MATTHEW COBBINAH 0547900989 matthew.cobbinah@cauc-ghana.edu.gh profmatthew.2020@gmail.com COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND ARCHITECTURE (COA) RECOMMENDED BOOK
WILLIAM, STALLINGS. "COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND
ARCHITECTURE: DESIGNING FOR PERFORMANCE." (2010). ASSESSMENT:
1. Class test = 15mks
2. Assignment(s)-= 20mks 3. Attendance-= 5mks 4. Final Exam= 60mks TOTAL (1+2+3+4) = 100mks PART 1
OVERVIEW OF COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND ARCHITECTURE
WHAT IS COMPUTER DESIGN?
Computer design means changing the structure or function of
computers in one area to compensate for a performance mismatch in another area. WHAT IS A COMPUTER SYSTEM?
A computer system, like any system, consists of an interrelated set
of components. The system is best characterized in terms of structure—the way in which components are interconnected, and function—the operation of the individual components. WHAT IS COMPUTER ORGANIZATION?
Computer organization refers to the operational units and their
interconnections that realize the architectural specifications. Is the way the hardware components are inter-connected to form a computer system. Examples of Computer Organization Attributes: Control signals Interfaces between the computer and peripherals Memory technology being used WHAT IS COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE?
Refers to those attributes that have a direct impact on the logical
execution of a program. It also refers to those attributes of a system visible to a programmer It is often used interchangeably with Instruction Set Architecture (ISA). WHAT IS COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE?
The ISA defines instruction formats, instruction opcodes, registers,
instruction and data memory; the effect of executed instructions on the registers and memory; and an algorithm for controlling instruction execution. WHAT IS COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE?
Examples of Computer Architecture Attributes:
Instruction set Number of bits used to represent various data types (e.g. numbers, characters) I/O mechanisms Memory addressing techniques SO WHAT IS COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND ARCHITECTURE?
COA is a study about the structure and function of computers.
(i.e., the nature and characteristics of modern-day computer systems) COA is meant to provide thorough discussion of the fundamentals of computer organization and architecture and to relate these to contemporary design issues. SO WHAT IS COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND ARCHITECTURE?...
COA: concerned with the structure and behavior of various
functional modules (hardware & software) of a digital computer and how they interact to meet users’ requirements. COA
For example; It is an architectural design issue whether a computer will have an add instruction. But it is an organizational design issue whether that instruction will be implemented by a special add unit So, the fact that an add instruction is available is a computer architecture issue, and how that add instruction is implemented is a computer organization issue. COA
Many computer manufacturers offer a family of computer models, all with the same architecture but with differences in organization Th effect is that different models in the family will have different price and performance characteristics. So, a particular architecture can span many years and encompass a number of different computer models, while its organization will be changing with changing technology PART 2
GENERAL FUNCTIONS AND STRUCTURE OF DIGITAL COMPUTERS
GENERAL FUNCTIONS AND STRUCTURE OF DIGITAL COMPUTERS:
Computers are complex systems, with over millions of elementary electronic
components To describe their complexities, is to recognize their hierarchical nature, either from a top-down approach or from a bottom-up approach. However, the top-down approach is the clearest and most effective approach. A hierarchical system consists of a set of interrelated subsystems, with each of the subsystems, in turn, hierarchical in structure until we reach some lowest level of elementary subsystem GENERAL FUNCTIONS AND STRUCTURE OF DIGITAL COMPUTERS:
The designer need only deal with a particular level of the system at a time. At each level, the designer is concerned with the structure and the function Structure: The way the individual components are interrelated Function: The operation of each individual component as part of the structure BASIC FUNCTION OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM
Computers basically perform four functions
1. Data processing: Data may take a wide variety of forms, and the range of processing requirements is broad. 2. Data storage: the computer must temporarily store data that are being worked on at any given moment. (short-term data storage function) and also a store the date for subsequent retrieval and update (long-term data storage function). BASIC FUNCTION OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM Computers basically perform four functions… 3. Data movement: The computer’s operating environment consists of devices that serve as either sources or destinations of data. Input–output (I/O) process: when data is received from or delivered to a device (peripheral) directly connected to the computer Data communications process: when data are moved over longer distances, to or from a remote device 4. Control: Within the computer, a control unit manages the computer’s resources and orchestrates the performance of its functional parts in response to instructions. MAIN STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER
There are four main structural components of a traditional single
processor computer MAIN STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER
Structure 1. Central processing unit (CPU): Controls the operation of the computer and performs its data processing functions; often simply referred to as processor. 2. Main memory: Stores data. 3. I/O: Moves data between the computer and its external environment. 4. System interconnection: Some mechanism that provides for communication among CPU, main memory, and I/O. A common example of system interconnection is by means of a system bus, consisting of a number of conducting wires to which all the other components attach. THE CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)
The CPU is the portion of a computer that fetches and executes instructions. The CPU is known as the processor in a system with a single processing unit.
Processor is a physical piece of silicon containing one or more cores.
The processor is the computer component that interprets and executes instructions. THE CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)
Modern computers come with increasing use of multiple processors in a single
computer When these processors all reside on a single chip, the term multicore computer is used If a processor contains multiple cores, it is referred to as a multicore processor. Each processing unit (consisting of a control unit, ALU, registers, and perhaps cache) is called a core. So a Core is an individual processing unit on a processor chip. A core may be equivalent in functionality to a CPU on a single-CPU system THE CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU) Major Structural Component of the CPU THE CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)
Major Structural Component of the CPU
1. Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU): Performs data processing functions.
2. Control unit: Controls CPU operation and hence the computer. 3. Registers: Provides internal storage to the CPU. 4. CPU interconnection: Some mechanism that provides for communication among the control unit,ALU, and registers. COMPUTER STRUCTURE IN PICTURE T FOR THANKS
