakakahawa
nandun talaga po yung sinasabe na ano hawa hawa pero hinaharap na lang din
po namin kase hindi naman po namin maiwasan e normal na lang po yan sa
panahon ngayon. Kung may pagpipiliin lang po talaga mas gusto po namin sa
residential area kesa po dito kaya lang po wala po talaga kaming pagpipilian
kaya nagtitiis na lang po kami dito syaka andito yung trabaho ng asawa Ko. Oo
yung sa pangangalahid kasi yung sa contruction mahina po siya sa construction
isang linggo palang uuwi na kasi hindi niya kaya e hindi naman puwede yung
ganun dahil may mga anak kaming binubuhay lima yung anak namin hindi
katulad dyan sa tambakan tuloy tuloy siya nakakapaghanap buhay sa loob po ng
14 years nabuhay po namin yung mga anak namin sa basura ganun po talaga
yung maipagmamalaki namin kahit papaano kasi kahit basurahan lang po yung
trabaho namin napapalaki namin yung mga anak namin. Sa ngayon po siguro po
kung saka sakali po na mabigyan kami ng pagkakataon ng mga ano magandang
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mamuhunan sa mga negosyo na lang para kahit papaano mawala man yung
tambakan matigil man yan meron pa rin po kaming makukuhanan ng income
pagka meron kaming sariling negosyo,yun po talaga yung hinahanap namin na
sana may posibilidad na pag halimbawa mademolish kami dito na sana mailipat
kami sa maayos na tirahan para kahit papano mas ligtas na yung mga kabataan
dun malayo sa polusyon, sa ano na sana kung may pagpipilian mas maganda na
talaga yung lugar na mas maayos mas ligtas para sa mga kabataan. Wala pa po
sa ngayon e pero sabi lumapit daw po kami sa kinauukulan para po humiling po
ng mga ganyang bagay katulad po ng ano pagkaroon po ng pabahay e hindi
naman po namin sinasabe na dapat kaming tulungan ang sinasabi po namin e
kung meron po sanang nais po tumulong sa amin sa ganun po sanang paraan
mapapabuti po yung kalusugan ng mga kabataan hindi lang po kami
matutulungan pati din po yung mga batang bagong henerasyon na nandito po sa
lugar na ito. Meron naman po yung mga nagbibigay po ng konting tulong yung
mga bigas groceries ganun mga katulad po ng pastor mga iba ibang klase po nga
relihiyon na pumapasok dito sa lugar namin pero sa ngayon yun lang po ang
naibibigay nila yung mga pagkain ano lang po pero yung mga ganun bagay na
dapat nga po sana na hinihiling ng mga tao talaga sa totoo po talaga yun yung
gusto ng mga tao yung payak na tirahan sa mga residential na area ngayon wala
pong wala pa pong dumarating na ganun. Sa ngayon po mas ano po mas naging
ano po sa amin bukod po sa bumaba yung kalakal nagmahal yung mga bilihin
kaya yung imbis na magkaron na mapaayos pa namin yung mga bahay namin
mas nilalaan na lang namin sa pagkain tapos yung sa ano namin lalo na
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pagumuulan nagiging problema po talaga namin kasi hanggang ngayon yung
mga pangako ng gobyerno wala padin po yung sinasabe na papasemento tong
lugar na to hanggang ngayon wala pa rin kaya pinagtitiisan po namin kung
anong lugar meron kami, opo yung ano po nagtirik po kami ng ano dyan sa totoo
lang may upa po yan ngayon lag po natigil yung upa pero yung sinasabe po na
libre hindi naman po yan libre as in nangupahan din po kami kahit lupa lang
kami nagpatayo ng bahay yung yun po yung lupa na inupahan namin dahil po
bukod sa dito po yung trabaho ng asawa ko syaka po mas malapit at wala din
naman po kaming ibang matitirahan kaya pina anuhan po namin na dito na lang
tumira, opo yung lupa po sa amin po pero yung sa iba naman po may rites po
silang hawak pero kami naman po nangungupahan lang dun pero sa ngayon
natigil naman na yung upa kaya dina po kami naguupa. Payak na tirahan po
talaga yung as in matatawag po naming amin sarili, sariling samin na
permanente magiging amin na panghabang buhay hanggang pag laki ng mga
anak namin matatawag po talaga namin na tirahan po talaga namin tulad po ng
pabahay, bahay at lupa, sobrang saya po talaga kase malaking tulong na po yon
sa amin lalo na po Sa mga anak namin. Siguro maghahanap na lang po ng ibang
pwedeng pagkakitaan o kung ano man magtitiis na lang na bumlyahe padin
hanggang dito para lang mangalahid pero sa ngayon naman po siguro pwede
naman pong magtrabaho ng ibang trabaho kung may makikita po na trabaho na
kakayanin at maangkop naman po sa amin papasukin naman po namin kasi
willing naman po namin gawin lahat para sa anak namin. Siguro po ah yung ano
po pag meron pong mga tao na tumutulong po dito sa amin yung nakikita ko po
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yung mga ngiti sa mga kabataan yun po yun po yung mga nagpapaano sa amin
na hanggang hindi ko po malilimutan pagka nagkakaron po kami dito ng mga
gatherings po na galing po sa tulong iba nakikita ko sa mga bata yung parang
saya parang sumasaya din po ako kesa mga ibang karanasan mas nakakapag ano
sa pakiramdam mo yung lalo na nakikita mo yung mga anak mo na tuwang tuwa.
Sa ngayon po sa dami po ng problema na dumadating paghinarap mo yung
problema mo na magkasama mas madaling masusulosyunan lalo na magkasama
kayo ng ka partner mo haharapin mo siya ng buong puso tapos wag ka susuko
kasi sa panahon ngayon hindi po natin maiiwasan an yung iba nagbibigte dahil
sa problema mas maganda yung lagi ka tatawag sa panginoon.
Ah like this, where we live especially the area behind our house is
quite precarious, especially at the back where there is a lot of garbage. We
are often exposed to risks in case of a fire because there is a lot of trash
underneath and even a ravine, making our living situation not ideal. It's
quite simple and basic, with frequent mess and dirt due to our work
involving garbage disposal. The surroundings are often filled with trash. For
about 14 years now, this has been our livelihood as my husband's job is here
in this dumpsite nearby. We endure living here because it's convenient, and
our relatives also reside here. I prefer not to leave this place because I can
easily seek help when needed, unlike if we were far away. We believe that
after being here for so long, this house and land now belong to us. We are the
ones who separate plastic bottles from the trash because others do not realize
that these can be sold. Currently, we work hard to make ends meet; if we
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don't take action, our children won't have food, won't be able to go to school,
won't have transportation fare or pocket money.Nowadays, it's crucial,
especially as I mentioned earlier, that our livelihood is here. So, for now, we
prefer to stay here so that my husband's job isn't far away. Money matters
less now that he can earn something daily by delivering goods. It's essential
to have money daily for expenses like transportation and food for the kids.
The climate and environment are challenging, especially when the garbage
emits a foul smell that affects the children's health, particularly my two kids
with asthma. Despite the risks to our health, we endure it because we have
nowhere else to go. We collect water outside from deliveries or buy from
vendors for 20 pesos per container to save money for drinking and sometimes
bathing due to the high cost of water here. We buy necessities from what my
husband earns at the dumpsite - sometimes we can afford food like rice or
cooked meals from vendors outside. In the morning, we only have coffee,
then rice for lunch and dinner - essentially two meals a day. In the morning,
it's just coffee and bread. Yes, we work, then have lunch, followed by dinner
with rice and viand. When someone feels unwell, we usually just go to the
center for a check-up if needed. We tend not to seek medical attention unless
it's necessary because if someone is still strong and healthy, we don't usually
go for check-ups. However, when someone falls ill, that's when we make the
effort to seek medical help because going down to the city is costly in terms of
transportation. Here at the center, services are free for us locals, but if you
come from elsewhere, there are fees involved. Sometimes it can cost around
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300 pesos at Abdul's clinic for certain services; however, at the infirmary, it's
free. So far, we haven't encountered major issues like in other places where
incidents occur. Our daily life continues as usual - I go to work every day,
our children go to school; that's how our life goes on for now. When someone
gets sick, we only seek medical help and take medication because it's
unavoidable due to our exposure to this environment. Pollution has become a
norm here. Even children have adapted to it; however, when the body can't
handle it anymore, that's when respiratory issues like asthma flare up. It
becomes a challenge when illnesses spread in the community; we face them as
they come since it's inevitable in this day and age. If given a choice, we would
prefer a residential area over this place due to the conditions here.
Unfortunately, we have no other option but to endure living here because this
is where my husband works. He used to work in construction but had to quit
after a week due to physical limitations. This situation isn't sustainable as we
have five children to support. Unlike in the dumpsite where he has been able
to provide for us for 14 years despite the challenging circumstances - raising
our children amidst waste is something we take pride in because even with
such humble work, we've managed to raise our children well. For now, if
given the opportunity, we would invest in starting a business so that even if
the dumpsite closes down or gets relocated, we would still have a source of
income through our own business venture. We hope for a chance to be
relocated to a better place if ever this area gets demolished - somewhere safer
and cleaner for our children away from pollution. Given a choice, a better
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and safer environment is what we truly seek for our children's well-being.
There has been no progress yet, but we have reached out to the authorities to
request assistance in improving living conditions, particularly in providing
housing. We are not asking for handouts; we simply hope that someone will
help improve the health of the children and future generations living in this
area. There are some who provide assistance, such as pastors from various
religions who bring food, but what people truly desire is a permanent
residence in a residential area. Unfortunately, nothing of that sort has
arrived yet. Beyond the decline in our living conditions and the rising cost of
goods, we have had to allocate our resources towards food and face
challenges when it rains. The government's promises remain unfulfilled, and
we continue to search for a suitable place to live. We have built a house on a
piece of land we rent, as it is closer to my husband's workplace and we have
no other options. We pay rent for the land, even though it is not technically
ours. A permanent home would be a significant help to us, especially for our
children. We may have to find alternative sources of income or continue to
commute to work here, but we are willing to do anything for our children.
When people offer help here, I see the joy in the children's faces, and it
brings me happiness too. It's a different feeling from other experiences,
especially when you see your children smiling. Facing problems with a
partner by your side makes them easier to solve. Approach them with your
whole heart and don't give up, as challenges are inevitable. It's better to keep
praying to God during these times.
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Alpha is forty-seven (47) years old and has lived in Sitio Pintor, Barangay
San Isidro Rodriguez, Montalban Rizal, Philippines, for 20 years. He has five
children.
Mailalarawan ko ngayon marumi yong hanap buhay dito galing sa
basura tapos yong langhap ng hangin naaamoy namin yung basura yung pinaka
ano dyan yung butane ng gas current living lalo na pag umuulan mas naamoy
namin pag umulan tsaka umaalingasaw sa lupa tsaka dumidikit siya sa katawan
yung amoy,yung amoy natatanggal pero matagal siya bago mawala siguro kung
taga dito ka tas pumunta ka sa ibang lugar nyo alam mo tagarito ako sa amoy
palang basurero na to alam na nila yun matagal 1 week siguro maligo ka araw
araw.ano mga 20 years na 2003 ako napunta dito 2023 na ngayon, nakayananan
oo nasanay nalang parang ano nainormalize sa amoy sa dumi sa una nag kasakit
pero katagalan nasanay na, ano dahil sa sobra kong tagal ko na dito manirahan
siguro masasabi ko talagang sa akin po yung lupa na tinitirahan ko dito. Dati
kase nag tratrabaho ako sa Mercury drugs sa una naninibago ako sa katagalan
nasanay na. Ano pamumulot ng basura yun talaga hanap buhay dito mga recycle
yung pagkain pwede pa pulutin tinatawag nilang pag-pag.Niluluto namin yun
syempre kase yung malalaking hotel tinatapon nalang nila yung frozen na
pagkain nila yung frozen siya siguro over sa ref nila ganon tinatapon na nila yun
naka yelo pa siguro ilang buwan na yun dito yun napupunta yun. Yung pagkain
na pag-pag sa tagarito pwde pero sakanila itatapon na nalang nila.sa ngayon
malahaga naman sakin sa tagal ba naman sa pagtira ko dito parang ayaw kona
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nga makaalis dito nasanay na ako, hm ayun matututo ka mag recycle siguro kung
lilipat ako sa ibang lugar tatapon na magagamit maaaring ipunin ko yun alam
kung magiging pera yun hindi katulad ng iba hindi alam tapon ng tapon nalang
dito namin i recycle. Disadvantage ano hm karamihan kase dito nag kakasakit
tsaka ano sa tubig mahirap.Bumili kame sa baba yung may mga nawasa dun kami
bumibili yung kinikita namin diba kumita kami ngayon pupunta kame sa palengke
yung palengke sasakay ka ng truck ng basura pababa yun sasabit kalang sa
truck.Sa pagkain ay hindi naman mahirap sila nahihirapan sa kanila lang yun
Kase yung iba nahihirapan kase tamad sila kumuha ng pag kakakitaan nila ayun
nahihirapan sila yun kase hawak nila oras nila kase yung iba kaya nahihirapan
hm kalahig kalang kase ayun kase tawag kalahig ngayon kase kapag kumita ka
kunyari 500 tatlong araw na yun hindi kana mona mag hahanap buhay.Sa
medicine sa kumukuha sa, minsan ano may pumupunta ditong religious people
namimigay sila ng vitamins tsaka yung iba free barangay medical mission. Ay Oo
delikado kase pag tag ulan siya nangangalahig sila Lalo na sa payatas delikado
pag umuulan yung iba kase nakakakuha pa kase yung basura dun parang bundok
ilang linggo kang hindi huhukayin dun pag huhukayin ka luto kana kase mainit
yung basura, nasugatan na oo minsan mapapako ka talaga minsan mabububog ka
minsan mapapako ka ng malaking kahoy minsan malalason kana. Hm ano
kailangan mo kase talaga kumita ng pera tapos mamasukan ka kailangan mo ng
ano nun ng pera pag nag apply ka kailangan may pera ka at pamasahe pag kain e
dito hindi kana mamasahe pag punta mo palang dito sa tambakan hindi kana mag
apply mamumulot ka nalang yung time mo sa pag apply pumulot ka nalang kung
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sakali dito ka nakatira kasi kunyari linggo ka nag apply yung isang linggo na yun
para kumita ka na den ta papasok kapa araw araw mamasahe kapa hindi kapa
sasahod non 15 days kang sasahod diba kakainin mo araw-araw.Nakayanan ano
parang nasanay na nga tapos bukod pa dun may vitamins naman ako para may
pang laban ka.Siguro ano mag ingat nalang kase baka mag kasakit pero sanay na
mag kasakit parang normal na samin yung sakit gumagaling naman. Ano
nasunog kame dito tapos wala kame ibang mapuntahan hindi kame pwedeng
bumalik dito dahil kase nag liliyab yung lugar na ito buong bahay ito siguro yung
apoy dito umabot ng 1 month matagal malusaw yung plastic pero tatlong araw na
yun matindi apoy yun yung isang buwan nayon matagal mapatay yung apoy nasa
evacuation center kame. Sa sunog isa den ito yung bahay namin dati up in down
ito mahirap syempre nung nasunog dinala kame ng baranggay sa evacuation
center yung mga naiwan naming gamit dito syempre yung iba sunog na yung iba
dito naiwan yung bakal pwede pa namin ibenta yun syempre so tapos wala pang
isang buwan nag lock down tumagal kame sa evacuation center bawal maglahig
lahat kame hindi pinapalabas bawal kami mag trabaho yung masakit samin
nasunogan na nga kame nag lock down pa. Dito kase rides lang hindi katulad sa
iba titira ka dun sa mangungapahan ng bahay ka dun mag babayad ka ng tubig
kuryente dito wala ka na babayaran kumbaga wala ka ng ibabayad mas pinipili
namin tumira dito dahil hindi walang kame binabayaran pero hindi katulad sa
baba kailangan mo ng electricfan kung nagkahoy ka e minsan pag may super
kalan nag sisibak ng kahoy para isiga hindi katulad ng sa baba hindi pwedeng
mag siga ng kahoy.Lumipat ng tirahan siguro sa araw na hindi na kaya pag hindi
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na kaya ng katawan pag matanda na mag reretaire kana parang gusto mo ng
humiga at mag relax pag matanda kana mahirap ng mag trabaho pahinga ka
nalang. Lilipat ng tirahan kung mabibigyan.Tumutulong yung mga religious
people lang meron dito nag papa feeding sila araw araw dito 100 days sila dito
yun aabutin silang December.Tinutulungan ng gobyerno kagaya ng 4’Ps.Sa
pagpapabago wala ganon paden paulit ulit lang yung pamumuhay namen dito
parang kang nasa rate rites paikot ikot kalang bukod sa edad nag babago
talaga,ano namumulot ako ng basura nung araw ano may naipon naman ako
kunti lang ayun bumili ako ng rites.Relatives hm wala ako lang. Makakatulong sa
kagaya ko hindi ko masabi pero maganda siguro sa education sa mga
kabataan,pwede ren sa financial parang mahirap yun wala don pagbabago
magagastos don pag sinabing financial iba yung trusong tulong baka pag dating
dito samin kulang na pwede bahay tapos sa mga bata sa education. Ayun nga yun
yung nasunogan kame tapos yung nag lock down pa mahirap na mangayari ulit
yun ok lang sakin yung lock down kaso nasunugan pa kame kumbaga damit lang
yung dala namin sa katawan wala na yung gamit namin ubos na.Sa ano
kailangan mo mag ipon talaga habang kumikita kapa ng pera pa ano pag
matanda kana kana pwede ka pa ma negosyo hanggat Bata kapa mag ipon ka ng
mag ipon pang negosyo pag may emergency tulad ng nasunugan kami wala kame
ipon.Sumisimbolo ano baging diba kumakapit yun sa puno kase diba hindi basta
basta nahuhulog hindi basta basta tumutumba yung punong iyun kinakapitan
namin,kinakabahan ako ah na yun wala na ako masabi.
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I can vividly describe the current livelihood here, derived from
garbage. We can smell the trash in the air, especially the gas butane scent,
particularly when it rains. The smell lingers and sticks to our bodies, taking a
while to dissipate. If you're from here and go elsewhere, people can tell
you're from this place just by the smell; it's something they've come to
associate with us. It might take a week of daily showers to get rid of it. I've
been here for about 20 years since 2003, and now it's 2023. I've adapted and
become accustomed to it; it's like the smell and dirt have become normalized.
Initially, I fell ill, but over time, I got used to it. Because of my long stay here,
I can probably say that the land where I reside truly belongs to me. I used to
work at Mercury Drugstore, and at first, I found it strange, but eventually, I
got used to it. Garbage picking is our livelihood here - recycling is how we
survive. We collect leftover food that can still be eaten; they call it "pag-
pag." We cook these leftovers because big hotels just throw away their frozen
food that has been in their freezers for months. The food we salvage through
"pag-pag" may be acceptable for us locals, but for them, it's just waste. After
living here for so long, I've grown attached; I'm used to it now. If I were to
move elsewhere, I might discard what could be useful or turned into money -
unlike others who just throw things away without recycling. One
disadvantage is that many people here get sick, especially due to water issues.
We buy water from the lower part where there's a water service; that's
where we earn our living. Now we go to the market where we ride on garbage
trucks going down. Food isn't a challenge for us; others struggle because they
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are lazy in finding ways to earn a living. They find it difficult because they
don't manage their time well - some find it hard to adapt. When you earn
around 500 pesos in three days, you might stop looking for other sources of
income. Regarding medicine, sometimes religious groups come here and
distribute vitamins during free barangay medical missions. Yes, it is
dangerous, especially during the rainy season, particularly in Payatas. It's
risky because some people scavenge through the garbage there, which piles
up like a mountain. If you dig into it after weeks, it's like cooking because the
trash is hot. Yes, I've been injured before - sometimes you step on nails, get
cuts, or even get pierced by large pieces of wood. You really need to earn
money and work; you need money for applying for jobs, transportation, and
food. Here, once you arrive at the dumpsite, you can't apply for jobs; you
just spend your time scavenging. For instance, if you live here and spend a
week applying for jobs, that week could have been spent earning money. You
won't have to commute for work or receive a salary until after 15 days. I've
adapted and gotten used to this lifestyle over time. Besides that, I take
vitamins to stay healthy. I've learned to be cautious because getting sick is
common here; it's become normal for us to get sick but also recover. Our
house burned down here once, and we had nowhere else to go because the
area was engulfed in flames. It took about a month for the plastic to melt
completely. We stayed in an evacuation center. Our previous house was
destroyed; we were taken to the evacuation center by the barangay officials.
Some of our belongings were left behind - some were burnt while others were
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salvageable metal that we could sell. Less than a month later, a lockdown was
imposed; we stayed in the evacuation center and weren't allowed to leave or
work. It was painful for us; we had already lost our home in the fire and then
faced a lockdown. Living here is different from elsewhere; you don't pay rent
for housing or utilities like electricity and water. We choose to stay here
because we don't have those expenses. However, if you need an electric fan or
firewood for cooking, it can be challenging at times. Moving to a new place
might happen when your body can no longer handle the conditions or when
you retire and seek rest instead of work. Religious groups are the main ones
providing assistance here; they conduct daily feeding programs that will last
until December - a total of 100 days. The government also helps through
programs like 4Ps (Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program). In terms of
change, our way of life remains repetitive; it feels like going around in circles
apart from aging which naturally changes things. I used to scavenge garbage
before and saved up a bit to buy necessities. As for relatives, I don't have any
who can help me financially or otherwise. It would be beneficial for
education and financial support for children in need - financial assistance
could make a significant difference in their lives by providing housing and
education opportunities. Experiencing a fire followed by a lockdown was
tough; we lost everything except what we wore on our bodies - all our
belongings were gone. It's essential to save money while earning so that when
emergencies arise, like a fire incident, you have something set aside for such
situations. The symbol of a vine clinging to a tree represents our situation -
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holding on tight as it doesn't easily fall or get uprooted like the tree itself; it
reflects our resilience despite challenges and uncertainties ahead. I am
extremely worried because I have nothing more to say.
Mara is twenty-four (24) years old and has lived in Sitio Pintor, Barangay
San Isidro Rodriguez, Montalban Rizal, Philippines, for almost 10 years. She has
two children.
Mailalarawan ko ang aking paligid sa magulo pero okay naman po kase
nakakaya naman po magulo po kase sitwasyon na naman namin hindi ko katulad
sa residetial area poHindi po siya ganon kaayos po,ako po since 2014 nandito na
po pero yung asawa ko since 2000 mga 10 taon,ang pamumuhay dito ay Mahirap
po kase basura yung hawak namin tapos syempre kulang din sa pagkain pero
kahit naman pa paano hindi kami nakakaano so survive naman po namin
lang.mahirap po talaga pero kung hindi ka magsisipag wala kang kakainin
katulad ko po ngayon, wala po yung asawa ko ako lang po naghanap buhay sa
amin mahirap po talaga pero kahit pa paano magpakain kasi sa mga bata, para
may pang kain po ang mga anak namin. Yung lugar na ito ay sobra pong
mahalaga kase po nandito na po yung hanap buhay namin staka dito na po yung
mga bata lumaki at nakakapag-aral naman po sila kahit ganito ang sitwasyon
namin, yung paaralan ng anak ay malayo po, 50.00 50.00 50.00 pababa palang
po yun balikan na po yung service nila isang araw po 50.00 pag isang linggo po
250.00.advantage po kasi kahit po ganito may tumutulong naman din po sa amin
na mga anosiguro po ayaw po naming umalis dito kasi inaantay pa naming yung
tulong ng gobyerno po sa amin yung libgreng pabahay po kaya mas pinipili

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nalang po naming ang magtiis dito tsaka pag wala po kami ng sa lahat may
pumupunta po dito sa amin na may tumutulong sa mga bata may feeding po,
malaking tulong na Kasi kahit pa paano may tumutulong pa may nagbibigay po
sa amin na nakakatawid po yung araw. Itong tinitirikan ng bahay namin sa amin
na ito. Iniipon naming yung mga tanso pati plastic na bote dito, kumita kana tas
parang tulong na din namin sa kapaligiran ganon. Disadvantage kasi po ganito
yung bahay namin magulo po para sa bato at po disadvantage po na hindi
maayos yung ano namin bahay magulo po at gawa po sya sa kahoy material.
Yung sa tubig nag-igib po kami dyan per container 20 pesos nahihirapan po
syempre pero kailangan po kasi wala pong ano e wala pong malapit na
pagkukuha na ng tubig kailangan po talaga natin mag-igib, sa pagkain may bili
po sa tindahan, tapos pag may mga ulam sa taas may bili rin po sa taas, umiikot
po doon na tricycle driver na nagbebenta ng mga isda, gulay. Yung sa medicine
naman ay sa center po kasi yung anak ko po may good neighbor pag ano po ano
po yan sila , kada taon po yan sila, chinecheck up po yan sila, binibigyan po sila
ng vitamins tapos gamot sakto naman po yung binibigay.ano naman po okay
naman po kasi kailangan po magingat lalo na sa trabaho po namin kasi po
katulad nyan may guho po kailangan po magingat ka din po.trabaho scavenger
po.di naman po nasusugatan kase may ingat naman po pero yun po di naman po
lagi nasusugatan kasi mag ingat kalang. Ano po kasi kung may ibang lugar na
mapupuntahan, sa kayo po kasi may bahay na po kami sa makipuntahan di na po
kami dito, ngayon po wala po kami mapuntahan ng iba, magtitiis po kami kaya
naman po makakagalak po kayo dyan.sakit nakukuha meron po syempre yung
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paghihika na yung maninikip minsan additive kase sa amin ang basura sa amin
sunog sunog na kumbaga po nakaka hika, may hika po pero meron po kami
nebulizer meron po kami pag ubos ka dito. Posibleng sakit trangkaso po sa init
tapos pasma po yung pangmakatawan kasi po masakit sa likod sa ulo maraming
binubuhat lalo po pag sa tambakan po madami po binubuhat lagi po nagbubuhat
doon ang pinakaulo sa paa sa kamay yan ang pinakalagi ginagamit nagbubuhay
lakad tapos patong sa ulo. Nilalakad medyo malayo lang kunwari yun po yung
pinakatapos ng basura dadalin nyo po doon pinalaki ang bigat po noon staka
masakit po sa katawan ano lang po, wala naman po tayo magagawa kung may
magkasakit po eh. Pero kailangan po talagang mag- aaral po yung ano-ano lang
na gamot, gamot po para hindi po magmaintain yung sakit sa katawan ng tao.
Harapin nyo po yung posibleng sakit na makuha nyo sa pag titake po ng gamot
po. Kapag may sakuna nahingi po kami ng tulong tapos kung may bagyo naman
po meron po doong pinakabuilding doon po kami pumunta po.mag-evacuate po
kami tapos kung may sunog din po, may evacuation po pinunta kami doon po
kami natira. Nararamdaman pag may sakuna natatakot po kasi light material
lang yun tapos paglumakas yung hangin, tapos may uln baka po bigla pong
lumipad yung bubong tapos pasukan po naman. Pero po dito po sa amin talagang
pinakabubong po talaga lumipad po kasama po yung mga kawawa naman po
yung mga… hindi naman tiba-tiba yun naman. Kung mayroon na pag isipan dito
po yung hanap buhay namin yan tama po hanap buhay malapit lang po dito po
malapit lang po dito po namin may simbahan naman dito may libre naman po
kahit papaano nakakakawid po yung aming pang araw araw ayon tapos may
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simbahan malapit.opo mas maganda po kung meron po kung meron matitirahan
kasi syempre sawa na rin dito nagtitiis na lang kasi wala na pupuntahan. Lumipat
sa mas maginhawa sobrang hirap po talaga ng buhay po pero tinitiis kasi wala
naman ibang tutulungan. Ano na lang po talaga dito kung meron naman po
katulad nyo, kung ma-housing po kami sana po mahousing kami dito. Ano na lang
po namin yung tatanggapin na po talaga namin kung magkaron kami ng bahay
mahirap po bumihin ng bahay ngayon mahirap po talaga kasi kung wala kang
malaking pera hindi ka magkakaroon ng sariling bahay, at lupa ganito na po
talaga pagdating po sa aming mga pamilya, sa pamilya namin, magiging
emosyonal po kasi po ano mas gusto nyo po talaga magbigyan ng mas
magandang buhay. Mas pipiliin nyo po yung mas magandang buhay pangarap po
sa mga anak po, magmaayos yung pamumuhay namin.ano po barangay ano po
namin naman sabi ba naman sa pagka may sakuna dito binibigyan po kami bigas
tapos ibang bansa mga korean mga amerikano sa amin binibigyan po kami ng
isang kilo ng bigas malaking bagay na rin po yun kasi pagka isang araw na rin
po namin na bigas pero hindi naman po yun lagi bihira naman po kasi may
magdarating po dito na tulong po may magpunta po dito kasya naman po siya sa
isang araw may malaking tulong din po. Pagbabago marami na po talagang
bahay marami na pong mga tao marami na pong mga bata tapos yun po gumulo
na tulad po noon na tahimik kasi may mga lasing sa gabikasi may mga bata may
mga bata hindi po tulad dati tahimik walang kasingan masagabi yun hindi naman
po konti palang po yung mga tao mas safe po siguro safe po kami noon mas
dumami po yung mga tao may mga siga madami oo. Kasi yung asawa ko po yung
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papa nya po dito naging caretaker yung lupa na po yan tinitirhan namin sa bahay
kanila po, kanila na po yan may sariling lupa at titulo sa papa po ng asawa na
po. Syempre para maging maayos naman po yung maging tirahan, makaminus
minus naman sa gastusin po at makakain po yung mga bago naman maayos
naman unang una po talaga sa is bahay po naghangad ng libreng Bahay po
talaga kasi mahirap po yung walang sariling bahay mahirap bumili ng bahay
ngayon mahirap po lalo na nagtataas po yung presyo ng lupa tataasan pa lahat
ng presyo ng bilihin kaya mas dalawang humihirap mas unay na lang po yung
pagaing kasi sa ganyang bahay. Sunog po yung sunog po na simula po dun sa
taas hanggang dito sa amin hindi palang may malilimutan as in po nacorner po
talaga kami hindi na po namin yung madadaanang paakyat doon kasi ito lang po
talaga yung pinakadaanan namin ano po nung dumaan na lang po kami kayat
mga damuhan po yan doon nilakad po namin yan para makalabas lang kami
makikita namin yung ibang kamaganak namin sa labas nacorner po kami niyan
doon po kami sa baba sa bangin po talaga. Nakakaramdam ng syempre takot po
kasi bagong panganak po ako noon e 2 months palang po yung maliit ko eh tapos
sunog po syempre malakas po yung usok nyo tapos nacorner pa po kami dito sa
baba suffocate padin po di pa kami as in makalabas mga siguro mga kalahating
araw muna bago natupo sobrang tagal po noon po noon di po kase makapasok as
in dito yung bombero doon lang po siya sa labas kundi po yan inano naman yung
tao na yung lupa po binungka ng binuka tapos saka po inano sa apoy dipo yan
titigil hanggang dito saan dito po kami noon nakita ko nung nasunog si maribel
nakita ko sa evacuation hindi kasi di po ako pwede pumunta doon kasi yung anak
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hindi na akong pumunta sa evacuation po hindi sinabihan ako ni dudu hindi kita
nakita di po kasi ako nagtagal doon kasi po yung bunso ko po kasi diba
magbulupudo maingat tapos yung anak ko po di siya pwede magingay na marinig
yung ingay kasi namumutla po kasi yan pag umiyak,yan po kasi nandoon po yan
sila kami po yung mama ko naman po sa tower doon po kami muna tumira,
tumira siguro mga isang linggo po ata kami doon ilang dalawang linggo ata kasi
nung tumigil na po yung tumigil na po usok usok bumalik na po kami dito
pinabantay lang ako ni dudu doon kasi may tindahan sila kaya po hindi po rin
namin as in inalisan po itong bahay namin kasi may mga gamit po kami dito
pwede mawala katulad po sila na as in kaonti lang po yung mga gamit yung mga
dagat damit lang po nagkawalaan po yung mga gamit po na umalisan sila may
mga kumuha po kaya hindi po talaga namin inalisan yung bahay namin yung
nagkasunog po.ano naman po hindi naman po hanggang dito lang po yung sunog
iyan po kasi dati yung bahay ko ito palang po kasi yung bahay ko na to na
ginagawa pa lang po yan tapos dyan lang po lahat ng gamit po yan lang po as in
maliit na yan yung bahay namin noon yung nasunog po.yung asawa naman
pagpapano ipon Ipon po ng gamit galing sa tambakan ayan po nagawa nya po
yung mga playwood na yung bahay namin buti po hindi po inabot ng apoy po kasi
po talagang tinulong tulungan po nila eh kahit galing po sila sa tambakan umuwi
po talaga sila para hindi na iabutin yung bahay namin nila sa tito daisy tapos yan
sa ganun po ayan po bahay ni tito daisy po yan nagmamadali po sila o para po
hindi as in lahat matupok dito para mapigil ang pagkalat po tulong tulong po
talaga yan ang hirap yata ng masunugan hindi mo alam po anong bubuhatin
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yung 2015 din kami doon kami sa ss nyo ss doon quezon city o sss pero mas
mahalaga po yung mahalaga po yung sarili po natin yung may ligtas po natin
kaya nga po yung mga anak ko inuna ko po itakbo doon sa baba kasi sa po yung
mga gamit ko na pinabayaan pa po dyan po ang apoy po nanjan lang po sa
harapan ng bahay namin tumakbo na lang po muna kami tapos isa po namin
tinawag yung asawa ko na gawin po sa sambahan para maibaba nya po yung
gamit namin po, isa lang po kase yung buhay natin gamit mo lahat goodbye.
narealize dapat mag aaral na lang naman para hindi dapat nag aaral na lang
lang napagpatuloy ang pag aaral natapos second year lang po high school dapat
ano pero natapos salamat ako kasi may dalawa akong anak po. Bakal na lang po
bakal na rin po sige po kailangan matibay talaga matibay po kayang anuin agad
kayang sirain ang baga kailangan po ng lakas ng loob para magpatuloy po sa
buhay.
My surroundings are chaotic but it's okay because I can handle it.
The situation is chaotic but it's not like a residential area. I have been here
since 2014, but my spouse has been here since 2000, for about 10 years. Life
here is difficult because we have to deal with garbage and there is not enough
food, but we manage to survive. It's really hard, but if you don't work, you
won't have anything to eat. I have been working hard to provide for my
family. Despite the difficulties, I make sure that my children have something
to eat. This place is very important to us because this is where we make a
living. Our children grew up and studied here, even though our situation is
not ideal. The school of our child is far away, and it costs 50 pesos for a
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round trip, which is 250 pesos per week. The advantage is that there are
people who help us, and we don't want to leave because we are waiting for
government assistance, such as low-cost housing. We choose to endure the
hardships here because there are people who come to help us and give us
food, which is a big help. This place where our house stands is already ours.
We gather copper and plastic bottles here; you can earn money, and it's also
like our way of helping the environment. The disadvantage is that our house
is chaotic and made of wood materials. We have to fetch water from a
container that costs 20 pesos, which is difficult because there is no nearby
source of water. We have to buy food from the store, and when we cook, we
have to buy ingredients from the store. The tricycle driver sells fish and
vegetables. For medicine, we go to the center because my child's good
neighbors check up on them every year and give them vitamins. The
medicine they prescribe is just right. We have to be careful with our work,
just like when we were scavengers. We have to be careful not to get hurt, but
sometimes we do get hurt. If there were another place to go to, we would
leave this place. But for now, we have to endure it and make the best of it.
We have a house here and we have to deal with the garbage, which can cause
respiratory problems. There is also the possibility of getting sick from the
heat and physical strain, especially when carrying heavy loads at the dump
site. It's important to study the various medications available to prevent and
treat illnesses. We have to face the possibility of getting sick from taking
medication. In case of emergencies, we seek help and evacuate to safer areas,
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such as during typhoons or fires. Here in our community, we have to be extra
careful because the houses are made of light materials and can easily be
destroyed by strong winds. But we have to endure it because there is no other
place to go. It would be better if there were more housing options nearby, as
living here can be very difficult. We are grateful for the help we receive, such
as food donations from other countries. It's a big help, especially when we
run out of rice. We hope for a better life for our children and a better future
for our family. In times of calamity, we receive rice donations from the
government and other countries, which is a big help. We hope for a better life
for our children and a better future for our family. There have been many
changes in our community, with more houses and people, especially young
people. It's not as peaceful as it used to be, but we have to adapt and make
the best of it. My spouse's father used to be a caretaker of the land where our
house is located, but now we have our own land and title. Sure, here's the
translation: Of course, for a decent living, it would be ideal to have a free
house. It's difficult to buy a house now due to the high cost of land and the
rising prices of goods. It's even harder for those who don't have their own
homes. The cost of living is already high, and it would be much harder to live
in a house without basic amenities. There was a fire that started from the top
and spread down to our area. We were trapped and couldn't leave our house.
The smoke was thick and suffocating. We couldn't leave for several days
until the fire was put out. It was a traumatic experience, especially for me as
I was only two months old at the time. My father collected materials from the
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dump site to build our house. He was able to salvage some playwood, which
was used to build our house. Thankfully, the fire didn't reach our house, but
it was a close call. We were able to save our belongings, but many others lost
their homes. It's important to prioritize education. I was able to finish high
school, which was a great achievement for me. I have two children, and I
want to provide them with a better future. Steel because It's important to be
strong and resilient in the face of adversity.
Elizabeth is twenty-three (23) years old and has lived in Sitio Pintor
Barangay San Isidro Rodriguez Montalban Rizal, Philippines, for 5 years. She has
three children.
Mailalarawan ko dito ay mahirap po to dito eh, un lang po mahirap, basta
mahirap po dito kase ano scavenger lang po kame ang hanap buhay lang po
namin basura mag kano lang ang kinikita lang sa tatlong araw nasa 300 yan, 600
minsan pag mataas, baba lang yung kuha samin ng kalakal nakadepende naman
po yun don. Pamumuhay, ano lang po basura eto lang ang pamumuhay namin
nangangalahig ng ano lata, sibak metal yan iniipon namin para pang deliver
namin sa ano, pag na iponbinibenta napo namin sa junkshop oho malakas naman
din ang kita sa metal pero kalakal mababa lang. Mahalaga kase hanap buhay
nandito na ang hanap buhay namin eh pag umalis kame dito eh wala naman kame
titirahan kapag umalis kame dito kase pag umalis kame dito nandito lang po ang
hanap buhay namin, malakas po ang ano namin dito, eto lang ang kinabubuhay
ng mga anak namin kung walang basura wala rin kameng makain oo kaya
mahalaga po saamin dito pag ano swerte naman pag nag ka ginto malaki-laki rin
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kinikita namin ouhm, mga gulay mga ganun? ah ung ano sibak sibak lata tapos
mga kutsara ganyan mga P.E.T un lang P.E.T bakal lata yan. Dissadvantages eto
yung ano dinemolish, pag dinemolish po dito dikarin po mabayad bayaran din
kagaya dyan sa ben- sa baba dyan kame nakatira nag patira lang po kame dito
kay tito dudong nangupahan lang kame limang daan, dinemolish pero dipa kame
binayaran wala pang bayad kahit isang ano kahit piso wala pang binibigay
saamin. Pinag kukunan ng tubig yon mineral dito po sa taas bumibili po kame ng
ano hm mineral halagang nasa ano 40 pesos opo pang luto, hinde yung pang luto
ha nawasa ang pang inom namin sa mga bata mineral eto may maliit ako
malakas uminom ng tubig,pangligo sa balon sa balon kame naliligo. May balon
po dito eh malaki, paglalaba don din sa balon pero sabahay dito pang gamit
gamit lang ng mga tubig. Sa health naman ahm wala naman po kame
pangangalaga eh dito lang po sa center may tumutulong malapit lang po minsan
pag ano ano biglaan na pag emergency na yung kagaya ng 9months ko namatay
apat na biag sana ang anak ko namatay, suka dehydrate na sya naubusan na ng
tubig kakulangan ng tubig kase tag init nun eh wala kame makuhaan ng tubig,
naalala ko tuloy yung anak ko (umiyak). Ah minsan ano mahirap din pag ano may
mag nanakaw ganyan, may mag nanakaw dito samin ng metal gamit kaya
mahirap din kaya nag hahanda po kame nag hahanda kame sa ano krisis ba
kapag ano may kalaban handa kame opo ahh nag babantay po kame dito opo
bantay po. Landslide delikado dito ang landslide kase pag umulan gumuguho po
ung lupa ito yung iniingatan ko sa mga bata, ayaw po namin umalis po dito kase
dito na yung kinalakihan po namin eh dito napo kame sanay eh sanay na kame
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dito eh kahit paalisin kame lipat nalang uli, yun na yung ginagawa namin, lipat
lipat nahihirapan naman din, minsan kakain lang kame sa isang beses sa gabi,
minsan sa gabi lang kame kumakain walang makuhaan dito, minsan nag titinda
ako ng gulay mga ganyan, kumukuha ako sa baba nag aani ako, binebenta opo
inaakyat kopo dito binebenta ko bente, sampo, para maka bili kame ng pag kami.
Mahirap rin minsan may emergency minsan ano minsan biglaan nalang di po
namin alam kung ano gagawin namin minsan pag lapit center di ka naman
matulungan minsan dederetso ka nalang sa baba, hirap din yung sasakyan diba
yung pamasahe kaya pag emergency dito wala na 50/50 na , ginagamit ay
cellphone, cellphone lang po tawagan lang po namin yung ano center tapos
center napo yung mag dadala dito ng ano ambulance, ambulansya opo binababa
po nila. Sa sakit naman ay sa hayop leptopirosiss sa baboy virus ba covid 19 mga
ganun ayun po iniiwasan po namin dito kaya nilalockdown po dito para di kame
mahawa hinaharap bale dito lang sa bahay dito lang po kame sa loob ng bahay
dipo kame lumalabas, lalabas man lang naka face mask bibili ng ulam mga
ganyan. Sakuna landslide ginagawa nag hahakot po ung mga bata yung inuuna
po namin nakakapagod din po, nakakapagod palipat lipat ganon hahanap ng
matitirhan inuuna kopo yung mga bata bago yung mga gamit mahirap na eh,
mahirap yung buhay tapos malayo pa yung ospital. Dahilan kung bat pinipiling
tumira mahirap din po dipo hindi po ,hindi po kame inaano ni r-recruit sa ano sa
magandang tirahan, dipa kame tinutulungan ni mayor kaya po nandito parin
kame nag aantay po kame ng tutulong saamin, ah sa bahay, sa bahay naman wala
kameng problemang mahanapan ng bahay pag emergency na kase meron ding
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tumutulong saamin bukod sa bahay gusto ko sa ano housing un po un ung
pinapangarap ko makabili ng bahay at lupa, sa housing kase pwede ka pabalik
balik sa tambakan ung mga bata safety, safety sila don kaysa dito may landslide
kapag tag ulan madulas ayun po yung iniingatan namin kase pag nadulas yung
bata dito po napipilayan nag kakasakit. Wala po, wala pong pumupunta dito para
tumulong man lang ewan ko, basta pag mayaman talaga wala na Sakanila yung
mahihirap, pagbabago wala po ganito parin po tuloy tuloy parin yung ano,
walang pag babago ganun parin parang lumalala panga eh lumalala ng lumalala
yung sitwasyon namin dito di namin alam kung anong nang yari sa ganun
ginagawa nila sa mga tao, minsan nga pinapahirapan kame sa tambakan ganun
minsan half day lang kalahid namin minsan whole day minsan strikan,
pinapahirapan minsan palipat lipat tapon punta ka nanaman sa kabila mamaya
lipat naman sa kabila, ganun po yung nang yayari dito pabago bago. Nahanap
naming libre itong lugar opo dito squatter area libre bahay at lupa kailangan
yung po ang kailangan ko, yun po ang kailngan ko para safety po ang mga anak
ko opo bahay at lupa, oo pag kain sa bigas ulam yun po mga gulay ganyan. Hindi
malilimutang karanasan ahh gulo, gulo po away gulo dito, minsan nadadamay
kame minsan hindi, nadadamay kame minsan away ng mag asawa, asawa ko
dinadamay minsan ano, ganun po basta pag nag aaway sila mag asawa damay po
asawa ko, kaya minsan asawa ko pinapalayo ko nalang sya sabi ko pumunta ka
don s-sa ate mo bumalik ka nalang pag ok na ang gulo kase dito sa ano saamin sa
squatter magulo po dito, minsan mag aaway yan dadamayin ka minsan May itak
pang dala kaya gagawa kame paraan para ma safe ang mga bata ba ok lang
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kame ang mga bata lang ang inaano namin kaya minsan kapag nag aaway sila
mag asawa pinapalayo ko nalang asawa ko, kase mahirap na mag ka gulo eh
maliliit pa anak namin . Napagtanto sa karanasan buhay eto ang pag kain, crisis
sa pag kain, mataas ang pag kain ngayun mataas ang bigas ulam, yun po ang
kinakahirapan namin eh. Sumisimbolo asawa ko opo sinisimbolo kopo asawa ko
kase lumalaban po sya kaysa hirap at ano po lumalaban po sya sakin naman ang
panginoon naman sakin, ang panginoon, panginoon po sakin para matulungan po
ako kahit nahihirapan nako, yun po.
The water source for the mineral here at the top is where we buy
mineral water. It costs around 40 pesos, not for cooking but for drinking.
This is what we use for drinking, especially for the children. I have a small
child who drinks a lot of water, we also use it for bathing in the well where
we bathe. We have a large well here where we also do laundry, but at home,
we only use the water for daily needs. In terms of health, we don't have much
care available here; only the center provides occasional assistance in
emergencies like when my nine-month-old child died due to dehydration
from lack of water during a hot spell when we couldn't access water. It
reminds me of my child (tears up). Sometimes it's difficult when there are
thefts; someone stole metal items from us, so we have to be prepared for
crises or conflicts. We are vigilant and prepared for any adversaries or
emergencies. Landslides are dangerous here, especially when it rains and the
ground collapses. This is what we protect the children from. We don't want
to leave because this is where we grew up and are accustomed to living, even
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if forced to move, which is challenging. Sometimes we only eat once a day or
only at night because there are limited food options here. Sometimes I sell
vegetables that I harvest below and bring them up to sell for twenty or thirty
pesos to buy essentials. Emergencies can be sudden and confusing; sometimes
the center isn't able to help, so we have to rely on our cellphones to call for
assistance. We try to avoid diseases like leptospirosis in pigs or viruses like
COVID-19 by locking down our area and staying inside our homes with face
masks when going out to buy food. During landslides, the children help with
carrying things, prioritizing their safety over material possessions and
finding shelter. Life is hard here, especially with the hospital being far away.
We choose to stay here despite not being recruited for better housing or
receiving help from the mayor because we are waiting for assistance at home.
We dream of owning a house and land in a housing community where
children can play safely without the risk of landslides during heavy rains that
could cause injuries and illnesses. No one comes here to help, I don't know
why. When it comes to the wealthy, they don't care about the poor. There's
no change; things remain the same or even worsen. Our situation here keeps
getting worse, and we don't know what's happening to us. Sometimes we are
made to suffer in the dumpsite, sometimes it's just half a day, sometimes the
whole day, sometimes there's a strike. It's difficult; sometimes we are moved
around, thrown from one place to another. That's what's happening here -
constant changes. We found this place for free, a squatter area where
housing and land are free - that's what I need for the safety of my children.
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Yes, we eat rice and vegetables for meals. Unforgettable experiences - chaos
and fights happen here. Sometimes we get involved, sometimes not.
Sometimes it's a couple fighting, and my spouse gets involved; that's how it is
when they fight - my spouse gets dragged into it. So sometimes I have to ask
my spouse to leave and go to their sibling until things calm down because it's
chaotic here in the squatter area. Sometimes they fight with knives, so we
find ways to keep the children safe. We're okay; we only worry about the
children. That's why when there's a fight between my spouse and me, I ask
my spouse to leave because it's hard when our children are still young.
Through experience, life symbolizes food crises - high prices for food now,
especially rice and vegetables; that's what we struggle with. My spouse
symbolizes fighting spirit as they fight against hardships while I rely on the
Lord for help even though I'm already struggling.
Hannah is twenty-one (21) years old and has lived in Sitio Pintor
Barangay San Isidro Rodriguez Montalban Rizal, Philippines, for 9 years. She has
two children.
Inilalarawan ko na gawa lang po sa kahoy yung tinitirahan namin tas
minsan kumukuha lang kame ng trapalsa tambakan ng Basura para ipang bubong
sa tambakan don po galing.Yung Asawa ko po ay 20 years na mahigit tas ako 9
years na den.Yung pamumuhay ano nag pupulot lang kame ng recycle ng plastic
bottles ganon medyo mahirap po kailangan tiisin mahirap po,dito na kame
nakuha ng pang araw araw ng hanap buhay dito den halos dito na den lahat yung
budget sa anak ko yung budget po ganon den sa mga kalakal. Hindi pares pares
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nabebenta minsan weakly kame na papatimbang hindi araw araw hidi kakayanin,
sa ngayon mababa yung kilo ng mga ano plastic bottles tapos minsan may 300 to
350 ganon. Pinag kakasiya naman siguro mas ok napo ditto kasi isang araw
palang may sahod kana tsaka hawak mo oras mo kung kalian moa no parang
gusto magtrabaho ganon po kesa sa ibang lugarna hindi naman palagi may
trabaho at hindi mo hawak po yung ano oras mo. Pakinabang pinaka pakinabang
ay syempre dito nalang talaga e malapit yung hanap Buhay bukod dun yung
tinitirahan namin wala na kaming binayaran, ah ano walang kuryente mga ganon
walang tubig binibili lang namin.Yung sa tubig minsan meron kami binibilhan 20
pesos bumibili dyan po Kay Tito dodong tapos yung sa pagkain namin pag
nangangailangan ng kalakal dyan namin pinapambili ng kalakal. Ano may
umaakyat na dito na nag bebenta dun lang kame bumibili tuwing hapon yung
pagbebenta minsan hindi sila umaakyat kadalasan din kase na papahinga ren
sila.yung sa medicine nyo ano yang pinagbentahan namin tapos may pera na
pambili namin ng gamot e pagkawala mabilhan dito sa tindahan pumupunta
kame sa palengke o kaya sa hospital ganon, malayo yung hospital.Pag ano pag
nangangalahig kami syempre delikado kase yung basura delikado pag bumuhos
delikado talaga o kaya masagasaan. dito lang yung medyo madamo pero dun
wala yung dun walang masilungan mainit lang pag umulan wala basa kadalasan
natutusok ng stick tapos nabubog tapos yung mga matatalim na masusugatan,
dito naren kase yung mga kamag anak dito nalang talaga yung kinalakihan
namen. naisipang mag tayo ng bahay dahil libre. Kinakain nalang namin a araw
araw kase no choice, nag iingat nalang kaso kase parang nasanay naren talaga
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kame sa sakit nasanay na syempre pag bago kumain nag huhugas kame ng
kamay. Diba dito nagsasunog lahat kame walang tulogan at tirahan pumunta
nalang kami sa evacuation center binigyan nila kame ng panimula uli yun. Sa
bagyo ano naranasan ay sa kidlat minsan kumikidlat nag kakaroong signal tapos
minsan nababaha yun higaan namin nababasa pag sa subrang lakas ng ulan pag
hindi naman bumabaha dito hindi kame lumilikas. Minsan kase dito sa bundok
hindi kaya ng budget namin minsan may mga tanim dyan na ano pwede namin
pang kain na araw araw hindi kagaya na residencial na pag wala ka pera
mahirap kumuha ng pang kain. Parang ano sinabi namin sa mga anak namin na
masanay sila sa sitwasyon ng buhay kase hindi naman mahirap kase tumira sa
syudad pag wala kaming sariling bahay. Lumipat ng bahay sa mga housing kung
may pagkakataon sana kayanin hahanap work siguro pag makaya pana mag
simula ulit ng hanap buhay. Minsan si kapitana nag bibigay ng bigas lalo pag
nakabagyo mag bibigay sila dito ng bigas walang delata bigas lang talaga at may
mga pastor may simbahan mag feeding sa mga bata binibigay nila kanin at ulam.
Mga 9 to 8 years na kame nakatira dito malaki po yung pag babago dito nuon
kase maganda pa yung pamumuhay dito kayang kaya ganto kase yan taon taon
bumaba Yung kilo ng mga binebenta namin wala naman kase ganito pa den pero
nabawasan naman dati po marami yung iba umaalis tas may lumilipat may
nadagdagan tagal payatas. Nahanap yung lugar na libre oo kumbaga Yung mga
magulang namin kase dito na kame lumaki kaya dito kame nanirahan at nag
karoon ng sariling bahay at pamilya. tulong na nais syempe pabahay kahit
0financial assistance halos dito wala kang mapuntahan depende kase kung
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pinaalis kame dito tapos yung ganon hindi, hindi sapat 10k.Yun nga yung
nakasunog dito lahat ng bahay nasunog naramdaman syempre malungkot dahil
wala kami matirahan yung amin parang nagiba inanuhan sya ng apoy kse kapag
nasunoy yan lahat damay na ito tapos yung nag ka bagyo ng youlicis yung
bubong po namin nga liparan kahit yero nag liparan para di liparin yero
nilagyan ng gulong meron kame nakita sa tambakan ng basura na mabigat.
Syempe naisip na mahirap ang buhay kaya hindi basta basta gastos kailangan
pahalagahan yung kinikita mahirap kitain yung pera. Sumisimbolo wait lang ah
kase parang basahin kokj ase parang sagisag parang maraming masabihan
parang wala kang pag babago samin pag nakikita kame parang ganon diba kase
pare parehas lang kami.
I am describing that our dwelling is made only of wood, and
sometimes we gather discarded materials from the dumpsite to use as
roofing. My spouse has been here for over 20 years, and I have been here for
9 years. Our way of life involves collecting recyclable plastic bottles, which is
quite challenging and requires endurance. This is where we earn our daily
living, and almost all our budget goes towards our child and household items.
We don't sell in fixed quantities; sometimes we weigh weekly as it's not
sustainable to do it daily. Currently, the price per kilo of plastic bottles is
low, ranging from 300 to 350 pesos at times. Perhaps we find contentment
here because even with just one day's work, you already have a salary and
control over your time, unlike in other places where work isn't always
available, and you don't have control over your time. The biggest advantage
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is that here you can easily find work nearby, unlike where we live; we don't
pay for anything like electricity or water; we just buy water occasionally for
20 pesos from Tito Dodong. When it comes to food, if we need goods, we use
the money from selling recyclables to buy them. There are vendors who come
here in the afternoon; that's when we buy what they sell. Sometimes they
don't come up often because they also need rest. For medicines, we sell items
to afford them; if they're not available in the store, we go to the market or
hospital, which is far away. When we scavenge, it's risky because handling
garbage can be dangerous if it spills or someone gets hurt. Here it's a bit
crowded, but there's no shelter; it's just hot when it rains, everything gets
wet, and people get pricked by sticks or injured by sharp objects. Our
relatives are also here; this is where we grew up. We thought of building a
house because it's free. We eat what we can daily out of necessity; we're
cautious but have gotten used to illnesses. Before eating, we always wash our
hands. Here everyone burns everything; there's no sleep or shelter, so we go
to the evacuation center where they provide us with basic necessities again.
During storms, we experience thunder and lightning. Sometimes there are
lightning strikes that cause power outages, and occasionally our sleeping area
gets wet when it floods due to heavy rain. If it doesn't flood, we don't
evacuate. Sometimes, here in the mountains, our budget is tight; sometimes
we rely on crops for daily sustenance, unlike in residential areas where it's
difficult to find food without money. We tell our children to adapt to life's
challenges because living in the city without our own home is tough. Moving
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to housing if given the opportunity would help us find work and start anew.
Sometimes the village captain provides rice, especially after a storm; they
give rice without canned goods, just rice. There are pastors from the church
who provide meals for children. We have been living here for about 9 to 8
years, and there have been significant changes. Life used to be better here; it
was manageable because prices decreased annually for the goods we sell.
Some residents left, some moved in, and Payatas has been around for a while.
We found this place for free because our parents grew up here, so we settled
here and built our own home and family. The assistance we need is primarily
housing; financial aid is scarce here. If we were forced to leave, it would be
challenging as there aren't many options available. The fire that burned
down all the houses was devastating; we felt lost without a place to stay. Our
roof flew off during a typhoon; even though it was made of metal sheets, we
secured it with tires we found in the dumpsite. Life is tough, so expenses
must be valued as earning money is difficult. Symbolically speaking, it feels
like there's little change when people see us because we all face similar
challenges and circumstances.
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INSIGHTS
These insights came up after rigorous examination of all the data gathered,
and our co-researchers' direct quotes serve as support for them.
1. The Important Role of People Settling in a Dumpsite Community
The co-researchers in a dumpsite community play a vital role in their
community. Waste pickers contribute to local economies, to public health and
safety, and to environmental sustainability (WIEGO, 2019). They also see value
in the things that others throw away and recycle them for profit.
According to Gaddi, kami nalang nag hihiwalay ng mga plastic na bote sa
basura kasi yung iba hindi naman napapansin na pwede itong maibenta
(We are the ones who separate plastic bottles from the trash because
others do not realize that these can be sold.)
According to Alpha, mga itatapon na magagamit maaaring ipunin ko yun
alam ko na magiging pera yun hindi katulad ng iba hindi alam tapon ng tapon
nalang dito namin i recycle.
(The disposable that can be collected, I know that it will be money,
not like others who don’t know, they only throw and throw, here we recycle.)
According to Mara, iniipon namin yung mga tanso pati plastic na bote
dito, kumita kana tas parang tulong na din namin sa kapaligiran ganon.
(We gather copper and plastic bottles here; you can earn money,and
it’s also like our way of helping the environment.)

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2. Consequences of Unfinished Education
Individuals who lack a completed education may resort to working as
garbage collectors due to limited job opportunities. Lack of education leads
to unemployment (Villena, 2023).
According to Mara, hindi po ako nakapag tapos ng pagaaral dahil sa hirap
ng buhay namin kaya napatigil nalang ako at nag hanap buhay nalang po.
(I didn't finish my study because of my life is hard that's why I stop
studying then I work instead.)
According to Gaddi, gusto ko pa sana mag aral kung may chance kaso
maaga ako nagka pamilya kaya hindi na natuloy ang pagaaral ko po.
(I want to study if have a chance but I have my own family early
that's why I stop studying.)
According to Hannah, hindi po ako nakapag tapos ng pagaaral kaya ito
nangangalakal nalang ako dito.
(I didn't finish my study and here I was recycling here.)
According to Elizabeth, ano po mahirap lang ang buhay namin dito
minsan wala ako pamasahe noon kaya hindi ko din natapos pagaaral ko dahil po
sa ano dahil na din sa hirap po ng buhay.
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(Our life here is hard sometimes I don't have fare before that's why I
didn't finish my study and also our life is hard.)
3. Generational Impact:
Growing up in a dumpsite area can perpetuate the cycle of living there, as
individuals may emulate their parents' choices.When an individual grows up in
any family dynamic, each generation of parents will unconsciously pass on
negative traits to their children in similar ways (Fielden, 2022).
According to Gaddi, andito na pamilya ko at ayaw ko umalis ditto kasi pag
kailangan ko ng tulong may malapit na mapupuntahan hindi tulad pag malayo.
(My family lives here, and I don't want to leave this place because
when I need help, there's someone nearby, unlike if I were far from them.)
According to Mara, yung asawa ko po yung papa niya po dito naging
caretaker yung lupa napo yan tinitirahan namin sa bahay kanila po, sakanila napo
yan may sariling lupa at titolo sa papa ng asawa ko po.
(My husband's father is the caretaker of the land where we live, which
belongs to them, and they have a title deed to my husband's father.)
According to Hannah, dito nadin kasi mga kamag anak ko, yung mga
magulang namin kasi dito na din kami lumaki kaya kami dito naninirahan at
nagkaroon ng sariling bahay at pamilya.
(Our relatives live here because my parents raised us here, and as a
result, we live here and have our own house and family.)
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4. Government Dependency
Reliance on government assistance can lead people to stay in dumpsite
areas without actively seeking improvement. Start to help yourself rather than
wait for others (Wu, 2018).
According to Elizabeth, dipa kami tinutulungan ni mayor kaya po nandito
parin kami nag-aantay po kami ng tutulong saamin.
(We haven't received any help from the mayor yet, so we're still here
waiting for someone to assist us.)
According to Mara, siguro po ayaw pa namin umalis dito kasi inaantay pa
namin yung tulong ng gobyerno po sa amin yung libreng pabahay po kaya mas
pinipili nalang po namin ang mag tiis dito.
(Maybe we don't want to leave here because we're waiting for the
government's help, including free housing, so we're choosing to endure
staying here.)
According to Alpha, tinutulungan ng gobyerno kagaya ng 4P’s.
(The government is helping like 4Ps.)
5. Occupational Choices:
The presence of recyclable materials in dumpsites can limit individuals'
job perspectives, focusing them on recycling instead of exploring other options.
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The informal recycling sector is significantly active due to the large amounts of
recyclable materials found in dumpsites and landfills (Morais et al., 2022).
According to Gaddi, katulad ng mga isang lingguhan o buwanan ang
sahod eh arawan ang kailangan ng pera lalo na arawan din namamasahe ang mga
bata at kumakain.
(Like weekly or monthly income, we need daily income, particularly
for our children's daily fare and food.)
According to Alpha, Hm ano kailangan mo kase talagang kumita ng pera
tapos pag nag apply ka kailangan may pera ka at pamasahe, pagkain e dito hindi
kana mag aapply mamumulot kanalang yung time mo sa pag apply yung isang
linggo na yun parang kumita ka na din kasi papasok kapa araw araw mamasahe
kapa hindi kapa sasahod non 15 days pa bago ka sumahod, diba kakainin mo sa
araw araw.
(Hm, you need to earn money, and when you apply for a job, you need
money for fare, food. Here, you don't need to apply because you'll be earning
your time by working every day, which means you won't have to wait 15 days
to earn your income, right, and you'll have food every day.)
According to Hannah, siguro mas ok napo dito kasi isang araw palang
may sahod kana tsaka hawak mo oras mo kung kailan mo ano parang gusto
magtrabaho ganon po kesa sa ibang lugar na hindi naman palagi may trabaho at
hindi mo hawak po yung ano yung oras mo po.
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(Maybe it's better here because in one day you get your wage and
have control over your time, allowing you to work when you want, unlike
other places that don't always have work and don't allow you to handle your
time.)
6. Normalized Adversity: Understanding Adaptation to Living in a Dumpsite
Based on the co-researchers' statements, the grounded theory will be
created is adaptation to living in a dumpsite. Adaptation allow organisms to adapt
to a new environment or adapt to changes in their environment (Johnson, 2024).
The theory could revolve around the concept of "normalized adversity," where
individuals and communities adapt to challenging and unhygienic living
conditions as a result of prolonged exposure. This adaptation may involve
physical, psychological, and behavioral aspects, such as getting used to the
environment, taking measures to stay healthy, and considering chaos as
manageable.
According to Gaddi, parang ganon din kahit halos mga bata
nakakasanayan na lang din nila e.
(It’s like the children have also normalized, even though they are
almost all used to it.)
According to Alpha, nakayanan ano parang nasanay na nga tapos bukod
pa dun may vitamins naman ako para may pang laban ka. Siguro ano mag ingat
nalang kase baka magkasakit pero sanay na mag kasakit parang normal na samin
yung sakit gumagaling naman.

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(I cope with it as if it’s normal, and in addition, I have vitamins to
help me resist. Maybe be careful because if you get sick, it’s normal for us to
get sick, but we can recover.)
According to Mara, mailalarawan ko ang aking paligid sa magulo pero
okay naman po kase nakakaya naman.
(I can describe my surroundings as messy but it’s okay because I can
handle it.)
7. Perceived Ownership of Land in Dumpsite Areas:
Co-researchers think that residing in a dumpsite area will eventually grant
them ownership of the land without payment to the rightful owner, influencing
their decision to stay there instead of investing in a house in a residential area.
Investing in land can be a valuable financial decision due to its potential for profit
and stability. Adverse possession: someone who occupies another person's land
illegally knowingly comes onto another person's land to live on it and/or take it
over (Frankenfield, 2023).
According to Gaddi, naniniwala kami na sa sobrang tagal na namin dito ay
sa amin na itong bahay at lupa na ito.
(We believe that after being here for so long, this house and land now
belong to us.)
According to Mara, Itong tinitirikan ng bahay namin sa amin na ito.
(This place where our house stands is already ours.)
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According to Alpha, ano dahil sa sobra kong tagal ko na dito manirahan
siguro masasabi ko talagang sa akin po yung lupa na tinitirahan ko dito.
(Because of my long stay here, I can probably say that the land where
I reside truly belongs to me.)
8. Influence of External Assistance:
External aid, like support from religious groups, might inadvertently
encourage individuals to remain in dumpsite areas by providing comfort and
support. Tolerating bad behavior is not the way we help people do better
(Vanzant, 2019).
According to Gaddi, meron naman po yung mga nagbibigay po ng konting
tulong yung mga bigas groceries ganun mga katulad po ng pastor mga iba ibang
klase po ng relihiyon na pumapasok po dito sa lugar namin.
(There are those who provide small help, such as rice and groceries,
like our Pastor and other religious groups that enter our place.)
According to Alpha, minsan ano may mga pumupunta ditong religious
people namimigay sila ng vitamins tsaka ano yung iba free medical mission.
Tumutulong yung mga religious people lang meron dito nag papa feeding sila
araw araw dito 100 days sila dito yun aabutin silang December.
(Sometimes religious people come here, providing vitamins and free
medical missions. The religious people are helping us with a daily feeding
program sponsored by them for 100 days, which will conclude in December.)
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According to Mara, may tumutulong din naman po sa amin na mga ano
may pag ano pag wala po kami sa lahat may pumupunta po dito saamin na may
tumutulong sa mga bata may feeding po.
(There's someone helping us when we're in need, and someone comes
here to inform us that someone is providing feeding for the children.)
According to Hannah, minsan si kapitan nagbibigay ng bigas lalo pag
nagkabagyo magbibigay sila dito ng bigas walang delata bigas lang talaga at may
nga pastor nag papa feeding sa mga bata binibigyan nila ng kanin at ulam.
(Sometimes the captain provides rice, especially during storms, and
there is a Pastor here who sponsors feeding to the children, giving them a
meal.)
9. Impact of Fixed Beliefs:
Deeply ingrained beliefs that there are no alternatives or nowhere else to
go can strongly influence individuals' decisions to stay in dumpsite areas. Beliefs
can become entrenched and resistant to new evidence, leading to primacy effects
(University of Rochester, 2024).
According to Gaddi, yung may pagpipiliian lang po talaga mas gusto po
namin sa residential area kesa po dito kaya lang po wala po talaga kaming
pagpipilian kaya nag titiis nalang po kami dito. Wala din naman po kaming ibang
matitirahan kaya pinag anuhan napo namin na dito nalang tumira.
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(If we had a choice, we'd prefer a residential area, but we don't have
one, so we're just enduring here. We don't have any other place to live, so
we've decided to stay here.)
According to Mara, kung may bahay na mapupuntahan dina po kami dito,
ngayon po wala po kaming mapuntahan ng iba, magtitiis po kami mas maganda
po kung meron po matitirahan kasi shempre sawa na din dito nagtitiis nalang kasi
wala na pupuntahan.
(If there were a house we could go to, we wouldn't be here; for now,
we don't have any place to go, so we're enduring because it would be better if
we had a place to live, but we're tired of enduring here, so we're enduring for
now because there's nothing else to go to.)
According to Hannah, naisipan magtayo ng bahay kasi libre kinakaya
nalang namin sa araw-araw kase no choice.
(She thought of building a house because it’s free, and she can manage
it daily because she has no choice.)
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RESEARCHERS EXPERIENCE
The researchers found co-researchers with the assistance of our leader's
uncle. His help expedited the search, and the deep gratitude of the people living
there led them to willingly become our co-researchers. During the visits to the
dumpsite areas in Montalban, the researchers were struck by the stark reality of
life in these areas, where an abundance of garbage was visible.
The code name of our co-researchers has a meaning; the researchers give
the code name based on the characteristics of the co-researchers. Also, researchers
get the code name from the Bible. Yoli as Gaddi. Gaddi is a Hebrew name that
means my happiness because, as Yoli said, seeing the kids smiling makes her
smile too. Ronald as Alpha, the word "Alpha" comes from the first letter of the
Greek alphabet and symbolizes the beginning or starting point of a journey. That's
why researchers give Ronald the code name Alpha because he stands as a leader
at the dumpsite who gives help to their neighbors. That's why the neighbors
started their journey to stay at the dumpsite. Marivel, as Hannah says, means
grace or favor. Despite Marivel's experiences, like burning their house, she
continues her life because of grace. Rosemae, as Mara, is a biblical name with sad
origins that means both "bitter" and "strength." Despite Rosemae's experiences of
trauma from burning their house, she has the strength to stand again. Marites as
Elizabeth: Elizabeth was a woman of great faith and great humility. That's why
researchers chose the name Elizabeth, also based on the Marites symbol. She said
the symbols for her are the Lord and her husband.
130
The researchers encountered the profound sadness and hardship expressed
by the individuals interviewed. They shared their experiences of the perilous
environment and the lack of basic necessities, as well as how they managed to
endure and stay motivated. The researchers also felt the pressure of completing
their research on time for their paper, which led to a sense of urgency and
nervousness during the interviews. The demanding schedule, with pending
activities, prompted the decision to conduct interviews during the long weekend.
Additionally, the lack of financial resources posed a challenge, as they had to
provide tokens for our co-researchers and tokens for our transportation to
Montalban Rizal.
Despite the untidy and impoverished surroundings of the co-researchers,
the researchers-maintained professionalism and focused on their goal without
passing judgment. The research process was not without its difficulties, including
some members' non-participation and occasional misunderstandings within the
group, which were promptly resolved. The interviews provided valuable insights
and moral lessons for the researchers, contributing to their personal and
professional growth. Following the interviews, the researchers expressed their
gratitude and presented tokens of appreciation to the co-researchers for their
kindness and assistance.
The researchers also felt the pressure of fulfilling their academic
responsibilities, particularly as they approached the end of their teenage years.
The challenges of being a student, including household responsibilities and part-
time jobs, added to their already hectic schedules.

131
The process of conducting the research involved multiple rounds of
checking and revisions. The researchers also struggled to select the most suitable
tokens for the co-researchers but ultimately found meaningful gifts for them. As a
memorable experience, the researchers also had the opportunity to ride a truck
after completing the interviews.
132
Chapter 5
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, IMPLICATIONS, SYMBOLIC
REPRESENTATION AND RECOMMENDATION
The summary of findings, symbolic representation, conclusion, and
recommendations are presented in this chapter.
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
The summary of findings following a detailed review of the data.
Co-researchers in a dumpsite community are proud of their garbage
collection, raising their children, and valuing the valuable items others discard,
despite their challenging circumstances.
Incomplete education can lead to limited job options like garbage
collection, contributing to unemployment.
Growing up in dumpsite areas can perpetuate living there through learned
behaviors passed down generations.
Relying on government aid may hinder progress, urging individuals to
take initiative for self-improvement.
Recyclable materials in dumpsites can restrict job choices, often directing
individuals towards recycling as a primary occupation.

Normalized Adversity: Drawing on the remarks made by co-researchers,
the grounded theory "Normalized Adversity" examines how people and groups
eventually adapt to difficult and unsanitary living conditions when they reside in
dumpsites
Some believe residing in dumpsites grants them ownership without
payment, impacting decisions to invest in residential properties for financial
stability.
External support, while comforting, might inadvertently discourage
individuals from seeking better opportunities in dumpsite areas.
Deep-rooted beliefs of limited options can strongly influence decisions to
remain in dumpsite areas, hindering progress.
134
IMPLICATIONS
1. Co-researchers play an important role in organizing community development
and building resilience in waste disposal communities. This explores the
significance of their major contributions, revealing pride in their work, their for-
profit recycling of discarded materials, and their unwavering commitment to
ensuring education.
2. Emphasizing the critical role of education in creating job prospects and
reducing unemployment, investing in educational and vocational training
programs is key to empowering individuals to break free from poverty cycles and
limited job options effectively
3. Addressing the intergenerational impact of living in dumpsite areas necessitates
comprehensive interventions such as family therapy, parental education, and
community-based programs to disrupt the cycle of poverty and limited
opportunities across generations effectively.
4. Recognizing that overreliance on government aid can impede personal growth,
policymakers should prioritize initiatives that foster self-reliance and
entrepreneurship, enabling individuals to attain sustainable livelihoods
independently.
5. To mitigate the limitation on job diversity posed by recyclable materials in
dumpsites, promoting alternative occupations and expanding job training
programs are essential for broadening the scope of employment opportunities
available to individuals.
135
6. These changes manifest themselves in physical, mental, and behavioral
changes. Physically, individuals must be rigid in their environment, and their
bodies must adapt to harsh conditions. Psychologically, they can maintain their
sense of reality by viewing chaotic environments as manageable. Studying how
landfills are adapted through "normalized adversity," grounded theory from co-
researche's statements provides deeper understanding into human resilience edge
and flexibility that highlights man’s ability not only to survive, but to adapt and
thrive even under the most extreme circumstances.
7. Policymakers should address misconceptions around perceived land ownership
in dumpsite areas by clarifying property rights, promoting legal land ownership,
and offering incentives for investment in residential properties to ensure financial
stability and sustainable development.
8. While external support is well-intentioned, it must be complemented with
empowerment strategies to prevent inadvertently discouraging individuals from
pursuing better opportunities. Balancing assistance with empowerment fosters
self-improvement and independence effectively.
9. Overcoming deeply ingrained beliefs that hinder progress and perpetuate
poverty requires providing robust mental health support and counseling services
to help individuals navigate these barriers, facilitating the exploration of new
opportunities effectively
136
SYMBOLIC REPRESENTATION
GOLD
Gold is a precious item that almost everyone considers a treasure however,
for people living on a dumpsite; the real gold is in the trash. It's not just a waste
for them; it's a treasure they painstakingly seek every day just to earn enough for
their daily meals and to provide for their families.
People living in the dumpsite area symbolize gold because of the items
they collect; however, before you can attain that reward, you need hard work and
sacrifice, much like in gold mining, where you have to dig deep and face
challenges, no matter how dangerous they are. The lives of scavengers are similar
to those of miners; they need to work hard and be patient in searching for
recyclables because it is not easy, especially in their hazardous environment
where pollution and diseases are present.
Therefore, they need hard work and sacrifice to obtain the reward of those
recyclables, which symbolizes gold. Effort before they get in gold, you need to
dig a tunnel to extract it, which is dangerous because it might collapse. The same
137
is true of scavenging in garbage; before you can get anything, you need to face the
risks such as the smell, sharp objects, and so on.
Miners use various equipment and tools, such as metal with a sharp end.
On the other hand, scavengers use their hands, which serve as their main tool.
Before scavengers sift through garbage, they carefully plan their approach,
identifying areas where valuable recyclables may be found and anticipating
potential dangers such as sharp objects, foul odors, and unstable piles. Similarly
to miners who plan their operations meticulously before digging mines,
scavengers strategize to maximize their yield while minimizing risks in their
dangerous environment. Both scavengers and miners rely on their
resourcefulness, adaptability, and experience to navigate the challenges they
encounter in their respective endeavors, whether it's underground mining or
scavenging through waste. Despite the differences in their environments, both
professions demand careful planning and a keen understanding of the risks
involved in order to ensure safety and optimize efficiency.
138
RECOMMENDATIONS
The research explores the daily struggles of individuals living in
dumpsites, highlighting the complexities of their situation. It aims to raise
awareness about the challenges they face and use accessible language to
communicate their experiences. Since many of us have opted to live in this state
of living, can claim that things are challenging.
The primary issue is that the individuals residing in the landfill either lack
personal hygiene or fail to take proper care of themselves and their children,
continuing to use the site despite the high risk of infection. However, is this
sufficient? Is it only twisted, or does it actually help? This study's methodology
can be applied to address the demands of the dumpsite residents in terms of both
their current difficulties and potential future ones.
To the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps), engaging high-
ranking government officials for financial support is one avenue to aid people
living at the dumpsite. Utilizing initiatives like 4Ps presents a strategic approach.
Collaborating with these organizations may enhance the educational prospects for
children in that area while addressing their immediate necessities. This strategy
tackles fundamental problems, transcending mere quick fixes – akin to planting
the seeds for a more promising future in the neighborhood, extending support
beyond immediate challenges.
139
To the Socialized Housing Program (The Pabahay Program), it is
strongly recommended to explore and implement it as a viable solution for the
significant challenges faced by people residing in dumpsites. This housing
initiative has demonstrated success in providing affordable housing to
underprivileged groups. Incorporating the program's principles into your study
presents an opportunity to improve the lives of those in dumpsites, offering a path
to better living conditions and a more sustainable future.
To the "Philippines - Safe Water" program, the mission is to transform
lives in dumpsite areas by ensuring access to clean water, promoting hygiene
education, and supporting sustainable waste management, fostering healthier and
more resilient communities.
To the Philippines' Rural Electrification Program, in the context of
dumpsite areas, improving residents' lives is achievable by extending electricity
access. This involves installing essential infrastructure like power lines,
transformers, and substations to address energy poverty in marginalized
communities. The program's emphasis on promoting renewable energy sources
contributes to environmental sustainability, mitigating the impact of living in
dumpsite areas. Collaboration with local communities, government agencies, and
NGOs ensures a comprehensive and effective approach, fostering positive change
in the lives of those in dumpsite areas through improved access to electricity.
140
To the Street Sweeping Job, street sweeping job can provide them with a
chance for stable employment and a means to improve their living conditions. By
hiring individuals from these areas, it does not only offers them a source of
income but also empowers them to contribute positively to their community by
keeping the streets clean and maintaining public hygiene. This type of
employment can offer a fresh start, promote skill development, and potentially
lead to better opportunities for those previously living in challenging conditions.
The researchers aim to initiate a social media advocacy campaign
emphasizing the negative consequences of living in dumpsites. Their goal is to
shift the mindset of dumpsite residents towards relocating to safer, residential
areas.
To the residents in the dumpsite area, let's unite for change! Explore
opportunities for skill development and education. Together, we can break free
from the challenges of the dumpsite and build a better life. Reach out to local
programs and organizations for support on this journey to a brighter future.
141
PROTOCOL LETTER
142
INFORMED CONSENT
143
INTERVIEW QUESTIONS
1. How will you describe the place where you are currently living?
(Paano mo ilalarawan ang lugar na iyong kasalukuyang tinitirhan)
2. How long have you been living in this place where you reside now?
(Gaano ka na katagal nakatira sa lugar na ito kung saan ka naninirahan
ngayon?)
3. Can you describe what kind of living do you have considering your area?
(Maaari mo bang ilarawan kung anong uri ng pamumuhay ang mayroon ka
sa inyong lugar?)
4. Can you share how important is this place in your life?
(Maaari mo bang ibahagi kung gaano kahalaga ang lugar na ito sa iyong
buhay?)
5. Can you share some advantages and disadvantages of living in your area?
(Maaari ka bang magbaghagi ng ilang mga pakinabang at kawalan ng
pamumuhay sa iyong lugar?)
144
6. What are the sources of water, food, and healthcare?
(Ano ang mga pinagmumulan ng tubig, pagkain, at pangangalagang
pangkalusugan?)
7. Can you share your day-to-day life while facing environmental hazards around
you?
(Maaari mo bang ibahagi sa akin ang iyong pang-araw-araw na buhay
habang nahaharap sa mga panganib sa kapaligiran sa paligid mo?)
8. What do else do you think is/are the deeper reason living or building a home e
ven if health risks are associated in this area?
(Ano pa sa tingin mo ang mas malalim na dahilan ng pamumuhay o
pagtatayo ng bahay kahit na ang mga panganib sa kalusugan ay nauugnay sa
lugar na ito?)
9. How can you handle possible health related effects in residing in your place?
(Paano mo nakakayanan ang mga posibleng epektong nauugnay sa
kalusugan sa paninirahan sa iyong lugar?)
145
10. How do you face challenges of potential diseases you might encounter in your
place?
(Paano mo haharapin ang mga hamon ng mga posible na sakit na maaari
mong makaharap sa iyong lugar?)
11. Can you share your experiences when natural disasters or possible accident's
come unexpectedly?
(Maaari mo bang ibahagi ang iyong mga karanasan kapag ang mga natural
na sakuna o posibleng aksidente ay dumating nang hindi inaasahan?)
12. What do you think is the primary reason why do you choose to live or build a
home in this area rather than in a residential area?
(Ano sa palagay mo ang pangunahing dahilan kung bakit mas pinipili mong
tumira o magtayo ng bahay sa lugar na ito kaysa sa isang residential area?)
13. Are there any possibility that you might want to reside in a place that is more
convenient than your current place?
(Mayroon bang anumang posibilidad na maaaring gusto mong manirahan sa
isang lugar na mas maginhawa kaysa sa iyong kasalukuyang lugar?)
146
14. Are there any government or non government organizations working together
that helps improve living conditions of the residents in your place?
(Mayroon bang anumang organisasyon ng gobyerno o hindi gobyerno na
nagpupulong upang makatulong sa pagpapabuti ng kalagayan ng
pamumuhay ng mga residente sa iyong lugar?)
15. What changes or improvements do you notice in your area over the years?
(Anong mga pagbabago o pagpapabuti ang napansin mo sa iyong lugar sa
paglipas ng mga taon?)
16. Do you find the place free so you choose to stay here?
(Nahanap mo ba itong lugar na libre kaya pinili mong manatili rito?)
17. If you were to be asked, what sort of help do you need coming from the
government that you think will surely help your conditions?
(Kung ikaw ang tatanungin, anong uri ng tulong ang kailangan mo mula sa
gobyerno na sa tingin mo ay tiyak na makakatulong sa iyong kalagayan?)
18. Can you share your unforgettable life experiences considering your place?
147
(Maaari mo bang ibahagi ang iyong mga hindi malilimutang karanasan sa
buhay na isinasaalang-alang ang iyong lugar?)
19. What did you realize from your life experiences?
(Ano ang napagtanto mo sa iyong mga karanasan sa buhay?)
20. What best symbolizes you as an individual considering your life experiences,
and why?
(Ano ang pinakamahusay na sumasagisag sa iyo bilang isang indibidwal na
isinasaalang-alang ang iyong karanasan sa buhay, at bakit?)
148
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Larry S. Luton (2017) The Politics of Garbage
https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=efy39YCnU30C&newbks=1&newbks_red
ir=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA90&dq=garbage&hl=en&source=gb_mobile_e
ntity&redir_esc=y
Overproduction
https://precast.org/2020/10/the-seven-wastes-waste-5-overproduction-and-
overprocessing/
Tearfund (2023) The hidden heroes tackling the world’s rubbish problem
https://www.tearfund.org/stories/2023/03/waste-pickers-the-hidden-heroes
How Improper Waste Disposal Affects the Environment
https://cleanmanagement.com/blog/how-improper-waste-disposal-affects-the-
environment/
Akinrogunde Oluwatoyin Olawoye, Akinola Olusola, Adeyemi Tope Stephen,
Oginni Olalekan, Akande Folasade, & Idris Ismaila Adeniyio (2019) Health and
Environmental Risks of Residents Living Close to a Landfill
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6617357/
Akinrogunde Oluwatoyin Olawoye, Akinola Olusola, Adeyemi Tope Stephen,

Oginni Olalekan, Akande Folasade, & Idris Ismaila Adeniyi (2019) The Socio-
149
economic and Environmental Implications of Residential Buildings in Proximate
Distance to Landfill Site.
https://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/JEES/article/viewFile/48423/50024
Nnamdi C Ogbuehi, Maureen C Orji, and Omobolaji O Afolabi (2022) Health
Exposure and Environmental Challenges of Households Living Nearby an Open
Landfill https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/iaphcm/international-archives-of-
public-health-and-community-medicine-iaphcm-6-087.php?jid=iaphcm
Victor Fredrick, Vandu Umaru Lazarus, Ishaku Yahaya, Ibrahim Hyedma Bwala
Ajanson, Samuel Sule, Buhari Isa Uba (2023) Impact of Public Solid Waste
Disposal Dump Sites
https://issuu.com/ijriss/docs/impact_of_public_solid_waste_disposal_dump_site_
Francesca Mataloni, Chiara Badaloni, Martina Nicole Golini, Andrea Bolignano,
Simone Bucci, Roberto Sozzi, Francesco Forastiere, Marina Davoli, Carla
Ancona (2016) Morbidity and mortality of people who live close to municipal
waste landfills: a multisite cohort study
https://academic.oup.com/ije/article/45/3/806/2572780?login=true
Long Thanh Phan, Gia Thanh Nguyen, Quynh Anh Dac Nguyen, Hieu Song
Nguyen, Tin Trung Nguyen, Toru Watanabe (2021) Quality of Life and Factors
Affecting It: A Study Among People Living Near a Solid Waste Management
Facility https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2021.720006/full
150
Besufekad Mekonnen, Alemayehu Haddis, and Wuhib Zeine (2020) Assessment
of the Effect of Solid Waste Dump Site on Surrounding Soil and River Water
Quality https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jeph/2020/5157046/
Himanshu Yadav, Pawan Kumar & V. P. Singh (2021) Risk Perceptions and
Experiences of Residents Living Nearby Municipal Solid Waste Open Dumpsite
https://www.dovepress.com/risk-perceptions-and-experiences-of-residents-living-
nearby-municipal--peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-RMHP
Himanshu Yadav, Pawan Kumar & V. P. Singh (2018) Hazards from the
Municipal Solid Waste Dumpsites https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-
3-030-02707-
0_39#:~:text=Open%20dumps%20cause%20degradation%20of,and%20decrease
%20in%20vegetation%20abundance.
Ayesha Siddiqua, John N. Hahladakis, and Wadha Ahmed K A Al‐Attiya (2022)
Environmental pollution and health effects associated with waste landfilling and
open dumping
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11356-022-21578-z
Prince O. Njoku, Joshua N. Edokpayi, and John O. Odiyo (2019) Health and
Environmental Risks of Residents Living Close to a Landfill
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6617357/#:~:text=Previous%20r
esearch%20shows%20that%20people,34%2C35%2C36%5D.
151
Himanshu Yadav, Pawan Kumar & V. P. Singh (2018) Hazards from the
Municipal Solid Waste Dumpsites https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-
3-030-02707-0_39
Bachok Norsa’adah, Omar Salinah, Nyi Nyi Naing, Abdullah Sarimah (2020)
Community health survey of residents living near a solid waste open dumpsite
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=residents+near+the
+landfills&btnG=#d=gs_qabs&t=1708303194708&u=%23p%3DVwwlpLw0xfoJ
M A Belen, J L Jacinto, N Go, L T Santos, A J C Zagala, R A Santos and D C
Apodaca (2019) Assessment of the impact of open waste dumpsite on
groundwater quality https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-
1315/344/1/012050/meta
Bachok Norsa’adah, Omar Salinah, Nyi Nyi Naing, Abdullah Sarimah (2020)
Systems approaches to integrated solid waste management in developing
countries
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0956053X13000032
Van Ryan Kristopher R Galarpe, Richard B Parilla (2014) Opportunities and
Threats to Adjacent Community in a Sanitary Landfill, Philippines
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?start=30&q=living+near+the+dumpsite+philip
ines+&hl=en&as_sdt=0,5#d=gs_qabs&t=1708303478145&u=%23p%3Dk7LadB
qCwYQJ
152
Theory of Reasoning (Vans, 2006)
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=thoery+of+reasoni
ng&btnG=#d=gs_qabs&t=1708921796101&u=%23p%3DjYsD5gVK8PcJ
Johnson‐Laird, P. N., & Khemlani, S. (2013). Toward a unified theory of
reasoning. In Psychology of Learning and Motivation (pp. 1–42).
https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-407187-2.00001-0
153
INTERVIEW DOCUMENTATION
154
155
156
157
APPENDICES
4408, CAPRICORN ST. CORNER PISCES ST.MARIA
LUISA SUBDIVISION ZABARTE CALOOCAN CITY
Telephone 285329237
Informed consent form for: _________________________________________
Name of Reasearcher’s Dianne Ruthlyn G. Magcaiyo
09301513585
diannemagcaiyo60@gmail.com
Zavier Nathaniel A. Aguilar
09519258722
zavieracaguilar@gmail.com
Mark Ranier G. Balaston.
09205660466
balastonmarkranier26@gmail.com
Jyanessa Mae T. Bejo
09613050794
Bejojyanessamae@gmail.com
Ryza Caplis
09518379859
ryzacaplis20@gmail.com
158
Alexandra T. Comia
09206888677
comiaalexa7@gmail.com
Adam Marco P. Dalag
09482886430
dalagadammarco@gmail.com
Guilmer John M. Gamiao
09498033643
guilmer015@gmail.com
Kyla Marie P. Mangahas
09633065524
kaylamangahas540@gmail.com
James Emerson T. Pedralba
09215633819
tabaemerson@gmail.com
159
CURRICULUM VITAE
DIANNE RUTHLYN G. MAGCAIYO
1398 Sampaguita St. Area A Libis Camarin Caloocan City
PERSONAL BACKGROUND
Birthday: August 23, 2005
Birthplace: People Lying In Hulo Mandaluyong City
Civil Status: Single
Religion: Roman Catholic
Height: 4’11
Weight: 40kg
Nationality: Filipino
Language spoken: Tagalog, English
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Elementary School:
Eulogio Rodriguez Sr. Elementary School (2012-2018)
Junior High School:

Camarin High School (2018-2022)
Senior High School

Metropolitan Institute of Arts and Sciences (2022- Present)
160
ZAVIER NATHANIEL A. AGUILAR
2322 Sitio upper matarik Camarin
Caloocan city
PERSONAL BACKGROUND
Birthday: October 18, 2005
Birthplace: Jose Fabella hospital
Civil status: Single
Height: 5’3
Weight: 60kg
Language spoken: Tagalog
Elementary school:
Camarin elementary school (2012-2018)
Junior high school:

Caloocan City Business High School (2018-2022)
Senior highschool
161
MARK RANIER G. BALASTON
Blk 2 Lot 6B Shelterville Subdivision
Bagumbong Caloocan City
PERSONAL BACKGROUND
Birthday: April 26, 2006
Birthplace: Manila City
Height: 5’3
Weight: 45kg
Elementary school:
Sampaguita Elementary school (2012-2018)
Junior high school:

Sampaguita highschool (2018-2022)
Senior highschool
162
JYANESSA MAE T. BEJO
Lot 38 Gk Village 88 Villa Imelda
Camarin Area D, Camarin Caloocan City
PERSONAL BACKGROUND
Birthday: June 21, 2006
Birthplace: Camarin Caloocan City
Height: 5’3
Weight: 48kg
Elementary School:
Camarin Area D Elementary School (2012-2018)
Junior High School:

Senior High School:

163
RYZA CAPLIS
2196 Tulip St. Camarin
Caloocan city
PERSONAL BACKGROUND
Birthday: June 20, 2005
Birthplace: Jose Fabella hospital
Height: 4’11
Weight: 40kg
Elementary school:
Camarin elementary school (2012-2018)
Junior high school:
Camarin highschool (2018-2022)
Senior highschool
164
ALEXANDRA T. COMIA
Blk 7 lot 15 Virgo st. Maria Luisa
Subdivision Caloocan City
PERSONAL BACKGROUND
Birthday: July 17, 2005
Birthplace: Angono, Rizal
Height: 5’2
Weight: 68kg
Elementary school:
Bautista Elementary School (2012-2018)
Junior high school:
Metropolitan Institute of Arts and Sciences (2018-2022)
Senior highschool:
165
ADAM MARCO P. DALAG
Haydn St. Block 03 A L18 AC,
North Olumpus Quezon City
PERSONAL BACKGROUND
Birthday: March 12, 2005
Birthplace: Valenzuela City
Height: 5’3
Weight: 40kg
Elementary School:
Calabasahan Elementary School (2012-2018)

Junior High School:
Victorias National High School (2018-2022)
Senior High School

166
GUILMER JOHN GAMIAO
Old Panaklayan, Muzon, San Jose
Delmonte, Bulacan City
PERSONAL BACKGROUND
Birthday: September 15, 2005
Birthplace: Bernardino Hospital, Quezon City
Religion: Christian
Height: 6’1
Weight: 75kg
Elementary School:
Bagong Silang Elementary School (2012-2018)
Junior High School:
Senior High School
167
KYLA MARIE P. MANGAHAS
Blk 20 lot 9 Bagong silang
Caloocan city
PERSONAL BACKGROUND
Birthplace: Caloocan city
Religion: Born again
Height: 4’9
Weight: 44kg
Elementary School:
Rene Cayetano Elementary School (2012 -2018)
Junior High School:

Benigno Aquino Jr Highschool (2018-2022)
Senior High School

168
JAMES EMERSON T. PEDRALBA
Ph 9 Pkg 7 b Blk 35 lot 15
Bagong Silang Caloocan City 176
PERSONAL BACKGROUND
Birthplace: Caloocan
Height: 5’7
Weight: 90kg
Elementary School:
Kalayaan Elementary School (2012-2018)
Junior High School:
Kalayaan National High School (2018-2022)
Senior High School
169

Life On A Garbage

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METROPOLITAN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

LIFE ON A GARBAGE; INVESTIGATING THE GROUNDING

A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Grade Twelve

Zavier Nathaniel A. Aguilar

Approvedd by the Com

Acccepted as paartial fulfillm

Architect Maribel M. Collado, President of Metropolitan Institute of

Dr. Peter G. Young Jr., Principal of Metropolitan Institute of Arts and

and support for her beloved students.

teaching, guidance, and advice he gives.

Mr. Jhomar M. Beltran LPT., chairman of research committee, for the

patience, and for her insightful comments and suggestions;

Ms. Queensen Mera S. Cantonjos ECT., for their constant support,

encouragement, kindness, and knowledge during their research process; she

guided them from the start to the end;

their entire journey.

family, dear friends, and professors who encouraged me and inspired me to

all the blessings He provided upon me.

15 million people worldwide (About Garbage Dump Communities : International

Samaritan, 2023), to understand the motivations and challenges faced by resilient

people. Due to factors such as extreme poverty, limited educational opportunities,

people living in landfills.

This research uses interview questionnaires and audio and video

transcription, translation, and coding for comprehensive analysis.

The study highlights the challenges faced by landfill residents, including

also focuses on comprehensive interventions that address environmental and

socioeconomic aspects and aims to improve understanding and develop support

systems for people in landfill communities.

In conclusion, this study contributes to the deep understanding of life in

people facing the challenges of living in waste.

Table of Contents vii

1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Background of the Study 4

Statement of the Problem 6

Significance of the Study 7

Scope and Delimitations 9

2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

The Reasons for Having Dumpsites

Choosing to Live in Dumps 22

Residents Relying on Dumps 23

Effects of Living in Dumpsites

Food Waste in Dumpsites 28

Experience of Residents Living Nearby

Municipal Solid Waste Open Dumpsite

Impact of Public Solid Waste Disposal Dump Sites 33

Environmental Pollution and Health Effects

Associated with Waste Landfilling and Open Dumping 36

Waste Management in Developing Countries 42

Assessment of the Impact of Open Waste Dumpsite on

Community Health Survey of Residents

Living near a Solid Waste Open Dumpsite 44

Hazards from the Municipal Solid Waste Dumpsites 47

Health and Environmental Risk of Residents Living Close

Quality of Life and Factors Affecting It: A Study among People

Living Near a Solid Waste Management Facility 50

Microbial Air Quality in Neighborhoods near Landfill Site:

Implications for Public Health 53