ELECTROMAGNETIC

EFFECTS
By Iweha Esther
 AGENDA
01 02 03 04 05
What is Simple experiment
Factors affecting Direction of
on
Introduction electromagnetic electromagnetic
the size of an
induced e.m.f.
induction induced e.m.f.
induction

06 07 08 09 10
Applications of Magnetic Variation of Applications of
The A.C. the magnetic
the A.C. effect of magnetic field effect of a
Generator
Generator current strength current
 AGENDA
11 12 12
Force on a
current-carrying The DC motor Transformers
conductor
INTRODUCTION
MICHAEL FARADAY (1831)

Electromagnetic induction, a groundbreaking

discovery by Faraday in 1831, transformed
the landscape of electrical engineering. This
phenomenon became the cornerstone for
harnessing electrical energy from
magnetism, leading to the establishment of
generators in power stations. The ability to
induce an electromotive force (e.m.f.) in a
conductor by cutting magnetic field lines laid
the groundwork for various applications.
WHAT IS ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION?
Electromagnetic induction is the process where a conductor
experiences induced e.m.f. when it cuts magnetic field lines.
This fundamental principle is at the core of generators,
devices that have become pivotal in our ability to generate
electricity on a large scale.
electricity is only induced when the conductor moves actoss
the magnetic field lines not along them or when the
conducror is at rest

NOTE: IF THE CONDUCTOR FORMS PART OF A

COMPLETE CIRCUIT, AN INDUCED CURRENT IS ALSO
PRODUCED
SIMPLE EXPERIMENT
ON
ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION
THERE ARE TWO WAYS OF INVESTIGATING
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

STRAIGHT WIRE AND U-SHAPED MAGNET

The procedure involved moving the wire in each of the six specified directions (up, down, left, right).
Throughout this movement, the behavior of a meter was closely observed. Remarkably, the meter
exhibited a deflection solely when the wire was in motion either upwards (direction 1) or
downwards (direction 2). This deflection signaled the induction of an electric current in the wire.
This deflection is in opposite directions in these two cases and only last while the wire is in motion
SIMPLE EXPERIMENT
ON
ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION
THERE ARE TWO WAYS OF INVESTIGATING
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

BAR MAGNET AND COIL

The procedure involved moving a magnet into a coil. Starting with one pole, it is then held stationary
before being withdrawn. During these movements, the meter registers the induction of current
within the coil. The induced current flows in one direction when the magnet is moved into the coil and
in the opposite direction during withdrawal, with no deflection when the magnet is stationary inside
the coil.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE SIZE
OF AN INDUCED E.M.F.
Faraday discerned three pivotal factors influencing the magnitude of an
induced electromotive force (e.m.f.), noting that the induced e.m.f. escalates
with:
1. The speed of the magnet or coil's motion.
2. The quantity of turns in the coil.
3. The strength of the magnet.
Consequently, he concluded that the induced e.m.f.'s magnitude is directly
proportional to the rate at which the conductor intersects magnetic field
lines.
 DIRECTION OF INDUCED E.M.F.
THE DIRECTION OF AN INDUCED E.M.F. OPPOSES THE CHANGE CAUSING IT
As the magnet approaches the coil with its north pole leading, the induced e.m.f. prompts a
current flow, making the coil mimic a north pole at its top. This configuration resists the downward
motion of the magnet due to the repulsion between like poles.
Upon withdrawal, the coil's top transforms into a south pole, creating an attraction to the north
pole of the magnet. Consequently, hindering the removal of the magnet. The induced e.m.f. and
current exhibit an opposite direction compared to the approach.
This behavior aligns with the principle of conservation of energy. If the currents generated
opposing magnetic fields in each coil, it would imply creating electrical energy from nothing. In
reality, work is done by the person moving the magnet to overcome arising forces.
 DIRECTION OF INDUCED E.M.F.
FLEMING’S RIGHT-HAND (DYNAMO) RULE

Fleming's right-hand (dynamo) rule serves to illustrate the relative orientations of force, field, and
induced current. By holding the thumb and first two fingers of the right hand at right angles, with
the first finger indicating the magnetic field's direction and the thumb indicating the motion of the
wire, the second finger then points in the direction of the induced current.
To apply this rule, align the first finger with the magnetic field's direction and the thumb with the
motion of the wire. The resulting point indicated by the second finger denotes the direction of the
induced current. It's essential to recognize that the direction of motion corresponds to the force
acting on the conductor.
 A simple AC generator, or alternator, comprises a
rectangular coil positioned between the poles of a
shaped magnet. The coil's ends connect to two slip
rings on the axle, against which carbon brushes
press. Rotation of the coil induces an electromotive
force (emf) as it cuts through magnetic field lines.
Throughout the first quarter rotation, the emf
increases to a maximum when the coil is horizontal,
with sides ab and de cutting the lines at the highest
rate. In the second quarter rotation, the emf
decreases, reaching zero when the coil is vertical with
de uppermost. Subsequently, the e.m.f. direction
reverses during the next half rotation as the motion
of ab turns upwards and de downwards.
This alternating emf, oscillating between two
directions, flows in a circuit connected to the brushes.
The frequency of the alternating current (AC)
corresponds to the number of complete cycles it

A SIMPLE A.C. GENERATOR undergoes per second. For instance, if the coil
rotates at 1 revolution per second, the AC has a
frequency of 2 Hz. The main supply often operates at
an AC frequency of 50 Hz.
 In power stations, multiple coils are arranged in evenly
spaced slots within a soft iron cylinder, and
electromagnets typically replace permanent magnets. The
rotation of electromagnets, referred to as the rotor,
occurs while the coils and their iron core remain stationary,
known as the stator. The substantial electromotive force
(emf) and currents, such as 25 kV at several thousand
amps, induced in the stator are conducted away through
stationary cables to prevent damage to the slip rings from
sparking. The relatively low power required by the rotor is
supplied via the slip rings from a small generator, the
exciter, which shares the same turbine as the rotor.

In a thermal power station the turbine rotates through

high-pressure steam generated by heating water in a coal
or oil-fired boiler or in a nuclear reactor. Alternatively, hot
gas in a gas-fired power station can also drive the turbine.

PRACTICAL GENERATORS
MAGNETIC EFFECT OF A CURRENT
Physicist Hans Christian Oersted was the first to discover
that electric current produces a magnetic field around a wire.
In 1819, Hans Oersted accidentally discovered the magnetic effect of an electric current. His
experiment involved holding a wire over and parallel to a compass needle that is pointing (Figure
4.5.9). The needle moves when the current is applied. Reversing the current causes the needle to
move in the opposite direction.
This accidental discovery revealed that around a wire carrying a current, there is a magnetic
field. Similar to the field due to a permanent magnet, we represent the field due to current by
field lines or lines of force. Arrows on these lines indicate the direction of the field, depicting the
direction in which a pole points. Different field patterns are observed with differently shaped
conductors.
 FIELD DUE TO A
STRAIGHT WIRE
RIGHT-HAND SCREW RULE: IF A RIGHT-HANDED SCREW
MOVES FORWARDS IN THE DIRECTIPN OF ROTATION OF THE
SCREW GIVES THE DIRECTION OF THE MAGNETIC FIELD

When a straight vertical wire is positioned at the center of a

horizontally held card, and a current flows through the wire,
iron filings scattered on the card settle in concentric circles
upon gentle tapping. Compasses, when placed on the card,
align along the direction of the magnetic field at various
points. Reversing the current direction causes the
compasses to point in the opposite direction, indicating a
reversal in the magnetic field's direction.
If the current direction is known, the right-hand screw rule
can be applied to predict the direction of the magnetic field.
 FIELD DUE TO A
CIRCULAR COIL
RIGHT-HAND SCREW RULE: IF A RIGHT-HANDED SCREW
MOVES FORWARDS IN THE DIRECTIPN OF ROTATION OF THE
SCREW GIVES THE DIRECTION OF THE MAGNETIC FIELD

The field pattern of the coil is illustrated in

Figure 4.5.11. At the center of the coil, the
field lines are straight and extend at right
angles to the plane. The right-hand screw
rule, once again, provides the direction of the
field at any given point.
 FIELD DUE TO A
SOLENOID
RIGHT-HAND SCREW RULE: IF A RIGHT-HANDED SCREW
MOVES FORWARDS IN THE DIRECTIPN OF ROTATION OF THE
SCREW GIVES THE DIRECTION OF THE MAGNETIC FIELD

A solenoid, a long cylindrical coil, generates a field akin to

that of a bar magnet. In Figure 4.5.12a, end A functions as a
North pole, and end B as a South pole. Determining polarity
follows the right-hand screw rule applied to a short length
of one solenoid turn. Alternatively, the right-hand grip rule
suggests that if fingers grip the solenoid in the direction of
the current, the thumb points to the North pole. Figure 4.5.12
helps relate the end-on view of the current direction in the
solenoid to its polarity. Compasses can be employed to map
the magnetic field lines around the solenoid.
 Key Definition: Variation of magnetic field strength: The
VARIATION OF
magnetic field weakens with distance from a current-
carrying wire and exhibits variation around a solenoid. MAGNETIC FIELD
Around a current-carrying straight wire, there is a variation
in magnetic field strength—it weakens as the distance from
STRENGTH
the wire increases, evident in the magnetic field lines
spreading apart. Increasing the current through the wire
intensifies the magnetic field, causing the field lines to
converge. When the current direction changes, the magnetic
field reverses.
Within the solenoid depicted, the field lines are closer
together than outside, indicating a stronger magnetic field
inside. Changing the current direction within the solenoid
leads to a reversal of the magnetic field. A solenoid can
have a potent magnetic field by having numerous turns or a
substantial current. Permanent magnets can be created by
allowing molten ferromagnetic metal to solidify in such
fields.
FORCE ON A CURRENT-CARRYING CONDUCTOR
The motor effect is a phenomenon in electromagnetism that
describes the interaction between a current-carrying conductor
and an external magnetic field, resulting in the generation of
mechanical motion. This effect is fundamental to the operation of
electric motors. Here's a detailed explanation:
1. Basic Principle:
When a current flows through a conductor placed in a
magnetic field, a force is exerted on the conductor.
The direction of the force is perpendicular to both the
direction of the current and the direction of the magnetic
field.
2. Fleming's Left-Hand Rule:
This rule is used to determine the direction of the force
acting on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field.
If the thumb, forefinger, and middle finger of the left hand
are held at right angles to each other:
The forefinger (first finger) points in the direction of the
magnetic field.
The thumb points in the direction of the current.
The middle finger (second finger) then points in the
direction of the force experienced by the conductor.
FORCE ON A CURRENT-CARRYING CONDUCTOR
1. Force on a Straight Conductor:
For a straight conductor carrying current in a magnetic
field, the force is given by the formula F = BIL, where:
F is the force on the conductor,
B is the magnetic field strength,
I is the current flowing through the conductor,
L is the length of the conductor in the magnetic field.
2. Force on a Current-Carrying Coil:
In an electric motor, a coil with multiple turns is often used.
The force on each turn contributes to the overall
rotational motion.
The torque (rotational force) produced is given by the
formula τ = BINA, where:
τ is the torque,
B is the magnetic field strength,
I is the current flowing through each turn,
N is the number of turns in the coil,
A is the area enclosed by the coil.
 THE DC MOTOR
When charged particles, such as electrons or ions, move
through a magnetic field, they experience a force known as
the magnetic force. The behavior of charged particles in a
magnetic field is described by the Lorentz force equation.
1. Motion Path:
The force acts as a centripetal force, causing the
charged particle to move in a circular or helical path
perpendicular to the magnetic field lines.

Effect on Trajectory:
The magnetic force does not change the speed of the
charged particle; instead, it alters the direction of motion.

The turning effect increases if:

1. the number of turns on the coil increases
2. the current flowing in the coil increases
3. the strength of the magnetic field increases.
PRACTICAL MOTOR
1. Practical motors have the following features:
(i) A coil of many turns wound on a soft iron cylinder or core
which rotates with the coil. This makes it more powerful. The
coil and core together are called the armature.

[ii] Several coils each in a slot in the core and each having a
pair of commutator segments. This gives increased power
and smoother running. The motor of an electric drill is shown
in Figure 4.5.26.

[iii] An electromagnet (usually) to produce the field in which

the armature rotates.

Most electric motors used in industry are induction motors.

They work off a.c. (alternating current) on a different principle
from the d.c. motor.
TRANSFORMERS
A transformer is a device designed to alter an
alternating voltage, either increasing or decreasing
its magnitude. Comprising a primary coil and a
secondary coil, these coils consist of insulated
wires wound around a complete soft iron core. This
configuration can take the form of both coils
positioned on top of each other (as illustrated in
Figure 4.5.30a) or on separate limbs of the core
(depicted in Figure 4.5.30b). The soft iron core
serves as a crucial component in facilitating the
transformation process within the transformer.
TRANSFORMER EQUATION
The transformer equation relates the alternating voltage induced in
the secondary to the applied voltage in the primary. For a
transformer where all field lines intersect with the secondary, the
equation is expressed as (Primary Voltage)/(Secondary Voltage) =
(Primary Turns)/(Secondary Turns), symbolically represented as
(Vp')/Vs = Np/Ns.
In mathematical terms: Vp′Vs=NpNsVs​Vp′​​=Ns​Np​​
A step-up transformer, as illustrated in Figure 4.5.33a, has more
turns on the secondary than the primary, resulting in Vs being
greater than Vp. For instance, if the secondary (P) has twice as
many turns as the primary, Vs is approximately twice Vp.
Conversely, in a step-down transformer, where there are fewer
turns on the secondary than the primary, Vs is less than Vp (Figure
4.5.33b).
ENERGY LOSSES IN A TRANSFORMER
Energy losses in a transformer result from various factors, affecting its efficiency. If the potential difference
(p.d.) is increased (stepped up), the current is proportionally decreased. In an ideal or 100% efficient
transformer, the power in the primary equals the power in the secondary, represented as Ip * Vp = Is * Vs,
where Ip and Is are the primary and secondary currents, and Vp and Vs are the corresponding potentials.
For an ideal transformer: IsIp=VpVsIpIs​=VsVp​
In practice, small energy losses occur due to:
1. Resistance of Windings: The copper wire windings possess resistance, generating heat as current flows
through them. Larger transformers, like those depicted in Figure 4.5.34, require oil-cooling to prevent
overheating.
Advantages of high-voltage transmission of electricity
1. lower power loss in transmission cables
2. lower currents in cables so thinner/cheaper cables can be used
Power loss in transmission cables occurs due to the inherent resistance, converting electrical energy into
thermal energy during the electricity transmission from the power station to the user. The power loss (P),
represented as thermal energy in cables with resistance (R), is calculated by the formula:
P=I2⋅RP=I2⋅R
To minimize energy losses, it's crucial to keep the current (I) in the cables low. This approach helps in reducing
the heat generated due to resistance and enhances the overall efficiency of the power transmission system.
ENERGY LOSSES IN A TRANSFORMER