Formulation And Evaluation Of Novel Herbal

Toothpaste In Oral Care Cosmetology

Sobia Gul Salman1, Syed Waleed Ahmed Bokhari2 ,Hira Ahmed3 ,Uzma Asad4, Sara Naqvi5,
Rubab Kiran6, Saira Faraz Shah7, Syed Umer Gilani8, Asma Noor9 ,Safia Abidi10 and Sumreen Mujahid11

1.Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences.

University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan.
2. Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, Karachi, Pakistan.
3.Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy ,Hamdard University,Karachi, Pakistan 4.Department of Pharmacognosy,
Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences.
University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan.
5. Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Iqra University.
6. Department of Pharmacognosy, SBB Dewan University.
7.Department of Pharmacy, Nazeer Hussain University ,Karachi, Pakistan.
8.Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan.
9. Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University. Karachi, Pakistan.
10.Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences.
University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan.
11.Department Of Pharmacology, Baqai Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan.
DOI: 10.47750/pnr.2022.13.S10.271

Oral hygiene is essential to a person's overall health. To develop an oral care cosmeceutical as tooth whitening formulation, propane
extract of whole peel (WBP) and inner peel of banana (BPI) Musa paradisiaca L. were prepared and evaluated for their
phytoconstituents. The extracts (WBP) and (BPI) were then used to prepare teeth whitening formulations T2 and T3. The
formulations were evaluated with respect to their physico-chemical parameters, stability studies and in-vitro cosmeceutical use as
tooth whitening agents in comparison with the commercial standard formulation T4. Statistical results are expressed as : Mean ±
S.E.M (n=10), the values *P≤0.05 is significant as compared to placebo,
**P≤0.01 is very significant as compared to placebo, ***P≤0.001 is highly significant as compared to placebo.

Keywords : Oral hygiene, oral care cosmeceutical, teeth whitening formulation, (Musa paradisiaca L.)

Introduction
Cosmeceutical products are based on natural substances which acts as drugs with beautifying effects. Plant-derived
biologically active ingredients are mainly used for their non-toxic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, and
antibacterial properties. They are mostly incorporated in formulations due to their phytoconstituents like polyphenols,
flavonoids, vitamins and minerals which provide nourishment to the body and protect against various diseases (Lee
et al., 2017). The toxic and harmful effects of chemicals have increased public awareness of the use of natural
products, and the ancient use of herbal remedies has led to the development of cosmetics. As the market is growing
rapidly, so too is the need for further development, research and development in this industry (Gonzalez & Bravo,
2018).

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The incorporating of bio-constituent required standardization, evaluation, and isolation of active components, their
useful healing and poisonous consequences must be studied to make certain the claimed beautifying and therapeutic
effects. Most of the cosmeceutical preparations are fruit based, that have a number of useful effects on skin in addition
to on health. Dental appearance is an crucial component of facial splendor and it is able to have an effect on a person`s
assumption approximately one`s characteristics. Oral care products have been categorized as cosmeceuticals as they
have healthy and therapeutic effects and maintain oral hygiene.
Traditionally people used natural products to keep their teeth clean and freshen their breath (Vranic et al.,2004).

Oral hygiene reflects an individual's overall health, and teeth are important structures within the oral cavity, not only
necessary for chewing and speaking, but also for individual personality and social interactions in society. Dull teeth
reduce self-confidence and prevent a person from interacting in society with confidence. Healthy, shiny, white teeth
create a comfortable and attractive smile and help people socialize. It plays an important role in facilitating exchanges.
(Ellakany et al.2021) To overcome these problems, the use of natural toothpastes that are safe for human health and
do not damage tooth enamel are effective.
There are various treatment in cosmetic dentistry to remove dullness of teeth but teeth whitening is a simple and less
expensive method of smile improvement. There are several whitening toothpaste available in the market which
contains abrasive and bleaching chemicals. They
provide whiteness to teeth but damage the superficial enamel layer of teeth resulting in increases sensitivity of teeth
(Oluwasina et.al.,2018). More over the use of colouring agents, flavoring agents, which are petrochemicals in
commercial toothpaste are harmful for human health (Sekar and Ariffin, 2016). To overcome these problems the use
of tooth paste of natural origin is effective as it is safe for human health and do not damage the teeth enamel. The
peels of banana (Musa paradisiaca Linn) is effective for teeth whitening when apply locally on teeth. The plant family
Musaceae, comprised of bananas, plantains and ornamental bananas, grows in more than 140 countries of tropical
and subtropical regions .The annual world production of banana is about 145 million tons (Rehman et al., 2018).
Musaceae includes two genera Ensete and Musa and 42 different species. Among these 42 species 32 of belonging to
Musa genera. Currently, about 1200 varieties of bananas have been identified (Pushpaveni et al., 2019). Musa
paradisiaca L. (Banana) is a main fruit crop of Pakistan and total production is approx. 154800 tonnes yearly. About
87% of total production is obtained from Sindh province because of moderate climatic conditions. The most important
growing areas of the province of Sindh, including Hyderabad, Thatta, Nawabshah, Noeshero , Badin, Mirpurkhas,
Sanghar, and Khairpur (Rehman et al.,2018). The main varieties grown in Pakistan include the Dwarf Cavendish
(Barsai) 98%, the Grand Naine (1.00%), William hybrid (6.66 %), B1 (1.00%), W-11 (1.00%) (Memom et
al.,2015).Various part of the banana plants like roots, leaves, flowers, fruit , peel have been used for different types
of medicinal purposes for example, leaf juice is use to treat flesh winds cuts and insects bites also it acts as an
arbortifacient. Sap of the plants used in the treatment of diarrhea, dysentery, hysteria and epilepsy. The root is used
to treat general disease and anemia. It also has been notified to use as antiscorbutic, aphrodisiac, and diuretic. Banana
stem extracts had been suggested to be beneficial properties for the treatment of high blood pressure and kidney
disease (Kibria et al.,2019). The mature full ripen fruit consist relatively large proportion of peel which is about 80,
40, 30% of fresh weight of juvenile and considered as plant waste (Pareek, 2016). Studies have showed its anti-
bacterial anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, antioxidant, anti-hypertensive, wound healing activity and has been used
for the treatment of anemia, diabetics, insects bites and inflammation since ancient times (Lavanya et al.,2016; Kumar
et al.,2012). Banana peel is a rich source of starch (3%), crude protein (6-9%), crude fat (3.8-11%), total dietary fiber
(43.2-49.7%), polyunsaturated fatty acids particularly linoleic acid and a-linolenic acid, pectin, essential amino acids
like leucine, valine, phenylalanine and threonine (Mohapatra et al.,2010). They also contain neurotransmitters, such
as norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine and vitamins B6, B12 (Lustikasiwi et al.,2021). Minerals like potassium (78.1
mg), calcium (19.20 mg), sodium (24.30 mg), iron (0.61mg), manganese (76.20mg), bromine (0.04 mg), radium
(0.21mg), strontium (0.03mg), zirconium
(0.02 mg) and niobium (0.02 mg) found in the banana peel (Thomas and Krishnakumar, 2017).

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2.Materials and methods

2.1 Collection and identification of banana fruit specie

The clean ripe bananas had been bought from a near by market and identified . The sample was kept at the herbarium
of Dept. of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of Karachi.

2.2 Extraction

For banana peel extraction, the technique described by Bobby Gene Edward (Gene, 1999) was adapted with some
modifications. The whole banana peel and the inner banana peel were coarsely chopped and placed separately in glass
jars with 70% isopropyl alcohol (propanol) at a ratio of 4.5 ml of solvent per g of peel. Then mix directly into the
slurry using an electronic mixer. The resulting yellow supernatant turned tan and then dark black as the reaction
progressed. Each slurry (whole banana peel and inside banana peel) was allowed to react for 72 hours. The suspension
was filtered through a sieve and dried on a rotary evaporator at 60°C. Semi-solid banana whole peel extract (WBP)
and banana internal pericarp extract (BPI) were stored in amber jars and refrigerated at 40 °C for further use.

2.3 Taxonomical classification

Kingdom Plantae

Division Liliopsida

Order Zingiberales

Genus Musaceae

Species Musa paradisiaca L.

(Imam and Akhter , 2011)

2.4 Phytochemical analysis

The WBP extract and BPI extract were analysed for alkaloids, anthraquinones, carbohydrates, flavonoids, fixed oils,
glycosides, phenols, proteins, quinones, saponins, sterols, tannins according to standard procedures

2.5 Whitening toothpaste formulation

The extracts were used to prepare toothpaste formulations named as

• T1( placebo )

• T2 (whole banana peel or WBP)

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• T3 (inner banana peel or BPI)
Table 1: Composition of whitening toothpaste formulation T1 (placebo), T2 (WBP), T3 (BPI) 50 g

Contents Function T1 T2 T3

Calcium carbonate(g) Filler/abrasive 10 10 10

Methylparaben(g) preservative 0.25 0.25 0.25

Propylparaben(g) preservative 0.125 0.125 0.125

Glycerine(g) Humectant 2.5 2.5 2.5

Sodium chloride(g) Anti caries 0.1 0.1 0.1

Sodium lauryl Foaming agent 5 5 5

sulphate(g)

Parahydoxyl benzoic Preservative/anti 5 5 5

acid(g)
-mold

Rose water(ml) Vehicle q.s to make paste q.s to make paste q.s to make paste

Banana peel extract Active ingredient _ (WBP)extract (BPI)extract

0 5 5

Note : q.s - quantity sufficient

2.4.1 Preparation

The composition of whitening toothpaste formulation, T1 (placebo) ,T2 whole banana peel (WBP) , T3 banana inner
peel (BPI) (50 g) is mentioned in Table 1.
Triturate methyl-paraben 0.25 g with 0.125g of propyl-paraben then added 2.5 g of glycerin and mixed well .
Calcium carbonate 10 g and 0.1 g of sodium chloride were added and mixed well to form a paste. T1 placebo does
not have an active ingredient while in T2, 5g of WBP extract was added and in T3, 5g of BPI extract was added. Rose
water was added to obtained the desired consistency (Sekar and Ariffin, 2016).

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2.4.2 Quality and stability

2.4.2.1 Organoleptic evaluation

The organoleptic tests included (color, taste, texture, odor) were performed with a sensory and visual impression of
formulations ( International Standards ISO 11609 ,1995)
2.4.2.2 Determination of pH

5 g of a sample of toothpaste diluted with 45 ml distilled water placed in a beaker of 150 ml. Shake well until
suspension formed, Measured the pH with the help of a pH meter within five minutes (International Standards ISO
11609 ,1995)
2.4.2.3 Storage stability

The formulated toothpastes ( T1, T2 and T3) were filled in flexible plastic tubes and stored for 15 days and 45 days
at 0, 25, 400C. The tooth paste were squeezed out from the tubes and observed if the phases were separated in the
toothpaste formulations (International Standards ISO 11609 ,1995)

2.5 Evaluation of whitening effects

In-vitro studies were performed for 15 days, after ethical approval IBC KU-170/2021 was obtained from the
Institutional Bioethical Committee of University of Karachi. Forty specimens of bovine teeth were selected for the
study. The specimens were divided into four groups as T1,
T2, T3, and T4, each group containing 10 teeth.
2.5.1 Procedure

The procedure adopted by Kallith (Kallith et al., 2018) was followed with slight modification. Teeth of group T1 were
treated with whitening toothpaste T1 (placebo), group T2 with T2 (WBP) toothpaste, group T3 with T3 (BPI) and
group T4 with T4 (commercial standard) formulation . Before treatment all tooth specimens were examined for their
shade with the 3M Filtex Z250 Universal Restorative Shade Guide. Pre-process tooth shade was recorded on day 1
prior to brushing. The teeth were kept in distilled water during the study. Each sample was cleaned twice a day for 1
minute, with a tooth paste specific for particular group, with a soft-bristled toothbrush, and then washed with tap
water and stored in distilled water . The procedure was followed every day till the end of the study, and changes in
tooth shade were observed. After 15 days, teeth were again checked for shade and recorded after brushing. Tooth
shade changes at day 15 were compared with day 1 tooth shade with the 3M Filtex Z250 Universal Restorative Shade
Guide for all groups. The observed changes were recorded as the result. The study was aimed to verify the
effectiveness of whole banana peel and internal banana peel as a teeth-whitening agent formulated into toothpaste. 3
Results
The current research was carried out to explore phytoconstituents and cosmeceutical activity of inner and whole peel
of banana ( Musa Paradisiaca L.) as a tooth whitening agent.

3.1 Phytochemical analysis

Table-2: Phytochemical analysis of whole peel extract and inner peel extract
Test Procedure Extract(WBP) Extract(BPI)

-Alkaloid- 1-Dragendorff‟s test ( -) (-)

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 2-Wagner‟s test ( -) (-)

-Anthraquinoneglycoside- 1-Hydroxyanthraquinone (+) (-)

-Carbohydrates- 1-Molisch‟s test (+) (+)

2-Iodine test (+) (+)

3-Fehling‟s test (+) (+)

1-Alkaline reagent test (+) (+)

-Flavonoid- 2-Sulphuric acid test (+) (+)

3-Lead acetate test (-) (+)

-Fixed oil & Fat- 1-Biuret‟s test (+) (+)

-Glycosides- 1-Keller Killani test (-) (-)

2-Salkowski‟s test (+) (+)

-Phenols- 1-Ferric chloride test (-) (-)

-Proteins- 1-Biuret‟s test (-) (-)

2-Quinones test (-) (-)

-Saponins- 1-Foam test (-) (-)

-Sterols- 1-Salkowski‟s test (+) (+)

2-Acetic Acid test (-) (-)

-Tannins- 1-Ferric chloride test (-) (+)

-Terpenoids- 1-Salkowski‟s test (+) (+)

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Note: WBP (whole banana peel), BPI (banana peel inner), (+)positive result, ( -)negative result

3.2 Quality control and stability

The formulation T1, T2, and T3 were evaluated for storage stability and consistency. T2 (WBP) showed the phase
instability at all temperatures after 15 days and 45 days while formulation T1 and T3 (BPI) remained stable after 15
and 45 days at all temperatures

Table-3: Evaluation of quality and stability of formulation T1, T2, T3 ( 50g).

Parameters Results

T1 T2 T3

pH 8.35 8.31 8.1

Color White Grey Dull white

Taste Saline Saline Saline

Odor Odorless Pleasant ( banana) Pleasant (banana)

Texture Smooth Smooth Smooth

Storage After 15 days After 15 days After 15 days

stability
At 00C solid and liquid phase At 00C solid and liquid At 00C solid and
were phase were liquid phase were stable
stable unstable

At 250 C no phases At 250 C phases At 250 C no

separated separated phases separated

At 450 C no phases At 450 C phases At 450 C no

separated separated phases separated

After 45 days After 45 days After 45 days

At 00C no phases At 00C phases At 00C no

separated separated phases separated

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 At 250 C no phases At 250 C phases At 250 C no

separated separated phases separated

At 450 C no phases At 450 C phases At 450 C no

separated separated phases separated

3.3 Evaluation of whitening effects

Composition performance is limited to the basis of its whitening effects using the 3M Filtex

Z250 universal restorative shade guide. The observed changes in tooth shade by groups T1, T2,

T3, and T4 are listed in Table # 4. Change in tooth shade was recorded as 'yes' and numbered as 1 = Yes and marked
'No' with no shade changes and expressed as 0 = No. At the end of the study, the formulation T1 (placebo) showed
no whitening effects, T2 (WBP) and T4 (standard) showed whitening effect, while T3 (BPI) showed the most
significant teeth whitening in comparision to the rest of three formulations. Scores obtained (Table # 4) were provided
for
SPSS operations and statistical analysis using "ANOVA". Outcomes are expressed as, Mean ± SEM and number of
teeth (n = 10), p values of * P ≤ 0.05 are considered significant as compared to placebo, ** P ≤ 0.01 is more significant
compared to placebo, *** P ≤ 0.001 is significantly higher compared to placebo. Changes in dental shade in groups
are listed in Table # 5. The above results represent the formulations T2, T3 and T4 indicates the most significant
values as compared to placebo.

Before treatment

After treatment

Figure -1: Whitening effects of T1 (placebo)

Before treatment

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After treatment

Figure -2: Whitening effects of T2 (WBP)

Before treatment

After treatment

Figure -3: Whitening effects of T3 (BPI)

Before treatment

After treatment

Figure-4: Whitening effects of T4 (standard)

Table -4: Comparison of teeth shade (before procedure and after procedure)

Tooth Group (T1 ) Group (T2 ) Group (T3 ) Group (T4 )

number

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 Before After Score Before After Score Before After Score Before After Score

1 B3 C2 0 A A1 1 A A1 1 B4 B1 1

2 A B3 0 B3 B2 1 C2 B2 1 A2 B2 1

3 A A 0 B3 B2 1 A B2 1 C1 B3 1

4 B3 A3 0 C2 C2 0 B3 B2 1 A4 A2 1

5 B4 B4 0 A A1 1 C2 A1 1 D4 D2 1

6 A A 0 A A2 1 A A2 1 B4 B2 1

7 A C2 0 B3 UD 1 C2 UD 1 C1 B1 1

8 C2 C2 0 B2 B2 0 A B2 1 B2 B2 0

9 A3 A3 0 B3 B2 1 B3 B2 1 C2 UD 1

10 C2 C2 0 C2 UD 1 A UD 1 B2 B2 0

Note: Group T1 :( placebo), Group T2: test (WBP), Group T3: test (BPI),

Group T4 : ( commercial standard) Before : day1, After : day 15 Score Yes =1, No=0

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 10

10
8 8
6
4
2
0 0
T1 T2 T3 8
Groups T4

Note : Score T1-0, T2-8, T3-10, T4-8.

Figure 5: Graphical representation of groups scores

Table-5: The comparison of teeth shade by “ ANOVA” test

Group Treatment Pre procedure (day-1) Post procedure (day-15)

placebo T1 0.00±0.00 0.00±0.00

Standard** T4 1.00±0.00*** 1.00±0.00***

Test*** T2 0.80±0.13*** 0.80±0.13***

T3 1.00±0.00*** 1.00±0.00***

*P ≤ 0.05 significant as compared to placebo , **Commercial whitening toothpaste

**P ≤ 0.01 very significant as compared to placebo,

***P ≤ 0.001 highly significant as compared to placebo.

values are expressed as Mean ± S.E.M,

Mean difference is significant at 0.05 level (P<0.05, Tukey‟s test ) analysed by one-way analysis of variance
(ANOVA)

4 Discussion

Plants are rich in many valuable chemical constituents that are used as phytopharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals and
cosmeceuticals. Current research studies have developed and evaluated the use of Musa paradisiaca L. peels in the
formulation of toothpaste as whitening agents for removal of plaque and stains , which are the main factors of negative
effects on a person's appearance. For this purpose, Musa paradisiaca L. peel extracts was evaluated for its
phytoconstituents then incorporated in toothpaste formulation for the evaluation of its whitening effect.

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 The phytochemical studies shows, the presence of carbohydrates, flavonoids, fixed oils, anthraquinones, glycosides,
sterols, and terpenoid in crude propanoic whole peel extract of Musa paradisiaca L., while the phytochemical
screening of propanoic inner peel extract of Musa paradisiaca L reveals the presence of carbohydrates, flavonoids,
fixed oils, glycosides, sterols, tannins, and terpenoids .The results are shown in Table #2.
The оrgаnоleрtiс аssessment and stability studies of cosmeceutical whitening toothpaste formulation were carried
out according to the International Standards ISO 11609 (1995) to ensure that, the formulated toothpastes products
have good quality, high efficacy, and well stable for the development and product improvement. In the current study,
toothpastes formulations T1, T2, and T3 are taken into consideration for stability study for 45 days to observe the
consistency of paste and their storage stability. It was observed that toothpaste formulation T2 which is made up of
whole banana peel extract (WBP) show change in consistency at 15 days and at 45 days there is complete phase
separation occurs. While the T1(placebo) and T3 made from the inner peel of banana (BPI) remains stable up to 45
days at all temperatures, and there is no change in toothpaste consistency observe. Results of quality and stability of
toothpastes formulations were mentioned in Table # 3.
Tooth shade is one of the most important factors for contentment with dental appearance (Tin-Oo et al., 2011). Pearly
white teeth give a pleasing smile and confidence to an individual while discolored and dull teeth lead to
disappointment with dental appearance. In cosmetic dentistry, there are various method to improve the patient
compliance with dental appearance but the teeth whitening is the most cheapest and easy way to improve confidence
with smile. (Tin-Oo et al., 2011). Commercial whitening toothpastes contains chemical whitening ingredients which
remove stain on the teeth by damaging the teeth surface. The commonly used whitening ingredients in commercial
toothpastes available in the market are dimethicones, sodium bicarbonate, aluminium hydroxide, and bleaching
agents such as hydrogen peroxide, carbamide peroxide (Vranic et al.,2004). which cause irritation of oral mucosa in
small quantity and burning sensation in large quantity. The abrasive ingredients like calcium carbonate (CaCO 3),
silica, aluminium hydroxide damage the enmel and cause sensitivity of teeth. The flavouring agents used in
toothpastes are synthetic and chemically produced that are commonly derived from petrochemicals. Due to these
drawbacks people are more intrested towards the use of toothpaste of natural origin (Sekar and Ariffin, 2016). In the
current study, the in-vitro method as adopted by (Kalliath et al 2018) was adopted with slight modification. The whole
study was based on 15 days duration in which twice a day brushing was done on individual teeth. Three toothpaste
formulations were designed as T1(Placebo), T2(WBP) and T3(BPI). A commercial toothpaste formulation was taken
as T4 (standard). During the whole duration of the study the change in enamel shade of individual tooth was observed
as shown in Figure-1, Figure-2, Figure-3, and Figure- 4. BothT2 and T3 formulation shown the lighting in teeth shade
when checking with the 3M Filtex Z250 universal restorative shade guide and also when compared with the
T1(placebo) brushed teeth. Results were mentioned in Table-4. The change in teeth shade was recorded as „Yes‟ for
shade change and numerically written as (1=Yes) and considered „No‟ for no shade change, numerically as (0=No)
The changes in teeth shade are graphically represented. The scores obtained were subjected to SPSS statistical package
for social sciences (SPSS Inc. Released
2014, officially called IBM for windows version :16.0) and statistically analyzed using Analysis of Varience
“ANOVA” test. At the end of the studies, formulation T1 (placebo) showed no whitening effects. Formulation
T2(WBP) and T4(standard) showed significant whitening effects, while formulation T3 (BPI) showed more
significant whitening effects as compare to all three formulations. The results are statistically expressed as : Mean ±
S.E.M (n=10), the values *P≤0.05 is significant as compared to placebo, **P≤0.01 is very significant as compared
to placebo, ***P≤0.001 is highly significant as compared to placebo. The changes in the shade of teeth in groups
were mentioned statistically in Table #5 and graphically represented in Figure-5. The statistical results represented
that formulatons T2(WBP) and T3 (BPI) and T4 (standard) show highly significant values as compare to placebo.

5.Conclusion

Banana peel is an abundant source of potassium, calcium and magnesium, that are essential for healthy and strong
teeth. It is also effective in whitening teeth. The natural ingredients of banana peel can replace the toxic and abrasive

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effects of whitening chemicals used in commercial whitening toothpaste as well as provide strength and nourishment
to the teeth. For the long life and brightness of teeth, chemical products should be substituted by natural-based
products. In this 15-days in- vitro study, the formulated whitening toothpaste T2 and T3 showed a remarkable
whitening effect on teeth. In the comparison of T2 and T3, formulation T3 is more effective and stable in terms of
consistency and stability. The formulated whitening toothpaste T3 showed more significant whitening and brightness
of teeth as compared to formulated whitening toothpaste T2. The results of present studies concluded that:
Banana inner and whole peel extract had an excellent safety profile and were used as neutraceutical, cosmeceutical,
and pharmaceutical agents. Banana inner peel extract toothpaste is more effective and stable as compared to the whole
peel extract toothpaste and could be used in whitening tooth paste formulation and also considered as nutri-cosmetic
as it derived form natural source provide nutrition to the teeth with cosmetic effect. It reduce the adverse effect of
chemical and synthetic flavouring agents, as banana has its own fruity smell. Banana peel had an excellent future in
terms of personal care, therefore further research studies are required to explore the necessary mechanism of action
against various human ailments and produce safe and effective product

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