Electromagnetic Effects

ELECTROMAGNETIC EFFECTS
Electromagnetic Induction Using a coil and Magnet
 Connect the coil of about 50 turns (insulated) in series with a sensitive meter(galvanometer)
 Move a pole of a bar magnet in and out of the coil and watch the meter.
 Investigate how the direction of the induced current depends on the pole of the magnet used and
the direction of motion of the magnet.
When the magnet is moved in and out the coil cut the lines of force of magnetic field. This induces an
e.m.f (electromotive force) and current flows.
The direction of the induced current, Lenz’s law
The current induced in the coil produces a magnetic pole at the end of the coil which opposes the motion
of the magnet. As the N pole of the magnet approaches, the N pole caused by the induced current in the
coil repels it and thereby opposes the motion. The reverse effect happens when the magnet is moved
away; an S pole caused by a current induced in the opposite direction attracts the magnet’s n pole so
preventing it from moving away.
Conclusion
Lenz’s Law says ‘The direction of the induced current is such as to oppose the change causing it’.
Magnitude of the induced e.m.f (Faraday’s law)
 Induced e.m.f increases when the rate at which the coil cuts magnetic field increases
 Induced e.m.f increases when the strength of the magnet increases
 Induced e.m.f increase when the number of turns of the coil is increased.
ALTERNATING CURRENT GENERATOR (A.C GENERATOR)
The current which is reversing direction periodically is called alternating current. An a.c generator
changes kinetic energy into electrical energy. The output electromotive force is an alternating e.m.f. The
generator consists of a rectangular coil of copper wire which rotates between the poles of a magnet. The
ends of the coil are joined to two SLIP RINGS on the axle. Two carbon brushes press against the slip
rings. Carbon brushes connect the rings to the rest of the circuit. As the coil is rotated, it cuts magnetic
field lines and an e.m.f. is induced in it.
E.m.f varies over one complete rotation. As the coil moves through the vertical position with ab
uppermost, ab and cd are moving along the lines and no cutting occurs. The induced e.m.f is zero. When
the coil is horizontal, the e.m.f produced is greatest because the rate of cutting magnetic field lines is
greatest. Again when the coil is vertical with dc uppermost, the e.m.f. is zero. The direction of e.m.f
reverses because during next half rotation, the motion of ab is directed upwards and dc downwards.
TRANSFORMERS
Mutual Induction: When the current in a coil is switched on or off or changed an e.m.f and a
current is induced in a neighboring coil. This effect is called mutual induction.
When the switch is made on or off, a kick is observed in the galvanometer. A current is induced
in coil 2 when e.m.f around coil 1 changes. Coil 1 is known as primary coil and coil 2 is known
as secondary coil. When the current in primary in primary coil is switched on, the primary coil
acts like an electromagnet and the magnetic field grows( changes) around it. The Changing
magnetic field in primary coil cut secondary coil and an e.m.f is induced in secondary coil. Once
the magnetic field stabilizes around primary coil hence there is no e.m.f in secondary. When the
current in primary is switched off the magnetic field dies (changes) away, the magnetic fields
cuts the secondary coil again and e.m.f is induced.
If an alternating current is flown through the primary coil, the galvanometer in the secondary coil
keeps on deflecting to the left and right all the time. Since the magnetic field around the primary
is continually changing, the e.m.f in the secondary is continuously induced. If an iron core is
placed inside the two coils the magnetic field produced by primary becomes stronger and output
voltage in secondary coil also increases.
TRASFORMER: A transformer changes an alternating voltage to a lower or higher alternating voltage. A
transformer consists of a primary coil a secondary coil and a soft iron core. Input voltage is applied to the
primary coil output voltage taken from the secondary coil.
Step –up Transformer: Output voltage is higher than input voltage. The number of turns in secondary coil
is greater than the number of turns in the primary.
Step-down Transformer: In this type of transformer, the output voltage is lower than the input voltage.
The number of turns in secondary coil is less than the number of turns in the primary coil.
In an ideal transformer (100% efficient) the following equation applies.
Vp Np Is
=
Vs Ns = Ip
Np is No. of turns in the primary coil
Ns is No. of turns in the secondary coil
Vp is primary voltage
Vs is secondary coil
Is is secondary current
Ip is primary current.
TYPES OF TRASFORMERS
ENERGY LOSSES IN A TRASFORMER
(a) Resistance of windings: The windings of copper have some resistance and heat is produced by the
current in them. Thicker wires are used to reduce energy loss.
(b) Eddy currents: The iron core is in a changing magnetic field of the primary coil and eddy currents
are induced in it which causes heating. These are reduced by using a laminated core made of
sheets, insulated from each other to have more resistance.
(c) Leakage of field lines: All the field lines produced by the primary may not ‘cut’ the secondary
coil. This is reduced by closing the air gap in the core.
POWER TRANSMISSION
The voltage is raised by a Step-up transformer at the Power Station. It is lowered by a Step-down
transformer at the village end.
The advantage of transmitting high voltage in power lines is to reduce energy loss due to heating effects
of current. The power (energy) loss is proportional to the square of the current. i.e. P = I 2R .
Note: If the voltage is high the current becomes small.

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ELECTROMAGNETIC EFFECTS

Electromagnetic Induction Using a coil and Magnet

The direction of the induced current, Lenz’s law

Magnitude of the induced e.m.f (Faraday’s law)

ALTERNATING CURRENT GENERATOR (A.C GENERATOR)

In an ideal transformer (100% efficient) the following equation applies.

Np is No. of turns in the primary coil

Ns is No. of turns in the secondary coil

Note: If the voltage is high the current becomes small.

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