Writing Lesson no.

13: Compound Sentences

By the end of this lesson, students will learn:

1. What a compound sentence is

2. How to make a compound sentence using:

· Coordinators

· Conjunctive adverbs

· Semicolon

Compound Sentences
A compound sentence is two or more independent clauses joined together.

There are three ways to join the clauses:

1. With a coordinator

 Ahmed arrived late, so he was not allowed to attend the lecture.

2. With a conjunctive adverb

 Salt water boils at a higher temperature than freshwater; therefore, food cooks faster in salt
water.

3. With a semicolon

 Salt water boils at a higher temperature than freshwater; food cooks faster in salt water.

1. Compound Sentences with Coordinators

1. Compound Sentences with Coordinators

A compound sentence can be formed as follows:

Independent clause, + coordinator + independent clause

  Ahmed arrived late, so he was not allowed to attend the lecture.

There are 7 coordinators, which are called coordinating conjunctions.

(For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So) (((((((FANBOYS))))))

(Important Note: There is a comma (,) after the first independent clause.)

Examples:

To add a reason
for  Fans love to listen to Amr Diab, for he sings beautifully.

To add a similar, equal idea

and  They eat a lot of healthy foods, and they eat moderately.

To add a negative equal idea

nor  They do not eat a lot of red meat, nor do they eat many dairy products.

Note: Nor means "and not." It joins two negative independent clauses. Notice
that question word order is used after nor.
To add an opposite idea
but  Diet is one factor in how long people live, but it is not the only factor.

To add an alternative possibility

or  He can go to visit his relatives with his mother, or he can stay at home and finish his
homework.

To add an unexpected or surprising continuation

yet  She has a good job, yet she is always broke.

To add an expected result

so  He is a hard worker, so he will reach his goal sooner or later.
2. Compound Sentences with Conjunctive Adverbs
2. Compound Sentences with Conjunctive Adverbs

A compound sentence can be formed as follows:

Independent clause; + conjunctive adverb, + independent clause

 Ahmed arrived late; therefore, he was not allowed to attend the lecture.

(Important Note: Put a semicolon (;) before and a comma (,) after the conjunctive adverb.)

Several transition signals, such as on the other hand, as a result, and for example, act
like conjunctive adverbs; they can also connect independent clauses with a semicolon and a comma.

Some of the common conjunction adverbs and transition signals are:

To add a similar, equal idea

also

besides

furthermore  The car looked good; also/besides/furthermore/moreover, the price was

affordable.
moreover

To add an unexpected or surprising continuation

however

nevertheless  The weather was sunny; however/nevertheless/nonetheless/still, we did

not go outside.
nonetheless

still
To add a complete contrast
On the other  The cost of attending colleges in Egypt is low; on the other hand/in
hand contrast, the cost of attending colleges in the United Kingdom is high.

In contrast
To add an expected result
therefore

as a result  People have different tastes; therefore / as a result / accordingly /

thus, most shops provide different styles.
accordingly

thus
To add an example
for example  Students study using electronic devices; for example/for instance, some
students use their cell phones to read a book.
for instance

3. Compound Sentences with Semicolons

3. Compound Sentences with Semicolons

A compound sentence can be made by connecting two independent clauses with a semicolon alone.

Independent clause + ; + independent clause

 My brother just graduated from high school; he will attend St. Petersburg College.

Important Note: This kind of compound sentence is possible only when the two independent
clauses are closely related in meaning. If they are not closely related, they should be written as
two simple sentences, each ending with a period.

Assignment
Answer the Following Questions:

A) Use (for – and – nor – but – or – yet – so) to form a compound sentence:
1- Anna is very intelligent. She fails in her exams.

2- Daniel and his friends go to the gym every day. They eat healthy food.

3- Sarah does not like to go to school. Her friends bully her.

4- I did not go to the party. I did not go to the club.

5- My daughter overslept. She was late to her work.

6- I like to eat. I do not like to cook.

7- You can go out with your friends. You can watch your favorite movie at home.

B) Choose the correct answer from between brackets:

1- Peter is tall; ……….., he chooses to play basketball in his club.

(therefore – however – moreover – in contrast)

2- It was raining heavily; …………, my sister insisted on going to school.

(besides – as a result – however – for example)

3- Children have many things to do in this park; …………., they can paint on their faces, sing, or
play video games.

(accordingly – on the other hand – for example – also)

4- I was very late to work; ………….., I did not find any taxi.

(besides – nonetheless – in contrast – still)

5- Karen likes to drink milk very much; ……………., her sister never drinks it.

(also – thus – in contrast – for instance)

C) Use semicolons (;) to join the below independent sentences to form a compound sentence:

1- John gets the full mark in all his exams. He will join any faculty he wants.

2- Mary and Thomas do not like each other. They always quarrel over trivial things.
3- My mother wakes up early every day. She is never late to her work.

4- Jolly never eats fast food. She adopts a healthy life style.

5- My best friend is obsessed with online shopping. She spends all her money on the things she buys
from the Internet.

Answer Key
Answers:

A)

1- Anna is very intelligent, yet she fails in her exams.

2- Daniel and his friends go to the gym every day, and they eat healthy food.

3- Sarah does not like to go to school, for her friends bully her.

4- I did not go to the party, nor did I go to the club.

5- My daughter overslept, so she was late to her work.

6- I like to eat, but I do not like to cook.

7- You can go out with your friends, or you can watch your favorite movie at home.

B)

1- therefore

2- however

3- for example

4- besides

5- in contrast

C)

1- John gets the full mark in all his exams; he will join any faculty he wants.

2- Mary and Thomas do not like each other; they always quarrel over trivial things.
3- My mother wakes up early every day; she is never late to her work.

4- Jolly never eats fast food; she adopts a healthy life style.

5- My best friend is obsessed with online shopping; she spends all her money on the things she buys
from the Internet.

5A Grammar 3 ( Past Perfect & using

narrative tenses together)
L1
American English File 3A -Student Book - P. 140

Welcome to the final part of lesson 5A: Past perfect

Let's start with some examples:

 When they turned on the TV, the game had already finished. (affirmative sentence)
 As soon as I shut the door, I realized that I’d left my keys on the table. (affirmative sentence)
 We couldn’t get a table in the restaurant because we hadn’t booked one. (negated sentence)

 Affirmative sentence: Subject + had / ‘d + p.p. + complement

Examples

- He’d washed his hands before eating.

- They had robbed the bank before the arrival of the police forces.

 Negation: Subject + had / ‘d + not/n’t + p.p. + complement

Examples
- I had not washed my hands before eating.
- We hadn’t watched the movie. We called you first.

 Interrogative form:

1. had + subject + p.p. complement?

e.g. Had you eaten before training?

2. Question word + had + subject + p.p. complement?

e.g. What had you done?

L3
Past perfect: uses

 We use the past perfect when we are talking about the past and we want to talk about an
earlier past action.

- first action (completed before the second one began) → Past Perfect
- second action → Simple Past

 Compare:

When John arrived, they went out.

(= first John arrived and then they went out)

When John arrived, they had gone out.

(= they went out before John arrived)

Note that:

 If there is a sequence of past actions and it is clear which happened before which, the past
perfect is optional (simple past can be used)

e.g. I got dressed; I left home. (chronological order)

 If there is a sequence of past actions BUT these actions are not put in the chronological order
(you do not know which happened before which), the past perfect is a must.

E.g. I went to the airport to get my cousin who had arrived earlier than expected!
L4
Among the keywords of the past perfect are before, after, etc. (However, it is not a must for these
words to indicate the past perfect only)

Examples:
They called the police because someone had stolen their car.
Our son passed the exam because he had studied a lot.
After he had done his homework, he played videogames.
When she came home, we had already eaten.
He had sold everything before moving to California.

Narrative tenses
American English File 3A -Student Book - p. 140

Using narrative tenses together:

It was a cold night and it was raining. I was watching TV in the living room. Suddenly I heard a
knock at the door. I got up and opened the door. But there was nobody there. The person who had
knocked on the door had disappeared…

 Use the past continuous (was raining, was watching) to set the scene.
 Use the simple past (heard, got up, etc.) to say what happened.
 Use the past perfect (had knocked, had disappeared) to say what happened before the
previous past action.

L5
American English File 3A -Student Book-

 Please open your SB, page 140

 Answer the last 5 questions in Exercise A (Circle the correct form)

 Answer the last 4 questions in Exercise B (Complete with the simple past, past continuous,
or past perfect)

L 6 answer key
Well done!

Please check your answers:

- Exercise A

5. hadn't scored

6. was playing

7. had stopped

8. hadn't lost

9. was raining

- Exercise B

5. weren't listening, was talking

6. couldn't, hadn't snowed

7. weren't able to, hadn't booked

8. got, had taken off

Assignment
American English File 3A - Workbook - p. 30

 open your workbook, p. 30

 Answer exercise 1 Grammar past tenses (Complete the sentences with the correct form of
the verbs in parentheses. Use the simple past, past continuous, or past perfect.)

L7 Assignment answer Key

Well done!

Please check your answers:

2. were driving, remembered, hadn't turned off

3. had already started, turned on, were losing, were playing

4. didn't recognize, had changed

5. was waiting, called, couldn't, had broken down

6. beat, was winning, scored

7. ran, had already left, were waiting

8. started, was walking, called, wasn't wearing, didn't have

5A Vocabulary 3
Important Verbs
Definitions

 Do a sport: play a sport

Example: I do karate once a week.

 To get injured: to be harmed

Example: No one got injured in the accident.

  To get in shape: to be in a good state of physical fitness or bodily appearance.

Example: Mohamed Salah is working on getting in shape before his coming match.

 Go swimming: swim

Example: I like to go swimming with my friends.

 Kick: hit with the foot or another part of the leg

Example: The boy kicked the bottle towards the bin.

 Score: earn points in a game

Example: He scored the first goal after seven minutes.

 Throw: cause an object to move rapidly through the air

Example: The kids were throwing stones at the windows.

 Train: practice a sport regularly before a match or competition

Example: The Egyptian players are training really hard before their match with Costa Rica.

Phrasal Verbs
Definitions

Warm up: do light exercise to get ready, e.g., for a game

Example: The players are already on the field warming up.

Work out: exercise at a gym

Example: She works out at the local gym every day.

to be Knocked out: to be eliminated

Example: Egypt had been knocked out of the World Cup by Costa Rica.

Exercise
Go to American English File 3A- Student Book- Vocabulary Bank- P. 157- Ex. d

Answer Key
2. get injured

3. kick

4. get in shape

5. score

6. go

7. do

8. throw