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    EM Waves 1

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    Gauri

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    EM Waves 1

    Uploaded by

    Gauri
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    4. EM waves 1

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    EM Waves 1

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    UPH013

    Electromagnetic waves
    VECTOR CALCULUS
    1 FIELD (Scalar and Vector fields)…
    2 Gradient of a scalar field
    3 Divergence of a vector field
    4 Curl of a vector field
    5 Laplacian of a scalar field
    6 Integral calculus of vectors
    7 Gauss’s divergence theorem
    8 Stokes’s theorem

    Dr. Prabal Pratap Singh Bhadauria


    Department of Physics and Material Science
    1. FIELD ???
    Field is the region of influence by source of the effect.
    In other words the field is a multi dimensional function. This
    function may be scalar to give scalar field or it may be a vector to
    give vector field.
    FIELD ???
    T(x,y,z) forms a scalar field
    2. GRADIENT OF A SCALAR field
    T1(x,y,z) is the temperature at P1(x,y,z),
    T2(x+dx,y+dy,z+dz) is the temperature at P2(x+dx,y+dy,z+dz)
    Gradient and ‘del operator’
    As one of the example you may think of a hill. The
    height H(x,y) of the hill is a function of two
    coordinates say x and y.
    𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
    ∇𝐻 = ı̂ + ȷ̂ + k 𝐻
    𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

    “del” operator

    Vector operator

    The direction of maximum variation


    (slope) of field is the direction of
    gradient of field.
    DIVERGENCE OF A VECTOR

    Illustration of the divergence of a vector field at point P:

    Positive Negative Zero


    Divergence Divergence Divergence

    Ax Ay Az


    A   
    x y z
    CURL OF A VECTOR
    For Cartesian coordinate: iˆ ˆj kˆ
      
    A 
    x y z
    Ax Ay Az
    CURL OF A VECTOR

    The curl of the vector field is concerned with rotation of the


    vector field. Rotation can be used to measure the uniformity of
    the field, the more non uniform the field, the larger value of
    curl.
    Gradient: Vector

    Divergence: Scalar

    Curl: Vector

    Higher order derivatives


    𝟐

    𝟐
    𝟐

    𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
    Integral calculus of vectors

    𝑽. 𝒅ℓ over a path ‘l’,


    LINE INTEGRAL

    or 𝑽. 𝒅𝑺 over a surface ‘S’,


    SURFACE INTEGRAL 𝑽. 𝒅𝑺

    or 𝑇𝑑𝜏
    over a volume ‘τ’.
    VOLUME INTEGRAL

    Closed integrals

    Example
    of Line integral is the work
    of surface integral is flux
    of volume integral is total charge in a volume
    DIVERGENCE OF A VECTOR
    The divergence of a vector A at a given point P is the outward
    flux per unit volume:

    If the divergence of a
    vector A vanishes in
    space it is known to be
    solenoidal.
    CURL OF A VECTOR
    The curl of vector A is an axial (rotational) vector whose magnitude is the
    maximum circulation of A per unit area tends to zero and whose direction
    is the normal direction of the area when the area is oriented so as to
    make the circulation maximum.

     A  dl 
       
    Curl A    A   lim s â n max
     s 0 s 
     

    If the curl of a vector A


    vanishes in space it is
    known to be irrotational.
    The integral of a derivative of a function over an interval is equal to the value
    of that function at the boundary or the extremities of the interval.
    The boundary of a volume is a
    closed surface, that of a surface is
    a closed line. But the boundary of
    a line is just two points.

    Gauss’s divergence theorem Stoke’s theorem

    It states that the total outward The circulation of a vector field


    flux of vector field at the closed around a closed path L is equal to
    surface is same as volume the surface integral of the curl of
    integral of divergence of the field.
    over the surface S bounded by L.

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