RMbœv_ BDwbfvwm©wU Rvb©vj Ae AvU©m

fwjDg-10, bs-1, Rvbyqvwi-Ryb 2020

KvRx Ave`yj I`y‡`i iPbv : cÔm½ †ivgvu †ivjvu

GgwW. gvmy` ingvb*

Abstract
The activities of the ‘Muslim Sahitya Samaj’, established in Dhaka in 1921, are described as the
renaissance of Bengali Muslim society. One of its founders is the well-known writer and thinker
Kazi Abdul Wadud who has been mentioned in several places as sources of inspiration for that
organization. Every list has a common name that is French writer, musician, and leader of the
global humanitarian movement, Romain Rolland. Indo-enthusiast Rolland wrote several books on
the then situation of the subcontinent and also on some prominent Indian personalities. Widely
known across the globe, Rolland also had a lot of fans and followers in Bangladesh. In addition to
the ‘Muslim literary society’, Rolland’s influence on Wadud was multidimensional. A
concentrated reader of Rolland, Wadud has tried to follow Rolland in his creative literary works.
On the other hand, the profound influence of Rolland can be noticed in the thoughtful essays of
the scholar Wadud. These information have been presented and analyzed in the article which is an
attempt to fully understand the mind of the thinker Wadud. At the same time, the intimate identity
of the life and thought of Rolland, a great humanist and intellectual, has been presented. Above
all, a phase of the overall thinking of twentieth century Bengalies has been revealedin this
discussion.

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(1866-1944) wQ‡jb we‡k^i wkíiwmK gvby‡li Kv‡Q cig kÔ‡×q| Avi wek^e¨vcx d¨vwmwe‡ivax
f~wgKv MÔnY I gvbeZvev`x Av‡›`vj‡b †bZ…Z¡ †`Iqvi Kvi‡Y me †`‡ki m‡PZb gvby‡li wQ‡jb
wcÔq e¨w³Z¡| Z‡e ZrKvjxb fvi‡Zi mywPwšÍZ fvl¨Kvi I K‡qKRb wewkó gbxlxi RxebxKvi
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evsjv wKsev fviZxq †KvbI fvlv, GgbwK fviZ-kvm‡Ki fvlv Bs‡iwRI Rvb‡Zb bv Ges
fviZe‡l© mkix‡i †Kv‡bvw`b Av‡mbwb| cÔPzi cov‡kvbv I wewfbœ e¨w³i mv‡_ Av‡jvPbv-
cÎvjv‡ci gva¨‡g wZwb fviZwe‡klÁ n‡Z †c‡iwQ‡jb| fviZevmxivI Zvu‡`i GKRb mü`q
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†`Lv‡bvi Kvi‡Y mgvRZvwš¿K †Mvôx GKmgq wKQzUv m‡›`‡ni †Pv‡LB Zvu‡K †`‡L‡Q| Z‡e me
wgwj‡q ewnwe©‡k^i g‡Zv G A‡j Zvui f³-AbyivMx me©gn‡jB h‡_ó cwigv‡Y wQj|
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Dwbk kZ‡Ki KjKvZvq wPšÍv I K‡g© bZz‡bi †h AwfNvZ-Av‡jvob P‡jwQj, Zv †i‡bmvu ev

cybR©vMiY bvwK beRvMiY, G wb‡q we¯Íi ev`vbyev` Av‡Q| AšÍZ, `y‡Uv welq `ye©jZv wn‡m‡e
wPwýZ n‡q _v‡KÑfvi‡Zi civaxbZv I e„nËi GKwU ag©m§úª`vq gymjgv‡bi wehy³Zv| evsjvi
RvMi‡Yi BwZnv‡m evOvwj gymwjg‡`i we‡klfv‡e mshy³Zv N‡U kZvãx †cwi‡q, wek kZ‡Ki
cÔ_g `y`kK cvi nIqvi ci| †iv‡Kqv mvLvIqvZ †nv‡mb (1880-1932), KvRx bRiæj
Bmjv‡gi (1899-1976) g‡Zv e¨w³i avivevwnKZvq mvsMVwbK ch©v‡q XvKvi Ógymwjg mvwnZ¨
mgv‡RÖi g‡a¨ Õ‡i‡bmvumx gbw¯^Zvi cÔwZkÔæwZ AvfvwmZÒ2 †`‡LwQ‡jb wkebvivqY ivq (1921-
2008)|
Ógymwjg mvwnZ¨ mgv‡RÖi cÔavb Kzkxje‡`i g‡a¨ wQ‡jb KvRx Av‡bvqviæj Kvw`i (1887-
1948), Aveyj û‡mb (1896-1938), KvRx †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb (1897-1981), Aveyj dRj
(1903-1983), †gvZv‡ni †nv‡mb †P×ayix (1903-1956) cÖgyL| W±i gyn¤§` knx`yjøvni
(1885-1969) mfvcwZ‡Z¡ msMVbwUi cÔwZôv| m‡․Ni g~jgš¿ wQj: ÕÁvb †hLv‡b mxgve×, eyw×
†mLv‡b Avoó, gyw³ †mLv‡b Am§¢eÒ| Gi wewfbœ Awa‡ekb-Abyôv‡b hy³ n‡qwQ‡jb kirP›`ª
P‡Ævcva¨vq (1876-1938), KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg, PviæP›`ª e‡›`¨vcva¨vq (1877-1938), ˆmq`
Gg`v` Avjx (1875-1956). i‡gkP›`ª gRyg`vi (1888-1980), †gvwnZjvj gRy`gvi
(1888-1952), †gvnv§¦` eiKZzjøvn (1898-1974), dwRjvZz‡bœ&mv (1899-1977),gyn¤§`
gbmyiDÏxb (1904-1987), Avï‡Zvl fÆvPvh© (1909-1984) cÔgyL| iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii
(1861-1941) m‡½I msMV‡bi †ewkifvM m`‡m¨i mym§úK© wQj| D‡jøwLZ e¨w³e‡M©i m§ú„³Zv
cÔgvY K‡i, GKwU ag©m§úª`v‡qi bv‡g cÔwZwôZ n‡jI msMVbwU wQj Amv§úª`vwqK †PZbvF× I
AvaywbKcš’x|
wewkó wPšÍK, mymvwnwZ¨K Ave`yj I`y`‡K 1956 mv‡ji RyjvB gv‡m wek^fviZx ÕEbwesk kZvãxi
evsjvi RvMiYÒ m§^‡Ü e³…Zv w`‡Z Avgš¿Y Rvbvq| avivevwnK QqwU e³…Zvi ïiæUv K‡iwQ‡jb
h_vixwZ Õevsjvi beRvMi‡Yi cÔfvZ-bÿÎÒ ivRv ivg‡gvnb ivq (1772-1833) †_‡K|
Av‡jvPbv †U‡b wb‡qwQ‡jb wesk kZ‡Ki cÔ_gva© Aewa| †kl ch©v‡q evOvwj gymjgv‡bi cÔm‡½
Rvwb‡q‡Qb :
bRiæ‡ji Afz¨`‡qi c‡i 1926 Lªxóv‡ã XvKvq GKwU mvwnwZ¨K †Mvôxi Afz¨`q nq| Zvu‡`i
cÔwZôv‡bi bvg wQj Õgymwjg mvwnZ¨-mgvRÒ, gyLc‡Îi bvg ÓwkLvÖ, Avi Zvu‡`i gš¿ wQj Óeyw×i
gyw³Õ Emancipation of the intellect. GB gš¿ Zvuiv †c‡qwQ‡jb eû RvqMv †_‡KÑKvgvj
AvZvZz‡K©i KvQ †_‡K, ivg‡gvnb, iex›`ªbv_ I Rvu-wί͇di †jLK †ivgvu †ivjvui KvQ †_‡K,
cviwmK Kwe mv`xi KvQ †_‡K Avi nRiZ †gvnv§¦‡`i KvQ †_‡K|3
eZ©gvb Av‡jvPbvq Ógymwjg mvwnZ¨ mgv‡RÖi Kzkxje‡`i g‡a¨ †Kej Ave`yj I`y‡`i Ges †cÔiYv-
Drmmg~‡ni g‡a¨ ïay †ivgvu †ivjvui cÔfve Avgv‡`i Abym‡Üq| †mB mÜvbKv‡h© cÔ‡e‡ki cÔv°v‡j
¯¦Z©e¨, †ivjvu‡K wb‡q ÓmvwnZ¨ mgv‡RÖi A‡b‡KB Kg‡ewk †f‡e‡Qb-wj‡L‡Qb| Aveyj dR‡ji
Wv‡qwig~jK iPbv I cÔe‡Üi cvZvq cvZvq †ivjvu D×…Z n‡q‡Qb; Zvui Dcb¨vm iv½vcÖfvZ (1957)
†ivjvui Rvu wίÍd-Gi Av`‡k© wjwLZ| †gvZv‡ni †nv‡mb †P×ayixi iPbvKg© mvievb Ges ¯^ícwigvY;
Zvui mvKz‡j¨ wZbwU eB‡qi `ywUB `yRb Bs‡iR †jL‡Ki MÔš’vbyev`| Z‡e Av‡jvPbvµ‡g mgv‡jvPK
e‡j‡Qb: Õ...hw`I GKRb divwm †jL‡Ki †KvbI c~Y©v½ iPbv ev MÔš’ Abyev` K‡ibwb, wKš` hvui
Rxebv`k© wbR RxebvPi‡Y Abyev` Ki‡Z †P‡qwQ‡jb, Zvui bvg †ivgvu †ivjvu|Ò4 gyn¤§` knx`yjøvni
bvbv iPbvq wewÿßfv‡e †ivjvu cÔmw½K n‡q‡Qb| D‡jøL¨, †ivjvu c¨vwi‡mi mieb wek^we`¨vj‡q
RMbœv_ BDwbfvwm©wU Rvb©vj Ae AvU©m 103

m½x‡Zi Dci M‡elYv K‡i W±‡iU Dcvwa jvf K‡ib Ges c‡i †mLv‡b wkÿKZvI K‡ib;
knx`yjøvnI cieZ©xKv‡j GKB wek^we`¨vjq †_‡K fvlvZ‡Ë¡i Dci M‡elYv K‡iwQ‡jb| †ivjvu-
mswkøóZvi Ggb D`vniY Ab¨‡`i †_‡KI Av‡iv Pqb Kiv hvq; cwim‡ii mgm¨vi Kvi‡Y †mw`‡K
bv wM‡q Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi, †ivjvu‡K Ógymwjg mvwnZ¨ mgv‡RÖi g‡a¨ me‡P‡q Mfxifv‡e jvjb I
e¨vcKfv‡e aviY K‡iwQ‡jb I`y`, hv Avgv‡`i cieZ©x Av‡jvPbvq cÔwZwôZ n‡e|
bvbvR‡bi ¯¦„wZPviYvq msMVbwUi Ófve‡hvMxÖ, Ógw¯Í®‹Ö BZ¨vw` wn‡m‡e AwfwnZ n‡q‡Qb I`y`|
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DciI Av‡jvKcvZ NU‡e|
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cÔvewÜK wn‡m‡e AwaK cwiwPZ n‡jI KvRx Ave`yj I`y‡`i cÔ_g cÔKvwkZ MÔš’ gxicwievi
(1917) MímsKjb I wØZxq MÖš’ b`xe‡¶ (1918) wQj Dcb¨vm| MíMÖš’ kirP›`ª Ges Dcb¨vm
iex›`ªbv‡_i cÔksmv jvf Ki‡j GKRb m§¢vebvgq kw³kvjx K_vmvwnwZ¨‡Ki Avwef©ve †`‡LwQj
cvVKmgvR| Z‡e Gici I`y` m„Rbkxj mvwnZ¨ ej‡Z gvÎ wKQz Mí I bvUK wj‡L‡Qb|
Av‡iKwU Dcb¨vm †jLv ïiæ Ki‡jI cwiKíbv Abyhvqx †kl K‡ibwb| GB Am§ú~Y© Dcb¨v‡mi bvg
AvRv` hv Avgv‡`i Av‡jvPbvq cÔvmw½K| †ivjvui Dcb¨vm Rvu wίÍd-Gi Av`‡k© AvRv` †jLvi
cÖqvm wQj|
John Christopher ev Rvu wίÍd †ivjvui me‡P‡q RbwcÔq Dcb¨vm| 1904 mv‡j Gi cÔ_g LÐ
Dawn cÔKvwkZ nq Ges 1912 mv‡j 10g LÐ The New Dawn-Gi ga¨ w`‡q `k L‡Ði GB
e„n`vKvi Dcb¨v‡mi mgvwß| Dcb¨vmwU cv‡V D”Q¡wmZ n‡q GBP wR I‡qjm (1866-1946)
e‡jb Õ Hats off boys!hero is a genious.Ó5 Avi ÓwØZxq Uj÷‡qiÖ AvMgb Bw½Z †c‡qwQ‡jb
B Gg di÷vi (1879-1970)| cÔ_g wek^hy‡×i ci evb©vW k (1856-1950), GBP wR
I‡qjmmn we‡k^i †kÔô †jLK‡`i ¯^vÿ‡i wek^kvwšÍi R‡b¨ cÔKvwkZ Bk‡Znv‡i Rvu wίÍd-Gi
cÔm½I wQj| †ivjvu †h 1915 mv‡j mvwn‡Z¨ †bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi †c‡qwQ‡jb Zv‡Z wbðq e‡ov f~wgKv
wQj eBwUi| Z‡e e‡ov Z_¨ GB †h, cyi¯‹vijä cy‡iv A_©B †ivjvu †iWµm‡K `vb K‡iwQ‡jb|
Dcb¨v‡mi bvgPwiÎ g~jZ Rvg©vb es‡kv™¢~Z m½xZwkíx hv‡K eva¨ n‡q wb‡Z nq ˆmwbKe„wË; Z‡e
Zvi hy× ïay mgicÔvšÍ‡i bq, wQj Avcb AšÍ‡iI| †m memgq wb‡R‡K gy³ Ki‡Z Pvq|
Rxebavi‡Yi A_©nxbZv †_‡K, RxebvPi‡Yi wbôziZv †_‡K, ag©e‡Y©i bv‡gi we‡f‡`i †eovRvj
†_‡K, RvZxqZvi bv‡g we‡”Q`KviK KvivMvi †_‡K| hZÿY me eÜb †_‡K gy³ n‡Z bv cvi‡Q,
cwicv‡k^©i GB evZveiY‡K fvO‡Z bv cvi‡Q, ZZÿY Zvi ¯^w¯Í ev kvwšÍ †bB| †m memgq wb‡R‡K
cvcx g‡b Ki‡Z _v‡K| Avi †mB cvcgyw³i msMÔv‡g iZ _v‡K|
†mKv‡j AwfÁZvcÔvß RxebwPÎ Dc¯’vc‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ DcjwäRvZ Rxebv`k© cÔPv‡ii †‣‡Î
cwiYZ n‡qwQj Dcb¨vm| G wel‡q Ruv wίÍd wQj †kÔô Av`k© I me©vwaK AbymiYxq MÔš’| we‡k¦i
eû †`‡k MÔš’wUi Abyev` n‡q‡Q Ges Gi Av‡jv‡K Dcb¨vm iPbvi cÔqvm †`Lv †M‡Q| evsjv‡`‡kI
†m †Póv P‡j‡Q| †ivjuvi eÜz Kvwj`vm bvM(1891-1966), †MvKzj bvM(1906-1983) I kvšÍv
104 KvRx Ave`yj I`y‡`i iPbv : cÔm½ †ivgvu †ivjvu

†`ex (1893-1984) †h×_-Abyev` K‡ib Rvu wί͇di| ZLbKvi weL¨vZ cwÎKv K‡jøvj-G GwU
avivevwnKfv‡e cÔKvwkZ nq, hv ï‡b ¯^qs †ivjuv Lywk n‡q wj‡LwQ‡jb:
I am happy that my dear friend Dr. Kalidas Nag presents my “Jean Christope’’
to the readers of Kallol and that my vagabond child... Christophe starts
exploring the routes of India after having traversed through the heart of Europe. 6
Ave`yj I`y` Ruv wίÍd-Gi Abyev` bq, Av`‡j AvRv` bv‡g e„nr cwim‡i GKvwaK L‡ÐB wjL‡Z
gb¯’ K‡iwQ‡jb, †Ljvayjv wQj Zvui m~Pbv LÐ| GB bv‡g cÔ_‡g Ave`yj Kvw`i (1906-1984)
m¤úvw`Z RqZx (1gel©, 2q msL¨v, ˆR¨ô, 1337 †_‡K 2qel©, 7g-9g msL¨v, KvwZ©K-‡c×l,
1338ch©šÍ) I c‡i gyn§¦` nexejøvn [evnvi] (1906-1966) I †eMg kvgmyb bvnvi [gvngy`]
(1908-1964 ) m¤úvw`Z eyjeyj (4_©el©, 1g msL¨v, ˆekvL 1344 †_‡K 4_©el©,†c×l, 1344
ch©šÍ) cwÎKvq avivevwnKfv‡e cÔKvwkZ n‡qwQj| wKš` 1948 mv‡j AvRv` bv‡g MÔš’Kv‡i cÔKvk
K‡i I`y` wjL‡jb:
ÓAvRv`Ö bvg w`‡q †h-iPbvwU cÔKvwkZ nÖ‡jv, Zv GKwU eo cwiKíbvi Avw`¯Íi|
GB cwiKíbvi g~‡j †cÔiYv mÂvi K‡iwQj gnvZ¤v MvÜxi Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb, Avi we‡kl KÖ†i
†ivguv †ivjuvi ÕRb& wµ‡÷vdviÖ eBLvwb|
GB cwiKíbvwU i¥c †`Iqvi Kv‡R Avgvi K‡qK ermi e¨wqZ n‡qwQj| Zvici Óbech©¨vqÖ-Avw`
iPbvq gb w`‡Z nÖ‡jvÑGB cwiKíbvwU Av‡Rv cwiZ¨³ Ae¯’vq Av‡Q|
K‡e †h †mB nviv‡bv †LB ai‡Z cvie, Zv fweZe¨ Rv‡bb| Z‡e Óbech©¨vqÖ-Avw`i msMÖvggywLZv
hLb †`kwefv‡Mi c‡i ¯^ZtB w¯ÍwgZ nÖ‡q‡Q, ZLb GB cyivZb cwiKíbvi cybiæfz¨`q Am§¢e bv
nÕeviB K_v|7
GQvov cÎvKv‡i wjwLZ ÕKvRx Ave`yj I`y‡`i RxebK_vÒq 1920 mv‡j XvKvq hvIqvi wKQzw`b
c‡ii cÔm‡½ e‡j‡Qb :
Non-Co-operation Avi †ivgvu †ivjvui John Christopher eBLvwb Avgvi Rxe‡bi Dci
Mfxi cÔfve we¯Ívi K‡i| GZw`b wQjvg gyL¨Z wkíx, GBevi njvg RxebwRÁvmy| Avgvi bZzb
wPšÍv cÔ_g i¥c †cj Avgvi Óbech©v‡qÖ| GB Kq eQi iZ wQjvg GK e„nr Dcb¨vm iPbvq| ZviB
cÔ_g LÐ ÓAvRv`Ö ev Ó†LjvayjvÖ|8
cwÎKvq cÔKvkKv‡j LÐ wn‡m‡e †K›`ªxq Pwi‡Îi bvg bv w`‡q bvgKiY K‡iwQ‡jb †Ljvayjv (Rvu
wίÍd-Gi cÔ_g L‡Ði bvg Dawn),wKš` MÔš’vKv‡i †ei nIqvi mgq †Kb cÔavb Pwi‡Îi m~‡Î bvg
w`‡jb ÓAvRv`Ö? Gi KviY, cwiKíbv Abyhvqx †jLvwU †h GwM‡q †bIqv hv‡e bv I`y` Zv Abyaveb
Ki‡Z cviwQ‡jb| Zvui w`bwjwc-m~‡Î Z_¨ D×vi Kiv hvK| Drdzjø ivq‡K wjwLZ cÎ Abyhvqx
aviYv KivB hvq †h, 1920 mv‡ji wKQz c‡i I`y` AvRv` †jLvi Kv‡R nvZ †`b| 1924 mv‡ji
20 Rvbyqvwi, iweevi iv‡Î wj‡L‡Qb: ÕfvewQjvg ÕAvRv`Ò Avevi †jLv ïiæ KieÑwKš` gbUv
AvRKvj †hb GKUz Kvwnj| ...G Ae¯’vq wjwL †Kgb K‡i|Ò9 IB eQiB 24 †deªæqvwii `ycy‡i
wj‡L‡Qb:
AvR ÓAvRv‡`iÖ bZzb K‡i †jLv K‡qK cwi‡”Q` cojvg| Luyr wKQz Av‡Q, Zey g‡b nj evsjvi
wbweo MvQcvjv‡Niv cjøxi †fZi †_‡K GKUv eo ZvRv cÔvY †ewi‡q Avm‡Z Pv‡”Q| GB hw` nq
Z‡e Avwg Lywk ne| cÔvYUvB PvBцmB AvRv`‡K eZ©gvb ev`wemsev`c~Y© RM‡Zi gvSLv‡b `uvo
Kiv‡Z PvB| Av`k© wnmv‡e bq, eZ©gvb hy‡Mi wek¦weavZvi GI GK Bw½Z GBB wnmv‡e| †Lv`v
AvRv`‡K †Zvgvi eZ©gvb RM‡Zi gvSLv‡b ¯’vb `vI|10
RMbœv_ BDwbfvwm©wU Rvb©vj Ae AvU©m 105

ÒLyurÒ ej‡Z Avgv‡`i aviYv, Rb wµ‡÷vdvi PwiÎwUi g‡Zv cUf~wg ˆZwi Kiv hvw”Qj bv
AvRv‡`i R‡b¨| c~e©evsjvi cÝvZx‡ii (Rb wµ‡÷vdv‡ii Rb¤I b`xZx‡ii MÔv‡g) GKwU MÔv‡g
Rb¤MÔnY K‡iwQj AvRv`; mgqwU Ó¯^‡`wk Av‡›`vj‡bi w`bÖ n‡jI MÔv‡g Zvi mvgvb¨Zg †XD
†c×uQvqwb| cwieviwU eskxq wePv‡i m§£všÍ, wKš` wcZv AvRg †P×ayix covïbv K‡iwQ‡jb gvÎ
QvÎe„wË Aewa| Z‡e wcZvi B”Qv AvRv` †jLvcov KiæK| ZvB Zv‡K kn‡i AvZ¤x‡qi evwo‡Z
cvVv‡bv nq| AvRv` K¬v‡m dv÷© n‡Zv| K¬v‡mi covïbvq †hgb mvgvb¨Zg wcwQ‡q _vK‡Z ivwR
bq, †Zgwb Ávbe„w×i Rb¨ Ab¨vb¨ eBI cÔPzi cwigv‡Y c‡o _v‡K| we‡kl K‡i gbxlx‡`i Rxebx
Mfxifv‡e cvV K‡i| RMr-Rxeb‡K we‡klfv‡e Rvb‡Z AvMÔnx| ¯^fvePwiÎ wgwj‡q Rb
wµ‡÷vdv‡ii g‡Zv GKRb ms‡e`bkxj, wePvieyw×m§úbœ gvbyl nIqvi g‡Zv cÔ¯`wZB †hb wbw”Qj
†m| wKš` GB AvRv‡`i ˆK‡kvi-ce© ch©šÍB wj‡L‡Qb Ave`yj I`y`| †hgbUv Avgiv ejwQjvg,
†ivjvui PwiÎwU AvšÍR©vwZK cUf~wg †c‡qwQj, I`y‡`i AvRv` †mwU cvqwb ev¯ÍeZvi Kvi‡YB|
ˆewk^K `~‡ii K_v, ˆ`wkK cwiPqI wQj Ujvqgvb| cÔ_gZ, ¯^‡`k ZLb mv§ªvR¨kw³i Dcwb‡ek,
wØZxqZ, ¯^vRvZ¨‡ev‡ai e`‡j mv§úª`vwqKZvi welev®úB Qovw”Qj †ewk| Gwb‡qB fvweZ wQj
AvRv‡`i wcZv-wcZ…e¨ A_©vr c~e©eZ©x cÔRb¤| e¯`Z, ¯^m§úª`v‡qi wcwQ‡q covi welqwU‡K Gwo‡q
†h‡Z cviwQ‡jb bv I`y`| wb‡R‡KB †hb Ave× wn‡m‡e Avwe®‹vi KiwQ‡jb †mmgq| hvi d‡j Rvu
wί͇di g‡Zv gy³cÔvY gnr Rxebv`‡k©i Dcb¨vm †jLvUv mnR nw”Qj bv| wb‡RB 1926 mv‡ji
25 †deªæqvwii w`bwjwc‡Z wj‡L‡Qb :
nRiZ †gvnv§¦‡`i K_v fvejvg, ÓAvRv`Ö-Gi K_v fvejvg, †`Ljvg meLv‡b ZË¡ cÔejfv‡e
i‡q‡Q, ZvB gb DVj bv| nVvr eve‡ii Dci †PvL coj| nuv evei Kve¨ wjL‡Z n‡e| wK wjLe
cy‡ivcywi Rvwb bv| wKš` †m ZË¡ n‡e bv G wVK| GB Kve¨ hw` wjL‡Z cvwi Z‡i ZLb nqZ
nRiZ †gvn§¦` m§^‡Ü gy³ KweAvZ¤v wb‡q wjL‡Z cvie, ÓAvRv`ÖI wjL‡Z cvie|11
†m DËiY I`y‡`i n‡qwQj e‡U, wKš` ZLb ZË¡ I gbbag©x cÔeÜ †jLvq G‡ZvUvB gMœ n‡q‡Qb †h,
m„Rbkxj mvwnZ¨vw½K Dcb¨vm †jLvUv KwVb n‡q c‡o Zvui c‡ÿ| Gi cÔgvY cvB cieZ©xKv‡j
I`y‡`i †jLv bvUKvw` cvV Ki‡j, hv A‡bKUvB ZK©g~jK msjvc-AvwkÖZ `vk©wbK iPbvi
KvQvKvwQ †c×u‡Q †M‡Q| †hgb c_ I wec_(1346e.) bvU‡Ki K_v ej‡Z cvwi hv K‡qKwU
Pwi‡Îi mgvR-ag©-ivóª welqK fvebvi K‡_vcK_b gvÎ| bvUKxq AvL¨vbweb¨vm ev c~Y©v½ PwiÎ
†mLv‡b ej‡Z †M‡j †bB| Z‡e Rvu wίÍd-Gi bvq‡Ki hy×we‡ivax e³e¨ ¯úófv‡eB cÔwZaßwbZ
n‡q‡Q ikxiæwÏb Avi Avjx MIn‡ii K‡É| †hgb ekxiæwÏb e‡j: Õ¯^‡`k-‡meK †`L‡Z †`L‡Z
n‡q I‡V ci‡`k-cxoK| ¯^‡`k‡cÔ‡g Avi weÁv‡b `xwÿZ RvwZiv AvaywbK mf¨Zvi aßsm NUv‡Z
cv‡i G Avk¼v Ag~jK bq|Ò Rev‡e Avjx MIn‡ii ¯^xKv‡ivw³: ÕAv‡M †hgb ¯^ag©-‡cÔg gvby‡li
mgv‡R i³viw³i KviY n‡q‡Q GLb RvZxqZv I ¯^‡`k‡cÔgI ZvB n‡”Q, G wg_¨v bq|12
Zv wk‡íi cwiï×Zv iÿvi ¯’v‡bB †ivjvui cÔwZfv I cvi½gZvi Kv‡Q wcwQ‡q c‡o‡Qb I`y`|
ÕZxÿèax mgv‡jvPK I`y` wb‡RI welqwU jÿ K‡i‡Qb|Ò13 †ivjvuI cÔPzi cÔeÜ wj‡L‡Qb, †m¸‡jv
mviMf© cÔeÜB n‡q‡Q| Avevi cÔPzi m„RbxmvwnZ¨ iPbv K‡i‡Qb, †m¸‡jvi wkígvb ev imms¯’vc‡b
ZË¡ ev wPšÍv wewNœZ nqwb| G cÔm‡½ webq miKv‡ii (1887-1949) we‡kølY g‡b Ki‡Z cvwi|
wZwb †ivjvui mv‡_ Av‡iKRb divwm †jLK Avbv‡Zvj d«vum‡K (1844-1924) Rywo a‡i e‡j‡Qb :
GB `yB RbB cvuo cÔPviK| Gu‡`i cÔ‡Z¨K jvBb bxwZK_vq ficyi| d«vÞ‡K Avi `ywbqvi Pweßk
NÈv RyZv‡bv nÖ‡”Q GB `yB mvwnZ¨ex‡ii GKgvÎ KvR| divmx-wecø‡ei weiæ‡×, abZ‡š¿i
weiæ‡×, ¯^v‡`wkKZvi weiæ‡×,¯^RvwZ-wbôvi weiæ‡×, mv§ªv‡R¨i weiæ‡× jovB Pvjv‡bv Qvov Guiv
Avi wKQz Rv‡bb bv| GK K_vq d«vum Avi ijvu †mvk¨vwjRg, KwgDwbRg, wek^kvwšÍ BZ¨vw`
106 KvRx Ave`yj I`y‡`i iPbv : cÔm½ †ivgvu †ivjvu
m§úwK©Z a‡g©i ev bxwZi Dc‡`óv ev cÔPviK| A_P Gu‡`i †Kv‡bv †jLvq B¯‹zjgvóvix ev ¸iæ
gkvB‡qi aib-aviY Xzu‡o cvIqv hvq bv| cvIqv hvq Mí, PwiÎ Avi †hvMv‡hvM-m„wó|14
†gvÏv K_v, AvšÍwiK cÔPviK nIqv m‡Ë¡I Guiv cwic~Y© mvwnZ¨wkíx| I`y` wb‡RI G cÔm‡½ †ivjvui
KzkjZvi K_v e‡j‡Qb Avi mgmvgwq‡Ki cwie‡Z© GKRb c~e©m~wii avivevwnKZvi K_v D‡jøL
K‡i‡Qb| †ivjvu Ges I`y‡`i GB c~e©Zb c~Rbxq n‡”Qb Rvg©vb mvwnwZ¨K †M¨‡U (1749-1832)|
†M¨‡Ui wfj‡ng gvBmUv‡ii wkÿvbwewk (1777-1796) bvgK K‡qK LÐ wewkó Dcb¨vm cÔm‡½
I`y` ej‡Qb :
†`Lv hv‡”Q †M¨‡U GLv‡b wkí‡K cÔPviag©x K‡i‡QbÑZvui GB wfj&‡nj&g& gvBmUvi wkÿv I
ms¯‹…wZ m§ú‡K© GK gnv MÔš’| wKš` †mB cÔPv‡ii D‡Ï‡k¨ Gi wkíKg© A_©vr i¥cv¼b ÿzYœ Kiv
nqwb;ÑDcb¨v‡mi mvnv‡h¨ Rxebv`k© cÔPv‡ii GB cÔqvm GKv‡j mv_©KZv jvf K‡iÖ P‡j‡Q|
†µv‡Pi g‡Z Gi GKv‡ji †kÔô `„óvšÍ †ivgvu †ivjvui ÕRb wµm&‡UvdviÒ|15
I`y` wb‡Ri iPbvi mgm¨vwU eyS‡Z †c‡i AvRv` iPbvq Avi AMÔmi nbwb e‡jB Avgv‡`i g‡b
nq| cÖ_g LÐ †Ljva~jv iPbvwUB AvRv` bv‡g cÔKvwkZ nIqv †m A‡_© mwVKB n‡qwQj|
Z‡e evsjvq Rvu wίÍdi-Gi Av`‡k© Dcb¨vm †jLvi †Póv K‡i‡Qb Av‡iv K‡qKRb| ÓwkLv †MvwôÖi
Ab¨Zg m`m¨ Aveyj dRj GKL‡Ð †j‡Lb ivOvcÖfvZ (1364e.)| mymvwnwZ¨K Abœ`vk¼i ivq
(1994-2002) QqL‡Ð wj‡L‡Qb mZ¨vmZ¨ (1932-1942)| G`yR‡bi mv‡_B I`y‡`i mym§úK©
wQ‡jv Ges Zvui cÔavbZg KviY wPšÍvi HK¨| A_P `yR‡bi Dc‡ivwjøwLZ MÔš’ `y‡Uvi Av‡jvPbv
cÔm‡½ I`y` Rvu wίÍd-Gi K_v †Zv‡jbwb †Kb †evSv fvi| webyi eB (1944) cÔeÜMÔ‡š’ Abœ`vk¼i
†h ÓAí eq‡mB eû K_vÖ fve‡Z †c‡iwQ‡jb Zvui KviY wn‡m‡e aviYv K‡i‡Qb †h, Õiex›`ªbv_,
Uj÷q, †ivgvu †ivjvu, gnvZ¤v MvÜx cÔgyL GKv‡ji †kÔô gbxlx‡`i iPbvi m‡½ wZwb Aí eq‡mB
cwiwPZ n‡qwQ‡jb|Ò16 K_vwU ejvi wKQz c‡iB Abœ`vk¼‡ii mZ¨vmZ¨ Ôgnv Dcb¨vmÕ wjLevi
cwiKíbv, `k eQ‡i Qq LÐ wjwLZ nIqvi K_v ej‡jb, wKš` Rvu wί͇di cÔfv‡ei K_v ej‡jb
bv| Aveyj dRj‡K †Zv GKUv cÎB wj‡LwQ‡jb iv½vcÖfvZ cv‡Vi cÔwZwµqv Rwb‡q| Zv‡Z eBwU
c‡o Lywk nIqvi K_v e‡j‡Qb GKvwaKevi| wKš` †mLv‡b Rvu wίÍd ev †ivjvui K_v wKQzB D‡jøL
K‡ibwb| Aek¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ GKwU K_v e‡j‡Qb, Zv n‡jv: ÕbvbK Kexi‡K †`‡L e‡jwQ‡jb:
GKLvbv P¨vjv cy‡o †kl nevi Av‡M Avi GKLvbv P¨vjvq Av¸b a‡i‡Q †`‡L wZwb Lykx n‡q‡Qb|
AvwgI †Zgwb Lykx n‡qwQ|Ò17 nq‡Zv wb‡Ri Amgvß AvRv‡`i K_v †f‡eB 13 wW‡m§^i 1957
mv‡j †jLv wPwV‡Z GgbwU e‡jwQ‡jb|
Z‡e I`y` †ivjvui cÔfve bv n‡jI mv`„k¨ Lyu‡R †c‡qwQ‡jb kirP‡›`ªi mvwn‡Z¨| Òkir-mvwnZ¨Ó
cÔe‡Ü kirP‡›`ªi mvwnZ¨-aviv‡K cÔvK-kÔxKvšÍ I kÔxKvšÍ-cieZ©x GB `yBfv‡M fvM K‡i‡Qb| Zvui
wePv‡i wØZxq As‡ki cwiYwZ †klcÖkœ Ges GB Dcb¨vm I Zvi PwiÎ Kg‡ji †ivjvui Dcb¨vm I
Pwi‡Îi mv‡_ mwgj jÿ¨ K‡i‡Qb| Zvui we‡ePbv :
...Ó†klcª‡kœÖi Kg‡ji PwiÎ †ek GKUz m„wóI e‡U| Avgvi †Zv g‡b nq †ivgvu †ivjvui The
Enchanted Soul Dcb¨v‡mi g‡Zv Ó‡klcÔkœÖI GK Dcb¨vmavivi m~Pbv, †Kbbv Kg‡ji Pwi‡Îi
c~Y©weKv‡ki Rb¨ Av‡iv eû Ae¯’vq Zv‡K †`Lv‡bv `iKvi| Avi Kgj‡K kirP›`ª GKwU PwiÎ
wnmv‡e `vuo Kiv‡Z Pvb e‡j g‡b nqчhgb †ivgvu †ivjvu Anette -‡K `vuo Kwi‡q‡Qb|18
†klcÖkœ cÔKvwkZ nq 1931 mv‡j| The Enchanted Soul mvZ L‡Ð cÔKvwkZ e„n`vKvi
Dcb¨vmÑ1922 †_‡K 1933 A_©vr GMvi eQi a‡i Lи‡jv cÔKvwkZ nq| G‡Z A¨v‡bUÑdivwm
RMbœv_ BDwbfvwm©wU Rvb©vj Ae AvU©m 107

fvlvq hvi A_© b`xÑbvgxq GKRb bvixi kZavivq we¯Í…Z-cÔevwnZ Rxe‡bi cÔwZôvi BwZnvm wea„Z
n‡q‡Q hvi cUf~wg BD‡iv‡ci wek„․Lj mvgvwRK-ivR‰bwZK RxebveZ©| †klcÖkœ ev Kg‡ji Avi
†Kv‡bv avivevwnKZv ki‡Zi mvwnZ¨PP©vq †`Lv hvqwb Ges 1957 mv‡j KjKvZv wek^we`¨vj‡q
cÔ`Ë I`y` `xN© e³…Zvq (kirP›`ª I Zvici bv‡g MÔš’vKv‡i cÔKvwkZ) †klcÖkœ cÔm‡½ Avi †ivjvui
K_v †Zv‡jbwb| Z‡e w`jxcKzgvi iv‡qi (1897-1980) gva¨‡g g¨vw•g †MvwK©i (1868-1936)
g‡Zv ÓfeNy‡iÖ kirP›`ª m§ú‡K© ï‡bwQ‡jb †ivjvu| ki‡Zi ÓGK ai‡bi AvZ¤RxebxÖ kÖxKvšÍ (1917-
1933), PwiÎnxb(1917) I Ab¨vb¨ iPbvi Bs‡iwR‡Z Abyw`Z n‡q cÔKvwkZ nIqvi LeiI
†R‡bwQ‡jb|19
wZb
†ivgvu †ivjvui fviZel©‡Kw›`ªK w`bcwà cvV Ki‡j evsjv mvwnZ¨-msMxZ m§ú‡K© Zvui AvMÔ‡ni K_v
Rvbv hvq| A‡bK evOvwj †jLK-wkíxi mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM wQj †ivjvui| we‡kl K‡i iex›`ªbv‡_i
mv‡_ bvbvgvwÎK m§ú‡K©i Kvwnwb †Zv wekÔæZ welq| Z‡e wekÔæZ-we¯§qKi, GgbwK wKQzzUv
weZK©g~jK welqI hy³ Av‡Q Zvui fviZ‡Kw›`ªK †jLv‡jwL wb‡q| weZK© g~jZ †ivjvu‡K wVKg‡Zv
eyS‡Z bv cvivi Kvi‡Y| Kv‡qwg ¯^v_©ev`x fvebvI †m‡ÿ‡Î wKQz wµqvkxj n‡q _v‡K| Avgiv g‡b
Ki‡Z cvwi, DMÔ RvZxqZvev`xiv Zvui Rvu wίÍd ch©šÍ eqKU K‡iwQj| fvi‡Zi wel‡q †hw`KwU
A‡b‡Ki fvebvq cÔ_‡g Avm‡Zv Zv n‡jv, mvg¨ev`x-Roev`x †ivjvu Kx K‡i ivgK…ò cignsm
(1838-1886), ¯^vgx we‡eKvb›` (1863-1903) ev gnvZ¥v MvwÜi (1869-1948) Abyi³
nb| D‡jøL¨, †ivjvu Uj÷q (1828-1910), we‡Uv‡db (1770-1827), gvB‡Kj A¨v‡Ã‡jvi
(1475-1564) Dci Zvrch©c~Y© Rxebx wj‡L‡Qb, wZwbB Avevi fvi‡Z D‡jøwLZ ag©¸iæ I
ag©civqY ivRbxwZK‡`i Rxebx wj‡L‡Qb| e¯`Z GBme e¨w³i mw`”Qvi cÔwZ kÔ×v I Kg©¯ú„nvi
cÔwZ Zvui mg_©b wQj; wKš` Zvu‡`i ZË¡ I Kg©m~wPi cÔwZ me©vs‡k Av¯’vkxj wQ‡jb, Ggb bq| GRb¨
Gme kÔ×vwgwkÔZ Rxebx‡Z hyw³wbô we‡kølY I mgv‡jvPbvI †Pv‡L c‡o| hvuiv MÔš’¸‡jv Awfwb‡ek
mnKv‡i cvV K‡ib, Zvu‡`i mv‡_ nq‡Zv wKQz wKQz †ÿ‡Î wePvig~jK gZv‰bK¨ NU‡e, wKš`
†ivjvu‡K Avi ¯^we‡ivax e‡j g‡b n‡e bv| Avgv‡`i GgbwU N‡U _v‡K I`y‡`i †ÿ‡ÎI|
INDE ev fviZel© (1976) eB‡q †ivjvui fviZmswkøóZv I fvebv w`bwjwc AvKv‡i wjwLZ
n‡q‡Q| †h wZbRb fviZxq gbxlxi Dci c„_K MÔš’ cÔYqb K‡i‡Qb Zvuiv n‡jb gnvZ¤v MvwÜ,
ivgK…ò I we‡eKvb›`| Gme MÔ‡š’ ivg‡gvnb ivq (1772-1833), †`‡e›`ªbv_ VvKzi (1817-
1905), †KkeP›`ª †mb (1883-1884), `qvb›` mi¯^Zx (1824-1883), †jvKgvb¨ wZjK
(1856-1920) Avi Aek¨B iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi (1861-1941) cÔvmw½K n‡q‡Qb| hw`I cÔ_g MÔš’
wj‡LwQ‡jb gnvZ¤v MvwÜ wb‡q, Zey RxebKv‡ji avivevwnKZvq Avgiv ivgK…ò cÔm½ a‡i
G‡Mv‡ev|
Õc~e©‡`kxq cvVKMÔ‡Yi cÔwZÒ I Õcwðg‡`kxq cvVKM‡Yi cÔwZÒ wk‡ivbv‡g `ywU f~wgKv wQj
KvjxmvaK ivgK…ò wb‡q †jLv MÔ‡š’| cÔ_g f~wgKvq †ivjvu fviZxq‡`i Rvwb‡q‡Qb †h, ivgK…ò‡K
wZwb ÕAšÍi½Ò e‡j Abyfe K‡ib Zvu‡K AeZvi †f‡e bq, Zvui g‡a¨ gvbyl‡K cÔZ¨ÿ Kivi
Kvi‡Y| Av‡iv Rvwb‡q‡Qb :
mevi wek^v‡mi cÔwZB Avwg kÔ×v ivwL, mK‡ji wek^vm‡K, AwaKvsk †ÿ‡Î AvwgI fv‡jvI
evwm|wKš` ZvB ewjqv mK‡ji wek^vm‡K Avgvi wb‡Ri wek^vm ewjqv Avwg KL‡bv gvwb bv|20
Avi wbR †Mvjv‡a©i gvbyl‡`i e‡j‡Qb :
108 KvRx Ave`yj I`y‡`i iPbv : cÔm½ †ivgvu †ivjvu
Bnv me©`v †mB GKB MÔš’| †mB GKB gvbylчmB kvk^Z mbvZb, Ógvby‡li cyÎÖ,ÑAvgv‡`i cyÎ,
Avgv‡`i cybR©vZ fMevb| wZwbB wdwiqv Av‡mb, Ges cÔwZevi wdwiqv Avwmqv Clr c~Y©Zii¥‡c,
we‡k^i m§ú‡` mg„×Zii¥‡c D˜NvUb K‡ib Avcbv‡K|21
Gfv‡e kÔ×vmn gvbylÑejv Pj‡Z cv‡iÑgnvgvby‡li Rxebx iPbv K‡i‡Qb we‡k^i gvby‡li wgjb
mva‡bi j‡ÿ¨, we‡klZ BD‡iv‡ci ﮋ Iôvai‡K †kvwYZavivq mRj wm³ Kivi gvb‡m|
I`y` Õevsjvi RvMiYÒ e³…Zvgvjvi 5g e³…Zvq ivgK…‡òi Rxebxi i¥c‡iLv Gu‡K‡Qb †ivjvui
mgvšÍiv‡jB| ivgK…ò‡K mevi cÔwZ cÔxwZc~Y© Kg©‡cÔiYv`vqK gnvgvbe wn‡m‡eB †`‡L‡Qb| †ivjvu
g‡b K‡ib, ïayB ag©xq ¸iæ wn‡m‡e Zvu‡K †`Lv Ava¨vwZ¤K RvZxqZvev‡`i bvgvšÍi| Ges †mwU
fvi‡Z N‡UB wM‡q‡Q Zvui f³‡`i mvabvq, evYx-cÔPv‡i I Rxebx-iPbvq| I`y` evOvwj GKRb
ivgK…ò-RxebxKv‡ii K_v e‡j‡Qb whwb f~wgKvq wj‡LwQ‡jb: Õ‡Zvgv‡K †h GKUzI gvbyl †f‡ewQ
Avgvi †m Aciva ÿgv †Kv‡iv|Ò22 Gme `„‡ó †ivjvui my‡iB I`y‡`i e³e¨ :
ev¯ÍweK, GB‡UB Avmj K_vÑA‡j×wKKZv-gwÐZ n‡jI ivgK…‡òi Rxe‡b cvIqv hvq †h Mfxi
Ávb I AwfÁZvi m¤ú`| AvgivI eyS‡Z †Póv Kie Zvui Rxeb I mvabvi mv_©K w`K, Avi Zvui
m‡½ m‡½ Aek¨ Zvui Amv_©K w`K, hv GiB g‡a¨ Zvui Rb¨ msMÔn K‡i‡Q †`eZvi mvR|23
ivgK…ò wb‡q Av‡jvPbvKv‡j I`y` cÔvqk †ivjvu‡K D×…Z Ki‡jI memgqB †h Zvui wm×v‡šÍ mg_©b
w`‡q‡Qb, Ggb bq| †hgb, ivgK…‡òi ÕhZ gZ ZZ c_Ò evYx eûgvby‡li wcÔq, Zvuiv Gi g‡a¨
me©ag© mgš^‡qi ZË¡ Lyu‡R cvb| I`y‡`i g‡Z K_vwU wkw_je×, me gZc_ mwVK n‡Z cv‡i bv|
I`y‡`i g‡Z K_vwU‡K g~j¨ †`qv Pj‡Z cv‡i mevi cÔwZ ï‡f”Qvi evZ©v wn‡m‡e| ZvB e‡jb :
ÓhZ gZ ZZ c_Ö wPšÍvavivi Dc‡i AZxZ cÔf~Z¡ Ki‡Q †ewk, ZvB IwU Z‡Ë¡i e¨vcv‡i †ewk,
m‡Z¨i e¨vcv‡i Kg| gvby‡li mePvB‡Z eo m§ú` m„wó-ag©| Avi me m§ú‡`i g~j¨ Zvi Zzjbvq
Kg| ÓhZ gZ ZZ c_Ö m„wóag©x wPšÍv hZUzKz Zvi PvB‡Z A‡bK †ewk mevi cÔwZ ï‡f”Qv-Ávcb|
Avm‡j GwU ¯’~j wPšÍv| †ivgvu †ivjvu †mw`KwU jÿ¨ K‡ibwb nq‡Zv wek^‰gÎxi DÏxcbvq|24
†ivjvui GB Ówek^‰gÎxi DÏxcbvÖ Av‡iv †ewk K‡i jÿ‡MvPi nq we‡eKvb‡›`i Rxebx‡Z|
we‡eKvb‡›`i my`k©b gyL”Qwe, myVvg †`n (hw`I Amy¯’Zvi Rb¨ Aíeq‡m g„Zz¨ n‡qwQj), exiZ¡c~Y©
AvPiY, m‡§¦vnbx e³…Zvi K_v Zvui iwPZ we‡eKvb‡›`i Rxebx‡Z ¸iæZ¡mn wee„Z n‡q‡Q| †ek
¯’vb wb‡q ivgK…ò wgkb MVb I cwiPvjbv, Kg©-fw³-ivR-Ávb GB PviwU †hvM ewY©Z n‡q‡Q|
we‡eKvb‡›`i †mevag©, mKj gvb‡ei gyw³ Kvgbv, a‡g©i †P‡qI A‡bKmgq gvbyl‡K D”Pvmxb
Kivi gZev` BZ¨vw` wb‡q †h K_v e‡jbwb Zv bq| g~jZ G¸‡jvi Kvi‡YB †Zv Zvui we‡eKvb‡›`i
cÔwZ cÔxwZi cÔvi§¢| wKš` fviZ‡Kw›`ªKZv ïay bq, wgkb‡Kw›`ªK nIqvq wecyj m§¢vebvi m„wó K‡iI
Zvui Kvh©µg †h ¯’vwbK I ag©xq mxgvq mxwgZ n‡q †Mj, †mwU †ivjvu we‡ePbvq Av‡bbwb| wZwb
we‡eKvb‡›`i g‡a¨ fviZ ïay bq, we‡k^i wgjb I gyw³I †`L‡Z ïiæ K‡iwQ‡jb| GB RvqMvq
I`y‡`i we‡eKvb›`-wePvi Avi †ivjvui we‡eKvb›`-wm×všÍ GK _v‡Kwb †kl ch©šÍ| I`y` ivgK…ò
†_‡K D™¢~Z, we‡eKvb‡›`i Øviv †eMcÔvß Kg©mvabvi avivi cwiYwZ †`‡LwQ‡jb wb‡§œv³fv‡e :
GKvšÍfv‡e AvZ¤-m§ú~Y© bv †_‡K cignsm‡`‡ei mvabv †h †mev-ag©x n‡Z cvij G‡Z Zvui I
Zvui cÖewZ©Z ag©-m§úª`v‡qi Z¨vM-‰eivM¨-mvabvi GKUv D‡jøL‡hvM¨ mv_©KZv jvf n‡q‡Q|ÑwKš`
wn›`y-RvZxqZv †h ¯^vgxRxi †cÔ‡gi mvabv †_‡K kw³ jvf K‡iwQj †mB kw³ †`L‡Z hZ cÔej
†nvK mvgwqK n‡Z eva¨ wQj, †Kbbv GB `yÖ‡qi cÔK…wZ Avm‡j ci¯úi-weiæ×| msKxY©-RvZxqZv
mZ¨wegyL, AnsKvi Zvi †kÔô Aej§^b, ZvB eܨv n‡Z eva¨|25
RMbœv_ BDwbfvwm©wU Rvb©vj Ae AvU©m 109

†h‡Kv‡bv ai‡bi RvZxqZvi we‡ivax †ivjvu †Kb †h GB w`K ai‡Z cvi‡jb bv, †m GK cÔkœ|
cwðgviv wkí I cÔÁvi Kvi‡Y iex›`ªbv‡_i cÔwZ kÔ×vciek, Z¨vM I K‡g©v‡`¨v‡Mi Kvi‡Y MvwÜ
†c‡qwQ‡jb m§£g Avi e¨w³‡Z¡i AvKl©Y I e³‡e¨i g‡bvnvwiZvi Kvi‡Y we‡eKvb‡›`i Øviv
n‡qwQ‡jb m‡§¦vwnZ| hw`I †k‡lv³ NUbvwUi ¯’vwqZ¡ wQj me‡P‡q Kg Avi cÔ_g `ywU †Zv AvRI
eZ©gvb| †ivgvu †ivjvuI m§¢eZ we‡eKvb‡›`i Øviv ZrKvjxb BD‡ivcxq‡`i g‡ZvB m‡§¦vn‡bi
wkKvi n‡qwQ‡jb| bZzev MvwÜi mv‡_ Zzjbv Ki‡Z wM‡q GiKg cÔkœmv‡cÿ I AvcwËKi K_v †Kb
ej‡eb?ÑÕ...MvÜx I we‡eKvb‡›`i g‡a¨ GB cv_©K¨ wPiw`bB _vwK‡e †h, we‡eKvb›` wQ‡jb weivU
gbxlxÑAvi gbxlv MvÜxRxi mvgvb¨gvÎI wQj bv|Ó26
AmvaviYZ¡ I Awfbe‡Z¡i Kvi‡Y gnvZ¤v Mvw܇K fzj †evSvi AeKvk NU‡ZB cv‡i| Zvu‡K fzj
ey‡S‡Q Zvui ¯^ag©m§úª`vq, Aci m§úª`vqI e‡U| Bs‡iR Zvu‡K kÎæ wn‡m‡e †R‡b‡Q, ¯^‡`wk-
Av‡›`vjbKvixiv m‡›`n K‡i‡Q| GgbwK cvi¯úwiK kÔ×v-‡¯œ‡n KLbI NvUwZ bv NU‡jI, MvwÜi
Kg©cš’v wb‡q iex›`ªbv‡_i Aby‡hv‡Mi K_v Avgiv Rvwb| I`y`I ¯^xKvi K‡i‡Qb †h, cÔ_g w`‡K
MvwÜi iPbv cvV K‡i ev Kvh©µg †`‡L Zvui wb‡Ri g‡bI †avuqvkv wKQz wQj| MvwÜi Indian
Home Rule eBwUi A‡bK RvqMv Zvui Kv‡Q Ó†eLvàvÖ †j‡MwQj| †jLK MvwÜ hLb Kg©x n‡jb,
ZLbI cÔ_g w`‡K Zvui Kg©KvÐ ÓLye cwi¯‹viÖ e‡j †Pv‡L a‡iwb| Aek¨ wKQzw`b ciB MvwÜi K‡g©i
¯^i¥c ev ZË¡ hLb ¯úó n‡jv, ZLb †`L‡jb Ó‡gvUv AwgjÖ wb‡qI MvwÜi my‡hvM¨ AbyeZ©x n‡q
Av‡Qb Zvui wcÔq `yB e¨w³ iex›`ªbv_ I †ivjvu| wb‡RB cÔkœ DÐvcb K‡i wb‡§œv³fv‡e DËi
w`‡q‡Qb:
wK †m ZË¡?
†m-ZË¡ Amn‡hvMeª‡Z wKQz Av‡Q, Zvnv‡Z fviZevmxi ¯^vqË¡kvmb cÔwZôvi †Póvq wKQz Av‡Q,
wKš` Avm‡j †mwU n‡”Q ¯^vaxbZvi ZË¡Ñhvi Rb¨ AvRKvjKvi `ywbqvi meRvqMvi †jv‡Ki gb
PÂj n‡q D‡V‡Q, hvi AvMgbx A‡bKw`b a‡i iex›`ª-exYvi Zv‡i Zv‡i iwY‡q iwY‡q wdi‡Q,
Avi AeZi‡Yi cv`cxV n‡e e‡j AwØZxq kw³ai †ivgvu †ivjvu Zvui wekvj eÿ we¯Í…Z K‡i
`vuwo‡q‡Qb|27
A_P I`y‡`i g‡ZvB †ivjvuI cÔ_g w`‡K Mvw܇K MÔnY Ki‡Z ev eyS‡Z cv‡ibwb| Rvwb‡q‡Qb †h,
1920 mv‡j w`jxcKzgv‡ii Kv‡Q MvwÜi K_v cÔ_g ï‡bwQ‡jb, wKš` Zvui m§ú‡K© †Zgb AvMÔnx
nbwb| 1922 mv‡j gv`ªv‡Ri cÔKvkK MvwÜi Bs‡iwR cÔe‡Üi eB Young India-i cÖæd
cvwV‡qwQ‡jb f~wgKv †jLvi R‡b¨| wKš` †ivjvu wb‡Ri ÕAvšÍR©vwZK `„wófw½iÒ Kvi‡Y Õfvev`k©x
RvZxqZvev‡`i gnËg cweÎ cÔZxKÒ MvwÜi MÔ‡š’i f~wgKv wjL‡Z ZLbB ivwR nbwb| wZwb
Mfxifv‡e †jLv¸‡jv cvV K‡ib mgq wb‡q Ges gy»Zv‡nZz 1923 mv‡j †MvUv wZ‡bK cÔeÜ wj‡L
†d‡jb| ZvuiB D‡`¨v‡M Young India-i divwm Abyev` cÔKvwkZ nq Ges wZwbB f~wgKv †j‡Lb|
Avi wbR MÔ‡š’ MvwÜi g~j¨vq‡b e‡jb:
Bwb †mB gvbyl, whwb wÎk †KvwU gvbyl‡K Kg©‡cÔiYvq RvMvBqv Zzwjqv‡Qb, mviv weªwUk mv§ªvR¨‡K
K§úgvb Kwiqv w`qv‡Qb, whwb gvby‡li ivRbxwZi g‡a¨ cÔeZ©b Kwiqv‡Qb cÔvq `yB nvRvi
erm‡ii g‡a¨ me©v‡cÿv kw³gvb GK bxwZi Av‡›`vjb, Av`k©|28
wÎk †KvwU gvbyl‡K Kg©PÂj Ki‡Z DÏxß Kivi K_v ivgK…ò cÔm‡½I e‡jwQ‡jb| †evSv hvq,
†h‡Kv‡bv AvNv‡Z †nvK bv †Kb, civaxb fviZevmxi RvMÔZ nIqvUvq Zvui Kvg¨ wQj| MvwÜ-
ivgK…ò-we‡eKvb‡›`i cÔwZ Abyiw³ GB Kvi‡YB| Gu‡`i ¯^‡`wk I`y`I GKB Kvi‡Y Avkvwš^Z n‡q
110 KvRx Ave`yj I`y‡`i iPbv : cÔm½ †ivgvu †ivjvu

D‡VwQ‡jb| wKš` cieZ©xKv‡j nZvkvcÔ`vqK †hme NUbv NUwQj, Zv Avi †ivjvu Abyaveb Ki‡Z
cv‡ibwb nq‡Zv ev `~i‡Z¡i Kvi‡YB|
Pvi
iex›`ªbv_‡K wb‡q c„_K eB bv wjL‡jI †ivjvui w`bcwÃi cvZvq cvZvq iex›`ªbv‡_i Dcw¯’wZ|
†hvMv‡hvM ïay cÎvjv‡cB mxgve× wQj bv, iex›`ªbv_ K‡qKeviB †ivjvui mv‡_ †`Lv K‡i‡Qb|
†hvMv‡hvMwU iex›`ªbv‡_i cyÎ-cyÎea~ n‡q cvwievwiK ch©v‡qI DbœxZ n‡qwQj| iex›`ªbv_ †ivjvu‡K
BD‡iv‡c Zvui me‡P‡q wcÔq eÜy e‡j g‡b Ki‡Zb| Z‡e iex›`ªbv‡_i BZvwji d¨vwm÷ kvmK
†ewb‡Zv gy‡mvwjwbi (1883-1946) †gngvb nIqv wb‡q wKQz fzj †evSveywSi m„wóI n‡qwQj|
Aek¨ AwP‡iB †mwU wg‡U wM‡qwQj mvÿvr Avjvc‡b|
iex›`ªmvwn‡Z¨i GKRb eo imÁ †ev×v I iex›`ªf³ wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ wQ‡jb I`y`| wZwb
iex›`ªmvwbœa¨ †c‡q‡Qb; iex›`ªbv_ Zvu‡K imÁ mgv‡jvPK I hyw³ev`x wPšÍvwe` wn‡m‡e g~j¨vqb
K‡i‡Qb| GB I`y`I GKevi iex›`ªbv‡_i `ye©jZv Lyu‡R †c‡q‡Qb Ges †mmgq wecix‡Z †ivjvu‡K
mwVK I myKwVb wn‡m‡eB wePvi K‡i‡Qb| Z‡e †m Awf‡hvM I wePviwU GKvšÍ w`bwjwc‡ZB
K‡iwQ‡jb gvÎ| 4 Rvbyqvwi 1928 Zvwi‡L cÔm½ G‡mwQj bRiæj Bmjv‡gi Ó`ytL cÔKv‡ki
K_vÕq| bRiæ‡ji Õeoi cxwiwZ evwji evuaÒ cÔeÜwU `ªóe¨, †hwU ZLb AvZ¥kw³ cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ
n‡qwQj| iex›`ªbv_ ZLbKvi Kwe‡`i ZvwjKvq ˆkjRvb›` gy‡Lvcva¨vq (1901-1976),
†gvwnZjvj gRyg`v‡ii K_v ej‡jI bRiæ‡ji bv‡gv‡jøL K‡ibwb; GwU I`y‡`i Kv‡Q ÓAb¨vqÖ g‡b
n‡qwQj| GgbwK Gi g‡a¨ ZLb iex›`ªbv‡_i †klI †`‡L †d‡jwQ‡jb| wecix‡Z †ivjvu‡K h_v_©
we‡ePbv K‡i I`y` e‡j‡Qb :
...gyw³ Avi e܇bi jy‡KvPzwi gvb‡ei BwZnvm| Zey iex›`ªbv‡_i GB eÜb ¯^xKvi †ek mvgvb¨ e܇b
Kvwnj n‡q cov| hvK, GLvb †_‡K D×vi PvB| iex›`ªbv_ Avi m‡Z¨i evnb bb, Zvui †kl n‡q
†M‡Q, mZ¨ Zvu‡K Z¨vM K‡i‡Qb| wKš` wn›`ywP‡Ëi eÜb Zvui nv‡Z KZLvwb †h n‡e wK Rvwb|
Rolland GLv‡b iex›`ªbv‡_i PvB‡Z eo Triumph over us, Christopher..iex›`ªbv_‡KI
†Zgwb nRg K‡i Av‡iv mvg‡b G¸‡Z n‡e, gyw³g‡š¿i D˜MvZv wZwb n‡qwQ‡jb, †mB gyw³gš¿‡K
PvB, Zvui Kɯ^‡i †kl ch©šÍ hw` †m-gš¿ aßwbZ bv nq, Zv‡Z g‡š¿i gvnvZ¤¨I K‡g bv (gvbyl Z
gvwUi), gvbyl Zvi mdjZv Avi wedjZv wb‡qB Pj‡e| †mB wedjZvi Dci w`‡q `„wó P‡j AbšÍ
mvg‡b|29
I`y` Aek¨ cieZ©xKv‡j Zvui Kv․ÿv-Abyhvqx iex›`ªbv_‡K ÓwedjZvÖ †cwi‡q GB AbšÍ mvg‡bB
GwM‡q †h‡Z †`‡LwQ‡jb| w`bwjwc‡Z Av‡iKw`b †ivjvu, iex›`ªbv_ Avi Uj÷‡qi Zzjbv K‡i‡Qb|
†m Zzjbv mK‡ji cÔwZ kÔ×v †i‡LB Zzj¨g~j¨ wePvi| 27 Rvbyqvwi 1924 ZvwiL wj‡L‡Qb :
g‡b nq Tolstoy eZ©gvb RM‡Zi GK AwZ eo cyiæl| iex›`ªbv‡_i `„wó Zvui PvB‡Z m~² wKš`
mijZv Zvui PvB‡Z Kg| Rolland-I eo cyiæl, Zvui Above the Battle-G wKš` wVK Avmj
myiwU evR‡P bv,ÑFwli K‡Éi mij cÔPÐ Avi A‡gvN Avnßvb, †hgb eyׇ`‡ei AvnßvbÑZvi
Rb¨ mvabv PvB|30
Above the Battle (1915) MÔš’wU †ivjvui kvwšÍi Rb¨ Bk‡Znvi e‡j cwiwPZ| 16wU M‡`¨ †ivjvu
ZiæY, m‡PZb e¨w³‡`i BD‡iv‡ci miKvi¸‡jvi hy×cÔeYZvi weiæ‡× iæ‡L `vuov‡Z Avnßvb
Rvwb‡qwQ‡jb| Z‡e †ivjvu Rxeb I Kg©avivi Kvi‡Y Uj÷‡qi Zzjbvq I`y‡`i wbKUZiB wQ‡jb|
hy× I we‡f‡`i DËvc ZLb wek^Ry‡o, evsjv-fviZI Zv †_‡K gy³ bq| †ivjvu wek^e¨vcx WvK
w`‡q‡Qb d¨vwmev` we‡ivwaZvi, kvwšÍi ¯^c‡ÿ GKÎ Ki‡Z D‡`¨vM wb‡q‡Qb †jLK-wkíx‡`i|
RMbœv_ BDwbfvwm©wU Rvb©vj Ae AvU©m 111

†mB Avnßvb evsjv‡`‡kI †c×u‡QwQj, mvovI w`‡qwQ‡jb kvwšÍKvgx m‡PZb mvwnZ¨wkíxiv| I`y`I
wQ‡jb cÔ_g mvwi‡Z| 1935 mv‡j †ivjvu, Avu‡`ªwR` (1869-1951), Avuwi evieym cÔgy‡Li
D‡`¨v‡M c¨vwi‡m we‡k^i cÔMwZ †jLK‡`i GK Ks‡MÔm AbywôZ nq, hvi Av‡jv‡K cieZ©x eQi
jL‡bׇZ wbwLj fviZ cÔMwZ †jLK m․N MwVZ nq| H eQi KjKvZvq e½xq †jLK m․N MwVZ
nq, XvKvq cÔwZwôZ nq 1939 mv‡j| XvKvq †jLK m‡․Ni cÔ_g m‡§¦jb AbywôZ nq 1940 mv‡j
†MÛvwiqv nvB ¯‹zj gv‡V| G‡Z mfvcwZZ¡ K‡ib I`y`| GB msMVbwUB cieZ©xKv‡j
Ód¨vwm÷we‡ivax †jLK I wkíx m․NÖ bv‡g cybM©wVZ nq| d¨vwmwe‡ivax m‡․Ni KjKvZvi
Abyôv‡bI I`y‡`i †hvM`vb I †cÔiYvmÂvix e³e¨ ivLvi Lei †kvbv hvq|
I`y‡`i wPšÍv I mvsMVwbK Kg©Kv‡Ð †ivjvui wb‡`©kbv Av‡iv †Pv‡L c‡o| wek^fviZx‡Z 1935 mv‡j
wbRvg e³…Zv w`‡qwQ‡jb Ówn›`y-gymjgv‡bi we‡ivaÖ wk‡ivbv‡g| wZbw`bB iex›`ªbv_ ¯^qs Dcw¯’Z
wQ‡jb| wn›`y-gymjgv‡bi we‡iva bv‡g MÔš’ cÔKvwkZ nq cieZ©x eQi| MÔ‡š’i †k‡l cwiwkó-L-G
hy³ K‡iwQ‡jb cÔgvYcwà (mswÿß)| Z…Zxq e³……Zv Õe¨_©Zvi cÔwZKviÒ-Gi mnvqK MÔš’ZvwjKvq
wQj Ò Romain Rolland_Ramkrishna & Vivekananda.Ó31 Av‡jvPbvwU‡Z †Kv‡bv we‡kl
Dw³ D×…Z bv Ki‡jI †ivjvui fvebvi cÔfve jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| Z‡e Avgiv GKB cÔm‡½ †ivjvui
GKwU mivmwi D‡jøL GLv‡b D×…Z Ki‡Z cvwi|I`y` c¨vb-Bmjvgx gZev‡` Óg¾vMZÖ fvi‡Zi
Ó†LjvdZIqvjvÖ‡`i `ye©jZv wb‡`©k K‡i‡Qb †ivjvui wek^åvZ„‡Z¡i Dc‡hvwMZv Zzjbv K‡i| Zvui
e³e¨ :
GwU [†LjvdZ] weivU Organization e‡jB †`vlven bq, Gi Mj` GBLv‡b †h G‡`i åvZ…fv‡ei
g~jK_v Óag©ÖÑA_v©r †m‡K‡j ag©, wek^gvbeZv‡K Giv †Zgb ¯^xKvi Ki‡Q bv| GiB m‡½
Rolland International Leggie of intellectuals Gi Zzjbv Ki‡j Gi Mj` ¯úó aiv
co‡e| AvRKvjKvi RM‡Z meviB m‡½ mevi cwiPq n‡”Q Ges †mB cwiPq n‡Z weivU cÔv‡Yi
DciB GKUv eo mf¨Zv cÔwZwôZ n‡Z hv‡”Q, wKš` Pan-Islamism hyMa‡g©i we‡ivax| G‡Z
gymjgvb RM‡Z G hy‡Mi gv‡S wVK Lvc LvB‡q Pj‡Z cvi‡e bv|32
I`y‡`i GBme D`vi‰bwZK hyw³ev`x gZ-gšÍe¨ cÔ`vb, cÔMwZev`x-d¨vwmwe‡ivax Kvh©µ‡g AskMÔnY
BZ¨vw` mnR wQj bv †mB wei¥c cwi‡e‡k| cuywRev`, d¨vwmev` Avi mv¤úª`vwqKZvev`Ñme
†bwZag©x gZev‡` wek^vmx †Mvwôi bvbvgywL we‡ivwaZv wQj| Zv‡`i Pv‡c c‡oB †Zv GKKv‡j
Ógymwjg mvwnZ¨ mgv‡RÖi Ab¨Zg D‡`¨v³v Aveyj û‡mb‡K PvKzwi I †jLv‡jwL `y‡UvB GKiKg
Qvo‡Z n‡qwQj| I`y`I wfZ‡i-evB‡i bvbv ai‡bi cÔwZwµqvi wkKvi n‡q‡Qb A‡bKmgq|
¯^‡`wk-¯^m§úª`v‡qi we‡lv`Mvi mB‡Z n‡q‡Q| Gme mgq †ivjvu wbðqB Zvui †cÔiYv-cÔkvwšÍi RvqMv
wQj| †mR‡b¨B Ave`yj Kvw`i‡K †jLv wPwV‡Z I`y` e‡jwQ‡jb: ÕAvgv‡`i †`‡ki ey‡ivµ¨vwm †Kb
me †`‡ki kvmK m§úª`vqB e¨w³i mvabvi Dci h‡_ó AZ¨vPvi AwePvi K‡i‡Q, ig¨vu ij¨vi ¯’vb
Zvui †`‡k bvB...|33
Z‡e Avgiv f…y‡j hvw”Q bv †h, I`y` Zvui wPšÍv-PP©vq GKgvÎ †ivjvu‡KB aªæeZviv K‡ibwb| wb‡RB
Av‡iv wKQz Av‡jvKewZ©Kvi K_v e‡j‡Qb| g„Zz¨i eQiLv‡bK Av‡MÑ8 †g 1969 Zvwi‡LÑGK
wPwV‡Z Ave`yj nK‡K (1918-1997) wj‡LwQ‡jb: ÕAvgvi cÔ¯`wZi m‡½ hy³ iex›`ªbv_, GgbwK
igvu ijvu gnvZ¥v MvÜxi MY-Av‡›`vjb|Ò34 Avi GZÿ‡Yi Av‡jvPbvµ‡g Avgiv mvC`-Di
ingv‡bi (R.1948) my‡i ej‡ZB cvwi: Õ‡`k-we‡`‡ki, eZ©gvb-AZx‡Zi me gnvgvb‡ei wZwb
wQ‡jb fw³b§ª Abymvix| G †ÿ‡Î wZwb wQ‡jb divmx eyw×Rxex I wkíx ig¨vu ijvui wPšÍvi
DËivwaKvix|Ó35
112 KvRx Ave`yj I`y‡`i iPbv : cÔm½ †ivgvu †ivjvu

†ivgvu †ivjvui evsjv-fvi‡Zi f³‡`i webq miKvi ÕAvnv§¦KÒ e‡j mgv‡jvPbv K‡iwQ‡jb Zvui
¯^fvemyjf fw½‡Z| wZwb d«vÞ Z_v BD‡ivc Ges evsjv Z_v fvi‡Zi Av_©-ivR‰bwZK cwiw¯’wZ‡K
cwi‡cÔwÿZ a‡iwQ‡jb| Zvui e³e¨ :
fviZevmxi bv Av‡Q ¯^vaxb †`k, bv Av‡Q d¨v±wi-m§ú`&, hš¿cvwZ, cyuwRwbôv| Avi mv§ªvR¨-
‡fvM Z ¯^‡cœi AZxZ| †mB fviZevmx ¯^‡`k-wbôv, cyyuwR-wbôv, Avi mv¤ªvR¨-wbôvi weiæ‡× j§^v
Mjvq e³…Zv Ki&‡Z AwaKvix nÖ‡Z cv‡i bv| Av‡M ¯^vaxb nÖ, Zvici ewKm& Õ¯^vaxbZv wKQz bqÒ|
eZ©gv‡b AvšÍ¾©vwZK åvZ…Z¡, wek^‰gÎx, BZ¨vw` kã fviZevmxi c‡ÿ †QvU gy‡L eo K_v|36
Avgiv cUf~wgi cv_©K¨‡K A¯^xKvi-D‡cÿv KiwQ bv; Gi Kvi‡Y AwfÁvb-Awfe¨w³‡Z wKQz
cv_©K¨ NU‡ZB cv‡i| wKš` ¯^vaxbZvi ¯ú„nv gvby‡li GKwU mvaviY (Common) ˆewkó¨, we‡klZ
AvaywbK wePvikxj gvby‡li| GB ¯^vaxbZvi ¯ú„nv ev †PZbv ivR‰bwZK ïay bq, mvgvwRK w`K
†_‡KI cÔvw_©Z| e¨w³ cy‡ivcywi ¯^vaxbB ev †Kv_vq? mgvR-ms¯‹vi-m§úª`v‡qi kvm‡b Zvu‡K Pj‡Z
nq| wKš` AvZ¤v ¯^vaxb| gxi gkviid †nv‡mb (1847-1912) †mB †h e‡jwQ‡jb, ÕRMr
civaxbÑwKš` gb ¯^vaxbÒ37 ÑGK_v mÁvb mevi Rb¨B mZ¨| †ivgvu †ivjvu civaxb RMr †_‡K ¯^vaxb
g‡bi mvabvq Zvui AvZ¤v‡K h_vm§¢e gy³ K‡iwQ‡jb| †mB gy³ AvZ¤vi mv‡_ wgjb N‡UwQj
I`y‡`i wePvikxj gy³eyw×i, ¯^vaxb AvZ¤vi| Gi GKwU gnr I wPišÍb g~j¨ ¯^xKvi Ki‡ZB n‡e|

UxKv I Z_¨wb‡`©k
1. AešÍxKzgvi mvb¨vj, cÖm½ : ig¨vu ijvu (KjKvZv: c¨vwcivm, 1991), c„. 8
2. wkebvivqY ivq, †i‡bmvum (XvKv: wkíZiæ cÖKvkbx, 1992), c„. 53
3. KvRx Ave`yj I`y`, evsjvi RvMiY, KvRx Ave`yj I`y` iPbvejx, 2q LÐ (XvKv: evsjv GKv‡Wwg, 1990), c„.
138-9| cieZ©xKv‡j LÐwb‡`©kmn ïay iPbvejx wn‡m‡e DwjøwLZ n‡e
4. gvmy` ingvb, Õ†gvZv‡ni †nv‡mb †P×ayix : cÔm½ †ivgvu †ivjvuÒ, ms¯‹…wZ-mvaK †gvZv‡ni †nv‡mb †PŠayix (m¤úv`K
gyn¤§` mvBdzj Bmjvg) (XvKv: K_vcÖKvk, 2007), c„. 204
5. w`jxcKzgvi ivq, fz¯^M©-PÂj (KjKvZv: wW Gg jvB‡eªwi, 1347e. ), c„. 14-15
6. Kvwj`vm bvM KZ©„K divwm n‡Z Abyev`K…Z| D×…wZ msMÔn : AwPšÍ¨Kzgvi †mb¸ß, K‡jøvj hyM, (KjKvZv: Gg.
wm. miKvi GÛ mÝ cÖvt wjt, 1395e. ), c„. 135
7. KvRx Ave`yj I`y`, AvRv`, iPbvejx-3q LÐ (m¤úv`bv byiæj Avwgb) (XvKv: evsjv GKv‡Wwg, 1992), c„.
307
8. KvRx Ave`yj I`y`, iPbvejx-2q LÐ (m¤úv`bv Ave`yj nK) (XvKv: evsjv GKv‡Wwg, 1990), c„. 336-7
9. Z‡`e, c„. 284
10. Z‡`e, c„. 298
11. Z‡`e, c„. 312
12. KvRx Ave`yj I`y`, c_ I wec_, iPbvejx-3q LÐ, c~‡e©v³, c„. 223|
13. gvmy` ingvb, ÒAmgvß ÔAvRv`Õ I I`y` gvbmÓ, ˆ`wbK cÖ_g Av‡jv, XvKv: ïµevi, 4 †g 2001, c„. 16
RMbœv_ BDwbfvwm©wU Rvb©vj Ae AvU©m 113
14. webq miKvi, webq miKv‡ii ˆeV‡K 1g fvM (KjKvZv: QvwZg eyKm&, 2000) c„. 370
15. KvRx Ave`yj I`y`, Kwe¸iæ †M¨‡U 1g LÐ (KjKvZv: †Rbv‡ij wcÔ›Uvm© q¨vÛ cv. wj. , 1353e),
c„. 153
16. KvRx Ave`yj I`y`, kirP›`ª I Zvici, iPbvejx-3q LÐ, c~‡e©v³, c„. 473
17. KvRx Ave`yj I`y‡`i cÎvejx (m¤úv`bv Aveyj Avnmvb †P×ayix) (XvKv: evsjv GKv‡Wwg, 1999), c„. 98
18. KvRx Ave`yj I`y`, mgvR I mvwnZ¨, iPbvejx 1g LÐ (m¤úv`bv Ave`yj nK) (XvKv: evsjv GKv‡Wwg,
1988), c„. 303
19. ig¨uv ijvu, fviZel© (Abyev` AešÍxKzgvi mvb¨vj) (KjKvZv: i¨vwWK¨vj eyK K¬ve, 1989), c„. 25
20. †ivgvu †ivjvu, ivgK…‡òi Rxeb (Abyev` Fwl `vm) (KjKvZv: Iwi‡q›U eyK †Kv§úwb, 1426e. ), c„. 3
21. Z‡`e, c„. 9
22. iPbvejx-2q LÐ, cÖv¸³, c„. 100| Avgiv AwPšÍ¨Kzgvi †mb¸‡ßi (1903-1976) cigcyiæl kªxivgK…ò-1g
L‡Ði f~wgKvq GgbwU †`‡LwQ: ÕAvgvi †jLvi ÎæwU‡Z nq‡Zv KL‡bv Zvui bi‡Z¡ i g‡a¨ Zvui †`eZ¡ XvKv
c‡o‡Q|Ò †`Lyb, AwPšÍ¨Kzgvi †mb¸ß iPbvejx 5g LÐ, (KjKvZv: MÔš’vjq, 1361), c„ 6
23. iPbvejx-2q LÐ, cÖv¸³, c„. 101
24. Z‡`e, c„. 106
25. Z‡`e, c„. 116
26. †ivgvu †ivjvu, we‡eKvb‡›`i Rxeb, (Aby. ) Fwl `vm (KjKvZv: Iwi‡q›U eyK †Kv§úvwb, 1425e. ), c„. 229
27. ÒMvÜx I iex›`ªbv_Ò, bech©vq 1g LÐ, iPbvejx 1g LÐ, cÖv¸³, c„. 46
28. †ivgvu †ivjvu, gnvZ¥v MvÜx, (Aby. ) Fwl `vm (KjKvZv: Iwi‡q›U eyK †Kv§úvwb, 1991), c„. 1
29. iPbvejx-2q LÐ, cÖv¸³, c„. 325
30. Z‡`e, c„. 289
31. Z‡`e, c„. 353
32. Z‡`e, c„. 302
33. Z‡`e, c„. 152
34. KvRx Ave`yj I`y‡`i cÎvejx, cÖv¸³, c„. 136
35. mvC`-Di ingvb, Ògyw³mvaK KvRx Ave`yj I`y`Ó, I`y`-PP©v (XvKv: GKv‡WwgK cvewjkvm©, 1982), c„. 197
36. webq miKv‡ii ˆeV‡K, cÖv¸³, c„. 292
37. gxi gkviid †nv‡mb, †Mv-Rxeb, gkviid iPbv-m¤¢vi 1g LÐ (m¤úv`bv KvRx Ave`yj gvbœvb) (XvKv: evsjv
GKv‡Wwg, 1976), c„. 315