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    Hidden and Exposed Terminal Problem

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    Hidden and Exposed Terminal Problem

    Uploaded by

    masimevanistelrooy
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    HIDDEN_AND_EXPOSED_TERMINAL_PROBLEM

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    30 views3 pages

    Hidden and Exposed Terminal Problem

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    masimevanistelrooy

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    KELVIN MUNGAI

    ICT-4-1663-21

    Exposed Terminal Problem


    In wireless LAN (local area network) communication, the exposed terminal
    problem is a frequent difficulty. It happens when a wireless node cannot
    transfer data because another node that is outside its communication range is
    sending data to another node that is inside it. Throughput and network
    performance may suffer as a consequence. This happens when a station can
    be seen by a wireless access point but not by other stations that are connected
    to the access point.

    Let’s assume there are four stations with the names A, B, C, and D, where B
    and C are transmitters and A and D are receivers. The stations are set up so
    that the two emitters B and C can hear each other but the two receivers A and
    D cannot hear each other over radio waves. Transmission from B to A is
    happening. As a result, C ceases attempting to transmit to D after mistakenly
    assuming that the above transmission will cause interference. However, since
    the communication from C to D is outside of B’s range, interference would
    not have happened. Known as the exposed terminal issue.
    How To Prevent Exposed Terminal Problem
    The use of RTS/CTS (Request to Send/Clear to Send) mechanisms, which
    can stop two or more nodes from transmitting data at the same time, is the
    solution to the exposed terminal issue. An RTS message is the first thing a
    node sends to the intended recipient when it wishes to send data. The sender
    knows it has a clear route to transmit data unhindered by other nodes if the
    intended recipient replies with a CTS message. Any station that hears the
    RTS is near the transmitter and stays silent long enough for the CTS to arrive.

    Hidden Station Problem


    When two stations hidden from each other i.e., not in range of each other
    send signals to third station at the same considering third station is free. It
    causes collision at third station and is known as Hidden Station Problem. It
    reduces capacity of network due to possibility of collision. Following is
    diagrammatically representation of Hidden Station Problem (HSP) in
    wireless LAN.

    In the above shown diagram, station B and C both covers station A in their
    own range. Each station B and C can send data to station A separately. Both
    stations B and C are outside of range of each other. Suppose station B is
    sending data to station A and in middle of transmission station C also has to
    send data to station A. Since station B and station C are out of each other
    range therefore station C thinks that station A is free. Station C send data to
    station A and collision occurs at station A.
    How to prevent hidden terminal problem
    Preventing the hidden terminal problem in wireless networking involves
    implementing various techniques and protocols to improve communication
    reliability. Some strategies include:
    1.Physical Layer Solutions: Improve the physical layout of the network by
    strategically placing access points and adjusting antenna configurations to
    minimize signal interference and maximize coverage.
    2.RTS/CTS (Request to Send/Clear to Send): Implement RTS/CTS
    mechanism to coordinate transmissions. Before sending data, a node sends an
    RTS frame to the access point, which responds with a CTS frame, informing
    other nodes to defer transmissions.
    3.Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA): Use
    CSMA/CA to listen for the carrier signal before transmitting, reducing the
    likelihood of collisions. This method helps nodes avoid transmitting
    simultaneously, reducing the hidden terminal problem.

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