LONG ANSWER OF IS :

1. Explain characteristics of valuable Information.

Ans. Some of these characteristics are :
 Accurate : Accurate information is error free. In some cases inaccurate info.
Generated because inaccurate data is fed into the transformation process.

 Complete : Complete info. Contains all important facts.

Example : an investment report that does not include all imp costs is not
complete.

 Economical: info. Should also be relatively economical to produce decision

makers must always balance the value of information with the cost of
producing it

 Flexible : flexible info. Can be use for variety of purpose.

 Relevant: only relevant info. is important for decision making. Info. Showing
that number prices might not be relevant to a computer chip manufacturer.

 Reliable: reliability depend on source of info & data collection.

 Secure: info. Should be secure from access by unauthorized user.

 Simple: info. Should easy to understand. Too much info. Can cause info.
Overloaded.

 Timely: delivered when it is needed

Example : Having a mobile application shows last weeks weather condition will
not help when tring to decide what to wear today.

 Verifable: info. Should be verifiable. We make sure that info. Correct or not.
2. Explain input, process, output and feedback in detail
Ans.

1. Input: input is piece

of data. Which is embedded in the system by the user for some uses.
 There are various type of input devices:
 Keyboard
 Scanner
 Microform
 Whatever we input in the system has some process and generates in another
format.

2. Process: this phase is used after input phase and take place in the internal part
of the system.
 Main purpose is server to take data and convert it into something
usable.
 What we see in todays computer world is the result of input data that
user feed to the system & processed by some program and trun that
data into usable output.

3. Output:
 This is third and second last phase in which usable output user got on the
computer screen after feeding input to the computer for user this is the
second phase but according to the system this is third because
processing take second phase.
  Output different from like monitor ,printer fro visual work some output
for the short term like printing a photo but some need to keep records.

4. Feedback:
 This term is used to save data for some time their may be many reason
to save data like for future referenes to prevent store data but vital there
are several mediums to keep your data save like harddisk, USB etc.

3. What is information? Explain benefits and need of Information.

Ans. Information is a collection of data that has been processed and
organized to be useful to the user. Information provides knowledge, insight,
and understanding to help people make informed decisions, solve problems,
and perform tasks more effectively.

There are several benefits and needs of information, some of which are:

1. Better decision making: Information helps people make better decisions by

providing them with accurate and timely data to support their analysis and
evaluation.

2. Increased efficiency: Information helps to streamline processes and

workflows, reducing the time and effort required to perform tasks and
improving productivity.

3. Improved communication: Information helps to improve communication by

providing a common language and understanding of concepts, facilitating
communication and collaboration between individuals and groups.

4. Competitive advantage: Information can provide a competitive advantage

by enabling organizations to identify opportunities, monitor trends, and
make strategic decisions.

5. Innovation: Information can inspire new ideas and innovative solutions to

problems by providing insights and perspectives that were not previously
available.
 6. Personal development: Information can support personal growth and
development by providing individuals with access to new knowledge and
skills.

7. Better quality of life: Information can improve the quality of life by

providing people with access to education, health care, and other essential
services.

4. Explain characteristics of a system.

Ans. A system is a collection of interrelated components that work together to
achieve a common goal. The following are the characteristics of a system:
1. Components: A system is made up of interrelated components that work
together to achieve a common goal. The components can be people,
machines, software, hardware, or any other element that contributes to the
system's purpose.

2. Interdependence: The components of a system are interdependent,

meaning that they rely on each other to achieve the system's goals. Any
change in one component can affect the other components and the system
as a whole.

3. Boundaries: A system has boundaries that define its scope and distinguish it
from its environment. The boundaries determine what is included in the
system and what is not.

4. Environment: A system exists within an environment that provides inputs

and receives outputs from the system. The environment can be internal or
external to the system.
 5. Purpose: A system has a purpose or a goal that it is designed to achieve.
The purpose of the system provides the motivation for the components to
work together and coordinate their actions.

6. Feedback: A system has feedback mechanisms that allow it to monitor its

performance and adjust its actions accordingly. Feedback can be positive,
where the system reinforces its actions, or negative, where the system
adjusts its actions to achieve its goals.

7. Hierarchical Structure: A system has a hierarchical structure that organizes

its components into subsystems and super-systems. The hierarchical
structure helps to manage the complexity of the system and improve its
performance.

8. Adaptability: A system has the ability to adapt to changes in its

environment or its goals. Adaptability allows the system to maintain its
effectiveness and efficiency over time.

5. Explain element of system.

Ans.
1. Inputs: Inputs are the data or information that enters the system from the
external environment. Inputs are necessary for the system to function, and
they can be in different forms such as raw data, feedback, or requests.

2. Processes: Processes are the activities or functions that the system performs
to transform the inputs into useful outputs. Processes can be manual or
automated and can involve different steps or stages, depending on the
complexity of the system.
 3. Outputs: Outputs are the results or outcomes produced by the system after
processing the inputs. Outputs can be in different forms such as reports,
documents, products, or services.

4. Feedback: Feedback is the information that the system receives from its
outputs or the environment. Feedback is essential for the system to adjust
and improve its performance.

5. Control: Control refers to the mechanisms or procedures used to manage

the system's performance and ensure that it operates within its boundaries.
Controls can be in the form of rules, policies, procedures, or technologies.

6. Environment: Environment refers to the external factors or conditions that

affect the system's performance. The environment can include other
systems, processes, stakeholders, regulations, and market conditions.

6. Explain deterministic and Probabilistic system.

Ans.
 deterministic or probabilistic based on their behavior and outputs.
 Deterministic system : A deterministic system is a system where the output
is completely predictable based on the input and the rules of the system. In
other words, if the same input is given to a deterministic system, it will
always produce the same output. This type of system follows a fixed set of
rules and does not involve any uncertainty.
Example: A calculator is a deterministic system that always produces the
same output for a given input. The behavior of a deterministic system is
predictable, and there is no need to consider probability or uncertainty.

 Probabilistic system : A probabilistic system is a system where the output is

not completely predictable and can vary based on random events. In other
words, the output of a probabilistic system cannot be determined with
certainty based on the input alone. This type of system involves uncertainty
and the behavior of the system cannot be completely predicted.
 Example: A weather forecasting system is a probabilistic system that relies
on probability and statistical models to predict the weather. The behavior of
a probabilistic system is unpredictable, and probability and uncertainty
must be taken into account when designing and analyzing the system.

//For reading purpose only

In conclusion, deterministic and probabilistic systems are two types of
systems in IS that differ in their behavior and outputs. A deterministic
system follows fixed rules and produces predictable outputs, while a
probabilistic system involves uncertainty and randomness and produces
outputs that cannot be completely predicted with certainty. Understanding
the type of system is important for designing and analyzing IS to ensure that
the system meets its intended purpose and objectives.
7. Explain open and closed system.
Ans.
 open or closed based on their relationship with the environment.
 Open system : An open system is a system that interacts with the external
environment and exchanges information, energy, or matter with it. In other
words, an open system is influenced by the environment and can influence it
in return. This type of system is characterized by a continuous flow of inputs
and outputs between the system and the environment.
Example: A business organization is an open system that interacts with its
customers, suppliers, and competitors and exchanges information,
products, and services with them. An open system is flexible and adaptable
to changes in the environment, and it can benefit from new opportunities
and resources.

 Closed system : a closed system is a system that does not interact with the
external environment and is self-contained. In other words, a closed system
is isolated from the environment and does not exchange information,
energy, or matter with it. This type of system is characterized by a lack of
interaction and flow between the system and the environment.
Example: A laboratory experiment is a closed system that is designed to
control and isolate variables to study their effects. A closed system is stable
 and predictable, but it can also be rigid and resistant to changes in the
environment.

//for reading purpose only

 In conclusion, open and closed systems are two types of systems in IS that
differ in their relationship with the environment. An open system interacts
with the environment and exchanges information, energy, or matter with it,
while a closed system is isolated from the environment and is self-
contained. Understanding the type of system is important for designing and
analyzing IS to ensure that the system meets its intended purpose and
objectives.
8. Explain types of information system.
Ans. There are various types of information systems that serve different
purposes and functions. Here are some of the common types of information
systems:

1. Transaction processing systems (TPS): These are information systems that

process day-to-day transactions such as sales, purchases, and payments.
TPS are designed to support the operational activities of an organization
and provide accurate and timely information.

2. Management information systems (MIS): These are information systems

that provide managers with reports and summaries of data from TPS. MIS
help managers to monitor and control the performance of the organization
and make decisions based on the information provided.

3. Decision support systems (DSS): These are information systems that

provide support to managers for making non-routine and complex
decisions. DSS use advanced modeling and analysis techniques to help
managers evaluate alternatives and choose the best course of action.

4. Expert systems: These are information systems that mimic the decision-
making ability of a human expert in a particular domain. Expert systems use
 knowledge and rules to provide advice or solutions to problems in a specific
area.

5. Executive information systems (EIS): These are information systems that

provide strategic information to top-level executives to support their
decision-making. EIS provide summary reports and graphical displays of key
performance indicators (KPIs) and trends to help executives monitor the
overall performance of the organization.

6. Enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems: These are information systems

that integrate all the functions and processes of an organization into a
single system. ERP systems provide a centralized database and automate
business processes such as finance, human resources, and logistics.

9. List out various Business Information System. Explain any three

System.
 There are several types of business information systems that organizations
use to manage and process information. Here are some of the most
common types:
 Transaction processing systems (TPS): These systems are used to process
and manage transactions, such as sales or purchases.
 Management information systems (MIS): These systems are used to
provide managers with the information they need to make informed
decisions.
 Decision support systems (DSS): These systems are used to support
decision-making by providing managers with the tools and information they
need to analyze data and evaluate alternatives.
 Business intelligence systems (BI): These systems are used to analyze and
report on business data to support decision-making.
 Enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems: These systems are used to
manage and integrate all aspects of a company's operations, including
finance, accounting, human resources, and supply chain management.
  One example of a business information system is a transaction processing
system (TPS). TPSs are used to process and manage transactions, such as
sales or purchases. For example, a retailer might use a TPS to manage sales
transactions in its stores. When a customer makes a purchase, the TPS
records the transaction details, including the item purchased, the price, and
the payment method. The TPS then updates the retailer's inventory system
to reflect the sale and processes the payment.

 Another example of a business information system is a management

information system (MIS). MISs are used to provide managers with the
information they need to make informed decisions. For example, a
manufacturing company might use an MIS to monitor production
performance. The MIS would provide managers with information on
production rates, quality metrics, and other key performance indicators,
allowing them to identify trends and make informed decisions about how to
improve production efficiency.

 A third example of a business information system is a decision support

system (DSS). DSSs are used to support decision-making by providing
managers with the tools and information they need to analyze data and
evaluate alternatives. For example, a retailer might use a DSS to determine
which products to stock in its stores. The DSS would analyze data on sales
trends, customer demographics, and other factors to identify which
products are most likely to be popular with customers. Based on this
analysis, the retailer could make informed decisions about which products
to stock and in what quantities.

10.Explain Product flow and Information Flow.

 Product flow and information flow are two important concepts in supply
chain management.
 Product flow: It refers to the movement of goods and materials from
suppliers to customers. It involves the physical transportation of products
through the supply chain, including raw materials, work-in-progress
inventory, and finished goods. Product flow also includes the processing and
transformation of raw materials into finished products. The goal of product
 flow is to ensure that products are delivered to customers in a timely and
efficient manner.
 Information flow: It refers to the transfer of information and data between
different parties in the supply chain. It includes the exchange of information
about orders, inventory levels, production schedules, and delivery status.
Information flow enables organizations to coordinate their activities and
make informed decisions about production and distribution. It also helps to
ensure that products are delivered to customers on time and in the correct
quantities.
 Product flow and information flow are closely related and are both critical
to the success of supply chain management. Effective product flow requires
timely and accurate information flow to ensure that products are delivered
to customers in a timely and efficient manner. Similarly, effective
information flow requires accurate product flow data to ensure that
decisions are based on reliable and up-to-date information.
 Overall, product flow and information flow are essential components of
supply chain management, and organizations that manage both effectively
are better equipped to meet customer demands, reduce costs, and improve
overall performance.
11.Define ERP? Explain its advantages and disadvantages in detail.
 ERP stands for Enterprise Resource Planning, which is a software system
that integrates various business processes and functions into a single
system. ERP systems are designed to help organizations manage their
resources more effectively and efficiently, by providing a central
repository of information that can be accessed by different departments
within the organization.
 Advantages of ERP :
 A perfectly integrated system chaining all the functional areas
together.
 Improved efficiency , performances and productivity levels
 Enhanced tracking and forecasting
 Improved customer service and satisfaction
 Reduces the risk of loss sensitive data
 Shorted production lead time and delivery time
 Facilitating business learning, empowering and building common
vision
  effortlessly communication information across various
departments
 Disdvantages of ERP :
 Scope of customization is limited
 Extremely expensive to implement
 Lack of continuous technical support
 A time-consuming process, which can impact other
areas of the organization.
 require extensive training to ensure that employees
can use the system effectively.
12.Define ERP. Explain MIS, BIS and DSS
 Enterprise Resource Planning: ERP stands for Enterprise Resource Planning,
which is a software system that integrates various business processes and
functions into a single system. ERP systems are designed to help
organizations manage their resources more effectively and efficiently, by
providing a central repository of information that can be accessed by
different departments within the organization.

 Management Information System: MIS stands for Management

Information System, which is a computer-based system that provides
managers with the information they need to make informed decisions. MIS
systems typically collect data from different sources within the organization
and present it in a format that is easy to understand. The information
provided by MIS systems is typically used for planning, controlling, and
decision-making.

 Business Information System: BIS stands for Business Information System,

which is a computer-based system that provides information to support
business operations. BIS systems are used to manage and analyze data
related to business processes, such as inventory management, order
processing, and customer service. The information provided by BIS systems
is typically used to improve operational efficiency and effectiveness.

 Decision Support System: DSS stands for Decision Support System, which is
a computer-based system that provides managers with the information
they need to make complex decisions. DSS systems are designed to support
 decision-making by providing data analysis tools and models that can be
used to analyze data and identify trends. The information provided by DSS
systems is typically used for strategic decision-making.

 Overall, ERP, MIS, BIS, and DSS are all different types of computer-based
systems that are used to support business operations and decision-making.
Each of these systems has its own specific purpose and benefits, and
organizations may use one or more of these systems depending on their
specific needs and goals.
13.Explain characteristics of DSS.
14.Explain components of DSS.
15.What is TPS? Explain Transaction processing activities.
16.Explain objectives of TPS.
17.Compare MIS and DSS.
Characteristic MIS DSS

Purpose To provide managers with To provide managers with

information to support information to support
decision-making related to decision-making related to
planning, controlling, and solving complex problems
decision-making for routine and making strategic
operations decisions
Data Collects data from different Collects and analyzes data
sources within the from multiple sources, both
organization internal and external to the
organization
Analysis Provides simple analysis tools Provides advanced analysis
to analyze data tools and models to analyze
data and identify trends
User Used by managers and Used by high-level
executives executives and decision-
makers
 Time frame Historical and current data Real-time or near-real-time
data

Scope Covers routine, day-to-day Covers complex, strategic

operations decision-making

Output Standardized reports and Customized reports and ad

dashboards hoc queries

Support Supports structured decision- Supports both structured

making and unstructured decision-
making
Complexity Less complex compared to More complex compared to
DSS MIS

In summary, MIS and DSS are both computer-based systems used to support
decision-making, but they differ in terms of their purpose, data sources, analysis
tools, user base, time frame, scope, output, support, and complexity.
Organizations may use one or both of these systems depending on their specific
needs and goals.

18.Explain characteristics of MIS

 Provide Reports with Fixed & Standard Formats : schedule reports for
inventory control may contain the same type of info. Placed in same loction on
the reports. Different managers use the same reports for different purpose.
 Produce Hard-Copy & Soft-Copy Reports : some management info. System
reports are printed on paper and considered hard – copy reports. Most
output soft copy using visiual on computer screen.
i. Use Internal Data Stored in the Computer System : MIS reports
use primarily internal sources of data that are contained in
computer.
 Allow End Users to Develop Their Own Custom Reports
 Require User Requests for Reports Developed by System Personal
19.Explain Purchase System and Accounting system.
20.Explain order processing system.