DEVELOPMENT OF JUTE FIBRE

REINFORCED CEMENT CONCRETE

A MINOR PROJECT REPORT

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the

Requirements for the award of

Four Year Degree in
CIVIL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

STATE INSTITUTE OF ENGG. & TECHNOLOGY
KARNAL-132001
HARYANA
SESSION-2018-22
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Every project big or small is successful largely due to the effort of a number
of wonderful peoples who have always given their valuable advice or lent a
helping hand. I would like to express my soul felt esteem and reverence for,
who as my guide provide me with a tremendous amount unflinching
support, inspiration and motivation to carry on with this work. Words are
incapable to formulate thankfulness to them, privileged me with unlimited
resources and responsibilities. Sincerely appreciate the support and
guidance of all those people who have been instrumental in making this
project a success. We have taken efforts in this project. However, it would
not have been possible without the kind support and help of many
personalities who were involved in the whole process. We are highly
indebted to Sh.Navdeep Kumar, Head of the department, Sh. Vishrut Malik,
for their guidance and constant supervision as well as for providing
necessary information regarding the project & also their support in
completing the project. I’m great full to in charge of SIET and their staff who
helped us by providing their absolute guidance at various stages of the
project work.
 CERTIFICATE

It is certificated that the students of CIVIL ENGINEERING final year of

B.Tech has worked on the project “JUTE FIBER IN REINFORCED
CEMENT CONCRETE” for submission to S.I.E.T NILOKHERI (Haryana)
based on syllabus and submitted satisfactory report in the volume for
partial fulfilment of the requirement for the Degree in CIVIL
ENGINEERING, State board of Technical Education, Haryana under the
guidance of Head of the department Sh. Navdeep Kumar, and Sh.Vishrut
Malik at S.I.E.T. Nilokheri (Haryana).

ASHISH (8718407)
ANKUSH (8718405)
ANURAG (8718406)
ADITYA BOOTH (8718402)
AMAN (8718403)
AYUSH KAMBOJ (8718409)
ASHISH KUMAR (8718401)
 Table of Contents

1.Introduction.
 Jute
 Advantages of material
2. Material Used
3.Treatment on jute fiber
4.Procedure
•Mixing Process
5.Testing
6.Results and discussions
•Introduction.
•Test results of different specimen
6.Graphs
•Compressivestrength results for cube after 7 days curing
•Split tensile strength results for cylinder after 7 days curing
•Flexural strength results for beam after 7 days curing
7.Conclusion
8. References
 INTRODUCTION

It is difficult to maintain strength of concrete and increase its durability, so

addition of natural fibers is economical way to increase strength of
concrete. The design of a durable and low cost fiber reinforced cement
concrete for building construction is a technological challenge in developing
countries. The type of fibers currently been used include steel, glass,
polymers, carbon and natural fibers. Economic considerations have
restricted the use of carbon fibers in cementitious composites on a
commercial level for their non ecological performance. Natural fibers have
the potential to be used as reinforcement to overcome the inherent
deficiencies in cementitious materials. Considerable researches are being
done for use of reinforcing fibers like jute, bamboo, sisal, akwara, coconut
husk, sugarcane bagasse in cement composites mostly in case of building
materials. Use of natural fibers in a relatively brittle cement matrix has
achieved considerable strength, and toughness of the composite. The
durability of such fibers in a highly alkaline cement matrix must be taken
into consideration by effective modifications. A specific chemical
composition has to be chosen that can modify the fiber surface as well as
strengthen the cement composite.

Cement concrete composite is the most important building material and its
consumption is increasing in all countries. The only disadvantage of
cement concrete is its brittleness, with relatively low tensile strength and
poor resistance to crack opening and propagation and negligible elongation
at break. To overcome these discrepancies reinforcement with dispersed
fibers might play an important role. Steel is the conventional reinforcing
material in concrete. Although steel enhances the strength and modulus of
concrete but it lacks the ability to absorb mechanical impact. The steel
makes the reinforced cement concrete (RCC) structure heavy and in due
course of time as a result of water/moisture diffusion through micro crack
developed in the RCC structure steel starts corroding leading to failure of
the concrete. On the contrary, if the micro crack formation and

Propagation can be minimized by dispersion of short fibers, the mechanical

properties as well as the durability of the concrete can be improved. Such a
system would be able to bear high level static as well as dynamic stress.
Natural (cellulosic) fibers might offer the opportunity as a convenient
reinforcing agent in concrete composite due to its low density and high
tensile property. In recent years, considerable research efforts are found to
develop high-strength, natural fibers reinforced concrete composites,
mostly for using as building and construction materials.
The advantages of natural fibers over the conventional reinforcing fibers
like glass, synthetic (e.g., polypropylene, polyethylene and polyolefin,
polyvinyl alcohol), carbon, steel etc., are: abundant availability, low cost,
less abrasiveness, ability to absorb mechanical impact, easy to handle and
process and environmental friendliness. These composites can be used in
various fields of applications such as permanent frameworks, paver blocks,
wall panels, pipes, long span roofing elements, strengthening of existing
structures and structural building members. Concrete is a composite
construction material composed primarily of aggregate, cement and water.
The aggregate is generally coarse gravel or crushed rocks such as
limestone, or granite, along with a fine aggregate such as sand. It has been
recognized that the addition of small closely spaced and uniform dispersed
fibers to concrete would act as crack arrester and would substantially
improve its static and dynamic properties. This type of concrete is known
as Fiber Reinforced Concrete.

Jute Fiber-reinforced concrete (JFRC) is concrete containing fibrous

material, which increases its structural integrity. The only disadvantage of
cement concrete is its brittleness, with relatively low tensile strength and
poor resistance to crack opening and propagation and negligible elongation
at break. To overcome these discrepancies reinforcement with dispersed
fibers might play an important role.Fibers are usually used in concrete to
control cracking due to both plastic shrinkage and drying shrinkage. They
also reduce the permeability of concrete .Some types of fibers produce
greater impact and abrasion in concrete. Generally fibers do not increase
the flexural strength of concrete, and so cannot replace moment resisting
or structural steel reinforcement.
 Types of fiber reinforced concrete

The following are the types of fiber reinforced concrete which are discussed
in the following section:
1. Natural Fiber reinforced concrete
2. Steel FRC
3. Mineral FRC
4. Glass FRC

 Classification of natural fibres

Natural fibres are divided into animal fibres and plant cellulose fibres.
Plants that produce natural fibres are termed as primary and secondary
depending on the utilization. Primary plants are grown for their fibres while
secondary plants are plants where the fibres are extracted from the waste
product. There are thousands of natural fibres available and therefore there
are many research interests in utilization of natural fibres to improve the
properties of composites.

1. Coir fibre - Coir is a versatile natural fibre obtained from the coconut
shell. Coir is very durable to the natural weathering. Blending of coir fibre
improves the ductility, flexural and tensile strengths, fracture toughness and
crack inhibiting properties of the matrix. Use of coconut fibres has shown
an enhancement of concrete with respect to toughness, tensile strength
and torsion.

2. Bamboo fibre - Bamboo is one of the building materials that have high
tensile strength and light weight. Bamboo fibres can be used as
replacement with concrete which will decrease the cost of concrete that is
10000cm3 per 1m3 of concrete. From the test results it is observed that
bamboo can potentially be used as substitute for steel reinforcement. Also
bamboo is an ecofriendly material, limiting the use of steel can reduce
carbon dioxide emissions.
3. Jute fibre - Jute with the highest production volume is the cheapest
natural fibres. These fibres are extracted from the ribbon of the stem. Jute
fibers are composed mainly of the plant materials cellulose and lignin.
Recent studies have shown that jute fibre delays the hardening of concrete
and improves the resistance of concrete against cracking.

Workability of jute fiber reinforced concrete mix is improved by using an

admixture called tannin.

4. Bagasse fibre Bagasse is a fibrous remains obtained from sugar cane

after the extraction of sugar juice. Sugar cane is a commercially grown
agricultural crop in South East Asia. Bagasse remains are used in the
sugarcane factories or in the paper pulp industries. Sugar content tests on
bagasse had shown residue of about 0,02 percent sugar by mass in the
fibres which would not cause any retardation in the setting of concrete.

5. Sisal fibre - Sisal fibre is obtained from the leaves of the plants. Leaves
are crushed between the rollers and the mechanically scraped. Sisal fibre
is coarse and inflexible because of its strength, durability, ability to stretch
and resistance to deterioration in saltwater. The addition of sisal fibre to the
concrete matrix reduces its ability to creep. Sisal is very well resistant
against moist, good tension resistance or tensile strength. well resistant
against heat. From the results discussed in this review it is clear that
incorporation of the But due to high moisture absorption by the natural
fibres, compressive strength does not gave desirable results. However, in
future, the advanced chemical treatments to these fibres may help in
modifying the natural fiber reinforced concrete performance.
 JUTE

India is one of the large jute producing country. Jute is an important

bastfibre with a number of advantages. Jute has high specific properties,
low density, less abrasive behavior to the processing equipment, good
dimensional stability and harmlessness. Jute textile is a low cost eco-
friendly product and is abundantly available, easy to transport and has
superior drapability and moisture retention capacity. It is widely being used
as a natural choice for plant mulching and rural road pavement
construction. The biodegradable and low priced jute products merge with
the soil after using providing nourishment to the soil. Being made of
cellulose, on combustion, jute does not generate toxic gases.

Due to jute’s low density combined with relatively stiff and strong behavior,
the specific properties of jute fibre can compare to those of glass and some
other fibres.
Properties of Jute Fibre -

 100% bio-degradable recyclable and thus environment friendly

 natural fibre with golden & silky shine
 the second most important and widely cultivated vegetable fibre
after cotton
 high tensile strength with low extensibility
this helps to make best quality industrial yarn and fabric for
packaging
 very versatile natural fibres that has been used in raw materials
for packaging, textiles, non-textile, and agricultural sectors
 Jute stem has very high volume of cellulose that can procured
within 4-6 months, and hence it also can save the forest and
meet wood requirement of the given material.
 Mechanical properties of natural fibres as compared to
conventional reinforcing fibres

FIBRE Density Elongation Tensile Young’s

(g/cm3) (%) Strength Modulus
(MPa) (GPa)
Cotton 1.5-1.6 7.0-8.0 287-597 5.5-12.6
Jute 1.3 1.5-1.8 393-773 26.5
Flax 1.5 2.7-3.2 345-1035 27.6

Chemical properties of Jute Fibers are:

 Effect of acids, alkalis: Easily damaged by hot and cold concentrated

acids but resistant to alkali.
 Effect of bleaching agent: Not effected by oxidizing and reducing agent.
 Effect of organic solvent: Resistance to organic solvent.
 Dye ability: Jute fiber has good affinity to basic dye.
 Effect of sun light: Due to presence of lignin in jute fiber it may be
damaged by sun light.
 Flammability: its flammability may be reduced by treating with boras and
boric acid mixture.
 Effect of microorganism: Jute has more resistance to microbiological
attack than either grey cotton or flax.
 ADVANTAGES

The natural jute fiber can be the effective material to reinforce concrete
strength which will not only explore a way to improve the properties of
concrete, it will also explore the use of jute and restrict the utilization of
polymer which is environmentally detrimental. Jute is locally available and,
hence, less expensive. To achieve this goal, an experimental investigation
of the compressive, flexural, and tensile strengths of Jute Fiber Reinforced
Concrete Composites (JFRCC) has been conducted. Cylinders, prisms,
and cubes of standard dimensions have been made to introduce jute fiber
varying the mix ratio of the ingredients in concrete, water-cement ratio, and
length and volume of fiber to know the effect of parameters as mentioned.
Flexural, compressive, and tensile strength tests have been conducted on
the prepared samples by appropriate testing apparatus according to
standard specifications. The results of JFRCC were also compared to the
plain concrete. The large cut length and higher content of reinforcing
materials (jute fiber) result to the unfortunate tendency of balling formation
and high porosity of composites followed by the degrading of mechanical
properties of JFRCC in reference to plain concrete. But in the incorporation
of short and low fiber content, an intact structure develops which enhances
the mechanical properties of the same composite. It was also noted that all
the remarkable increment values were found mostly in the presence of
higher cement content. So it can be concluded that the presence of jute
fiber with more cement content strengthens the concrete in greater extent.
The Advantages of jute fibres :

 Jute fibres are very strong.

 These fibres are very breathable (they are porous enough to allow the
circulation of air).
 Jute fibres are highly versatile.
 Jute fibres are quite cheap and cost-effective.
 Jute fibres are also environment-friendly and biodegradable.
 Synthetic fibres can be blended with jute fibres in order to impart certain
qualities to it.
 Great antistatic properties.
 Low thermal conductivity.
 Moisture Regain properties is good enough (about 13.75%).
 100% Biodegradable; so it is environment friendly fiber like Cotton.
 Cheap in market.
 Can be widely used in Agriculture Sector, Textile Sector, Woven Sector,
Nonwoven Sector.
 Jute Fiber can be blended with Natural and Synthetic fibers.

 Fibre-reinforced concrete has more tensile strength when compared to

non-reinforced concrete.
 It increases the concrete’s durability.
 It reduces crack growth and increases impact strength.
 Fibre-reinforced concrete improves resistance against freezing and
thawing.
 Reinforcing concrete with fibre increases fatigue strength.
JUTE FIBRES CAN ALSO IMPROVE -

 Workability
 Flexibility
 Tensile strength
 Durability—by controlling and reducing crack widths
 Ductility
 Cohesion
 Resistance to plastic shrinkage while curing
 Resistance to cracking
 MATERIAL USED
1. Jute
2. Cement
3. Fine Aggregate
4. Course Aggregate
5. Concrete

1.Jute :-Important bastfibre with a number of advantages. Jute has high

India is one of the large jute producing country. Jute is an specific
properties, low density, less abrasive behavior to the processing
equipment, good dimensional stability and harmlessness. Jute textile is a
low cost eco-friendly product and is abundantly available, easy to transport
and has superior drapability and moisture retention capacity. It is widely
being used as a natural choice for plant mulching and rural road pavement
construction. The biodegradable and low priced jute products merge with
the soil after using providing nourishment to the soil. Being made of
cellulose, on combustion, jute does not generate toxic gases.

2. Cement:-Cement is material which generally use for bonding in concrete

in construction industries. We used the Portland Pozzolana cement of 53
grade for our whole work. Cement is a binding material and it is very
essential in construction works.
3. Fine Aggregate:-The river sand was used as fine aggregate. The river
sand was washed and screened, to eliminate unwanted deleterious
material and over size particles. The test for determination of specific
gravity was carried out. The surface dry aggregate were used for test.
Fine aggregate is the essential ingredient in concrete that consists of
natural sand or crushed stone. The quality and fine aggregate density
strongly influence the hardened properties of the concrete.

Fine aggregates are the structural filler that occupies most of the volume of
the concrete mix formulas. Depending on composition, shape, size and
other properties of fine aggregate you can have a significant impact on the
output.

The role of fine aggregate can be described in few points:

 Fine aggregates provide dimensional stability to the mixture.

 The elastic modulus and abrasion resistance of the concrete can be
influenced with fine aggregate.
 Fine aggregates quality also influence the mixture proportions and
hardening properties.
 The properties of fine aggregates also have a significant impact on
the shrinkage of the concrete.
4. Course Aggregate:-The coarse aggregate of 20mm from crushed ballast
rock. The aggregates were free from adherent coating, injurious amount of
disintegrated pieces, alkali, vegetable matter and other deleterious
substances. Care was taken that the aggregate do not contain high
concentration of flaky, elongated shapes and organic impurities which
might affect the strength or durability of concrete. Coarse aggregate is
stone which are broken into small sizes and irregular in shape. In
construction work the aggregate are used such as limestone and granite or
river aggregate.

 Aggregate must be strong and hard enough to resist the crushing

action.
 They should not have cover of organic materials, clay, and dust
otherwise it will affect the bonding strength of concrete and
aggregate.
 The aggregates used for concrete must be durable.
 Coarse aggregates for concrete should be chemically inactive.
 They should not contain excessive amount of angular, sharp, and
hard particles.
 The aggregate shape should be ideally spherical or cubical.
 It must be chemically inert material.
5.Concrete:- It is a mixture of sand, cement, water, course and fine
aggregate. We carried above tests on materials and above values concrete
mix design is made and proportion.Concrete is an artificial composite
material, comprising a matrix of cementitious binder .Many types of
concrete are available, determined by the formulations of binders and the
types of aggregate used to suit the application of the engineered material.
concrete, in construction, structural material consisting of a hard,
chemically inert particulate substance, known as aggregate (usually sand
and gravel), that is bonded together by cement and water.
Among the ancient Assyrians and Babylonians, the bonding substance
most often used was clay.
 PROCEDURE
The study was based on the components like chemical modification of jute
fiber, characterization of unmodified and chemically modified jute fiber,
fabrication of jute reinforced cubic blocks and testing and characterization
of jute fiber reinforcement. The calculated mix design to prepare 20M
concrete was cemented: sand:stone chips 1:1.5:3, however, the
aggregates of two different sizes (20mm and 12.5mm) . The water cement
ratio for concrete preparation was 0.4-0.42 and the slump value was 25±
5mm. For each set of concrete composites 1% jute fiber was incorporated.
The tests were performed to compare the chemically modified reinforced
jute concrete with the normal concrete.

 Treatment of Jute Fibre

The jute was soaked in NaOH and casting as well as built up of paver
blocks has been taken into consideration .
There are various grades of Jute available in market each having its own
characteristics and properties, but we have used Jute in threaded form
available in the market as shown in Figure given below . This type of Jute is
cheap, readily available and easy to handle. Approximate weight of each
jute ball was 80 gms. The Jute was cut in small required length so that
proper requirement may be fulfilled.

Jute Threaded Balls

The jute fibers were cut in to ~6 cm of length and soaked in 0.25, 0.5 and
1.0% (w/v) NaOH solution at ambient temperature maintaining a fiber to
liquor ratio of 1:30 in Figure given below. The fibers were kept immersed in
the alkali solution for 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 36 and 48 h.

The alkali treated fibers were then washed several times with distilled water
to remove excess alkali from the fiber surface. The final pH was maintained
at 7.0. The fibers were then air dried at room temperature for 24 h oven
drying at 55 C for 24 hours.

Procedure –

1. The jute fibres were soaked in a 5% NaOH solution.

2. The initial weight of fabric pieces(W1) was noted.
3. The fabrics were kept immersed in the alkali solution for 1,2, 4, 6 and
8 h.
4. The fabrics were then washed several times with fresh water to remove
any NaOH sticking to the fibre surface.
5. Then the fibres were dried at room temperature for 48 h followed by
oven drying at 100°C for 2 h.

 Concrete Mix
The test moulds were kept ready before preparing the mix. Then moulds
were cleaned and oiled on all contact surfaces of the moulds and then
place the mould on the smooth and even surface. The modified jute cement
mortar was filled into moulds with layers and then Vibrated.
The major problems encountered with jute fiber as a reinforcing agent in
cement matrix are its non-uniform dispersion due to agglomeration of the
fiber and its hydrophilic nature. Hence, to achieve a uniform dispersion of
fibers in the cement matrix, jute was not directly mixed with sand & cement.
A different technique was used in which chemically modified jute was
estimated which is to use in the concrete mix as reinforcement in the next
day and then the chemically modified chopped jute fibers were immersed
for 24H in half of the total volume of water required for mix preparation in
a container. Next the half of the total amount of cement required was added
to wet jute in that container with constant stirring to obtain jute-cement
slurry. The jute cement slurry was then slowly poured into the cement
mortar mix showed in figure.

Pouring of modified Jute Cement slurry in concrete mix

The remaining amount of water was then added and the mixing was for
further 5 min. The fresh concrete mix thus obtained was cast immediately
in 150mm x 150mm x 150mm cubes.
After casting of cubes, the vibrator was used for the proper compaction of
the jute reinforced cement mortar as shown in Figure and then all the
moulds were allowed to set.

Filling mould with concrete mix, Vibrator used for compaction

The moulds were opened after 24hrs of casting. The plain mix samples
were placed in the water bath tank for curing. But for the chemically
modified jute cement concrete mix sample was placed in the open
atmosphere for next 24 to 36 hours and placed them in the water bath tank
for curing. And the sample were cured in the water bath tank to make sure
that maximum hydration process within the sample can take place.

Casted samples-Curing of samples

Sulphate Attack Test –

For acid attack test concrete cube of size 150 x 150 x 150 mm are
prepared. The specimen are cast and cured in mould for 24 hours, after 24
hours, all the specimen are de moulded and kept in curing tank for 7-days.
After 7-days all specimens are kept in atmosphere for 2-days for constant
weight, subsequently, the specimens are weighed and immersed in 5%
sulphuric acid (H2SO4) solution for 60-days. After 60-days of immersing in
acid solution, the specimens are taken out and were washed in running
water and kept in atmosphere for 2-day for constant weight. Subsequently
the specimens are weighed and loss in weight and hence the percentage
loss of weight was calculated.
PREPARED MODEL
 TESTING

The present study consists of determining the flexural, compressive, and

tensile strength of concrete composites with jute fiber and was compared to
those of the plain concrete. A Universal Testing Machine (Model-UTN-100,
India, capacity 980 KN.) for tensile test and an Automatic Compression
Testing Machine (MATEST s.r.l, Italy, capacity 3000 KN.) for compressive
test and an Automatic Flexural Strength Testing Machine (MATEST s.r.l,
Italy, capacity 150 KN.) for flexural test were used. In addition, the
microscopic views of the tested specimens were also analyzed.
 Compressive strength testing-
Compressive strength of a concrete is a measure of its ability to resist
static load, when the latter one tends to crush it. Testing of
compressive strength is the most common; many desirable
characteristics of concrete are related to its strength, and hence, the
compressive strength of concrete in structural design is of utmost
importance. Additionally, the compressive strength gives a good and
clear indication on how the strength is affected with the increase of
fiber volume dosage rate in the test specimens. it is mentioned that
the specimens for compressive strength should be 150 mm diameter
and 300 mm height, but this only applies to the maximum aggregate
size more than 20 mm while the cube specimen with 150 mm in each
side and the intensity of load is determined in megapascal
qualitatively.

Concrete is primarily strong in compression and in actual

construction, the concrete is used in compression. Concrete, which is
strong in compression, is also good in other quality. Higher the
Compression strength better is the durability. Preparation and
conduct of compressive strength is comparatively easy and give
consistent result than tensile strength or flexural strength. This test for
determining compressive strength of concrete has therefore assumed
maximum important.

Procedure of testing

1.Age of test: usually testing is done after 7 days and 28 days. The
days being measured from the time water is added to the dry
ingredients.
2. Test at least 3 specimens at a time.
3. Test the specimen immediately or removal from water and while
they are still in the wet condition. Wipe off the surface water. If the
specimens are received dry, keep them in water for 24 hours before
testing.
4. Place the specimen in such a manner that the load shall be applied
to opposite sides of the cube cast i.e. not to the top and the bottom
5. Align carefully the center of the thrust of the spherical scaled plate.
6. Apply load slowly and at the rate of 14 N/mm2. Till the cube
breaks.
7. Note the maximum load and appearance of the concrete failure i.e.
whether aggregates have broken or cement paste separates from the
aggregates etc .
 Flexural strength testing –
Flexural strength of a concrete is a measure of its ability to resist
bending, and it can be expressed in terms of modulus of rupture.
Therefore, the two-point loading method was used in making flexural
strength tests of concrete employing bearing blocks which ensured that
forces applied to the beam was perpendicular to the face of the
specimen and was applied without eccentricity. During test, the reaction
was always parallel to the direction of applied force. The test procedure
was carried out following the test method ASTM C 78-00. The distance
of the loading point (l) is 133 mm and the supporting point (L) is 400 mm
whereas the load was applied continuously and without any shock at a
constant rate to the breaking point. Apply the load at a rate that
constantly increases the extreme fiber stress 1.21 MPa/min. Finally,
results were obtained in the form of total load in kilonewton and intensity
of load in megapascal.
Procedure of Flexural Test on Concrete -
 The test should be conducted on the specimen immediately after
taken out of the curing condition so as to prevent surface drying
which decline flexural strength.
 Place the specimen on the loading points. The hand finished surface
of the specimen should not be in contact with loading points. This will
ensure an acceptable contact between the specimen and loading
points.
 Center the loading system in relation to the applied force.
 Bring the block applying force in contact with the specimen surface at
the loading points.
 Applying loads between 2 to 6 percent of the computed ultimate load.
 Capping or grinding should be considered to remove gaps in excess
of 0.38mm.
 Load the specimen continuously without shock till the point of failure
at a constant rate Indian standard specified loading rate of 400
Kg/min for 150mm specimen and 180kg/min for 100mm specimen,
stress increase rate 0.06+/-0.04N/mm2.
 The loading rate as per ASTM standard can be computed based on
the following equation:

Where: r: loading rate S: rate of increase of extreme fiber b: average

specimen width d: average specimen depth L: span length

 Finally, measure the cross section of the tested specimen at each

end and at center to calculate average depth and height.
Split Tensile Test on Jute Fiber Reinforced Concrete -
When a concrete cylinder is subjected to compressive loads applied along
diametrically opposite lines i.e. when load is applied along the axis of the
cylinder, then an element on the vertical diameter of the cylinder is
subjected to vertical compressive stress and a tensile stress in the lateral
direction.

σt = 2p/πld

Where,
P = compressive load on cylinder
L = length of cylinder
D = diameter of cylinder

Procedure

1. Place the cylinder with the longitudinal axis in horizontal direction

between the platesof compression testing machine.
2. Place narrow strips of packing material such as plywood between the
plates andcylinder surface.
3. Load is applied at such a rate that tensile stress acting on the vertical
diameterincreases at a rate of 0.7 N/ mm2 / minute.
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Jute fiber reinforced concrete blocks show very good results when
compressive strength test and flexure strength test were done. Jute fiber
reinforced precast concrete paver tiles achieves better properties than that
of the control paver tiles without jute. The chemically modified jute fiber
reinforced concrete paver shows higher compressive and flexural strengths
respectively than that of the control concrete pavers block. Compressive
strength and bending strength of cubes and beams have been obtained for
both 7 and 28 days. Flexural strength of cubes 150mm x 150mm x 150mm
has also been obtained for both 7 and 28 days. Jute fiber reinforced
concrete block show very good results when compressive strength test and
flexural strength test are done. Jute fiber reinforced precast concrete paver
tiles achieve better properties than that of control paver tiles without jute.
The chemically modified jute fiber reinforced concrete pave shows higher
compressive and flexural strengths respectively than that of control
concrete paver block. The study showed that the chemical modification of
jute fiber improve tensile strength and elongation at breakout 41% and 34%
respectively.

 RESULTS

Mixture Avg. Avg. Split Load Carried by a

Compressive TensileStrength beam in a single
Strength (Mpa) (Mpa) point load test
(KN)
Plain Cement 23.52 3.92 214.75
Concrete.
Jute cement 27.53 4.22 216.79
Concrete.
Treated jute 29.77 4.29 223.4
cement concrete.
 GRAPHS

Compressive strength results for cube after 7 days curing

From the graph, it is observed that the compressive strength of concrete is

increased by 17.5% by adding raw jute and 26.5% by adding modified jute
in concrete.
 Split tensile strength results for cylinder after 7 days curing

From the graph it is observed that the split tensile strength of concrete is
increased by 7% by adding jute and 9% by adding modified jute in
concrete.
 Flexural strength results for beam after 7 days curing

From the graph it is observed that the flexural strength of concrete is

increased by 1% by adding jute and 4% by adding modified jute in
concrete.
 CONCLUSION

1) It was observed that when the jute is chemically treated then its
degradation decreases.
2) It was observed that when the raw jute is added in concrete by 1%
weight of cement then the compressive strength of concrete cube
increased by 17.5% and by adding modified jute compressive strength
increase by 26.5%.
3 ) It was observed that when the raw jute is added in concrete by 1%
weight of cement then the split tensile strength of concrete cylinder
increased by 7% and by adding modified jute split tensile strength increase
by 9%. 4) It was observed that when the raw jute is added in concrete by
1% weight of cement then the flexural strength of concrete cube increased
by 1% and by adding modified jute flexural strength increase by 4%.
5)Hence, it is proved that modified replacement proportion is beneficial to
use in practice as it gives workable concrete with more compressive,
flexural and tensile strength.
6) It was observed that it is difficult to mix or spread jute in concrete also it
is difficult to maintain water cement ration.

Jute reinforced concrete can be used in making fiber reinforced concrete

pipe. These pipes can be used in many construction works and can prove
their strength and work. Various tests have been conducted and have
successfully come out with good results. Concrete pipes with modified jute
fiber reinforcement have performed much better than unmodified jute
concrete pipes. The chemically modified jute reinforced concrete pipe
achieves higher strength than that of conventional concrete pipe by
incorporating . Thus the chemically modified jute fiber reinforced concrete
pipe is cost effective as well as strong. Jute concrete block have more
compressive strength than other ordinary mortar block and is available
easily, freely, abundantly and at low cost. Due to tensile properties of fiber
which get embed when jute is mixed with mortar, Jute Cement concrete
blocks have more tensile strength. Jute Concrete blocks are light weight
due to which they can be best alternative when roofing is considered.
Inspite of adding jute, there is no change in appearance and as such jute
concrete block and ordinary concrete block look same.
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