Mechanics Drone Fair

Youth Leadership Program

1 2

4
5 30

Standing Desks
Type Price Weight (kg) Height Adjusting Color
A $170 9 Electric Walnut
B $149 9.5 Electric Black
C $145 10 Manual Walnut
D $130 10.5 Manual White
E $120 12 Electric Black

I’d love to, but I lost my umbrella.

That’s too bad, but we can come back later.
No. First, we should check the weather forecast.
I love rainy days, so I don’t mind going for a walk.
The ground will be muddy, so let’s go in the afternoon.

I don’t think so. It’s not worth reading twice.

Go check there. Maybe they’re keeping it for you.
You’ve finally found your textbook. What a relief!
Can you lend me your science textbook? I left it at home.
$450 $540 $675 $750 $810 Your science report was great. Please give me writing tips.
 Dear Mayor Stinson,
Woman: I am a long-time resident of Sunnydale and appreciate the
I think it’s your turn to do the dishes. redevelopment projects the city has taken on in the past few
I agree. It’s too small for large pans and plates. years. But I feel that the intersection of Lark Avenue has been
poorly designed. There are simply too many different signals,
I’ve already measured my kitchen. I think it will fit. and I’ve seen many near-accidents because people were
Great. I didn’t know those models were so efficient. confused about which light to look at. I wrote a letter to the
I’m afraid I can’t afford to pay the additional energy bill. Public Works department two months ago. Although I
received a letter of acknowledgement, it seems like the
problem hasn’t actually been addressed. The problem with
traffic signals may seem trivial; however, this issue affects the
safety of every driver, cyclist, or pedestrian who uses that
intersection, and I hope you make this issue a top priority.
Sincerely,
Man: Jane Smith
I agree. Let’s go check out other furniture stores.
* acknowledgement:
Good point. I’ll find a salesperson and buy it now.
We don’t have to. Not all expensive things are good.
It’s definitely cheap. But I don’t like the shape and color.
I don’t think so. The sofa won’t match our other furniture.

Sam
Billy Julia Sam had been saving money for months to get a new
smartphone, and the day had finally come when he could
purchase it. He was thrilled to get his hands on it. He had finally
Billy: bought the model and color of smartphone he really wanted.
He felt really happy and had so many things he wanted to do
I will finish the contract with the client today. with it. But his happiness was shattered when he was hit by a
I’d like to move to a place close to our office. bicycle while walking down the street. His brand new phone
Why don’t we open another interior shop downtown? went flying out of his hand, crashing to the ground. The phone
still worked, but the screen was broken. He looked around for
We’d better go to work earlier to avoid the traffic jam.
who had hit him, but the bike rider had disappeared, leaving
It would be better to take public transportation than to drive. him with a broken phone. He felt a strong surge of resentment.
excited furious indifferent hopeful
disappointed curious nervous relieved
jealous regretful

It is easy to understand how it is adaptive for a fox to move so

how animals regulate their body temperature
as to minimize its chances of detection when approaching the
strategies for surviving in cold environments rabbit it hopes to make its dinner. Similarly, it is as easy to
close cooperation between animals for survival understand why it is adaptive for the rabbit to change directions
the effects of the climate on the evolution of animals at unpredictable intervals when trying to escape the faster but
heavier fox whose dinner it does not want to be. What is not easy
cold-blooded and warm-blooded animals’ differences
to understand is which of the fox and the rabbit is more
intelligent. Indeed, for an ethologist, this question does not even
make sense without first specifying what environment and what
problem the animal is facing. Now and then you run into people
who claim that “dolphins are really as intelligent as humans” or
arctic foxes African elephants similar nonsense. It’s nonsense not because it is false but
because it makes no sense to make such claims without first
camels red-tailed hawks establishing the environment and life conditions in which
green sea turtles intelligence is measured.
* ethologist:
 Which cup would you rather be?
Most people agree that figurative metaphors are linguistic
Each person has a different level of adaptability to stress. decoration in language or are tools for communicating some kind
Imagine a paper cup placed upside down on a table. How much of spectacular effect. There is likely a widespread notion of the
weight do you think it can handle? Can I place a small paperback metaphor as simply an ornament of words, bearing no deeper
book on it and expect it to hold? How about a large hardcover meaning for our thinking. Conceptual metaphor theory
encyclopedia? How about two, three, or four large, heavy books? contradicts this. It accepts the figurative metaphors’ place as
Eventually the cup will succumb to the weight of the books, and surface-level expressions in language, but more importantly
it will collapse. What if I use a metal cup instead of the paper cup? shows how metaphor has a fundamental role in how our thinking
Will it collapse under the same amount of weight (stress), or will and meaning-making is done, stating that abstract concepts
it be able to hold much more weight before bending? Which cup largely are metaphorical. George Lakoff and Mark Johnson, two
would you rather be? A cup is inanimate, but the human body can central cognitive metaphor scientists, claim that “our ordinary
adapt. The part of your mind that is highly sensitive to stress has conceptual system, in terms of which we both think and act, is
the power to learn. The body’s adaptation potential is what fundamentally metaphorical in nature.” This means that
determines how much stress someone can handle before they unlocking the metaphors constantly present in our thinking can
succumb to illness. reveal to us how they are connected, what values and associations
* succumb: ** inanimate: they bring, and on what conceptions they are founded.
Would you change your personality under stress? how to communicate abstract concepts well
How would you use stress to strengthen your health? why the meaning-making process is so complex
Would you like to be capable of enduring severe stress? the potential risks of using figurative metaphors
Are you going to hold on to the stress that you cannot control? the metaphorical nature underlying our thinking
Why don’t you learn from someone who’s adapted to their stress? the examples of daily language full of metaphors

Back in the year 2000, workers tied to New Orleans who were
offered great jobs in Boston would be likely to turn down the All universities now boast of their “research-led teaching.”
Boston jobs because of their loyalty to New Orleans. Such This, however, is simply an atomization of knowledge and its
individuals would give up the extra income they would have reduction into modular forms. Yet there is a further aspect to this
earned if they moved to Boston. Given that higher incomes offer that requires exposure. “Research-led teaching” is but another
greater quality of life in part because of the extra safety and myth. It may be reassuring to those who see the university as
resilience that can be purchased with extra resources, these primarily to be characterized by its brand of excellence; but, in
people were making a sacrifice. In the year 2020, telecommuting fact, teaching that is “research-led” is usually poor teaching. Why
and the rise of web-based conferencing technology, such as would one want to teach a first-year undergraduate, for instance,
Zoom, created the exciting possibility, especially for educated to the limits of one’s own research? It would be a little like trying
workers, that work can increasingly be done from home. This to teach the basic principles of arithmetic by a thorough exposure
means that the workers tied to New Orleans can have the best of to and engagement with the intricacies of multidimensional
both worlds by living there while working for Boston firms. In space and fractal geometries. The undergraduate needs time to
this case, the information technology separates place of residence bring themselves up to a certain kind of speed, time to do the
from place of work. It is important to note that research indicates reading and thinking required to be able to cope with the
that more educated people are more likely to work in jobs that can advanced searches that constitute research itself.
be done at home or remotely. * atomization: ** modular:
*** fractal geometry:
* resilience:
Knowledge Sharing: The Core of Teaching
The Straight Path from Research to Learning
Research-Led Teaching for Undergraduates: Too Hasty
Teachers Benefiting the Most from Research-Led Teaching
Impacts of Research-Led Teaching on Interdisciplinary Study
 1 to 1 Music Tutoring Classes

1 to 1 Music Tutoring Classes

If you want to play a musical instrument like ukulele or
guitar, join us for 1 to 1 Music Tutoring Classes. Participants
will learn chord progression, music theory, and how to play
their favorite songs.
Note
∙ Participants learn to play all four musical instruments in just
four weeks.
∙ Each class is held only during weekdays and lasts for 90
minutes from 3 p.m. to 4:30 p.m.
The graph above shows the percentage of US adults who said ∙1st week: Ukulele Class / 2nd week: Electric Guitar Class
they received TV via cable or satellite at home in 2015 and 2021 3rd week: Classical Guitar Class / 4th week: Bass Guitar Class
by age group. The percentage of all US adults who subscribed ∙ Training guitars and ukuleles will be loaned to participants.
to pay-TV dropped from 76% in 2015 to 56% in 2021. In 2015, ∙ The fee is $40 per class, and the total fee is $120 if
about two-thirds of adults ages 18-29 received TV through cable participants take all four classes.
or satellite at home, but the percentage dropped to 34% in 2021.
For more information, visit our website at
Similarly, while 73% of adults ages 30-49 subscribed to
www.1to1musictutoring.org.
pay-TV in 2015, only 46% did so in 2021. In 2015, 80% of
adults ages 50-64 subscribed to pay-TV, but just less than 60%
of adults from that age group did so in 2021. For adults ages 90
65 and older, there was the smallest change from 2015 to 2021,
with 81% subscribing in 2021, down only slightly from 86% in
2015. 120

Bike the Coast

Bike the Coast

Equatorial Guinea Join riders of all levels and ages in experiencing the best of
Southern California beaches as you ride routes of 50 or 25
The nation of Equatorial Guinea is located in west central miles on historic Highway 101. We are expecting to have more
Africa. The total land area is 10,811 square miles (28,000 square than 200 participants.
kilometers) and includes the mainland region as well as the Date and Time
islands of Bioko, Annobon, and others. In 2006, the estimated - The event is on Sunday, May 28, and the starting site will be
population of the country was 540,000, and it was one of the last open from 9:30 am.
African countries to gain independence (in 1968, from Spain). - The bike ride will start at 11 am from Beeston Heritage
Continental Equatorial Guinea rises from a wide coastal plain to Center.
the hilly terrain of the interior. The Mbini River Basin covers
Registration
much of this region, which is home to about 80 percent of the
- A registration fee of $15 per person (cyclists under 12 enter
population. The islands were created by volcanic action and
for free) must be paid before the start of the ride.
present altitudes above 9,840 feet (3,000 meters) in Annobon.
- The deadline for registration is Sunday, May 21, 2023.
The climate is hot, with abundant rainfall throughout the year.
About two-thirds of the continental portion is covered by tropical To register and book your place visit
rain forest. www.socialbikeriding.org/coast-ride.

200
Mbini River Basin 80% 9 30

5 28
 For brains, everything is noise at first. Then brains notice the Somewhere in every large grocery store is a wall of yogurt:
patterns in the static, and they move up a level, noticing arrays of clean white pots of fermented milk with bright labels
patterns in how those patterns interact. Then they move up and alluring images of fruit, happy cows, or a creamy spoonful
another level, and on and on it goes. Layers of pattern laced with fruity chunks. The labels often sport words like
recognition built on top of simpler layers become a rough “organic,” “no pesticides,” “hormone free,” and “no artificial
understanding of what to expect from the world around us, and colors,” as well as brand names and slogans. The labels also
their interactions become our sense of cause and effect. The present presumably factual data about nutrition, ingredients, and
roundness of a ball, the hard edge of a table, the soft elbow of allergens. In an ideal world, these multiple elements of the label
a stuffed animal, each object excites certain neural pathways and would help consumers make wise and informed purchases
not others, and each exposure strengthens their connections among the large variety of choices. In the real world, many
until the brain comes to expect those elements of the world and elements of the label are simply meant to entice consumers to
becomes better at making sense of themselves in context. purchase that particular yogurt. This tension between objective
Likewise, as causes regularly lead to effects, our innate information and subjective enticement affects many
pattern recognition takes notice and forms expectations environmental attributes (e.g., carbon emissions, water use, land
Mom will come when I cry at night; mashed potatoes will make use, toxins, and recycling). A 2014 Nielsen survey of 30,000
me happy; bees hurt when they sting. We start our lives filled consumers across 60 countries found that 52 percent of
with unpredictable chaos, but our regular perceptions become respondents say their purchase decisions are partially dependent
the expectations we use to turn that chaos into predictable on .
order.
* alluring: ** entice:

price function packaging

reputation familiarity

In contrast to other flexible approaches, the traditional

approach to environmental regulation has relied on
command-and-control regulations. Command-and-control
regulations take a variety of forms, but they all are less flexible
than incentive-based regulations. A technology standard is a
command-and-control regulation that requires polluters to install
a certain technology to clean up their emissions. Polluters are
Cooking traditions influence processing, just as processing violating the law if they reduce pollution through any other
impacts cultural values. Even disease histories are affected by means, no matter how effective these other means might be. For
processing techniques. The spread of the pellagra disease (a B example, legislation passed several years ago required all new
vitamin niacin deficiency) across Europe might have been power plants to install “scrubbers” rather than allow them to
avoided had Cortez returned to Spain from Mexico with a native clean up emissions by switching to cleaner fuels. Unlike
woman who could teach European cooks how to process maize incentive-based regulations, a technology standard provides
in order to maintain a balanced diet. In other words, if they had firms no incentive to look for cheaper ways to reduce pollution.
gained the Mesoamerican contextual processing knowledge of Why invest in developing a new cleanup technology when the
adding lime while soaking the corn kernels before grinding the law won’t allow you to use it? Therefore, technology standards
maize and eating it with beans, this fatal dietary deficiency would .
not have existed across northern Italy and Spain. This final
* scrubber:
food-processing example illustrates one of the many reasons for
integrating contextual, social, and historical knowledge in encourage use of cleaner fuel
seemingly pure economic decisions, linking food back to the core are unlikely to be cost effective
of society, communities of practice. Each processing stage allow governments to offer incentives
neglects multiple aspects of value and meaning. need to be implemented systematically
* maize: ** kernel: are not established by commercial firms
 Arguably more than other forms of natural history, geological
research was informed by those who . Electronic and digital media benefit from sports because the
During the nineteenth century, geological knowledge was games and events attract a proven, loyal audience of millions who
founded on extensive and thorough periods of fieldwork, and will buy subscriptions to sports television and digital services.
those who had an intimate knowledge of the landscape could These fans are the target for sponsors and advertisers who pay
comment authoritatively on local fossils, compensating for the media dearly for the opportunity to communicate their sales
inadequate manpower by directing professionals to their messages to so many potential customers on such popular
locations. Various directors of the Geological Survey of Canada platforms. The media convergence of the 21st century has
recognized this aspect of geological research, and founder made it possible for a content producer to distribute video,
William Edmond Logan in particular liked to hire resident information, stories, and promotion via every medium and
amateurs who “were well versed in local situations” as surveyors. channel, including streaming and social media, direct to
Though himself a trained scientist, geologist Loring Woart consumers. As such, social media platforms take power from
Bailey urged the government to employ “woodsmen,” or “men media creators and give it to advertisers, decreasing the quality
living in the vicinity and acquainted with every hill and every of overall contents available online. The greater the
brook,” to perform a more thorough geological survey of New cross-platform, cross-promotional power of these media
Brunswick. When members of the Natural History Society producers, the greater the benefit derived by their sports team,
selected mineral and fossil samples for exchange, they thus league, and organizer partners. Big money and massive
promoted both local expertise and knowledge, important issues audiences create power for the sports industry and the media:
to a group composed mainly of amateur natural history economic, social, cultural, and political power.
enthusiasts.
* convergence:
* vicinity:
lived in the region under investigation
volunteered to protect natural ecosystems
actively participated in regional development
became professionals through formal education
were elected to serve as members of local government Just as you can learn from a game how to play it, the game
can learn from its players how it is played. By looking at the
histories of how players have played the game, it is possible
to find out what players typically do in each situation.

(A) Let’s assume we can describe the situation with some

The act of recognizing in a given situation a case of a familiar numbers; for example, the coordinates of the player in the
proverb can cast new light on the situation. It provides a fresh, game world, current health, the relative position of the closest
abstract, and non-obvious viewpoint, going well beyond the nonplayer characters (NPCs), and so on. After we’ve stored
situation’s superficial details. Since proverbs are the labels of all this data in a long list, it becomes trivial to create an AI
rather subtle and complicated categories, slapping a proverb onto agent that can play the game just as the human player would.
a situation is a way of . (B) This information can be used to create an AI that plays the
The use of a proverb as a label is a way of making sense albeit game like an “average” player by simply taking the most
perhaps a biased type of sense of what one is seeing. Applying frequent action in each situation. To see how this can be
a proverb to a freshly encountered situation results in a kind of done, imagine that the game simply stores a long list of all
insight that comes from filtering what one sees through the lens the situations the player has ever been in (in the game) and
of the proverb, rather than from a purely logical analysis. In the action the player took in each situation.
summary, a proverb is a convenient, concise label for a vast set (C) At every point in time, the AI determines what situation the
of highly different situations past, present, future, agent’s character is in, finds that situation in the long list of
hypothetical that are all linked to each other by analogy. situations the player encountered, and takes the action that
* albeit: ** analogy: the player took. Simple and elegant, right?
combining logic and emotion to change others’ viewpoints * coordinate:

putting new experiences into old and useless categories ** NPC:

borrowing conventional wisdom to deliver a fresh idea (A) (C) (B) (B) (A) (C)
bringing out aspects that otherwise might remain hidden (B) (C) (A) (C) (A) (B)
removing details that are essential to understanding a situation (C) (B) (A)
 Kant sought to locate the new meaning and purpose in a To appreciate this point, suppose that in a congested city, Mary
priori knowledge things we can know without experiment can expect to commute at a speed of just 15 miles per hour.
or experience. Achieving higher speeds in cities would facilitate climate
change adaptation because people will have a greater choice of
(A) And acting in pursuit of the good makes us free. The measure
neighborhoods. If Mary is willing to commute for thirty minutes
of religion itself is its adherence to this moral law of the
one way and she can travel at 40 miles per hour, then she can look
heart. In short, “Only take the actions that you would
for a place to live in a 20-mile radius around her place of work.
consider acceptable for all other people to take as well.”
The area of a circle with a radius of 20 miles equals 3.14×
(B) The human heart, he said, had embedded within it a moral
400, or more than 1,200 square miles! Such a huge area
logic. And that moral logic relied on categorical
provides ample opportunities for Mary to find the neighborhood
imperatives: absolute truths. Those categorical imperatives
that matches her desires. With a thirty-minute commute,
included orders never to use other human beings as means, she will be able to look for housing only in a 7.5-mile radius of
but rather to treat them as ends. Actions are good in and of her place of work, and this circle’s area equals 3.14×7.5×7.5=176
themselves, not because they have good effects. square miles. This is a much smaller area in which to
(C) Kant believed that certain truths were not dependent on the search. By having a larger set of residential opportunities,
human experience 2+2 would always equal 4, whether each household will have a greater chance of finding a
or not human beings experienced it. Kant thus launched an climate-resilient area.
almost Platonic quest for knowledge beyond the material * congested: ** radius:
but where Plato looked to the realm of Forms, Kant *** ample:
looked instead to the human heart.
(A),
* a priori: ** categorical imperative:
(B)
(A) (C) (B) (B) (A) (C) Historians prefer the past tense, but verb tense is often the
(B) (C) (A) (C) (A) (B)
subject of some confusion. This is largely because scholars
(C) (B) (A)
who write about literature have a different set of conventions.
A literary critic might write “In Black Boy, Richard Wright
speaks eloquently and forcefully against American racism
and capitalism.” Wright’s words ring just as true today as they
did in 1937 when he wrote them. For the purposes of writing
about literature, the present tense conveys that the author’s
Most of the time, though, we remain acutely unaware of how idea is still valid today. Literary classics have a powerful
much of the information that we think we are tasting via the effect on readers today, but historians want to place Wright’s
tongue comes in via the retronasal smelling route. novel within the context of his life and times. Wright does not
really speak today he died in 1960. He wrote Black Boy
To understand how we smell, it is important to distinguish
during the Great Depression. At the time, readers interpreted
between the two different ways in which we smell. There is the
Wright’s work differently than they do today. Using the
“orthonasal” route: when we sniff external aromas from the
present tense confuses the chronology of Wright’s life and
environment. And there is “retronasal” smell: when
times, while using the past tense enables writers to arrange
aromatic odor molecules are passed out of the back of the mouth
one event in relationship to another.
into the back of the nose whenever we swallow while eating and
drinking. The orthonasal sniffing of food aromas is
especially important because it allows us or, rather, our brains to While literary critics prefer the present tense because it gives
form the rich flavor expectations concerning both what the an author’s idea a sense of (A) , historians prefer the past
experience of tasting will be like and how much we expect to tense because it puts emphasis on the (B) of events.
enjoy it. But it is the retronasal perception of aroma, on
swallowing, that really provides our tasting experiences with (A) (B)
their rich variety and interest. This is, in large part, because control importance
food aromas are experienced as if coming from the mouth as immediacy sequence
if being sensed by the tongue itself. This strange immediacy importance
phenomenon goes by the name of “oral referral.” accomplishment origin
* retronasal: ** orthonasal: accomplishment sequence
 (B)

If the ethics of the study of art is to be seen in facilitating the His father found the car gone in the morning and thought it was
enjoyment and understanding of art objects, as well as in finding stolen. So he called the police and they came right away. When
some insight into the lives and sensibilities of the people who the police drove to the house, they noticed a car with a very similar
made and used the art, then the topic of global art history will description to the one reported stolen at the bottom of the
sooner or later face the issue of universals: a concept that enjoys driveway. The father was called there and found his car. Strangely,
(a) little prestige in contemporary humanities. Appeals to the keys were in the pocket of his coat! It was obvious that the car
“essential human conditions,” a “common humanity,” or an had not been stolen. It remained a mystery until Elvis told his father
“inner spiritual core” may have (b) legitimate roles in particular what he did. The father forgave Elvis but made (b) him wash the
kinds of rhetoric, but they provide a weak foundation for thinking car every weekend for six months.
about global art history. A different way of engaging universals
(C)
was pursued with scientific rigor in the 1960s and 1970s but did
not provide much nourishment for art history. Attempts were When he came home, Elvis had a problem, though, with getting
made to (c) objectively determine the universality of aesthetic the car back up the driveway. The driveway was a little steep and
values; the investigators typically concluded that there are some (c) he couldn’t push it up himself. He had no choice but to wake
universal formal categories such as symmetry, proportion, his brother Chris to help him, even though it was 4 a.m. But Chris
balance, and repose, and that the aesthetic appeal of a work of didn’t want to get up in the early hours of the morning, so (d) he
art depends partly on the universals of human nature. Not refused to help Elvis. Elvis couldn’t help but leave the car at the
surprisingly, such views were (d) always found useful for the bottom of the driveway. He returned the car keys to his father’s
interpretation and presentation of works of art. Many coat pocket and went to bed.
anthropologists engaged in the study of “ethnoart” (e) agreed that
(D)
to understand and appreciate the aesthetic dimensions of other
cultures one needs to study their images not as isolated aesthetic But the house was not nearby, so Elvis needed to come up with
phenomena but rather in the context of social action and the lives a way to get to the house and back. He decided he would borrow
of human actors. his father’s car but needed to figure out how to do it without
* rhetoric: ** repose: anyone hearing (e) him start it up, drive away, and later put it back.
His home was set far back from the road, so he released the brake
and let the car roll to the bottom of the driveway before starting
the engine. And away he went for the night.
Should We Pursue Aesthetic Universality in Global Art Study?
Global Art History: A Blending of Science and Spirituality
What Role Does Universality Play in Keeping Society Equal? (A)
Works of Art: The Main Study Materials of Anthropology
Why Is the Study of Art Necessary for Humanity? (B) (D) (C) (C) (B) (D)
(C) (D) (B) (D) (B) (C)
(D) (C) (B)
(a) (e)
(a) (e)

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

Elvis Chris
(A)

When Chris and his younger brother Elvis were young, Elvis
was the more daring of the two. At times, he brought Chris into Elvis
being his partner in small crimes. One summer, he wanted to Elvis
visit a deserted house with his friends at night, which his parents
would never approve of. The question was, how could he go
without them knowing? He decided (a) he would wait until
everybody was asleep and go out to spend time with his friends.