LN002 MN114 Standardization

Engineering Drawing
STANDARDIZATION IN DRAWING
DRAWING SHEETS
• There are ANSI/ASME standards for international and U.S. sheet sizes.
• The use of the basic sheet size, 210 mm × 297 mm, and its multiples permits
filing folded prints in standard files.
• These sizes can be cut from standard rolls of media.

DRAWING SHEETS cont.
• Conventional “A” sizes of drawing paper is the standard choice for drawing
works.
• The layout of the sheet can either be portrait or landscape
• Most standard sheets use what is called a “landscape” orientation.
• Regardless of the orientation used, the ratio of the sides is 1:√2 (1:1.414)
• In this course A4 and A3
paper sizes will be used.
• The recommended large “A” size is the zero size or “0”, known as “A0” with
an area of 1 m² or 10,000 cm².
• The “A” series is particularly suitable for reduction onto 35mm microfilm
because the ratio of 1:√2 is constant.
• Grams per square metre is the unit for the weights of the sheets.
Reduction into microfilm

• The relationship between the
various paper sizes is obtained by
halving the larger size to obtain
the next lower size.
• Application of the 1:√2 side ratio
DRAWING SHEETS LAYOUT
• The term drawing sheet layout is a particular size sheet with a drawing
border or frame.
• A blank drawing sheet should contain the following elements:

• Title block
• Sheet frame (for limiting the drawing frame), centring marks, orientation marks,
metric reference graduation, grid reference system or zone, and trimming marks.
TITLE BLOCK
• Title block is an area within a drawing sheet designated to contain
information for identification, administration, and interpretation of the
whole drawing.
• Irrespective of the sheet orientation (portrait or landscape), the title block is

normally located in the bottom right-hand corner of the drawing frame.
• The information included in the title block can range from simple to complex.
TITLE BLOCK cont.
• The following are basic information recommended to include in a title block:
• Name of Company or Organization (COESE, THE UNIVERSITY OF DODOMA)
• Drawing number (NO.) example T01 - Give each drawing a unique number, using the company’s numbering system.
• Drawing title (e.g. A CHAIR)
• Date
• Name of the draughtsman (DRAWN BY:)

TITLE BLOCK cont.
• The following are basic information recommended to include in a title
block: cont.
• Scale used - List the predominant scale for the drawing.
• Projection symbol
• Measurements units (DIMENSION:)
• Sheet size (FORMAT:) - List the sheet size used for the drawing.
• Name of the person who check the drawing (CHECKED BY:)
TITLE BLOCK cont.
• The following are basic information recommended to include in a title
block: cont.
• GROUP (e.g. ME, MPE, EE, PE, CPE and REE)
• REMARKS
TITLE BLOCK cont.
DRAWING FRAME
DRAWING FRAME cont.
International
International
Designation Size (mm) Area (cm²) number of
Margin
zones
A0 841 X 1189 10000 20 16
A1 594 X 841 5000 20 12
A2 420 X 594 2500 10 8
A3 297 X 420 1250 10 6
A4 210 X 297 625 10 6
DRAWING FRAME cont.
• In this course (Engineering Drawing) the following frame specification
will be used for both A4 and A3 formats:
Frame side Margin (mm)
Left 25 mm
Top 5 mm
right 5 mm
Bottom 5 mm
Folding of Drawing Sheets – A3
STEP 1 STEP 2
To clarify the folding, the reverse side

Flip the page from left to right
of the paper is yellow (and the front
and measure 2 x 190 mm (380
side is white).
mm) from the left edge.
Folding of Drawing Sheets – A3 cont.
STEP 3 STEP 4
Fold the page

The folded section now is
190 mm.
STEP 5 STEP 6
Flip the page over from right to

left and measure 210 mm from Fold to that line
the right edge.

• The folded page is 210 mm wide and has a
20 mm margin for organizing it in a ring
binder or file folder.
LINE TYPES
• Correct words are used for making correct sentences, similarly in
engineering drawing, the details of various drawing objects are drawn
by different types of lines.
• Each line has a definite meaning and sense to deliver; hence mixing up
one type with another type is like spelling something incorrectly in a
sentence.
LINE TYPES cont.
• Line width (thick or thin) and its particular line style indicate the
meaning of each line on an engineering drawing.
• Reading the drawing depends on the line styles to know if a line is visible or hidden,
if it represents a centre axis, or if it conveys dimension information.
• To make any drawing easy to read, make the contrast between thick and thin lines
distinct.
LINE TYPES cont.
LINE TYPES cont.
LINE TYPES – CHAIN LINES
• Chain lines requires particular care a. All chain lines should start and finish with a
long dash.
to ensure that they are neatly
applied and attention is drawn to b. The chain lines of the defined centre points
should cross one another at solid portions
the following points:
of the line.
c. Centre lines should extend for a short

distance beyond the feature unless they are
required for dimensioning or other purpose.
LINE TYPES – CHAIN LINES cont.
d. Centre lines should not extend through e. If chain lines form an angle, then the long
the spaces between views and should dashed should intersect and define the
never terminate at another line on the angle.
drawing.
f. Arcs should meet straight lines at
tangency points.
LINE TYPES – COINCIDING LINES
• If two or more lines of different types overlap, a priority of the following
sequence is essential:
• Visible outlines and edges
• Cutting planes
• Hidden outlines and edges
• Centerlines and lines of symmetry
• Centroidal lines
• Projection lines
LINE TYPES – COINCIDING LINES cont.
• When a visible line coincide with a hidden line or centre line, draw the visible
line. Also, extend the centre line beyond the outlines of the view.
• When a visible line coincides with a cutting plane, draw the visible line.
• When a centreline coincides with a cutting plane, draw the centreline and
show the cutting plane line outside the outlines of the view at the ends of
the centre line by thick dashes.
LINE TYPES – LINE WIDTH
• Line width means line thickness.
• Recommended line widths on a drawing are thin and thick.
• Ratio between the thin and thick lines on a drawing shall not be less
than 1:2
• Thicknesses for the various types of line are divided into specific
groups according to the size of drawing sheet being used.
LINE TYPES – LINE WIDTH cont.
Line types and thickness (mm)
Sheet
Size
A B C D E F G H J K
0.35
A0 0.7 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.5 0.35 0.7 0.35
0.7
0.25
A1 0.5 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.35 0.25 0.5 0.25
0.5
A2,A3, 0.18
0.35 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.25 0.18 0.35 0.18
A4 0.35
SCALE
• Drawing scale is the reduction or
enlargement of the drawn object
relative to the real object.
SCALE cont.
SCALE cont.
• A ratio of the number of drawing units to the number of actual units is
termed as scale.
• A large item (machinery or building) cannot be shown full size on a

paper sheet.
SCALE cont.
Designation Description
Scale 1:1 Full size scale (True Scale)
Scale 1:X Reducing scales (X=10,20, …, etc.)
Scale X:1 Enlarging scales

LETTERING
• Lettering is the process of writing of titles, sub-titles, dimensions, etc.
on a drawing.
• It is recommended that the distance between letters or numerals

should be a least twice the line thickness.
• Lettering in drawing should be in CAPITALS (i.e., Upper-case letters).
• Lower-case (small) letters are used for abbreviations like mm, cm, etc.
LETTERING cont.
• Main features of lettering are legibility, uniformity and rapidity of excursion.
• Use of drawing instruments for lettering consumes more time; hence,

lettering is by using freehand with speed.
• Practice accompanied by continuous efforts would improve the lettering skill

and style.
• Poor lettering ruins the appearance of an otherwise good drawing.

LETTERING cont.
• Freehand lettering ability has little relationship to writing ability.
• There are three necessary aspects of learning to letter:

• Knowing the proportions and forms of the letters (clear mental image of their correct shape)
• Spacing of letters and words for legibility
• Practice
• Technical drawings use single-stroke sans serif letters because they are highly legible and
quick to draw (Sans serif means without serifs, or spurs).
LETTERING cont.
LETTERING cont.
SIZE OF LETTERS
• The height h of the CAPITAL letters as well as numerals use to measure
the size of letters.
Recommended size (height h) of Letters and Numerals
Main Titles 5 mm, 7 mm, 10 mm
Sub-Titles 3.5 mm, 5 mm
Dimensions, Notes, etc. 2.5 mm, 3.5 mm, 5 mm

GUIDELINES FOR HAND LETTERING
• In order to obtain correct and uniform height of letters and numerals,
guidelines are drawn, using 2H pencil with light pressure.
• HB grade conical end pencil is used for lettering.

GUIDELINES FOR HAND LETTERING cont.
• Do not use vertical guidelines to space the distance from one letter to
the next within a word or sentence.
GUIDELINES FOR LETTERING
a. Drawing numbers, title block and letters denoting cutting planes,
sections are written in 10 mm size.
b. Drawing title is written in 7 mm.
c. Hatching, sub-titles, materials, dimensions, notes, etc. are written in

3.5 mm size.
GUIDELINES FOR LETTERING cont.
d. Space between lines = ¾ h
e. Space between words may be equal to the width of alphabet M,

Capital O or 3/5 h
f. Space between letters should be approximately equal to 1/5 h. Poor

spacing will affect the visual effect.
PROCEDURES FOR LETTERING
• Thin horizontal guidelines are drawn first at a distance ‘h’ apart
• Lettering technique: horizontal lines of the letters are drawn from left
to right. Vertical, inclined and curved lines are drawn from top to
bottom.
• After completed lettering, the guidelines are not erased.

PLANNING YOUR DRAWING OR SKETCH
• When laying out a drawing sheet, you will need to consider:
• the size and scale of the object you will show;
• the sheet size;
• the measurement system (units) for the drawing; and
• the space necessary for standard notes and title block.

cont.
cont.

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Engineering Drawing

• These sizes can be cut from standard rolls of media.

• The layout of the sheet can either be portrait or landscape

• Most standard sheets use what is called a “landscape” orientation.

Reduction into microfilm

• A blank drawing sheet should contain the following elements:

• Irrespective of the sheet orientation (portrait or landscape), the title block is

• Drawing title (e.g. A CHAIR)

• Name of the draughtsman (DRAWN BY:)

To clarify the folding, the reverse side

Fold the page

Flip the page over from right to

the right edge.

c. Centre lines should extend for a short

• Hidden outlines and edges

• Centerlines and lines of symmetry

• Recommended line widths on a drawing are thin and thick.

• A large item (machinery or building) cannot be shown full size on a

Scale 1:1 Full size scale (True Scale)

Scale 1:X Reducing scales (X=10,20, …, etc.)

Scale X:1 Enlarging scales

• It is recommended that the distance between letters or numerals

• Lettering in drawing should be in CAPITALS (i.e., Upper-case letters).

• Use of drawing instruments for lettering consumes more time; hence,

• Practice accompanied by continuous efforts would improve the lettering skill

• Poor lettering ruins the appearance of an otherwise good drawing.

• There are three necessary aspects of learning to letter:

• Spacing of letters and words for legibility

Recommended size (height h) of Letters and Numerals

Main Titles 5 mm, 7 mm, 10 mm

Sub-Titles 3.5 mm, 5 mm

Dimensions, Notes, etc. 2.5 mm, 3.5 mm, 5 mm

• HB grade conical end pencil is used for lettering.

b. Drawing title is written in 7 mm.

c. Hatching, sub-titles, materials, dimensions, notes, etc. are written in

e. Space between words may be equal to the width of alphabet M,

f. Space between letters should be approximately equal to 1/5 h. Poor

• After completed lettering, the guidelines are not erased.

• the sheet size;

• the measurement system (units) for the drawing; and

• the space necessary for standard notes and title block.

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