Mathematics in the Modern World down on the arrangement of its ribs and you

will surely see spirals.

MODULE 1: MATHEMATICS IN DAILY LIFE

Mathematics
- art
- study of patterns
- language
- process of thinking
- set of problem-solving tools

Situation 1: Construction Projects

- mathematical applications are used in
preparing budgets, taking measurements, MODULE 3: EXPLORING FIBONACCI SEQUENCE
estimating the cost and profit, arithmetic
calculations, trigonometry, geometry, calculus, Leonardo Bonacci
and statistics. - Leonardo of Pisa
- Leonardo Bigollo Pisano
Situation 2: Buying at the Grocery/Cooking - nickname: Fibonacci (“Son of Bonacci”)
- discounts - observed a sequence in the growing populace
- measurements and Proportion of ingredients of rabbits.
- ratios and proportions, percentage, algebra,
and mathematical operations.

Situation 3: Fashion/Interior Designing

- taking measurements, choosing a color for a
certain design, and estimating the quantity of
cloth to be used.
- estimating budgets, planning the area and
volume, and approximating the proper layout of
a certain room.
- geometry, percentage, ratio, mathematical
operations, calculus, and statistics.

MODULE 2: PATTERNS IN NATURE “Given optimal conditions, how many pairs of

rabbits can be produced from a single pair of
Ian Stewart rabbits in one year?”
- "No two snowflakes are similar but mostly
possess the similar characteristic of having - from this question, he formed a sequence of a
six-fold symmetry.” pattern of numbers 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8 …. which was
- “Through Mathematics, one can deduce a named after him as, Fibonacci sequence (was
formal thought of thinking for recognizing, introduced in his book, Liber Abaci in 1202).
classifying, and exploiting patterns.
Mathematics enables us to think critically. It - you can calculate each successive number
helps us organize our thoughts and come up from the sum of the previous two.
with a systematic idea that formulates patterns.
With these patterns, we can make inferences on Golden Ratio
how things work properly in our nature and - Golden Mean
determine the principles which govern things in - Golden Section
our nature. To be knowledgeable in - Divine Proportion
mathematics, no formal training is needed. We - exists when a specific line is divided into two
just need to be observant and look for patterns parts. One part is length a, which is the larger
in our nature.” part, and the other is b which is the smaller part.
Take note that the total length of this line
Succulents and Cacti is a + b.
- through their thorns and bristles, you can find
helixes which mean spirals. You can also look
 MODULE 4: THE LANGUAGE OF MATHEMATICS = Is equal to
Is the same as
Mathematics s greater than
- language developed using symbols. > Is more than
- we can communicate through symbols or Exceeds
sentences written in mathematical symbols. Is above
- mathematics can be considered as a language Is less than
since it has its form on how to deliver messages. < Is fewer than
The messages can be written through Is below
equations. ≠ Is not equal to
- can be considered as a language because it can Is different from
be used as a medium in sending messages from Is greater than or
one person to another through the use of ≥ equal to
symbols. Is at least
Is not less than
Equations Is less than or equal to
- verbs are represented by operations, and Is at most
adjectives that describe the units like nouns. ≤ Does not exceed
- needs to have an equality sign (serves as the Is not greater than
linking verb between phrases). Is no more than

Expression Table 3
- do not express a complete thought. Name of the Elements of the
- only a part of the complete sentence. Set of Notation Set
Numbers
Evaluating the Expression Natural
- determining the variables of the expression by Numbers N 1,2,3,4, ….
substituting the numerical value in the
Whole
variables. Numbers 0,1,2,3,4, ….
Integers Z …-2,-1,0,1,2...
Table 1
Rational
Operation Keywords for Expression Numbers Q 0,1/2,3/5,5/6
Operation Irrational √2,√3,-1 + √5
Numbers
x plus y
Real Numbers R -10,0,1/2,√2,8..
the sum of x and y
Addition x increased by y x+y Transcendental
y more than x Numbers
the total of x and y e,pi,ln5,cos (pi/6)
y added to x Complex
x minus y Numbers C 3+2i; 3/5 - (1/2)i
The difference of x and
Subtraction y x-y Table 4
y subtracted from x Given How to Read
x decreased by y ∈ “an element of”
y less than x x2 The square of x
Multiplication x times y x · y; xy; √x The square root of x
the product of x and y x(y); (x)(y) 0∈Z Zero is an integer
x divided by y x x>0 x is positive
Division The quotient of x and y x ÷ y; ;
y x<0 x is negative
the ratio of x and y
x/y x≥0 x is nonnegative
y divided into x
x≤0 x is nonpositive
|x| The absolute value of x
Table 2
x3 The cube of x
Relational Symbols Keywords 3
√x The cube root of x
Equals
X = 7k, where k The number x is a
 multiply of seven Answer: |x + y| = x + y
x y The average of x and y
Reverse, suppose we are given mathematical
2 expressions and we have to translate them into
Example 1: “The square of the number a is a verbal phrase.
equal to the product of a and b”
1. y ≤ x
Solution: Answer: y is less than or equal to x.
Square of the number a --> a2
Is equal to --> = 2. n + 6 = 12
The product of a and b --> ab Answer: n increased by 6 is 12.

Answer: a2 = ab 3. x2 = 2
Answer: the square of a number is 2.
Example 2: “The square root of the sum of x
and y is not equal to 5” 4. x - y > 0
Answer: the difference of two numbers is
Solution: positive.
The sum of x and y --> x + y
The square root of the sum of x and y --> x  y 5. x - 5
Is not equal to --> Answer: 5 less than x.

Answer: x y≠ 5 PRE DISCUSSION ACTIVITY

Example 3: “The reciprocal of the number y 1. ∞ - infinity

does not exceed the number x” 2. ⊥ - perpendicular
3. ∥ - parallel
Solution:
4. |x| - absolute value of x
1 5. % - percent/percentage
Reciprocal of the number y -->
y 6. ° - degree
Does not exceed --> ≤ 7. π - pi
1 8. ≠ - not equal to
Reciprocal of the number x --> 9. ≥ - greater than or equal
x 10. ≤ - less than or equal
1 1 11. < - greater than
Answer: ≤
y x 12. > - less than
13. = - equal
14. ≈ - approximately equal
Example 4: “The square of a number is positive”
15. ÷ - division
16. x or · - multiplication
Solution:
17. - - subtraction
A number --> any letter in the English
18. + - addition
alphabet. Here, we have chosen n
19. ∈ - an element of
Square of a number --> n2
Is positive --> > 0 20. ⊆ - subset

Answer: n2 > 0 EXERCISE 1, MODULE 4

Example 5: “The absolute value of the sum of x 1. The square of the sum of x and y is positive.
and y is equal to the sum of x and y” Answer: (x + y)2 > 0

Solution: 2. The cube of a number is non-negative.

The sum of x and y --> x + y Answer: x3 ≥ 0
The absolute value of the sum of x and y
--> |x + y| 3. The square of the number m is equal to the
Is equal to --> = number itself.
Answer: m2 = m
 - the fourth power of x is less than the square of
4. The square root of the sum of two x
numbers x and y is equal to the sum of their - the fourth power of x is less than the second
square roots. power of x
Answer: x y = x + y - x to the fourth is less than x squared
- x raised to the fourth power is less than the
square of x
5. The product of two numbers is greater than - x raised to the fourth power is less than x
or equal to their sum. raised to two
Answer: mn ≥ m + n - x raised to the fourth power is less than x
squared
EXERCISE 2, MODULE 4
5. |x| ≥ 0
n Answer:
1.
5 - the absolute value of a number is non-negative
Answer: - the absolute value of x is non-negative
- the quotient of a number and 5 - absolute value of x is non-negative
- n divided by 5 - absolute value of x is greater than or equal to
- the quotient of n and 5 0
- n over 5 - the absolute value of x is greater than or equal
- n over five to 0
- n divided by five - absolute value of x is greater than or equal to
- the quotient of n and five zero
- the quotient of n over 5 - the absolute value of x is greater than or equal
to zero
2. 20 - x - the absolute value of x is a non-negative
Answer: number
- x is subtracted from 20
- 20 minus x MODULE 5: MATHEMATICAL LOGIC
- the difference between 20 and x
- 20 decreased by x Logic
- x less than 20 - the use and study of correct reasoning.
- twenty minus x - widely used by philosophers, mathematicians,
- x is subtracted from twenty and computer scientists.
- the difference of twenty and x
- twenty decreased by x Precision
- prerequisite in logic.
3. x - 6 = 5
Answer: Propositional Logic
- 6 less than a number is 5 - propositions and their interrelationships.
- the difference between x and 6 is 5 - made up of atomic assertions or propositional
- 6 less than x is 5 letters, compound assertions, and logical
- x minus 6 is 5 connectives.
- x subtracted by 6 is 5
- x decreased by 6 is 5 Proposition
- x minus six is five - is a declarative sentence that is either true or
- x minus 6 equals 5 false, but cannot be both.
- x minus 6 is equal to 5 - examples:
- x minus six is equal to five > The square of 9 is 81.
- the difference between x and 6 is equal to 5 > Today I have an MMW class.
>1+1=0
4. x4 < x2
Answer: NOT Propositions
- x raised to the fourth power is less than x - questions
squared. - commands
- instructions
- requests
- self-contradictory statements What is now the truth-value of the proposition
- examples: p and its negation ~p?
> Do you want to go to the mall? - The truth-value of “p: 2 is the lowest odd
> Clean up your room. prime number” is FALSE (F) since 2 is not an odd
> Sit down and be quiet! prime. Therefore, ~p is TRUE (T).
> This statement is false.
> Stop! You can’t stop there. Logical Connectives
> x2 - 2x = 12 (not a proposition because - are words that can be used to connect two or
value of x is not given, hence it is neither true more simple statements to form a compound
nor false) statement.
> x - y = 4 (not a proposition because - examples: “and,” “or,” “but,” “implies,” and “if
values of x and y are unknown) and only if” etc.
> x + 1 = 2 (not a proposition because the
value of x is not given) Conjunction of p & q
- uses the connective “and;” sometimes uses
Notation of Propositions “but” depending on the compound statement.
- we denote propositions with: p, q, r, s or t to - uses the symbol “Λ”
avoid writing long propositions. - if p and q are two propositions, then the
conjunction of p and q may be expressed
Example 1: symbolically as “p Λ q”.
> The square of 9 is 81.
> Today I have an MMW class. TRUTH-VALUE OF A CONJUNCTION
>1+1=0 - the conjunction of two propositions p and q,
p Λ q, is TRUE if and only if p and q are BOTH
Let p be the proposition “The square of 9 is 81.” TRUE. Hence, we have the following:

Thus, we will write p: The square of 9 is 81.

p q pΛq
If we will denote q as the second proposition, T T T
and r as the third proposition, hence, we have: T F F
F T F
q: Today I have an MMW class. F F F
R: 1 + 1 = 0
p q (p Λ q) Truth
Negation of a Proposition Value
- the negation of a proposition p is another Quadrilaterals
proposition that is exactly the opposite of p and Quadrilateral Rhombus is have four
will be denoted by ~p and is read as “not p” s have four a sides (T) and TRUE
where “~” is called “tilde”. sides (T). quadrilateral rhombus is a
- proposition p and its negation ~p will always (T). quadrilateral
have opposite truth-values. (T).
5 is a rational
Example 2: 5 is a rational 15 is a prime number (T) FALSE
Suppose our proposition is “2 is the lowest odd number (T). number (F). and 15 is a
prime number.” We will denote this as prime number
proposition p. Thus, p: 2 is the lowest odd (F).
prime number. 12 + 9 = 3-2 5 + 7 = 12 12 + 9 = 3 - 2
(F). (T). (F) and 5 + 7 = FALSE
What is now the negation of p? 12 (T).
March has 31
> ~p: 2 is NOT the lowest odd prime number. March has 31 April has 30 days (F) and FALSE
> ~p: It is not the case that 2 is the lowest odd days (F). days (F). April has 30
prime number. days (F).
> ~p: It is not true that 2 is the lowest odd prime Men are
number. Men are A whale is a mortal (T) and TRUE
mortal (T). mammal (T). a whale is a
mammal (T).
Disjunction of p & q Example 3
- used the connective “or” Suppose we let the propositions p, q, r as the
- uses the symbol “ν” following statements:
- if p and q are two propositions, then the
disjunction of p and q may be expressed p: 1 + 1 = 1 q: x is an odd integer; r: 9x=18
symbolically as “p ν q”.
Express the following sentences in symbolic
TRUTH-VALUE OF A DISJUNCTION form.
- the disjunction of two propositions p and q,
p ν q, is TRUE if and only if p is true or q is true 1. Either 1 + 1 ≠ 1 or 9x ≠ 18.
or both are true. Answer: ~p ν (~r)

p q pνq 2. It is not the case that x is an odd integer and

T T T 1 + 1 = 1.
T F T Answer: ~(q Λ p)
F T T
F F F 3. 1 + 1 = 1 and either x is an even integer or 9x
≠ 18.
p q (p ν q) Truth Answer: p Λ (~q ν (~r))
Value
A A polygon Example 4
triangles is a closed Suppose we let the propositions p, q, r as the
A polygon is a geometrical following statements:
is a closed polygon figure (T) or TRUE
geometrical with a triangle is P: Kittens can fly q: 2 - 3 = 6 r: The sky is blue
figure (T). three a polygon
sides (T). with three Express the following symbolic form in a
sides (T). sentence.
The Earth
moon is rotates on 1. (p ν q) Λ r
Earth made of its axis (T) Answer: Either kittens can fly or 2 - 3 = 6 and
rotates on cheese or the TRUE the sky is blue.
its axis (T). (F). moon is
made of 2. ~(p Λ (~p))
cheese (F). Answer: It is not true that kittens can fly and
6 + 5 = 42 is a kittens cannot fly.
42 is a 11 (T). perfect
3. q ν (~p Λ (~r))
perfect square (F) TRUE
square (F). or 6 + 5 = Answer: Either 2 - 3 = 6 or kittens cannot fly and
11 (T). the sky is not blue.
Circles Squares are
Example 5
Squares are are ovals rectangles
Find the truth-value of the following proposition:
rectangles (F). (F) or FALSE
(F). circles are (0 ∈Z) Λ (0.5 ∈Q)
ovals (F).
This proposition means that “0 is an integer and
Odd 2 + 2 = 5 (F)
0.5 is a rational number.”
integers or odd
Now, the proposition “0 is an integer” is TRUE
2 + 2 = 5 are integers FALSE
while “0.5 is a rational number” is also TRUE.
(F). divisible are
Thus, the conjunctions “0 is an integer and 0.5
by 2 (F). divisible by
is a rational number” is a TRUE statement.
2 (F).
Example 6
Distinct symbols in the Module:
Find the truth-value of the following proposition:
T — F — ~ — Λ — ν — p, q, r, s, t
(-10 ∈R) ν (-10 ∈N)
This proposition means that “-10 is a real - There exists a prime number that is even.
number or -10 is a natural number.” TRUE
Now the proposition “-10 is a real number” is - There exists a prime number which is even.
TRUE while “-10 is a natural number” is FALSE. TRUE
Thus, the disjunction “-10 is a real number or
-10 is a natural number” is a TRUE statement.

EXERCISE 1, MODULE 5 EXERCISE 2, MODULE 5

Write the negation of each proposition and Determine the truth-value of the following
indicate if it is true or false. statements.

1. A triangle is a polygon. 1. Paris is a big city and it is the capital of

Answer: France.
- A triangle is not a polygon. FALSE Answer:
- It is false that a triangle is a polygon. FALSE Paris is a big city -> first statement (p) -> TRUE
- It is not the case that a triangle is a polygon. It is the capital of France -> second statement (q)
FALSE -> TRUE
Since both statements are true, therefore
2. Fruits are healthy for your body. the truth-value of the entire statement is TRUE.
Answer:
- Fruits are not healthy for your body. FALSE 2. Counting numbers are whole numbers and
- Fruits are not healthy for your body. TRUE zero is a counting number.
- Fruits are not healthy for your body. EITHER Answer:
TRUE OR FALSE Counting numbers are whole numbers -> first
statement (p) -> TRUE
3. The product of two negative numbers is a Zero is a counting number -> second statement
positive number. (q) -> FALSE
Answer: Since one part of the compound statement
- The product of two negative numbers is not a is false, then the truth-value of the entire
positive number. FALSE statement is FALSE.
- The product of two negative numbers is a
negative number. FALSE 3. Whales are mammals and they live in the
- It is not true that the product of two negative ocean.
numbers is a positive number. FALSE Answer:
- It is false that the product of two negative Whales are mammals -> first statement (p) ->
numbers is a positive number. FALSE TRUE
- Is it not the case that the product of two They live in the ocean -> second statement (q)
negative numbers is a positive number. FALSE -> TRUE
- The product of two negative numbers is Since both statements are true, therefore
negative. FALSE the truth -value of the entire statement is TRUE.

4. Baseball is a sport. 4. Animals are human and the square has three
Answer: corners.
- Baseball is not a sport. FALSE Answer:
- It is not true that baseball is a sport. FALSE Animals are human -> first statement (p) ->
- It is not the case that baseball is a sport. FALSE FALSE
- It is false that baseball is a sport. FALSE The square has 3 corners -> second statement
(q) -> FALSE
5. No prime number is even. FALSE since both statements are false.
Answer:
- It is not true that no prime number is even. 5. Today is Friday and tomorrow is the
TRUE weekend.
- Some prime numbers are even. TRUE Answer:
- It is false that no prime number is even. TRUE Today is Friday -> first statement (p -> either
- It is not the case that no prime number is even. true or false
TRUE
Tomorrow is the weekend -> second statement 5. Quadrilaterals are parallelograms or
(q) -> either true or false quadrilaterals have 9 sides.
Since the first statement shows opinion, Answer:
therefore, the second statement depends on Quadrilaterals are parallelograms -> first
the first one. If the first statement is true, then statement (p) -> FALSE
it follows that the second one is also true. Quadrilaterals have 9 sides -> second statement
Otherwise, it is false if the first statement is (q) -> FALSE
false. When both statements are true, the FALSE. Since both statements are false.
entire statement is TRUE and it is FALSE when
both statements are false. EXERCISE 4, MODULE 5

EXERCISE 3, MODULE 5 Express the following sentences into symbolic

form.
Determine the truth - value of the following
statements. 1. I love you and I will marry you. Let p: I love
yo; q: I will marry you.
1. Real numbers are integers of positive Answer: (p Λ q)
integers are whole numbers.
Answer: 2. Either squares are not rectangles or
Numbers are integers -> first statement (p) -> rectangles have four sides. Let p: Squares are
FALSE rectangles; q: Rectangles have four sides.
Positive integers are whole numbers -> second Answer: (~p ν q)
statement (q) -> TRUE
TRUE. Since for disjunction, only one 3. It is false that three is a prime number or five
statement needs to be true for the compound is an even number. Let p: Three is a prime
statement to be true. The first statement is false number; q: Five is an even number.
because there are numbers that are not Answer: ~(p ν q)
considered as integers.
4. A ray has one endpoint and a segment has
2. Either 36 is greater than 6, or 36 is less two endpoints. Let p: A ray has one endpoint; q:
than 5. A segment has two endpoints.
Answer: Answer: (p Λ q)
36 is greater than 6 -> first statement (p) ->
FALSE 5. Either 3 + 7 ≠ 10 and 5 + 4 = 7 or six is even.
36 is less than 5 -> second statement Let p: 3 + 7 = 10, q: 5 + 4 = 7; r: Six is even.
(q) -> FALSE Answer: (~p Λ q) ν r
FALSE. Since both parts are false.
EXERCISE 5, MODULE 5
3. Rodrigo “Roa” Duterte is the first Visayan
President of the Philippines or he is the 16th Write the English sentence of the given
President of the Philippines. symbolic form.
Answer:
Pres. Rodrigo Duterte is the first Visayan 1. Let p, q, r be the following statements:
President of the Philippines -> first statement (p) p: There are classes on Christmas Day.
-> FALSE q: Christmas Day is a holiday.
He is the 16th President of the Philippines -> r: We work on Christmas Day.
second statement (q) -> TRUE
TRUE. Since one of the statements is true. ~ (~q )
Answer:
4. Either apples are red or grapes are green. - It is not the case that Christmas Day is not a
Answer: holiday.
Apples are red -> first statement (p) -> TRUE - Christmas Day is a holiday.
and FALSE - It is not true that Christmas Day is not a
Grapes are green -> second statement (q) -> holiday.
True and FALSE
TRUE and FALSE. It is because both 2. Let p, q, r be the following statements:
statements can be true or false. p: There are classes on Christmas Day.
 q: Christmas Day is a holiday. QUIZ, MODULE 5
r: We work on Christmas Day.
1. Suppose p, q, and r represents the following
( p v r ) ∧ ~q statements:
Answer: p: I am guilty.
- Either there are classes on Christmas Day or q: I am staying at home.
we will work on Christmas Day and it is not a r: I must be punished.
holiday.
“Either I am guilty or I am staying at home and I
3. Let p, q, r be the following statements: must not be punished.”
p: There are classes on Christmas Day.
q: Christmas Day is a holiday. Answer: (p ∨ q) ∧ (~ r)
r: We work on Christmas Day.
2. Suppose p, q, and r represents the following
q ∧ ( ~p v ~ r ) statements:
Answer: p: I am guilty.
- Christmas Day is a holiday and either there are q: I am staying at home.
no classes or we will not work on this day. r: I must be punished.

4. Let p, q, r be the following statements: “I am guilty and I am staying at home but I must
p: There are classes on Christmas Day. be punished.”
q: Christmas Day is a holiday.
r: We work on Christmas Day. Answer: (p ∧ q) ∧ r

~ (~ q ∧ r ) 3. Suppose p, q, and r represents the following

Answer: statements:
- It is false that Christmas Day is not a holiday p: I am guilty.
and we will work on this day. q: I am staying at home.
- It is not true that Christmas Day is not a r: I must be punished.
holiday and we will work on this day.
“It is not true that I am staying at home and I
5. Let p , q, r be the following statements: must be punished.”
p: There are classes on Christmas Day.
q: Christmas Day is a holiday. Answer: ~ (q ∧ r)
r: We work on Christmas Day.
4. Suppose p, q, and r represents the following
(~r∧ q) statements:
Answer: p: I am guilty.
- We will not work on Christmas Day and it is a q: I am staying at home.
holiday. r: I must be punished.

QUESTIONS, MODULE 5 “I am not guilty or I am not staying at home.”

Determine the truth-values of the following: Answer: ~ p ∨ (~ q)

1. The domain of the function f(x)= √-x is all 5. Suppose p, q, and r represents the following
non-negative real numbers. FALSE statements:
2. The sum of two even numbers is even. TRUE p: I am guilty.
3. π ϵ Q. FALSE q: I am staying at home.
4. A polygon is a pentagon and it has five sides. r: I must be punished.
FALSE
5. Negative numbers don’t have square roots or “I must not be punished or I am not staying at
unicorns exist. TRUE home.”

Answer: ~ r ∨ (~ q)
6. Suppose p, q, r, and s represents the r: It is night.
following statements: s: It is daytime.
p: The starts are visible.
q: The sun is shining. What is the English sentence of the symbolic
r: It is night. expression given: ~((p ∧ q) ∧ (r ∧ (~s)))
s: It is daytime.
What is the English sentence of the symbolic Answer: “It is not true that the stars are visible
expression given: (p ∧ q) ∧ (~r ∧ s) and the sun is shining, but it is night and it isn’t
daytime.”
Answer: “The stars are visible and the sun is
shining, but it isn’t night and it is daytime.” 11. Determine the truth-value of the statement:
(π ∈R) ∧ (-5 ∈ N)
7. Suppose p, q, r, and s represents the
following statements: Answer: FALSE
p: The starts are visible.
q: The sun is shining. 12. Determine the truth-value of the statement:
r: It is night. (0 ∈ N) ∨ (-2 ∉ Q)
s: It is daytime.
Answer: FALSE
What is the English sentence of the symbolic
expression given: ~(((p ∧ q) ∧ (~r)) ∨ ~s) 13. Determine the truth-value of the statement:
(5 > 5) ∧ (-5 < -3)
Answer: “It is not true that either the stars are
visible and the sun is shining, but it isn’t night, Answer: FALSE
or it isn’t daytime.”
14. Determine the truth-value of the statement:
8. Suppose p, q, r, and s represents the (35 ≥ 53) ∨ (3 ≤ 2)
following statements:
p: The starts are visible. Answer: TRUE ( DAPAT FALSE )
q: The sun is shining.
r: It is night. 15. Determine the truth-value of the statement:
s: It is daytime. (4.5 ∈ Z) ∧ ( π ∈R)

What is the English sentence of the symbolic Answer: FALSE

expression given: (p ∧ r) ∨ (q ∧ (~r))
MODULE 6: CONDITIONALS AND
Answer: “Either the stars are visible but it is BICONDITIONALS
night, or the sun is shining but it isn’t night.”
Conditional Connective
9. Suppose p, q, r, and s represents the - uses the connective “If … then”
following statements: - uses the symbol →
p: The starts are visible. - has two parts: a hypothesis and a conclusion
q: The sun is shining. - can also be written as p → q. The component
r: It is night. p is called the “hypothesis,” “premise,” or
s: It is daytime. “antecedent.” The component q on the other
hand is called the “conclusion,” or consequent.
What is the English sentence of the symbolic
expression given: p ∧ ((~q) ∨ (~r)) Note: “if” is NOT included in your hypothesis.
Same with the word “then,” NOT a part of the
Answer: “The stars are visible, but neither the conclusion.
sun is shining nor it is night.”

10. Suppose p, q, r, and s represents the Example 1

following statements: “Integers that are divisible by 6 are also divisible
p: The starts are visible. by 3.”
q: The sun is shining.
 This statement is an implication p ⟶ q. It
can be written as “If an integer is divisible by 6, 4. He will get extra pay when he works
then it is also divisible by 3.” overtime.
The hypothesis or premise p is: “An integer Answer: If he works overtime, then he will get
is divisible by 6.” The consequent or the extra pay.
conclusion is: “The integer is also divisible by 3.”
5. We will have a party outside whenever it is
Other ways of expressing p ⟶ q warm this afternoon.
“If an integer is divisible by 6, Answer: If it is warm this afternoon, then we will
then it is also divisible by 3.” “If p, then q” have a party outside.
“An integer is divisible by 3 when
it is divisible by 6.” “q when p” Example 3
“An integer is divisible by 6 Let p, q, and r be the following statements:
implies it is also divisible by 3.” “p implies q” p: Mars has two moons.
“An integer is divisible by 3 q: Jupiter is a star.
whenever it is divisible by 6.” “q whenever p” r: Venus is between Earth and Mercury.
“An integer is divisible by 3
follows from being divisible by 6.” “q follows from p” Express the following English sentences as
“An integer is divisible by 3 symbolic expressions:
provided that it is divisible by 6.” “q provided that p”
“An integer is divisible by 3 if it is 1. If Mars has two moons, then Jupiter is a star,
divisible by 6.” “q if p” or Venus is between Earth and Mercury.
“An integer is divisible by 6 is Answer: p ⟶ (q∨r)
sufficient for being divisible by 3.” “p is sufficient for q”
“An integer is divisible by 3 is 2. If Mars has two moons and Jupiter is a star,
necessary for being divisible by “q is necessary for p” then Venus is between Earth and Mercury.
6.” Answer: (p ∧q) ⟶ r
“An integer is divisible by 6 only if
it is also divisible by 3.” “p only if q” 3. If Mars has two moons, then Jupiter is a star,
and if Mars doesn’t have two moons, then
Connective such as, “implies,” “only if,” and “is Venus is between Earth and Mercury.
sufficient for” are immediately followed by the Answer: (p ⟶ q) ∧(~p ⟶ r)
conclusion (p ⟶ q).
Example 4
Connective such as, “when,” “whenever,” Let p, q, and r be the following statements:
“follows from,” “provided that,” “if,” and “is p: Carlos is listening to the GV-FM radio
necessary for” swaps the position (q ⟶ p). station.
q: Maria is watching Eat Bulaga.
Example 2 r: Marilyn is a newscaster in GMA.
Without changing the meanings, convert each
of the following statements into an “If…then” Express the following symbolic expressions as
statement: English sentences.

1. I will wash the car if the weather is nice. 1. (p ∧q) ⟶ r

Answer: If the weather is nice, then I will wash Answer: If Carlos is listening to GV-FM radio
the car. station and Maria is watching Eat Bulaga, then
Marilyn is a newscaster in GMA.
2. You are eligible to drive only if you are
eighteen years old. 2. (p ∨q) ⟶ r
Answer: If you are eligible to drive, then you are Answer: If Carlos is listening to GV-FM radio
eighteen years old. station or Maria is watching Eat Bulaga, then
Marilyn is a newscaster in GMA.
3. All congruent segments have the same
length. 3. ~p ∧(q ∨r)
Answer: If segments are congruent, then they
have the same length.
Answer: Carlos is not listening to GV-FM radio Equivalent Forms of a Bi-conditional
station, and either Maria is watching Eat Bulaga
or Marilyn is a newscaster in GMA. 1. “p ↔ q”
Example: Today is Friday ↔ yesterday was
4. ~[(p ∧(~r)) ⟶ q] Thursday.
Answer: It is not true that if Carlos is listening to
GV-FM radio station and Marilyn is not a 2. “p if and only if q”
newscaster in GMA, then Maria is watching Eat Example: Today is Friday if and only if
Bulaga. yesterday was Thursday.
3. “p iff q”
5. (q ∧r) ⟶ (~p) Example: Today is Friday iff yesterday was
Answer: If Maria is watching Eat Bulaga and Thursday.
Marilyn is a newscaster in GMA, then Carlos is
not listening to GV-FM radio station. 4. “If p, then q and conversely.”
Example: If today is Friday, then yesterday
TRUTH-VALUE OF A CONDITIONAL was Thursday and conversely.

p q p⟶ q 5. “If q, then p and conversely.”

T T T Example: If yesterday was Thursday, then
T F F today is Friday and conversely.
F T T
F F T 6. “p is necessary and sufficient condition for q”
Example: Today is Friday is necessary and
“If you add 1 to an odd number, you get an even sufficient condition for being Thursday
number.” yesterday.

First possibility: Both the premise and the 7. “q is necessary and sufficient condition for p”
conclusion are true, which makes the overall Example: Yesterday was Thursday is
statement true. necessary and sufficient condition for being
Friday today.
Second possibility: “You add 1 to an odd number,
and you did NOT get an even number” This Example 5
makes the statement false since the implication Let p, q, and r be the following statements:
is violated. p: It is a sunny day.
q: The sun is out
Last two possibilities: Once the premise is r: The weather is good.
assumed false, the overall statement is always
true. Conclusion is irrelevant, whether it is true Express the following English sentences in
or false, whole statement is still true. symbolic expressions:

Bi-conditional Connective 1. The weather is good if and only if it is not a

- uses the connective “if and only if” sunny day and the sun it out.
- uses the symbol “↔” Answer: r ↔ (~p ∧q)
- true if and only if p and q are both true or both
false. 2. It is a sunny day if and only if the sun is not
out or the weather is not good.
TRUTH-VALUE OF A BICONDITIONAL Answer: p ↔ (~q ∨r)

p q p↔q 3. It is not true that the weather is good if and

T T T only if the sun is not out and it is a sunny day.
T F F Answer: ~ [r ↔ (~q ∧p)]
F T F
F F T Example 6
Let p, q, and r be the following statements:
p: Renzo plays computer games.
q: Renzo is very tired.
 r: Renzo wants to relax. Answer: If a triangle has 3 sides, then it has 3
angles.
Express the following symbolic statements as
English sentences: 2. x = 2 follows from x + 3 = 5.
Answer: If x + 3 = 5, then x = 2.
1. (r ∧p) ↔ q
Answer: Renzo wants to relax and plays 3. This year is a leap year provided that
computer games if and only if he is very tired. February has 29 days.
Answer: If February has 29 days, then this year
2. ~p ↔ (~q ∨(~r)) is a leap year.
Answer: Renzo does not play computer games if
and only if he is not very tired or does not want 4. May can go out only if she wears a mask.
to relax. Answer: If May goes out, then she should wear
a mask.
3. p ↔ (~q ∧r)
Answer: Renzo plays computer games if and 5. Parallelogram is a quadrilateral when it has
only if he is not very tired and wants to relax. two sets of parallel sides.
Answer: If a parallelogram has two sets of
PRE DISCUSSION ACTIVITY parallel sides, then it is a quadrilateral.

In each of the following statements, identify the (if hindi mo na-gets bat ganyan yung sagot,
hypothesis and the conclusion. refer to the table sa taas na may red font colors)

1. Tony Robbins wrote, “If you do what you’ve EXERCISE 2, MODULE 6

always done, you’ll get what you’ve always
gotten.” This exercise presented statements written
Hypothesis: “You do what you’ve always done.” either in symbolic form or English sentence. If
Conclusion: “You’ll get what you’ve always the given is written in symbolic form, provide
gotten.” the English sentence, and symbolic form
otherwise.
2. Nelson Mandela wrote, “A winner is a p: x + y = 13
dreamer who never gives up.” q: x = 5
If…then form: “If he is a winner, then he is a r: y = 8
dreamer who never gives up.”
Hypothesis: “He is a winner.” 1. If x + y = 13 and x = 5, then y = 8.
Conclusion: “He is a dreamer who never gives Answer: (p ∧q) ⟶ r
up.”
2. x + y = 13 or if x = 5, then y = 8.
3. Douglas Adams wrote, “Once you do know Answer: p ∨(q ⟶ r)
what the question actually is, you’ll know what
the answer means.” 3. If x ≠ 5, then y = 8 or x + y ≠ 13.
If…then form: If you know what the question Answer: (~ q ⟶ r) ∨ ~ p
actually is, then you’ll know what the answer
means.” 4. (q v p) ⟶ ~ r
Hypothesis: “You know what the question Answer: If x = 5 or x + y = 13, then y ≠ 8.
actually is.”
Conclusion: “You’ll know that the answer 5. (~ p ∧ ~ q) ∨(p ⟶ r)
means.” Answer: x + y ≠ 13 and x ≠ 5 or if x + y = 13, then
y = 8.
EXERCISE 1, MODULE 6
EXERCISE 3, MODULE 6
Write the standard form of the given
conditional statement. Determine the truth value for each. Assume all
given propositions below to be TRUE
1. A triangle has 3 sides implies it has 3 angles. statements.
p: x + y = 13
 q: x = 5 Answer: 2 + 2 ≠ 5 if and only if square does not
r: y = 8 have four sides or Honda is car brand.

1. If x + y = 13 and x = 5, then y = 8.
Answer: QUIZ, MODULE 6
If x + y = 13 (T) and x = 5 (T), then y = 8 (TRUE).
1. What is the hypothesis of the statement: “If
2. x + y = 13 or if x = 5, then y = 8. it is raining, it is cloudy?”
Answer: Answer: It is raining.
x + y = 13 (T) or if x = 5 (T), then y = 8. (TRUE)
2. What is the conclusion of the statement: “If
3. If x ≠ 5, then y = 8 or x + y ≠ 13. it is raining, it is cloudy?”
Answer: Answer: It is cloudy.
If x ≠ 5 ( F), then y = 8 (T) or x + y ≠ 13. (FALSE) 3. What is the conditional statement of the
statement: “A horse has four legs?”
4. (q v p) ⟶ ~ r Answer: If it is a horse, then it has four legs.
Answer:
If x = 5 (T) or x + y = 13 (T), then y ≠ 8 (FALSE) 4. What is the bi-conditional statement of “An
acute angle is an angle whose measure is less
5. (~ p ∧ ~ q) ∨ (p ⟶ r) than 90°”?
Answer: Answer: An angle is acute if and only if its
x + y ≠ 13 (F) and x ≠ 5 (F) or if x + y = 13 (T), measure is less than 90 degrees.
then y = 8 (TRUE)
(F ∧F) V (T) = (T) 5. Which of the following is a proposition?
A. God bless you!
EXERCISE 4, MODULE 6 B. What is the time now?
C. Get me a glass of milkshake.
This exercise presented statements written D. The only odd prime number is two.
either in symbolic form or English sentence. If Answer: D. The only odd prime number is two.
the given statement is written in symbolic form,
provide the English sentence, and symbolic 6. Which of the following option is true?
form otherwise. Express the following A. 1 > 3 and 3 is a positive integer
statements, either in English sentences or in B. If the sun is a star, elephants will fly.
using symbols. C. 3 + 2 = 8 if 5 - 2 = 7.
p: “Square has four sides.” D. -2 > 3 or 3 is a negative integer.
q: “2 + 2 = 5.” Answer: C (sabi ng canvas)
r: “ Honda is a car brand.”
7. The proposition that is true only when both p
1. "If square has four sides then 2 + 2 = 5, and and q are true.
conversely." Answer: Conjunction of p and q
Answer: p ⟷ q
8. The proposition that is true only when p and
2. "Square has four sides if and only if 2 + 2 = 5 q have the same truth-value.
or Honda is a car brand." Answer: p if and only if q
Answer: (p ⟷ q) ∨r
9. A conditional is false only when the
3. "Honda is a car brand and square has four antecedent is …
sides is equivalent to 2 + 2 = 5". Answer: true and the consequent is false
Answer: r ∧ (p ⟷ q)
10. In a disjunction, even if one of the
4. (p ∧ q) ⟷ ~ r statements is false, the whole disjunction is
Answer: Square has four sides and 2 + 2 = 5 if still …
and only if Honda is not a car brand. Answer: True

5. ~ q ⟷ (~ p ∨r) Let p: Tom likes movies.

q: Vince likes movies.
r: Nikki likes movies.
s: Sam likes movies. Remarks:

Write the given statement below in the 1. A conditional statement p ⟶ q and its
symbolic form: converse q ⟶ p may or may not be true.
11. “If Sam likes movies, then Vince and Nikki 2. A conditional statement p⟶ q and its
likes movies too.” contrapositive ~q ⟶ (~p) must have the same
Answer: s → ( q ∧ r ) truth-value.

12. “Nikki likes movies only if Tom and Vince do 3. The converse q⟶ p and inverse ~p⟶ (~ q)
not.” of a conditional statement are either both true
Answer: r → (~p ∧ ~q ) or both false.
4. When both statements are both true or both
13. “Sam likes movies if and only if Nikki does false, meaning they have the same truth-value,
and Tom does not.” they are called equivalent statements or
Answer: s ↔ ( r ∧ ~p ) logically equivalent.

14. “If Sam likes movies, then, if Nikki does not, 5. The statement “If p, then q” is logically
then Tom does.” equivalent to “not p, or q.” In symbol,
Answer: s → ( ~r → p ) p⟶ q ≡ ~p ∨ q.

15. “Nikki likes movies provided that Sam does 6. The negation of the statement “If p, then q”
not, but, if Sam does, then Vince does not.” is “p and not q.” In symbol, p ⟶ q ≡ p ∧ (~q).
Answer: ( ~s → r ) ∧ ( s → ~q )
Example 1
MODULE 7: RELATED CONDITIONALS “If an integer is divisible by two, then it is even.”

Conditional Connective CONVERSE (switch the Hypothesis and

- most often used in mathematics reasoning. Conclusion)
Given: If an integer is divisible by two, then
Related Conditionals it is even.
- Suppose we are given the conditional Converse: If an integer is even, then it is
statement: divisible by two.

Conditional: Any statement can be written as “If INVERSE (negate the Hypothesis and
p, then q”. Conclusion)
Given: If an integer is divisible by two, then
Words: If p, then q. Symbol: p ⟶ q it is even.
Inverse: If an integer is not divisible by two,
CONVERSE: To write the converse of the given then it is not even.
conditional statement, just switch the
hypothesis and the conclusion. CONTRAPOSITIVE (switch and negate both)
Given: If an integer is divisible by two, then
Words: if q, then p. Symbol: q ⟶ p it is even.
Contrapositive: If an integer is not even,
INVERSE: The inverse of the given conditional then it is not divisible by two.
statement is negating the hypothesis and the
conclusion. Example 2
“If x2 = 25, then x = ± 5.
Words: If not p, then not q. Symbol: ~p ⟶ (~q)
CONVERSE (switch the Hypothesis and
CONTRAPOSITIVE: The contrapositive of the Conclusion)
conditional statement is switching and negating Given: If x2 = 25, then x = ± 5.
both the hypothesis and the conclusion. Converse: If x = ± 5, then x2 = 25.

Words: If not q, then not p. Symbol: ~q ⟶ (~p)

INVERSE (negate the Hypothesis and Answer: If the offered subject is more than 3
Conclusion) units, then it is a professional subject.
Given: If x2 = 25, then x = ± 5.
Inverse: If x2 ≠ 25, then x ≠ ± 5. 5. Playing with your pets follows from loving
them.
CONTRAPOSITIVE (switch and negate both) Answer: If you play with your pets, then you love
Given: If x2 = 25, then x = ± 5. them.
Contrapositive: If x ≠ ± 5, then x2 ≠ 25.
EXERCISE 2, MODULE 7
PRE DISCUSSION ACTIVITY
Give the inverse of the following implication
1. You can only watch television once you have statements.
finished your homework.
Answer: If you’re done with your homework, 1. He has Covid-19 provided that he has a
then you can now watch television. fever.
Answer: IF he does not have a fever, then he
2. Drinking a lot of orange juice will get you a does not have Covid-19.
full day supply of folic acid.
Answer: If you drink a lot of orange juice, then 2. If I have money, then I will celebrate my
you will get a full day supply of folic acid. birthday.
Answer: If I don’t have money, then I will not
3. Supplementary angles are two angles whose celebrate my birthday.
sum is 180°.
Answer: If two angles are supplementary, then 3. You will get a good mark if you do your
the sum of their measures is 180°. assignment.
Answer: If you don’t do your assignment, then
4. Negative numbers don’t have square roots. you will not get a good mark.
Answer: If a number is negative, then it doesn’t
have a square root. 4. Listening to loud music follows from going to
a disco.
5. An integer that is divisible by two is even. Answer: If she doesn’t go to the disco, then she
Answer: If an integer is divisible by two, then it doesn’t listen to loud music.
is even.
5. Being visited by my classmates is sufficient
EXERCISE 1, MODULE 7 for being happy.
Answer: If my classmates will not visit me, then I
Give the converse of the following implications will not be happy.
statements.
EXERCISE 3, MODULE 7
1. If I read in advance, then I understand the
lessons well. Give the contrapositive of the following
Answer: If I understand the lessons well, then I implication statements.
read in advance.
1. A sufficient condition for me to go out with
2. Classes are suspended provided that the you is when the sun will shine.
typhoon signal is 3. Answer: If I will not go out with you, then the
Answer: If classes are suspended, then the sun will not shine.
typhoon signal is 3.
2. The availability of vaccines implies that I will
3. The weather is good implies it is safe to enroll this semester.
drive. Answer: If I do not enroll this semester, then a
Answer: If it is safe to drive, then the weather is vaccine is not available.
good.
3. If I am hungry, then I will eat early.
4. The offered subject is more than 3 units if it Answer: If I do not eat early, then I am not
is a professional subject. hungry.
4. I will take energy drinks whenever I am From Figure 1, the given shape, which by
thirsty. definition we call it as the pre-image, is the
Answer: If I do not take energy drinks, then I am square located in the second quadrant with
not thirsty. vertices (-5, 5), (-1, 5), (-5, 1), and (-1, 1). Three
translation rules were shown.
5. Choosing black color follows from winning
the raffle. TRANSLATION RULE: (x, y) ⟶ (x ± h, y ± k)
Answer: If I did not choose black, then I wouldn’t
win the raffle. 1. T(6,0)

MODULE 8: TRANSFORMATIONAL GEOMETRY We apply the translation rule to the four

vertices of the pre-image, we get:
Transformation
- the process which changes the position of an Vertex (-5, 5) ⟶ (-5 + 6, 5 + 0) = (1, 5)
object (geometrical shapes). Vertex (-1, 5) ⟶ (-1 + 6, 5 + 0) = (5, 5)
- original shape is called, pre-image while the Vertex (-5, 1) ⟶ (-5 + 6, 1 + 0) = (1, 1)
final shape after transforming it is called an Vertex (-1, 1) ⟶ (-1 + 6, 1 + 0) = (5, 1)
image.
- four types of transformation: Translation, Hence, the vertices of the image now are: (1, 5),
Reflection, Rotation, and Dilation. (5, 5), (1, 1), (5, 1). The shape of the image has
not changed and is still a square. Since h = +6,
1. Translation the shape will move to the right but k = 0; hence
- moving a certain object from one place to the shape will not go up or go down. Therefore,
another. the image is now in the first quadrant. Refer to
- also known as, “slide”. Figure 1.
- object can be moved by sliding it up, down,
sideways, or diagonally WITHOUT making the 2. Transform the shape with the Translation
object bigger or smaller. rule T (1, -7)

Coordinate rules for Translation are: Here, h = 1, k = -7.

(x, y) ⟶ (x ± h, y ± k) where h and k are
the horizontal and vertical shifts. The + h Vertex (1, 5) ⟶ (1 + 1, 5 + (-7)) = (2, -2)
indicates movement to the right and -h means Vertex (5, 5) ⟶ (5 + 1, 5 + (-7)) = (6, -2)
movement to the left. While +k is moving Vertex (1, 1) ⟶ (1 + 1, 1 + (-7)) = (2, -6)
upward and -k moves downward. Vertex (5, 1) ⟶ (5 + 1, 1 + (-7)) = (6, -6)

Notice that h = 1 and is positive. The movement

is to the right, and since k = -7, it will move
downward. Hence, the location of the new
image is in the fourth quadrant. Refer to Figure
1.

3. Transform the image with the Translation

rule T (-7, 1)

Here, h = -7, k = 1.

Vertex (2, -2) ⟶ (2 + (-7), -2 + 1)) = (-5, -1)

Vertex (6, -2) ⟶ (6 + (-7), -2 + 1)) = (-1, -1)
Vertex (2, -6) ⟶ (2 + (-7), -6 + 1)) = (-5, -5)
Vertex (6, -6) ⟶ (6 + (-7), -6 + 1)) = (-1, -5)

From the signs of h and k, we find that the

shape from the 4th quadrant will move 7 units to
Figure 1 the left and 1 unit upward. Thus, the image can
be found in the third quadrant. Refer to Figure
1.
 2. Reflection
- also called, “flip” Vertices of Triangle A’B’C’ Vertices of Triangle A”B”C”
- flips the object across a certain line of A’ (3, 4) A” (3, -4)
reflection. B’ (1, 1) B” (1, -1)
C’ (4, 2) C” (4, -2)

triangle A’B’C’ is in the first quadrant and when

it is reflected over the x-axis, its image is flipped
in the 3rd quadrant.

3. Rotation
- also called, “turn”
- will turn an object through a clockwise or
counterclockwise direction about a fixed point,
which we call as the center of rotation. Same
with reflection, rotation changes the position of
the object, but everything else stays the same.

Clockwise
Figure 2 - movement with the same direction as clock
hands.
Coordinate rules for Reflection:
Over the x-axis: (x, y) ⟶ (x, -y) Counter-Clockwise
Over the y-axis: (x, y) ⟶ (-x, y) - the opposite direction of clock hands.
Over the line y = x: (x, y) ⟶ (y, x)
Through the origin: (x, y) ⟶ (-x, -y) Coordinate Plane Rules for Reflection Table 1
Over the line y = -x: (x, y) ⟶ (-y, -x)
Counter-Clockwise Clockwise Rule:
From Figure 2 above, the pre-image is located 90° 270° (x, y) ⟶ (-y, x)
in the second quadrant and it is a triangle with 180° 180° (x, y) ⟶ (-x, -y)
vertices A (-3, -4), B(-1, 1), and C(-4, 2). 270° 90° (x, y) ⟶ (y, -x)

The pre-image is reflected over the y-axis. Thus, In the table, turning an object
the image now has new vertices A', B', and C.' 90° counterclockwise and 270° clockwise
Let us find the coordinates of A', B', and C.' direction has the same coordinate rule, which
is (x, y) ⟶ (−y, x). Similarly for 180°, both
Coordinate rule over the y-axis: (x, y) ⟶ (-x, y) counter clockwise and clockwise direction have
the same coordinate rule which
Vertices of the pre-image Vertices of the image is (x, y) ⟶(−x, −y). Lastly, the coordinate rule
A (-3, 4) A’ (3, 4) for 270° counter clockwise and 90° clockwise
B (-1, 1) B’ (1, 1) is (x, y) ⟶(y, −x).
C (-4, 2) C’ (4, 2)

Therefore, when the pre-image triangle ABC is

reflected over the y-axis, the image which is
named as triangle A’B’C’ is flipped in the first
quadrant. See Figure 2.

Let us reflect now triangle A’B’C’ over

the x-axis. The new vertices will be labeled as A”
B" C."

Coordinate rule over the x-axis: (x, y) ⟶ (x,- y)

Figure 3
 In Figure 3, the given is: Dilate the shape below with different scale
“Rotate the point A (1, 2)." It was the first factors.
rotated in a 90° counter-clockwise direction.

From the coordinate plane rule of

90° counter-clockwise in Table 1, the point
A (1, 2) rotated about the origin by 90°,
(1, 2) ⟶(-2, 1). Label the new point as A’ with
coordinates (-2, 1). The content in Figure 3 is
summarized in the table below.

Rotation Given Point New Image

Point
90° counter-clockwise A (1, 2) A’ (-2, 1)
180° counter-clockwise A (1, 2) A’ (-1, -2)
270° counter-clockwise A (1, 2) A’ (2, -1)
360° counter-clockwise A (1, 2) A’ (1, 2) Figure 5

4. Dilation Suppose the scale factor k = 2 (I.e., k > 1). What

- last type of transformation. is the image of the given triangle?
- means reduction or enlargement.
- it changes the size of an object being
transformed.

A Scale factor is denoted by “k”. Coordinate

rules for dilation:

From the origin dilated by a scale factor of “k”:

(x, y) ⟶ (kx, ky)

Scale Factor, k Size change for pre-image

k>1 Dilation image is larger than
pre-image
0<k<1 Dilation image is smaller than
pre-image
k=1 Dilation image is the same size Figure 6
as the pre-image Pre-Image Dilation Image
K (-2, 5) K’ (-4, 10)
L (1, 1) L’ (2, 2)
M (-3, 1) M’ (-6, 1)

Suppose the scale factor k = 0.5 (I.e., 0 < k < 1).

What is the image of the given triangle?
Figure 7

Figure 4
 Pre-Image Dilation Image
K (-2, 5) K” (-1, 2.5) Tessellation concept can be created by
L (1, 1) L” (0.5, 0.5) redrawing one or two geometric shapes and use
M (-3, 1) M” (-1.5, 0.5) sliding, flipping, rotating, and dilating the said
shapes entirely over the plane. Can also be done
For the scale factor k = 1, the image of the given using paper cutting. Just cut the two chosen
triangle is the same as the pre-image. geometric shapes and apply the
transformations. Figures 9 and 10 are examples
of tessellation using paper cutting.

Pre-Image
K (-2, 5)
L (1, 1)
M (-3, 1)

Figure 8
Tessellation
- repeatedly translating, rotating, reflecting and Figure 9
dilating a single shape in different directions to
cover a plane without gaps or overlaps.
- also called, “tiling”.
- a repetition of a pattern with no gaps or
overlaps.

Tessellation works of Dutch artist M.C. Escher

are images of animals, sometimes people, and
other everyday objects that people are familiar
with. Below are some samples of Escher’s
tessellations.

Figure 10

Tessellations can also be done with paper

folding. Some process with paper cutting and
redrawing can be followed.

Figure 11
 3. T’Boli Stitch Pattern

- T’boli is an ethnic
group from South
Cotabato in
Southern Mindanao.
It means “Tagabili to
lowlanders.” Some
said that ’boli
culture is associated
with t’nalak. T’nalak
Figure 12 is a sacred cloth made by traditional female
weavers known as dream weavers. They made
Art, Geometry and the Philippine Weaving use of geometric patterns with trademark
colors.
Dr. Ma. Louise Antonette N. De Las Peñas
- “even without formal training in math, EXERCISE 1, MODULE 8
weavers were able to make textile applying A triangle with the coordinates A (-6, -4), B (-9,
advanced levels of Geometry and Algebra using -8), C (-6, -8) is plotted in the given Cartesian
a combination of weaving and counting plane below. On the same plane, several
techniques.” triangles are also plotted labelled as triangles L,
M, N, O, P, and Q. Using this cartesian plane,
1. Philippine Ikat Weave from Mindanao, which triangle best described each statement
Philippines below? Write only the letter representing the
triangle.
- The term “ikat" is a
style of weaving that uses a
dyeing technique to create a
unique textile pattern. In the
Indonesian language, "ikat"
means "to tie" or "to
bind." Ikat textiles are
produced in many other
countries. In the Philippines,
we have our version
of Ikat which is mostly made
by the ethnic group of
Mindanao and the Ifugao
tribes.

2. Kinarayan Fabric

- This fabric from

Mindanao has a 1. By reflecting triangle ABC (pre-image) over
series of triangles the x-axis, the coordinates of the image are
that appear like the labeled as A1, B1, and C1. Which triangle it is?
spiny back of a
crocodile. Also Solution: By reflecting triangle ABC (pre-image)
included in the over the x-axis, the rule is: (x, y) ⟶ (x, −y).
design are crabs and
morning star. Many Pre-Image Reflected Image
call this fabric as A (-6, -4) A1 (-6, 4)
"Buwaya” fabric. B (-9, -8) B1 (-9, 8)
“Buwaya” is the C (-6, -8) C1 (-6, 8)
Bisayan word for
crocodile. Answer: O
2. By translating the resulting image in #1 using - a system “wraps around” or forms a cycle after
the rule (x, y) ⟶ (x + 10, y - 2), the reaching a certain limit.
coordinates of the image are labelled as A2, B2, - examples:
and C2. Which triangle is it? - 12-hour clock
- Military clock (24-hour cycle)
Solution: By translating the resulting image in #1 - Number of minutes in an hour
using the rule (x, y) ⟶ (x + 10, y − 2). - Number of seconds in a minute
- Days in a week
Pre-image: A1(-6, 4), B1 (-9, 8), C1 (-6, 8) - Months in a year

A2 (-6, 4) ⟶ (-6 + 10, 4 - 2) = (4, 2) Remainder

B2 (-9, 8) ⟶ (-9 + 10, 8 - 2) = (1, 6) - term used where there is something left over
C2 (-6, 8) ⟶ (-6 + 10, 8 - 2) = (4, 6) after dividing.

Translated image: A2 (4, 2), B2 (1, 6), C2 (4, 6)

Answer: M

3. By rotating 180o about the origin the

resulting image in #2, the coordinates of the
image are labelled as A3, B3, and C3. Which
triangle is it?

Solution: By rotating 180° about the origin the

resulting image in #2, the measure of the angle
is +180°, therefore rotation is counter clockwise.
The rule is (x, y) ⟶ (-x, -y). Denote dividend by “a”, the divisor as “b”, “q” for
quotient and “r” for the remainder, if any. If
A2 (4, 2) ⟶ A3 (-4, -2) there is no remainder, r = 0. “modulo” is the
B2 (1, 6) ⟶ B3 (-1, -6) term which we call the operator abbreviated as
C2 (4, 6) ⟶ C3 (-4, -6) “mod”.

Answer: L For example, 17 mod 3 = 2. It means that when

we divide 17 by 3, the remainder is equal to 2.
4. Finally, using a scale factor of 3/2, dilate Thus,
resulting image in #2 and the coordinates of the
image are labelled as A4, B4, and C4. Which 17 mod 3 = 2 is the same as 17 ≡ 2 (mod 3).
triangle is it?
The symbol “≡” is called “congruent to”
Solution: Finally, using a scale factor of 3/2, meaning “the same as”. The notation is a triple
dilate resulting image in #2, k = 3/2 ( k > 1), equal sign.
enlarge the figure.
We can also write is as, 17 = 3(5) + 2
A2 (4, 2) ⟶ (3/2 * 4, 3/2 * 2) = A4 (6, 3)
B2 (1, 6) ⟶ (3/2 * 1, 3/2 * 6) = B4 (1.5, 9) Where 17 is the dividend, 3 is the divisor, 5
C2 (4, 6) ⟶ (3/2 * 4, 3/2 * 6) = C4 (6, 9) is the quotient and 2 is the remainder.

Answer: P Module or “mod”

- length of the circular number line.
MODULE 9: MODULAR ARTIHMETIC - example:
The modulo in a 12-hour clock is 12.
Modular Arithmetic System The modulo for the number of days in a
- system of arithmetic for integers where the week is 7.
number line wraps around into a circle instead The modulo for the number of minutes in
of infinitely long number line. an hour is 60.
- deals with repetitive cycles of numbers and
remainders.
Example 1 Example 5

921 mod 12 = ? 555 mod 6 = ?

Solution: Solution:

When you use your calculator in dividing 921 by Let us use another way to find the remainder.
12, you will get 76.75. Take note that 75 is NOT Here are the steps:
the remainder. Use the long method in dividing
to get: 1. Divide 555 by 6 = 92.5.
2. Multiply the decimal part by 6 = 0.5 x 6 = 3.
921 = 12(76) + 9 3. The value 3 obtained is the remainder.

Thus, 921 mod 12 = 9 Thus, 555 mod 6 = 3

Example 2 1. “It is now 10 o’clock, what time will it be 90

hours from now?”
304 mod 3 = ?
There are two ways to answer the given
Solution: question:

Dividing 304 by 3 using your calculator, you will The first one is we divide 90 by 12, to get the
get 101.33. Again, as in example #1, 33 is NOT remainder. Why 12? Because we are working in
the remainder. Another way to get the 12-hour analogue clock. So, 90 divided by 12,
remainder is to multiply the whole number part the remainder is 6. Thus,
of the quotient, by 3 resulting in the product of
303. Subtract 303 from 304, and the difference, 90 = 7(12) + 6.
will be the remainder.
Using the congruence notation, we have,
101 * 3 = 303 - 304 = 1 (remainder)
90 ≡ 6 (mod 12).
304 = 3(101) + 1
Thus, 90 hours from 10 o’clock the time on the
Thus, 304 mod 3 = 1 clock will be the same as time in 6 hours, which
is 4 o’clock.
Example 3
The second way is to add 10 to 90 to get a sum
4255 mod 4 = ? of 100. Then, divide 100 by 12 to get the
remainder. Hence,
Solution:
100 = 8(12) + 4.
1. Divide 4255 by 4 = 1063.75
2. Multiply 1063 by 4 = 4252 Again, using congruence notation, we get,
3. Subtract 4252 from 4255 = 3
4. The remainder then is 3. 100 ≡ 4 (mod 12).

Thus, 4255 mod 4 = 3 The second way is direct compared to the first
one. Here, you can directly get the answer
Example 4 which is 4 o’clock.

888 mod 8 = ? 2. “It is now July, what month will it be 500

months from now?”
In this number, dividing 888 by 8 will give you
111, a whole number. This means that the In our calendar, there are 12 months in a year.
remainder is 0. Notice that July is the 7th month of the year.

Thus, 888 mod 8 = 0

Solution 1: Example 1

The remainder when 500 is divided by 12 is Verify if the ISBN of MINDSHAPERS CO., INC
equal to 8. (2016) is valid. The ISBN is: 978-621-406-066-5.

500 = 41 (12) + 8 Û 500 ≡ 8 (mod 12). SOLUTION: We will use the 13-digit code word
since the given is a 13-digit ISBN.
Now, count 8 months after July, you will get
March. Let us verify if it satisfies the given code word.
From the given ISBN, Substitute the values
Solution 2: of to the formula below:

The remainder when (500 + 7) is divided by 12, x1 + 3x2 + x3 + 3x4 + … 3x12 + x13 ≡ 0 (mod 10)
we get 3.
Hence, we have,
508 = 42(12) + 3 Û 507 * 3 (mod 12).
1(9) +3(7) + 1(8) + 3(6) +1(2) +3(1)+ 1(4) + 3(0)
What is the 3rd month of the year? The answer + 1(6) + 3(0) + 1(6) + 3(6) +1(5) = 9 + 21 + 8 + 18
is March. + 2 + 3 + 4 + 0 + 6 + 0 + 6 + 18 + 5 = 100.

International Standard Book Number (ISBN) 100/10 = 10

- a unique numeric commercial book identifier
based upon, the 9-digit Standard Book 100 = 10(10) + 0
Numbering (SBN) code which was created by
Gordon Foster in 1966. 100 mod 10 = 0

International Book number consists of 4 parts Now, when you divide 100 by 10, the remainder
(for 10-digit ISBN) or 5 parts (for 13-digit ISBN) is 0. Therefore, 100 º 0 (mod 10). Hence, the
given ISBN is valid.
- (for 13-digit ISBN) prefix element, so far 978 or
979 are the only one available. Universal Product Code (UPC)
- Registration group element - type of code printed on retail product
- Registrant element packaging.
- Publication element - consists of 12-digit numbers with a
- Check digit corresponding machine-readable bar code.

Example: Different Components of a Bar Code

A. 1st digit - product’s Number System
0-8218-2626-X Character (NSC); specifies in which category a
product is classified.
0 - represents the book was published in either B. 2nd - 6th digits - manufacturer’s number
the USA, UK, Australia, NZ, or Canada. which is assigned by the UCC (Uniform Code
8218 - identifies the publishing company Council).
(American Mathematical Society) C. 7th - 11th digits - item code number.
2626 - number that is given to each book the D. 12th or the last digit - check digit.
corresponding company published; the book
should be the 2, 626th book published by the For a 12-digit UPC, the 12-digit code word
said company. satisfies:
X - check digit 3x1 + x2 + 3x3 +… + 3x11 + x12 ≡ 0 (mod 10)

For a 10-digit ISBN, the 10-digit code word Example 2

satisfies:
x1 + 2x2 + 3x3 +… + 9x9 + 10x10 ≡ 0 (mod 11) Find the check digit of the given UPC.

For a 13-digit ISBN, the 13-digit code word

satisfies:
x1 + 3x2 + x3 + 3x4 + … 3x12 + x13 ≡ 0 (mod 10)
From the given UPC, We are going to find the 2. 719 mod 15 = ___
value of C by substituting the values of C to the Answer: 14
formula below:
3x1 + x2 + 3x3 +… + 3x11 + x12 ≡ 0 (mod 10) 3. 5247 mod 5 = ___
Answer: 2
Solution:
4. 7458 mod 26 = ___
3(0) + 1(4) + 3(3) + 1(0) + 3(0) + 1(0) +3(7) + 1(9) Answer: 22
+ 3(4) + 1(7) + 3(5) + 1C = 77 + C ≡ 0 (mod 10 )
5. 255 mod 8 = ___
We have now 77 + C º 0 (mod 10). What will be Answer: 7
the possible value C which when added to 77
and divide it by 10, you will get no remainder? EXERCISE 2, MODULE 9
Yes, its correct. C should be 3.
Determine the following.
Therefore, the check digit is 3.
1. If it is 5 o’clock now, what will be the time in
Validity of Credit Card Numbers 30 hours?
Answer: 11 o’clock
For a 16-digit credit card number, the 16-digit
code word satisfies: 2. If today is Monday, then what day of the
2x1 + x2 + 2x3 +… + 2x15 + x16 ≡ 0 (mod 10) week will it be in 148 days?
Answer: Tuesday
Example 3
3. It is now November, what month was it 28
months ago?
Answer: July

4. Now that it is February, what month will it be

after 26 months?
Answer: April

5. If today is Tuesday, what day was it 8 days

ago?
Answer: Monday
Solution:
EXERCISE 3, MODULE 9

Do the following.

1. Check if the ISBN of C&E Publishing Inc.

(2016) is valid or not.

EXERCISE 1, MODULE 9 Solution:

Find the module of the following. We will use the 10-digit code word since the
given is a 10-digit ISBN:
1. 129 mod 7 = ___ x1+2x2+3x3+4x4 …+10x10 ≡ 0 mod 11
Answer: 3
Substitute the values, hence we have:
1(9) +2(8) + 3(1) + 4(2) +5(4) +6(7) + 7(0) + 8(2) +
9(2) + 10(0) = 9 +16 + 3 + 8 + 20 +42 + 0+16 +18 78 + 12 = 0 (mod10)
+ 0 = 132.
90 mod 10 = 0
Now, divide 132 by 11, the quotient is 12. Since
the remainder is 0. Answer: 4

Therefore, 132 ≡ 0 (mod 11). 4. Find the check digit of the given UPC. The
Hence, the given ISBN is valid. UPC is: 011152 01927C

Answer: VALID Solution:

2. Verify if the ISBN of GIC ENTERPRISES & CO., We are going to find the value of C using the
INC (2019) is valid. 12-digit code word:
3x1+x2+3x3+x4…+x10+3x11+x12 ≡ 0 (mod 10)
The ISBN is: 9 789719 919193
Substitute the values, hence we have:
Solution:
3(0) + 1(1) + 3(1) + 1(1) + 3(5) + 1(2) +3(0) + 1(1)
We will use the 13-digit code word since the + 3(9) + 1(2) + 3(7) + C = 73 + C ≡ 0 (mod 10)
given is a 13-digit ISBN:
x1+3x2+x3+3x4...+x11+3x12+ x13 ≡ 0 mod 10 We have 73 + C ≡ 0 (mod 10).
What will be the possible value of C which when
Substitute the values, hence we have: added to 73 and divides it by 10, will you not
get remainder?
1(9) +3(7) + 1(8) + 3(9) +1(7) +3(1)+ 1(9) + 3(9)
+ 1(6) + 3(9) + 1(1) + 3(9) +1(3) = 9 + 21 + 8 + The value of C is 7.
27+ 7 + 3 + 9 + 27 + 1 + 27 + 1 + 27 + 3 = 170.
73 + 7 = 0 (mod 10)
Now, divide 170 by 10, the remainder is 0.
80 = 0 (mod 10)
Therefore, 170 ≡ 0 (mod 10).
Hence, the given ISBN is valid. 80 mod 10 = 0

Answer: VALID Answer: 7

3. Consider the UPC 6-80275-03C91-9. Find 5. Determine whether the given is a valid credit
the value of "C" in the item code number. card number. The CREDIT CARD VALIDITY
NUMBER is 5264 9145 1109 9931.
Solution:
Solution:
We are going to find the value of C using the
12-digit code word: For a 16 digit credit card number, the 16-digit
3x1+x2+3x3+x4…+x10+3x11+x12 ≡ 0 (mod 10) code word satisfies:
2x1+x2+2x3+…..2x15+x16≡ 0 (mod 10)
Substitute the values, hence we have:
Substitute the values, hence we have:
3(6) + 1(8) + 3(0) + 1(2) + 3(7) + 1(5) +3(0) + 1(3)
+ 3C + 1(9) + 3(1) + 1(9) = 77 + C ≡ 0 (mod 10) 2(5)+2+2(6)+4+2(9)+1+2(4)+5+2(1)+1+2(0)+9+2(
9)+9+2(3)+1≡0 (mod 10)
We have 78 + 3C ≡ 0 (mod 10). What will be the 10 + 2 + 12 + 4 + 18 + 1 + 8 + 5 + 2 + 1 + 0 + 9
possible value C which when added to 78 and + 18 + 9 + 6 + 1 ≡ 0 (mod 10)
divide it by 10, you will get no remainder?
For product with 2 digits, add the digits to
C should be 4. come up with a single digit , hence we have,

78 + 3(4) = 0 (mod10)
 1+2+3+4+9+1+8+5+2+1+0+9+9+ 14. If today is Friday, How could you represent
9 + 6 + 1 = 70 using "modulo" notation the day of the week
that was 32 days ago (your answer in #13)?
Let us now divide 70 by 10, the result is exact so Answer: 32 mod 7 = 4
meaning the remainder is 0.
15. The following is a UPC for a certain product.
Therefore, 70 ≡ 0 (mod 10). Hence, the given Find the missing digit P: 0-48001-26P04-2.
Credit Card Number is valid.
Solution:
Answer: VALID

QUIZ, MODULE 9

1. Calculate: 100 mod 3 = ___

Answer: 1

2. Calculate: 451 mod 5 = ___

Answer: 1
16. The number 5-283-11980 has been
3. Calculate: 490 mod 7 = ___ generated by a publisher to identify a book for
Answer: 0 distribution. Using the ISBN check digit scheme,
attach a check digit to this number.
4. Calculate: 234 mod 4 = ___
Answer: 2 Solution:

5. Calculate 478 mod 6 = ___

Answer: 4

6. Calculate: 582 mod 9 = ___

Answer: 6

7. Calculate: 679 mod 8 = ___

Answer: 7

8. Calculate: 301 mod 9 = ___

Answer: 4 17. Find the missing digit of the given
ISBN: 978-621-Q082-15-1.
9. Calculate: 131 mod 12 = ___
Answer: 11 Solution:

10. Calculate: 6882 mod 13 = ___

Answer: 5

11. Disregarding A.M. or P.M., if it is now 7

o’clock, what time will it be 59 hours from now?
Answer: 6 o’clock

12. Disregarding A.M. or P.M., if it is now 7 18. Determine if 6011 0123 9145 2317 is a valid
o’clock, how could you represent, using credit card number. If it is not, give the correct
"modulo" notation the time it will be 59 hours check digit.
from now ( your answer in #11)?
Answer: 59 mod 12 = 11 Solution:

13. If today is Friday, what day of the week was

it 32 days ago?
Answer: Thursday