Electrical Machinery Generalization

EULOGIO “AMANG” RODRIGUEZ
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Nagtahan, Sampaloc, Manila
Electrical Machinery Generalization

Assignment no.1
John Vincen F. Anastacio

BSEE
October 18, 2020

Date Submitted
Rating
Engr. Emmanuel Morales

(Instructor)
Define a generator

1
GENERATOR- mechanical energy is converted to electrical energy
Motor
MOTOR - it converts electrical

energy to mechanical energy
What is an armature? A
field?
Armature - the laminated steel core containing current-
carrying copper wires the part of an electric machine that
includes the main current carrying winding and in which the
electromotive force is induced.
Field - the electrically conducting circuit, usually a

number of coils wound on individual poles and
connected in series that produces the magnetic field in a
motor or generator.
What are the requirements for generator action? For motor action?
Generator: Presence of magnetic line of force

2
Motion of conductors cutting the flux
Motor: Presence of magnetic lines of force
Current through conductors lying in the magnetic field
State faradays law

The magnitude of generated voltage is directly proportional to the rate at which
conductor cuts magnetic lines of force
How many lines of force must be cut per second if 1 volt is to be generated in a
moving conductor?
1 volt is generated for every 100,000,000 (108) lines cut per second
In an actual generator, what effect has the number of parallel paths in the
armature winding upon the terminal voltage?
The voltage produced by any winding in an armature is described by Faraday’s
Law. A single winding with many turns produces greater voltage, but also more
internal resistance due to the total length of the wire.
Parallel windings reduce the overall voltage but also reduce the internal
resistance. In essence, each becomes a parallel voltage source.
Is the power output of a generator affected by the number of parallel paths in

the armature windings? Give reasons for your answer.
The power is, in theory, the same, exchanging voltage for current, but the
resistance of the load is also a factor in how efficiently power is transferred.
Derive the fundamental voltage equation for the DC generator.

3
Let,
P – number of poles of the machine
ϕ – Flux per pole in Weber.
Z – Total number of armature conductors.
N – Speed of armature in revolution per minute (r.p.m).
A – number of parallel paths in the armature winding.
In one revolution of the armature, the flux cut by one conductor is given as:
Time taken to complete one revolution is given as:
Therefore, the average induced e.m.f in one conductor will be:
Putting the value of (t) from Equation (2) in the equation (3) we will get
4
The number of conductors connected in series in each parallel path = Z/A.
Therefore, the average induced e.m.f across each parallel path or the armature
terminals is given by the equation shown below:
Where n is the speed in revolution per second (r.p.s) and given as:
For a given machine, the number of poles and the number of conductors per
parallel path (Z/A) are constant. Hence, equation (5) can be written as:
Where K is a constant and given as:
5
Therefore, the average induced emf equation can also be written as:
Where K1 is another constant and hence induced emf equation can be written as:
Where ω is the angular velocity in radians/second is represented as:
Thus, it is clear that the induced emf is directly proportional to the speed and flux
per pole. The polarity of induced emf depends upon the direction of the magnetic
field and the direction of rotation. If either of the two is reversed the polarity
changes, but if two are reversed the polarity remains unchanged.
This induced emf is a fundamental phenomenon for all the DC Machines whether
they are working as a generator or motor.
If the DC Machine is working as a Generator, the induced emf is given by the

equation shown below:
6
Where Eg is the Generated Emf
If the DC Machine is working as a Motor, the induced emf is given by the equation
shown below:
In a motor, the induced emf is called Back Emf (Eb) because it acts opposite to

the supply voltage.
What two factors determine the direction of the generated voltage in a

conductor moving through a magnetic field?
 The direction of the flux, which is, of course determined by magnet polarity
• The direction of motion of a conductor or coil
Considering a Dc generator, in what two ways can the polarity (plus and minus)
of the brushes be changed?
In order to change the polarity at the generator terminals, either the direction of
rotation of the generator has to be reversed or the direction of magnetic field has
to be reversed (this can be done by reversing the current in the separately excited
field coil) but not both together. In case permanent magnets are used for
providing the magnetic field, then the reversal of direction of rotation is the only
option.
7
Using the fictitious “rubber band” comparison, explain how the direction of the
generated voltage be determined.
The rubber band effect helps
one to visualize what
happens when current is
induced in the
conductor. A
secondary magnetic field
is set up, which resists the
movement of the
conductor through the
primary field. The
greater the amount of
induced current, the
greater the resistance, and
the more power required to overcome it.
State Lenz’s Law.

The direction of the generated
voltage in the coil is such that it
tends to produce a current flow
opposing a change of flux
through the coil.
Using Lenz’s Law, explain how

the direction of the generated voltage may be determined.
Lenz’s law tells us the direction of this induced current, which opposes the initial
changing magnetic field which produced it. This is signified in the formula for
Faraday’s law by the negative sign (‘–’).
8
This change in the magnetic field may be caused by changing the magnetic field
strength by moving a magnet towards or away from the coil, or moving the coil into
or out of the magnetic field. In other words, we can say that the magnitude of the
EMF induced in the circuit is proportional to the rate of change of flux.

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EULOGIO “AMANG” RODRIGUEZ

INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Electrical Machinery Generalization

John Vincen F. Anastacio

October 18, 2020

Engr. Emmanuel Morales

MOTOR - it converts electrical

Field - the electrically conducting circuit, usually a

Generator: Presence of magnetic line of force

State faradays law

Is the power output of a generator affected by the number of parallel paths in

Derive the fundamental voltage equation for the DC generator.

P – number of poles of the machine

ϕ – Flux per pole in Weber.

Z – Total number of armature conductors.

N – Speed of armature in revolution per minute (r.p.m).

A – number of parallel paths in the armature winding.

Time taken to complete one revolution is given as:

Therefore, the average induced e.m.f in one conductor will be:

Where K is a constant and given as:

Where ω is the angular velocity in radians/second is represented as:

If the DC Machine is working as a Generator, the induced emf is given by the

In a motor, the induced emf is called Back Emf (Eb) because it acts opposite to

What two factors determine the direction of the generated voltage in a

State Lenz’s Law.

Using Lenz’s Law, explain how

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